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Baraki SG, Thupayagale-Tshweneagae GB. Socio-cultural factors perceived to influence sexual behaviours of adolescents in Ethiopia. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2023; 15:e1-e10. [PMID: 37526559 PMCID: PMC10476444 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v15i1.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. It is the age of experimentation. They are vulnerable to the undesirable effect of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems such as human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted infections and unsafe abortion and childbirth-related risks. AIM To explore and describe perceived organisational, community and societal level factors that influence sexual behaviours among adolescents in Ethiopia. SETTING The study was conducted by public health care organisations, youth centres and non-governmental organisations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A qualitative descriptive study design was conducted with purposively selected health professionals and adolescents in Addis Ababa from June 2019 to February 2020. The data were collected using in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Transcribed interviews were imported to ATLAS. ti 7 for coding, categorising and creating themes using thematic analysis. Lincoln and Guba's model was used to ensure trustworthiness and ethical standards were applied. RESULTS Poor school involvement, social norms on sexual behaviour and lack of condom acceptability by the general population, financial problems and the gap in law enforcement were found perceived factors influencing sexual behaviour of adolescents. CONCLUSION Adolescents are engaging in various risky sexual behaviours because of various organisational, community level and societal level factors, which emphasises the need to introduce social and culturally acceptable age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for adolescents and other multilevel interventions.Contribution: Provide an in-depth understanding of the influence of sociocultural issues related to adolescent sexual behaviour for health system stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semere G Baraki
- Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa.
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Awasthi KR, Jancey J, Clements ACA, Sah RK, Koirala MP, Chalise B, Leavy JE. Traditional Beliefs, Practices, and Migration: A Risk to Malaria Transmission in Rural Nepal. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16872. [PMID: 36554752 PMCID: PMC9779137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore sociocultural factors influencing the risk of malaria and practices and beliefs towards malaria prevention, transmission and treatment in a remote village in Khatyad Rural Municipality (KRM) of Nepal. A sequential exploratory mixed methods approach was used. Qualitative data were collected through 25 one-on-one, in-depth interviews followed by a face-to-face household survey (n = 218) among people from a village in KRM believed to have a high risk of malaria. Traditional practices such as Chhaupadi requiring the seclusion of women during menstruation and post-partum, transhumance, and reliance on traditional healers for the management of malaria were common practices in the village. The household survey found 98.1% of women faced menstrual exile either inside the house or in a separate hut, with 64.2% not having access to Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). Hardships and economic constraints compelled villagers to migrate seasonally for work to malaria-endemic areas in India, thereby exposing themselves to the risk of malaria. Persistent traditional beliefs and seasonal migration could threaten the elimination goals set by the national malaria program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj Awasthi
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rohit Kumar Sah
- National Malaria Program, Karnali Province Field Office, Nepalgunj 21900, Nepal
| | | | - Binaya Chalise
- Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higasi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Justine E. Leavy
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Bhatt G, Goel S, Grover S, Medhi B, Singh G, Gill SS, Swasticharan L, Singh RJ. Development of a multi-component tobacco cessation training package utilizing multiple approaches of intervention development for health care providers and patients attending non-communicable disease clinics of Punjab, India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1053428. [PMID: 36530680 PMCID: PMC9755677 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1053428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Providing patients with personalized tobacco cessation counseling that is culturally sensitive, and disease-specific from healthcare providers (HCPs) as part of their routine consultations is an approach that could be incorporated, using existing healthcare systems such as the Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) clinics. This paper describes the development of a multi-component culturally tailored, patient-centric, disease-specific tobacco cessation package utilizing multiple approaches of intervention development for healthcare providers and patients attending these clinics in Punjab, India, along with a proposed framework for implementation. Methods The proposed intervention package was developed in 6 stages. These included a review of literature for identifying successful cessation interventions for ethnic minority groups, co-production of the package with all stakeholders involved via a series of consultative meetings and workshops, understanding contextual factors of the state and 'factor-in' these in the package, pre-test of the package among HCPs and tobacco users using in-depth interviews, micro detailing and expansion of the package by drawing on existing theories of the Cascade Model and Trans-Theoretical Model and developing an evolving analysis plan through real-world implementation at two pilot districts by undertaking a randomized controlled trial, assessing implementer's experiences using a mixed-method with a primary focus on qualitative and economic evaluation of intervention package. Results A multi-component package consisting of a booklet (for HCPs), disease-specific pamphlets and short text messages (for patients; bilingual), and an implementation framework was developed using the 6-step process. A major finding from the in-depth interviews was the need for a specific capacity-building training program on tobacco cessation. Therefore, using this as an opportunity, we trained the in-service human resource and associated program managers at the state and district-level training workshops. Based on the feedback, training objectives were set and supported with copies of intervention package components. In addition, the role and function of each stakeholder were defined in the proposed framework. Conclusion Consideration of tobacco users' socio-cultural and patient-centric approach makes a robust strategy while developing and implementing an intervention providing an enlarged scope to improve care services for diversified socio-cultural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Bhatt
