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Meshkova TA, Mitina OV, Aleksandrova RV. Risk factors of disordered eating in adolescent girls from a community sample: a multidimensional approach. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2023; 4:21-39. [PMID: 38250642 PMCID: PMC10795956 DOI: 10.17816/cp6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) are severe, chronic, and complex in nature mental illnesses that are difficult to treat. One of the ways to stave off EDs is by screening among adolescents to preempt the development of clinical forms of ED in risk groups. AIM 1) to investigate the prevalence of ED risk among adolescent girls and compare subgroups at high and low risk of ED; 2) to investigate using a multidimensional approach those variables that can interact with temperament and character traits to predict ED symptomatology. METHODS The cross-sectional observational self-report study of a community sample of adolescent girls 1217 years old (n=298; M=14.771.13) was carried out in the city of Ryazan, Russia. The Russian versions of Eating Attitudes Test and Cloningers Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised were used. In addition, an original questionnaire (Risk Factors of Eating Disorders) was developed. Regression models (to test for significant moderation) and path analysis (to test for significant mediations) were used. RESULTS Girls at risk of developing EDs are characterized by a heightened level of concern about weight and dissatisfaction with their body, tend to suffer from low self-directedness, higher novelty seeking and tendency to higher harm avoidance, display high alexithymia, experience self-distrust, negative emotionality and are dissatisfied with family relationships. They also suffer from low self-esteem and tend to be perfectionism and engage in risk behavior. Significant moderating effects were uncovered between the following ED risk factors: (1) self-distrust/risk behavior and BMI; (2) alexithymia/negative emotionality/self-esteem and cooperativeness; and (3) negative emotionality/risk behavior and self-transcendence. Family relationship dissatisfaction mediates the association between self-directedness/cooperativeness/self-transcendence and disordered eating. CONCLUSION There are various mutual influences between the numerous ED risk and prevention factors, which all together determine the paths between the predictors and final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roza V. Aleksandrova
- Research Educational Center of Applied Psychology and Psychological Services of S. Yesenin Ryazan State University
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2
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Chen DR, Sun G, Levin B. Gender-specific responses to multifaceted factors associated with disordered eating among adolescents of 7th to 9th grade. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:5. [PMID: 35012675 PMCID: PMC8751146 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of disordered eating is increasing among adolescents in Asia. The prevalence and predictors of disordered eating in boys have often gone unrecognized. This study examined gender-specific responses to multifaceted factors associated with disordered eating, including personal, behavioral, family, and school-related characteristics. METHODS After excluding responses with incomplete information, a sample of 729 adolescents (48.97% boys) between the ages of 13 and 16 were surveyed through convenience sampling from 37 classrooms in three junior high schools in New Taipei City of Taiwan were analyzed. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 questionnaire was used to identify disordered eating. RESULTS No difference in the prevalence of disordered eating between the genders was found. Adolescent girls exhibit a preoccupation with fatness and a desire to be thinner, whereas boys are more likely to engage in extreme dieting behaviors such as vomiting, keeping the stomach empty, and avoiding sweets. Girls engaging in disordered eating reported relatively high levels of interpersonal stress involving family member weight-teasing, low peer acceptance, and high peer pressure to control weight. High intensity of regular exercise was found in girls with disordered eating. The perception of body weight is a more critical factor of engaging in disordered eating for boys than girls. Adolescents with immigrant parents were associated with disordered eating among both genders. CONCLUSIONS Changing gender-specific weight-related norms in schools and families is essential to reduce the prevalence of disordered eating, particularly among girls. Future studies using representative samples to confirm this study's findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Rung Chen
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Grace Sun
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Levin
- Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin CY, Strong C, Latner JD, Lin YC, Tsai MC, Cheung P. Mediated effects of eating disturbances in the association of perceived weight stigma and emotional distress. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:509-518. [PMID: 30697663 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the relationships between perceived weight stigma, eating disturbances, and emotional distress across individuals with different self-perceived weight status. METHODS University students from Hong Kong (n = 400) and Taiwan (n = 307) participated in this study and completed several questionnaires: Perceived Weight Stigma questionnaire; Three-factor Eating Questionnaire; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Each participant self-reported their height, weight, and self-perceived weight status. RESULTS After controlling for demographics, perceived weight stigma was associated with eating disturbances (β = 0.223, p < 0.001), depression (β = 0.143, p < 0.001), and anxiety (β = 0.193, p < 0.001); and eating disturbances was associated with depression (β = 0.147, p < 0.001) and anxiety (β = 0.300, p < 0.001) in the whole sample. Additionally, eating disturbances mediated the association between perceived weight stigma and emotional distress. Similar findings were shown in the subsamples who perceived themselves as higher weight or normal weight and in the male and female subsamples. However, in the subsamples who perceived themselves as lower weight, only the links between eating disturbances and emotional distress were significant. CONCLUSION Perceived weight stigma was associated with eating disturbances and emotional distress in young adults with both higher and normal weight. Eating disturbances were associated with emotional distress regardless of participants' weight status. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Carol Strong