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Goel
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India,Public Health Master's Program, School of Medicine and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland,Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sonu Goel
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurmandeep Singh
- National Health Mission, Department of Health and Family Welfare Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Singh Gill
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Leimapokpam Swasticharan
- Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana J. Singh
- Department of Tobacco and NCD Control, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), South-East Asia Office, New Delhi, India
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Herrero L, López-Íñiguez G, Casanova O, Zarza-Azulgaray FJ, McPherson GE. Editorial: Cognition and Music Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:923452. [PMID: 35756206 PMCID: PMC9219600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrero
- Education Department, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Casanova
- Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression Department, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Bodas M, Peleg K, Stolero N, Adini B. Risk Perception of Natural and Human-Made Disasters-Cross Sectional Study in Eight Countries in Europe and Beyond. Front Public Health 2022; 10:825985. [PMID: 35252099 PMCID: PMC8896349 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.825985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, emergency and disaster situations claim a heavy toll in human lives and economic loss. Civilian populations that are more aware and prepared for emergencies are more resilient. The aim of this study was to explore similarities and differences in risk perception of emergencies and disasters across different societies and its association with individual resilience. A cross sectional study that explored attitudinal factors, as expressed by diverse samples of target countries across Europe and beyond, took place during the months of January-February 2021. Diverse samples (N ≥ 500) of adults from 8 countries (Italy, Romania, Spain, France, Sweden, Norway, Israel, and Japan) were engaged in this study. This study used the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self-Measure (iPRISM) tool to assess risk perception. The results suggest that for the overall sample (N = 4,013), pandemics were the risk of which participants showed the highest concern, followed by critical infrastructure fail, social disturbance, natural hazards, and extreme weather events. It was found that religiosity is associated with risk perception, with highly religious and non-religious reporting elevated risk perception (F = 5.735, df = 2, p = 0.003), however country-specific analysis revealed that this finding varies depending on local contexts. The analysis also revealed differences in risk perception depending on age and type of risk. The results of this study present that there are commonalities and differences between societies across Europe and beyond concerning societal resilience at large, including risk perception. The dependency of risk perception on local context suggests that a regional-based approach for disaster risk reduction may be called for to adapt and adjust to local socio-cultural characteristics of each population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Bodas
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kobi Peleg
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nathan Stolero
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Bruria Adini
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Rojas LM, Sanchez M, Westrick A, Vazquez V, Cano MA, De La Rosa MR. Socio-Cultural Subgroups of Latina/o Immigrants: A Latent Profile Analysis. Int J Intercult Relat 2021; 82:185-196. [PMID: 33967359 PMCID: PMC8098717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Socio-cultural factors, such as familismo, social support, machismo, and multigroup ethnic identity, are strongly associated with Latina/o immigrants' alcohol misuse and depressive symptoms. However, research has rarely explored whether unobserved groups of Latina/o immigrants with similar socio-cultural factors exist. Latent Profile analysis can illuminate which subgroups to target, or which socio-cultural factors need to be supported, to have an impact on the prevention and treatment of alcohol use and/or depression in the Latina/o immigrant population. Cross sectional data from on ongoing longitudinal investigation was utilized (N= 518 Latina/o adults living in Miami-Dade County, Florida and have immigrated to the US within one year prior to assessment). Latent Profile Analyses (LPA) were conducted utilizing validated measures of familismo, social support, neighborhood collective efficacy, ethnic identity, machismo, caballerismo, and marianismo. The LPA revealed three, significantly different profiles: (1) low socio-cultural protection (n=155, 29.98%), (2) high socio-cultural protection (n=21, 4.06%), and (3) high socio-, low-cultural protection (n=341, 65.96%). Profile membership was associated significantly with immigrant documentation status, education level, and past family history of substance use. Results indicate that Latina/o immigrants in the low socio-cultural protection group had significantly higher alcohol use compared to high socio-, low cultural protection group. No significant differences were found for depressive symptoms. We discuss implications of our findings and encourage researchers to continue to unpack the complexities associated with socio-cultural factors and Latina/o mental and behavioral health. Specifically, research should focus on socio-cultural factors can provide protection from negative health outcomes and increase resiliency among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes M. Rojas
- 1575 San Ignacio Ave, Penthouse, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, Center for Advanced Analytics, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC5-423, Miami, Florida, 33199, Florida International University, Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA)
| | - Ashly Westrick
- 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC5-423, Miami, Florida, 33199, Florida International University, Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA)
| | - Vicky Vazquez
- 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC5-423, Miami, Florida, 33199, Florida International University, Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA)
| | - Miguel A. Cano
- 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC5-423, Miami, Florida, 33199, Florida International University, Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA)
| | - Mario R. De La Rosa
- 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC5-423, Miami, Florida, 33199, Florida International University, Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA)
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Li H, Han Y, Xiao Y, Liu X, Li A, Zhu T. Suicidal Ideation Risk and Socio-Cultural Factors in China: A Longitudinal Study on Social Media from 2010 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1098. [PMID: 33530647 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies cited the importance of social factors as protective and risk factors for suicide. However, there is a lack of evidence on the influences of cultural and moral values. This study aims to examine the association between cultural values and suicidal ideation risks detected on an online social media platform. We collected a total of 5.1 billion pieces of Weibo posts from 2010 to 2018 to calculate their suicidal ideation risks as measured by psychache in the Chinese Suicide Dictionary. We calculated the word frequencies of cultural and moral values based on Cultural Value Dictionary and Moral Foundation Dictionary. We collected economic and population data from the China National Bureau of Statistics. Two-way fixed-effect models were performed to analyze the association between culture, economy, and population factors and suicidal ideation risks. The results confirm the relations between high suicidal ideation risk and public concerns of vice under the Chinese context such as harm (β = 0.193, p < 0.01), betrayal (β = 0.096, p < 0.01), and dirty (β = 0.624, p < 0.001). In addition, extremely individualistic or collectivistic values of the public were associated with high suicidal ideation risks. The finding indicated the significant impact of social culture on suicide risk apart from the influence of the social economy and population characteristics. Our evidence informs population-based suicide prevention policymakers that incorporating cultural and moral values can help prevent suicidal ideation in China.
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Abstract
This conceptual paper contributes toward our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in children’s understanding of self and the other with media. We synthesize diverse bodies of literature, concerned with children’s reading with digital and traditional (print) books, to explicate the parameters that may, in part, explain positive learning outcomes and further illuminate the patterns across various measures. We propose the “Distance Model,” which suggests that a child’s interest in a reading activity depends on its proximity to the child’s funds of identity (Esteban-Guitart and Moll, 2014). The closer the proximity, the more salient the impact on the child’s cognitive understanding and sense of belonging. The familiarity of the reading content and the relevance of the reading medium for a child’s personal life can be evoked through a number of reading strategies and design techniques, which we discuss in relation to children’s literature and the contemporary design of children’s interactive e-books. We conclude with some suggestions regarding future applications of the Distance Model in children’s media research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kucirkova
- Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioural Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Littleton
- Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Fadyl
- Centre for Person Centred Research, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Alarcón RD, Gastelumendi E, Mendoza A. Peruvian psychiatry in America and the world: its journey in search of an identity. Int Rev Psychiatry 2020; 32:303-312. [PMID: 32609064 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1761778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, Latin American psychiatry has followed a variety of routes as its mythic-religious origins experienced the various influences of European and North American ideas of the last three centuries. In its modern trajectory, a post-colonial subordination was followed by a more selective import of ideas and a critical approach to their application in the New Continent. At one point, the identity of Latin American psychiatry was essentially considered mestiza, social and critical, reflecting a search for autonomy and originality. In this journey, Peruvian psychiatry has been considered one of the most representative versions of the history and position of the discipline. This article attempts to detail the identity-seeking process of Peruvian and Latin American Psychiatry through the life and work of three notable Peruvian figures: Honorio Delgado, Carlos Alberto Seguín and Humberto Rotondo. Delgado fostered the need for scientific evidence in support of any piece of knowledge, as well as humanism as essential component of best service and optimal patient care. Seguín led studies on folkloric and ethnic psychiatry, stimulated integrated approaches to care, and advocated in favour of a regional identity for psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Psychiatry Section, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.,Pychiatry, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eduardo Gastelumendi
- Peruvian Psychiatric Association and Peruvian Psychoanalytic Society, Lima, Perú
| | - Alfonso Mendoza