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Janet D Latner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Early Childhood and Family Education, College of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pauline Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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Galmiche M, Déchelotte P, Lambert G, Tavolacci MP. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000-2018 period: a systematic literature review. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1402-1413. [PMID: 31051507 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (EDs) lead to multiple psychiatric and somatic complications and thus constitute a major public health concern. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to give an exhaustive view of the studies reporting the prevalence of the different EDs or total EDs and to study their evolution. METHODS A literature search following PRISMA Guidelines and limited to studies in English or French published between 2000 and 2018 was performed and relevant studies were included in this systematic review on the prevalence of EDs. The literature search revealed 94 studies with accurate ED diagnosis and 27 with broad ED diagnosis. RESULTS In 94 studies with accurate ED diagnosis, the weighted means (ranges) of lifetime ED were 8.4% (3.3-18.6%) for women and 2.2% (0.8-6.5%) for men. The weighted means (ranges) of 12-month ED prevalence were 2.2% (0.8-13.1%) for women and 0.7% (0.3-0.9%) for men. The weighted means (ranges) of point prevalence were 5.7% (0.9-13.5%) for women and 2.2% (0.2-7.3%) for men. According to continents, the weighted means (ranges) of point prevalence were 4.6% (2.0-13.5%) in America, 2.2% (0.2-13.1%) in Europe, and 3.5% (0.6-7.8%) in Asia.In addition to the former, 27 other studies reported the prevalence of EDs as broad categories resulting in weighted means (ranges) of total point prevalence of any EDs of 19.4% (6.5-36.0%) for women and 13.8% (3.6-27.1%) for men. CONCLUSIONS Despite the complexity of integrating all ED prevalence data, the most recent studies confirm that EDs are highly prevalent worldwide, especially in women. Moreover, the weighted means of point ED prevalence increased over the study period from 3.5% for the 2000-2006 period to 7.8% for the 2013-2018 period. This highlights a real challenge for public health and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Galmiche
- TargEDys SA, Rouen, France.,Inserm UMR 1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy Rouen University, France.,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR 1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy Rouen University, France.,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Marie Pierre Tavolacci
- Inserm UMR 1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy Rouen University, France.,ClC-CRB 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Tsai MC, Gan ST, Lee CT, Liang YL, Lee LT, Lin SH. National population-based data on the incidence, prevalence, and psychiatric comorbidity of eating disorders in Taiwanese adolescents and young adults. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1277-1284. [PMID: 30488563 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nationwide data on eating disorders (EDs) among East Asian populations are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and psychiatric comorbidities of EDs in Taiwan. METHOD Drawing from the National Health Research Institute database, we identified the study subjects aged 11-34 years who received an ED diagnosis during ambulatory visits or hospitalization from 2001 to 2012. We analyzed the subjects by age and gender. Diagnoses for comorbid psychiatric disorders were entered in the analysis only if they occurred within 1 year before or after the ED diagnosis date. Rates were age- and sex-adjusted to the average population within the study period. RESULTS The estimated mean annual incidence was approximately 11.11 (95% CI 10.51-11.72) per 100,000 residents, and the 1 year prevalence was 20.87 (95% CI 20.05-21.70) per 100,000 residents, with evidence of female predominance (female/male ratio = 10.95, 95% CI = 8.97-13.36). Incidence and prevalence peaked at ages 20-24 in females and at ages 25-29 in males. Both rates nearly doubled within a decade. Specifically, the anorexia nervosa trend recently stabilized in females and decreased in males, while that for bulimia nervosa increased in both females and males. The most common comorbid diagnoses were anxiety (53%) and major depressive disorders (22%). DISCUSSION The incidence and prevalence of EDs were lower in Taiwan than in Western countries. However, these rates were rapidly rising, notably in males. The majority of Taiwanese ED patients also received a diagnosis for various psychiatric comorbidities, a finding worthy of clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Che Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Gan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Douliou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Ting Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Cheng MY, Wang SM, Lam YY, Luk HT, Man YC, Lin CY. The Relationships Between Weight Bias, Perceived Weight Stigma, Eating Behavior, and Psychological Distress Among Undergraduate Students in Hong Kong. J Nerv Ment Dis 2018; 206:705-710. [PMID: 30124569 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Weight bias issues are rarely discussed in Asian. Therefore, we examined the relationships between weight bias, perceived weight stigma (PWS), eating behavior, and psychological distress among Hong Kong people. Using cross-sectional design, 400 undergraduate students (175 men) completed questionnaires and were assigned into a self-reported overweight (n = 61) or nonoverweight group (n = 339) using body mass index, and a self-perceived overweight (n = 84) or nonoverweight group (n = 316) based on self-perception. For self-reported and self-perceived overweight groups, more weight bias was related to higher depression (β = -0.403; p = 0.004). Self-perceived group additionally showed that weight bias was related to PWS and inappropriate eating