- Family Sciences, University of Louvain, Belgium.,Family Service, Hermilio Valdizán Hospital.,Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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Tette EMA, Nuertey BD, Azusong EA, Gandau NB. The Profile, Health Seeking Behavior, Referral Patterns, and Outcome of Outborn Neonates Admitted to a District and Regional Hospital in the Upper West Region of Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children (Basel) 2020; 7:children7020015. [PMID: 32085390 PMCID: PMC7072572 DOI: 10.3390/children7020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal mortality is the major contributor to under-five mortality rates in many low and middle income countries. We examined the health practices, care-seeking behavior, and referral of sick outborn neonates to a district and regional hospital in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The study was a cross-sectional study conducted over an eight (8) month period in 2018. Data were obtained from caregiver interviews and case notes. Altogether, 153 outborn neonates were examined. Inappropriate practices including the use of enemas, cord care with cow dung, and herbal baths were found. Three babies treated this way died. The majority of caregivers sought care at a health facility. However, 67 (44%) sought care only after their babies were ill for ≥7 days, suggesting the influence of a period of confinement on health seeking. More than half, 94 (61.4%), of the facilities visited referred patients to destination hospitals without giving any treatment. Delayed care-seeking was associated with a low birth weight, using home remedies, and a maternal age of ≥30 years. Altogether, 12 neonates (7.8%) died, consisting of three males and nine females (p = 0.018). Socio-cultural factors strongly influence health seeking behavior and the health outcome of neonates in this setting. There appeared to be a limited repertoire of interventions for treating neonatal disease in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem M. A. Tette
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
- Correspondence: (E.M.A.T.); (B.D.N.); Tel.: +233-302665101 (E.M.A.T.); +233-246968106 (B.D.N.)
| | - Benjamin Demah Nuertey
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
- Public Health Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box, TL 16, Tamale, Ghana
- Correspondence: (E.M.A.T.); (B.D.N.); Tel.: +233-302665101 (E.M.A.T.); +233-246968106 (B.D.N.)
| | | | - Naa Barnabas Gandau
- Upper West Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 6, Wa, Ghana; (E.A.A.); (N.B.G.)
- School of Medical Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Mungai D, Midigo R. Social and cultural determinants of health; understanding the persisting Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in the rural populations in central Kenya. AIMS Public Health 2019; 6:600-611. [PMID: 31909079 PMCID: PMC6940580 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use is a significant public health problem globally. Alcohol use typically begins in adolescence or early adult life, and effective prevention strategies focused on this age group are needed to avoid development of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). AUD is a worldwide problem resulting in millions of deaths, including hundreds of thousands of young lives lost. It is not only a causal factor in many diseases, but also a precursor to injury and violence. Furthermore, its' negative impacts can spread throughout a community or a country, and beyond, by influencing levels and patterns of alcohol consumption across borders [1]. This study sought to ascertain the influence of socio-cultural factors in AUD among adults. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Stratified random sampling techniques were used to sample alcohol users across the county. Both descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (chi-square test) statistics were employed in data analysis. Content analysis was used to identify emerging themes in the interviews conducted. The study established that 65% of alcohol users in Muranga County have symptoms of AUD. Socio-cultural factors were found to influence AUD. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the Ministry of health and NACADA should organize sensitizations and awareness drives on alcohol abuse on the worrying trends of AUD together with their associated morbidities. The study also recommended deliberate efforts towards implementation of sound policies aimed at curbing the growth of the AUD.
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Ahinkorah BO, Hagan JE, Seidu AA, Mintah JK, Sambah F, Schack T, Hormenu T. Examining Pregnancy Related Socio-Cultural Factors Among Adolescent Girls in the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana: A Case-Control Study. Front Public Health 2019; 7:93. [PMID: 31069207 PMCID: PMC6491621 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Given that Ghana continues to record higher rates of adolescent pregnancy among rural dwellers, notably, those living in the Brong Ahafo, Central and Volta regions, it is surprising that scholarly information related to socio-cultural determinants of this sequel in these mentioned areas of the country is limited. This study sought to examine the socio-cultural factors associated with pregnancy among adolescent girls in Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem (KEEA) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods and results: Using a matched case-control design with a 1:1 ratio, a facility-based sampling approach was used to select 400 adolescent females aged between 15 and 19 years. Chi-square analyses on the strictness level of rules and regulations in family [χ2(1) = 62.010, p < 0.05], freedom within the family to discuss issues related to sexuality [χ2(1) = 9.600, p < 0.05], religious support of sex before marriage [χ2(1) = 4.312, p < 0.05], peer influence to engage in sexual intercourse [χ2(1) = 7.793, p < 0.05], reaction of parents toward pregnancy [χ2(1) = 70.064, p < 0.05], and reaction of siblings toward pregnancy [χ2(1) = 66.702, p < 0.05] were significantly related to adolescents' pregnancy status. Additionally, binary logistic regression analysis also showed that non-pregnant adolescents were seven times more likely to belong to families with strict rules and regulations compared to pregnant adolescents [OR = 0.14, 95% CI = (0.07–0.25), p ≤ 0.01]. Non-pregnant adolescents were 3 times more likely to have freedom within the family to discuss issues related to sexuality compared to pregnant adolescents [OR = 0.33, 95% CI = (0.18–0.59), p ≤ 0.01]. However, pregnant adolescents were 3 times more likely to be influenced by their peers to engage in sexual intercourse [OR = 2.63, 95% CI = (1.46–4.74), p ≤ 0.001] and 3 times more likely to have parents with positive reaction toward adolescent pregnancy compared to non-pregnant adolescents [OR = 2.97, 95% CI = (1.15–7.70), p ≤ 0.05]. Additionally, these pregnant adolescents were eight times more likely to have siblings with positive reaction toward adolescent pregnancy [OR = 7.74, 95% CI = (2.59–21.4), p ≤ 0.001] compared to their non-pregnant counterparts. Conclusion: Adolescent pregnancy heightens the risk of negating birth outcomes that is independent of recognized confounding variables. Therefore, adolescent girls in the KEEA Municipality are likely to experience continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy with the existence of negative socio-cultural norms. Specific strategies need to involve multifaceted interventions that include education, competency-based skill training and support for young people, especially pregnant adolescents. Further research ought to determine which other factors would help us better understand circumstances that may lead to adolescent pregnancies in other areas of the region and perhaps among other subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Kwame Mintah
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Francis Sambah
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Schack
- Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hormenu
- National Institutes of Health, Section of Ethnicity and Health, DEOB, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Al-Kloub MI, Al-Khawaldeh OA, ALBashtawy M, Batiha AM, Al-Haliq M. Disordered eating in Jordanian adolescents. Int J Nurs Pract 2018; 25:e12694. [PMID: 30117224 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours are linked to poor physical and psychological outcomes. AIM To examine the individual, psychological, and socio-cultural factors associated with disordered eating attitudes among Jordanian adolescents. METHODS A stratified sampling method was used to select school students aged 15 to 18 years from three governates in Jordan in 2013/2014. Participants filled out questionnaires on socio-demographic variables, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26; to discriminate adolescents with disordered eating); the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ; used to measure psychological factors associated with disordered eating); Body Mass Index was calculated and obesity evaluated according to international cut off points (to categorize normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents, and these categories were used as individual factors associated with disordered eating). RESULTS A total of 963 (460 boys and 503 girls) participated in the study. Disordered eating (EAT score ≥ 20) was present in 389 (40.4%); body shape dissatisfaction (BSQ scores ≥110) was present in 161 (16.8%). Overweight and obesity were found in 332 (34.5%) participants. Unhealthy weight loss behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting, substance abuse, and smoking) were very common. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that female sex, urban residence, distorted perceptions of weight, BMI (excess weight), body dissatisfaction, and socio-cultural variables (parents, peers and mass media) were significantly associated with disordered eating. CONCLUSION Jordanian urban adolescents seem to embrace Western norms to fit in with the demands of Western culture. Socio-cultural factors, particularly mass media, play a significant role in changing adolescents' norms. Prevention and intervention programs are needed to control these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed ALBashtawy
- Community and Mental Health Department, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, AL al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Abdul-Monim Batiha
- Faculty of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Al-Haliq
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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15
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Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) is a congenital condition in which the development of chromosomes, gonads, hormones, and reproductive structures are atypical. DSD brings with it a psychological impact on the affected individual and their families. The consensus statement on management of DSD strongly advised an integrated and multidisciplinary approach in providing care to the affected individuals. Studies have been conducted focusing on medical intervention, and more recently, there is increasing attention paid to psychological aspects of DSD. However, studies reporting cultural aspects of DSD are lacking. This review provides an overview on how culture impacts the affected individuals in coping with DSD and making decisions with regard to gender assignment or reassignment, help-seeking behavior for medical treatments, attitudes toward medical treatment, religious beliefs, and values concerning marriage and fertility. The involvement of social scientists is needed to study sociocultural aspects of DSD from more diverse cultures, to help affected individuals and their families in gaining better social acceptance. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:380-383, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastasia Ediati
- Faculty of Psychology, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.,Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Nani Maharani
- Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Agustini Utari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
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16
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Blasco-Hernández T, García-San Miguel L, Navaza B, Navarro M, Benito A. Knowledge and experiences of Chagas disease in Bolivian women living in Spain: a qualitative study. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:30201. [PMID: 26976265 PMCID: PMC4789531 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.30201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe, Spain has the highest number of people with Chagas disease (CD). Bolivian migrants account for 81% of the reported cases. One of the priorities in controlling the disease is prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Despite under-diagnosis in Spain being estimated at 90%, there are currently few studies that explore the social and cultural dimensions of this disease. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and experiences of Bolivian women with CD, in order to generate a useful understanding for the design and implementation of public health initiatives. Design Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews, triangular groups, and field notes. Participants Fourteen Bolivian women with CD living in Madrid. Results The participants were aware that the disease was transmitted through the vector, that it could be asymptomatic, and that it could also be associated with sudden death by heart failure. They opined that the treatment as such could not cure the disease but only slow it down. There was a sense of indifference along with a lack of understanding of the risk of contracting the disease. Participants who presented with symptoms, or those with relatives suffering from the disease, were concerned about fatalities, cardiac problems, and possible vertical transmission. There was also a fear of being rejected by others. The disease was described as something that affected a large number of people but only showed up in a few cases and that too after many years. There was a widespread assumption that it was better not to know because doing so, allows the disease to take hold.