behaviors; PWS related to inappropriate eating behaviors. For self-reported and self-perceived nonoverweight groups, weight bias was related to PWS, inappropriate eating behaviors, anxiety, and depression (β = -0.228 to -0.148; p's < 0.05); PWS was associated with inappropriate eating behaviors, anxiety, and depression. Thus, weight bias issues should not be ignored for both overweight and nonoverweight people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yan Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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Al-Kloub MI, Al-Khawaldeh OA, ALBashtawy M, Batiha AM, Al-Haliq M. Disordered eating in Jordanian adolescents. Int J Nurs Pract 2018; 25:e12694. [PMID: 30117224 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours are linked to poor physical and psychological outcomes. AIM To examine the individual, psychological, and socio-cultural factors associated with disordered eating attitudes among Jordanian adolescents. METHODS A stratified sampling method was used to select school students aged 15 to 18 years from three governates in Jordan in 2013/2014. Participants filled out questionnaires on socio-demographic variables, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26; to discriminate adolescents with disordered eating); the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ; used to measure psychological factors associated with disordered eating); Body Mass Index was calculated and obesity evaluated according to international cut off points (to categorize normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents, and these categories were used as individual factors associated with disordered eating). RESULTS A total of 963 (460 boys and 503 girls) participated in the study. Disordered eating (EAT score ≥ 20) was present in 389 (40.4%); body shape dissatisfaction (BSQ scores ≥110) was present in 161 (16.8%). Overweight and obesity were found in 332 (34.5%) participants. Unhealthy weight loss behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting, substance abuse, and smoking) were very common. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that female sex, urban residence, distorted perceptions of weight, BMI (excess weight), body dissatisfaction, and socio-cultural variables (parents, peers and mass media) were significantly associated with disordered eating. CONCLUSION Jordanian urban adolescents seem to embrace Western norms to fit in with the demands of Western culture. Socio-cultural factors, particularly mass media, play a significant role in changing adolescents' norms. Prevention and intervention programs are needed to control these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed ALBashtawy
- Community and Mental Health Department, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, AL al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Abdul-Monim Batiha
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Al-Haliq
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Mediating effects of body composition between physical activity and body esteem in Hong Kong adolescents: a structural equation modeling approach. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:31-7. [PMID: 26174104 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the mediating role of body mass index (BMI) in the relationship between physical activity and body esteem in adolescents. Nine hundred and five Hong Kong Chinese students aged 12-18 years participated in a cross-sectional study in 2007. Students' BMI was computed as an indicator of their body composition. Their physical activity level and body esteem were examined using the Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth (PARCY) and Body Esteem Scale (BES), respectively. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the mediating effects of BMI and physical activity in predicting body esteem, with stratification by sex. The overall fit of the hypothesized models was satisfactory in boys (NFI = 0.94; NNFI = 0.88; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.07) and girls (NFI = 0.89; NNFI = 0.77; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.11). When BMI was considered as a mediator, higher physical activity had a significant negative total effect on body esteem in boys, but not in girls. The indirect effect of higher physical activity on body esteem via BMI was positive in boys, but negative in girls. CONCLUSIONS Regular physical activity may help overweight adolescents, especially boys, improve their body esteem. Kinesiologists and health professionals could explore the use of physical activity prescriptions for weight management, aiming at body esteem improvement in community health programs for adolescents. WHAT IS KNOWN Among Western adolescents, negative body esteem is more pervasive in girls than in boys. There are consistent findings of the association between higher body mass index and lower body esteem in adolescents, but the association between physical activity and body esteem are equivocal. WHAT IS NEW A negative association between body mass index and body esteem was found in both Hong Kong adolescent boys and girls. The indirect effect of physical activity on body esteem via body mass index was positive in Hong Kong adolescent boys, but negative in girls.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Culture has long been recognized as significant to the cause and expression of eating disorders. We reviewed the recent literature about recent trends in the occurrence of eating disorders in different cultures. RECENT FINDINGS While historically, eating disorders were conceptualized as primarily afflicting Caucasian adolescent or young adult women within high-income, industrialized Western Europe and North America, eating disorders are increasingly documented in diverse countries and cultures worldwide. This study highlights recent trends that reflect the changing landscape of culture and eating disorders: stabilization of the incidence of anorexia nervosa and possibly lower incidence rates of bulimia nervosa in Caucasian North American and Northern European groups; increasing rates of eating disorders in Asia; increasing rates of eating disorders in the Arab region; and increasing rates of binge eating and bulimia nervosa in Hispanic and Black American minority groups in North America. SUMMARY The changing face of eating disorders calls for a new conceptualization of culture in both the emergence and spread of eating disorders across the globe.