Conclusions Disease risk perception was very low in Bolivian women living in Madrid. This factor, together with the fear of being screened, may be contributing to the current rate of under-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agustín Benito
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Karasu SR. The Obesities: An Overview of Convergent and Divergent Paradigms. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016; 10:84-96. [PMID: 30202260 PMCID: PMC6125090 DOI: 10.1177/1559827614537773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of obesity lends itself to difficulties not only due to our imprecise ability to measure body composition, food consumption, and physical activity but also, even more important, due to complexities involved in defining and conceptualizing obesity. For centuries, obesity has been considered a disease, although researchers and clinicians cannot agree on definitions of "disease" or, if it is one, whether obesity is a disease of metabolism, inflammation, brown fat, chronobiology, the blood-brain barrier, the right brain, or even of infectious origin. The concept of "obesity" as a disease remains controversial to some because not everyone who has excess adipose tissue has any evidence of disease. Obesity, though, has also been considered a sin, a crime against society, an aesthetic crime, a self-inflicted disability, an example of body diversity, a failure in the regulation of energy balance, an appropriate or even inappropriate adaptation to our increasingly obesogenic environment, a genetic disorder, and a psychological/behavioral disorder of overeating involving self-regulation or even addiction. Five major paradigms-medical, sociocultural, evolutionary, environmental, and psychological/behavioral, all with their own subcategorical models-have been identified. All 5 paradigms are required because we are dealing not with "obesity" but with a plurality, the "obesities."
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18
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Abstract
Over the last two decades healthcare quality and safety have risen to the fore of health policy and research. This has largely been informed by theoretical and empirical ideas found in the fields of ergonomics and human factors. These have enabled significant advances in our understanding and management of quality and safety. However, a parallel and at time neglected sociological literature on clinical quality and safety is presented as offering additional, complementary, and at times critical insights on the problems of quality and safety. This review explores the development and contributions of both the mainstream and more sociological approaches to safety. It shows that where mainstream approaches often focus on the influence of human and local environment factors in shaping quality, a sociological perspective can deepen knowledge of the wider social, cultural and political factors that contextualise the clinical micro-system. It suggests these different perspectives can easily complement one another, offering a more developed and layered understanding of quality and safety. It also suggests that the sociological literature can bring to light important questions about the limits of the more mainstream approaches and ask critical questions about the role of social inequality, power and control in the framing of quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Waring
- Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Davina Allen
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Jane Sandall
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, UK
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19
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Thomas SL, Williams K, Ritchie J, Zwi K. Improving paediatric outreach services for urban Aboriginal children through partnerships: views of community-based service providers. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:836-42. [PMID: 25818830 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Australia, Aboriginal children experience significantly poorer health outcomes compared with non-Aboriginal children. Health policies aimed at improving Aboriginal health outcomes include interventions in the early childhood period. There is a need for government health services to work in partnership with Aboriginal people and other services to achieve the highest level of health possible for Aboriginal children, who often require a range of services to meet complex needs. AIM This paper describes the views of service providers on how paediatric outreach services work in partnership with other services, Aboriginal families and the community and how those partnerships could be improved to maximize health outcomes for children. METHODS In-depth, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with managers and service providers over a 6-week period in 2010. The views and suggestions of participants were documented and a thematic analysis was undertaken. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of two focus groups with seven service providers and five individual interviews with service managers resulted in the identification of four themes: (i) using informal and formal ways of working; (ii) cultivating effective relationships; (iii) demonstrating cultural sensitivity; and (iv) forging strong leadership. Use of formal and informal approaches facilitated effective relationships between service providers and Aboriginal families and communities. Partnerships with the community were founded on a culturally appropriate model of care that recognized a holistic approach to health and wellness. Leadership emerged as an essential component of effective partnerships, cultivating the ethos of the workplace and creating an environment where collaboration is supported. CONCLUSION Culturally appropriate child health services, which utilize effective relationships and employ a range of informal and formal collaboration with other services and community members, are well positioned to implement health policy and improve access to services for Aboriginal children with better health outcomes as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Thomas