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10
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Hyun MY, Jung YE, Kim MD, Kwak YS, Hong SC, Bahk WM, Yoon BH, Yoon HW, Yoo B. Factors associated with body image distortion in Korean adolescents. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:797-802. [PMID: 24868156 PMCID: PMC4027816 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s63143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Body image incorporates cognitive and affective components as well as behaviors related to own body perception. This study evaluated the occurrence of body image distortion and its correlates in Korean adolescents. METHODS In a school-based cross-sectional survey, a total of 2,117 adolescents were recruited. They filled out self-completing questionnaires on body image distortion, eating attitudes, and behaviors (Eating Attitude Test-26) and related factors. RESULTS Body image distortions were found in 51.8 percent of adolescents. Univariate analyses showed that boys and older adolescents had higher rates of body image distortion. In the multivariate analyses, body image distortion was associated with high risk for eating disorders (odds ratio [OR] =1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-2.58; P=0.015) and being over weight (OR =33.27; 95% CI 15.51-71.35; P<0.001) or obese (OR =9.37; 95% CI 5.06-17.34; P<0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that body image distortion is relatively common in Korean adolescents, which has implications for adolescents at risk of developing eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeul Hyun
- College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Moon-Doo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Won-Myong Bahk
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Naju National Hospital, Naju, Korea
| | - Hye Won Yoon
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Bora Yoo
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Pike KM, Dunne PE, Addai E. Expanding the boundaries: reconfiguring the demographics of the "typical" eating disordered patient. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15:411. [PMID: 24122512 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders have long been recognized as problems afflicting a narrow segment of select populations: Caucasian, adolescent or young adult women from high-income Western countries. This review highlights recent data that reexamine and revise this constricted view of eating disorders in two specific ways. First, data are steadily accumulating that document the increasing prevalence of eating disorders among younger and older individuals. Pre-pubertal children and women in middle and late adulthood are increasingly presenting for eating disorder treatment. Second, data from around the globe indicate that there is nothing uniquely "Western" about eating disorders. As highlighted in this review, eating disorders are a global health problem, and they are predictably on the rise in many parts of the world. The data are also clear that ethnic and racial minority groups and immigrants within North America are vulnerable to eating disorders. This growing knowledge base expands the boundaries of what has historically been considered the "typical" eating disordered patient and should raise awareness among health care providers of the needs of the broader community that is at risk for eating disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Pike
- Department of Counselling & Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA,
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12
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Mak KK, McManus AM, Lai CM. Validity of self-estimated adiposity assessment against general and central adiposity in Hong Kong adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:276-9. [PMID: 23402218 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.766261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The relationships between self-estimated adiposity using Stunkard's body silhouette scale with general and central adiposity in adolescents are unclear. This study examines the criterion validity of Stunkard's body silhouette scale as a self-estimated rating of adiposity against anthropometric measures of adiposity and percentage body fat in Hong Kong adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The body composition of 903 adolescents (55.7% boys) was assessed by measured waist circumference (WC), waist-to-stature ratio (WSR), body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF). Self-estimated adiposity was subjectively assessed using Stunkard's body silhouette scale. The association between self-estimated adiposity and body composition was examined by Spearman correlation coefficients and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Self-estimated adiposity correlated significantly and positively with BMI (boys: r = 0.65; girls: r = 0.59), WC (boys: r = 0.62; girls: r = 0.51), WSR (boys: r = 0.55; girls: r = 0.42) and %BF (boys: r = 0.47; girls: r = 0.55). CONCLUSION Self-estimated adiposity using the Stunkard's body silhouette scale was positively associated with actual measures of adiposity; however, the association was modest at best. It is unlikely that the Stunkard's body silhouette scale provides a suitably accurate substitute for actual body composition measures in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kei Mak
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Few studies have focused on the relationship between personality trait and eating behaviors in a normal sample of adolescents. The purpose of this research was to examine differences between male and female non-clinical adolescents in eating behaviors, personality traits and state and trait anxiety and to verify the relationship between personality traits, anxiety and eating behaviors in males and females. 592 individuals (324 male and 267 females) were selected. Participants were asked to fill: Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), State-Training Anxiety Inventory (STAI - Forma Y) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R). The results highlighted specific differences in eating behaviors and in personality traits between genders. No statistical differences in anxiety were found. Our results underline the importance of focussing on anxiety levels for girls, while, for boys, on personality traits such as neuroticism and psychoticism. It was confirmed the opinion that, to prevent eating disorders, not only is it necessary to carry out a campaign based on proper nutrition, but also to investigate thoroughly aspects of personality that may be predictive of these disorders.
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