- New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Remote Health, Flinders University and Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - K Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Developmental Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Ritchie
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Zwi
- Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Lim CY, Tan PC, Koh C, Koh E, Guo H, Yusoff ND, See CQ, Tan T. Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery-VMI): lessons from exploration of cultural variations in visual-motor integration performance of preschoolers. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:213-21. [PMID: 25219320 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual-motor integration (VMI) is important in children's development because it is associated with the performance of many functional skills. Deficits in VMI have been linked to difficulties in academic performance and functional tasks. Clinical assessment experience of occupational therapists in Singapore suggested that there is a potential difference between the VMI performance of Singaporean and American children. Cross-cultural studies also implied that culture has an influence on a child's VMI performance, as it shapes the activities that a child participates in. The purpose of this study was to (1) explore if there was a difference between the VMI performance of Singaporean and American preschoolers, and (2) determine if there were ethnic differences in the VMI performance of Singaporean preschoolers. METHODS The Beery-VMI, which was standardized in America, is commonly used by occupational therapists in Singapore to assess the VMI ability of children. We administered the Beery-VMI (fifth edition) full form test (excluding the supplemental tests) to 385 preschoolers (mean age = 63.3 months) from randomly selected schools in Singapore. We compared the scores of Singaporean preschoolers with those of the American standardization norms using the one-sample t-test. Scores of different ethnic groups among the Singapore population were also compared using a one-way anova, followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS Singaporean preschoolers and the standardization sample of American children performed significantly differently in all age groups (P < 0.05). Among the Singapore population, the scores were also significantly different (P < 0.05) between the (i) Chinese and Malay and (ii) Chinese and Indians ethnic groups. CONCLUSION Preschoolers from different cultural and ethnic groups had different VMI performance. Certain cultural beliefs and practices may affect VMI performance. Clinicians should exercise caution when using an assessment in communities and cultures outside the ones on which it was standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Lim
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Child Development, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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21
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Halimi R, Dragoti E, Halimi H, Sylejmani-Hulaj N, Jashari-Ramadani S. Socio-Cultural Context and Feelings of Hatred and Revenge in War Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 15 Years after War in Kosovo. Ment Illn 2015; 7:5609. [PMID: 26266020 PMCID: PMC4508626 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2015.5609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess, in socio-cultural context, the level of hatred and revenge in war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sampling frame consisted of 215 Kosova War veterans, randomly selected. The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of PTSD and Manchester Short Assessment of Life was used to assess social satisfactions. The participants were asked to declare the strength of feelings of hatred and revenge in the four preceding weeks by using four items scale: not at all, a little bit/sometimes, a lot and extremely. Willingness for action of veterans was assessed using three item scale: yes, no or maybe. A probability level of 0.05 was adopted to be considered as statistically significant for differences among groups. DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD (very similar to DSM-V) were met by 52.6% of veterans; the data have confirmed existence of thoughts and fantasies of revenge against opposing forces by 42.8% veterans; at the same level 42.8% manifested feelings of hatred. Fantasies of taking revenge a lot was recorded by 19.5% and extremely by 1.4% of veterans, while hateful thoughts at level a lot were likely expressed by 22.3% and extreme by 2.8% of veterans. It is important to note that 84.7% were confident to act based on their beliefs. Social-economic and cultural factors have played major role in the understanding of psychological problems of traumatized individuals with a direct impact on their ability to function socially. This study has confirmed the urgent need for the establishment of psychological rehabilitation programs as well as programs for the social and economic rehabilitation of War Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Halimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gjilan General Hospital , Kosovo
| | - Emond Dragoti
- Department of Psychology, European University of Tirana , Albania
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22
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Archer E. The childhood obesity epidemic as a result of nongenetic evolution: the maternal resources hypothesis. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:77-92. [PMID: 25440888 PMCID: PMC4289440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, socioenvironmental evolution (eg, reduced pathogenic load, decreased physical activity, and improved nutrition) led to cumulative increments in maternal energy resources (ie, body mass and adiposity) and decrements in energy expenditure and metabolic control. These decrements reduced the competition between maternal and fetal energy demands and increased the availability of energy substrates to the intrauterine milieu. This perturbation of mother-conceptus energy partitioning stimulated fetal pancreatic β-cell and adipocyte hyperplasia, thereby inducing an enduring competitive dominance of adipocytes over other tissues in the acquisition and sequestering of nutrient energy via intensified insulin secretion and hyperplastic adiposity. At menarche, the competitive dominance of adipocytes was further amplified via hormone-induced adipocyte hyperplasia and weight-induced decrements in physical activity. These metabolic and behavioral effects were propagated progressively when obese, inactive, metabolically compromised women produced progressively larger, more inactive, metabolically compromised children. Consequently, the evolution of human energy metabolism was markedly altered. This phenotypic evolution was exacerbated by increments in the use of cesarean sections, which allowed both the larger fetuses and the metabolically compromised mothers who produced them to survive and reproduce. Thus, natural selection was iatrogenically rendered artificial selection, and the frequency of obese, inactive, metabolically compromised phenotypes increased in the global population. By the late 20th century, a metabolic tipping point was reached at which the postprandial insulin response was so intense, the relative number of adipocytes so large, and inactivity so pervasive that the competitive dominance of adipocytes in the sequestering of nutrient energy was inevitable and obesity was unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
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23
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Irajpour A, Alavi M. Health professionals' experiences and perceptions of challenges of interprofessional collaboration: Socio-cultural influences of IPC. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2015; 20:99-104. [PMID: 25709698 PMCID: PMC4325422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature shows that interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is a challenging phenomenon both in theory and practice, and it is affected by socio-cultural contexts in which the health professionals (HPs) play their roles. Considering some evidences on the similarities and differences between eastern and western socio-cultural contexts, this study aims to explore and describe the socio-cultural factors influencing IPC in these two contexts. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a pilot qualitative descriptive study that was conducted in 2012-2013. Data were collected through conducting one-to-one and group interviews as face-to-face and written in terviews (narratives) with purposeful samples of HPs from various disciplines including nurses, medical doctors (MDs) from variety of specialities, social workers, and psychologists from health system in Iran and Germany. Other methods of data collection were taking field notes and reviewing related literature. The qualitative content analyses method was employed to derive the common categories and themes. RESULTS Totally 22 participants took part in the study. Moreover, researchers had a 10-day period of field observation in Germany (health systems affiliated with Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg). Qualitative data analysis revealed three themes and related subthemes. The themes were: (1) Interaction beyond boundaries, (2) motivation to engage in IPC, and (3) readiness to approaching toward IPC. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study emphasized that in both eastern and western contexts, organizational, professional, and community socio-cultural textures, mainly in terms of attitudes toward other people, other professions, and IPC, play their role as important factors. We suggest future researches about each of the emerged themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Irajpour
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mousa Alavi
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Lohiniva AL, Dueger E, Talaat M, Refaey S, Zaki A, Chisholm Horton K, Kandeel A. Poultry rearing and slaughtering practices in rural Egypt: an exploration of risk factors for H5N1 virus human transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:1251-9. [PMID: 23145955 PMCID: PMC4634263 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Lohiniva et al. (2012) Poultry rearing and slaughtering practices in rural Egypt: an exploration of risk factors for H5N1 virus human transmission. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12023. Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus continues to cause infections in Egypt. This study describes the practices associated with raising and slaughtering household poultry to identify risk factors for H5N1 infection and reasons for non‐compliance with preventive measures. Methods An investigation was conducted of 56 households with household flocks (19 households with human H5N1 cases, 19 with poultry H5N1 cases, and 18 with no reported poultry or human H5N1 cases). Data were collected via structured observations and in‐depth interviews. Results Half of the households kept at least some free‐range poultry and mixed at least some different species of poultry as it was considered beneficial for the poultry. Feeding and cleaning practices exposed children to contact with poultry; slaughtering contaminated homes; use of personal protective barriers was not a norm; waste management exposed the communities to slaughtering waste and dead chickens; and reporting of sick and dead poultry was not a practice. Only minor changes in poultry‐handling took place following H5N1 virus outbreaks. Discussion H5N1 virus prevention in Egypt represents both an epidemiological and socio‐cultural challenge. Traditional poultry‐rearing practices that likely increase exposures to H5N1‐infected poultry are common throughout Egypt. Despite education campaigns following sporadic H5N1 outbreaks, no differences in these practices could be detected between households with previous H5N1 human or poultry cases and those households with any previous experience with H5N1. Development of H5N1 infection–related education campaign strategies should focus on perceptions underlying traditional practices in order to tailor public awareness messages that are meaningful for communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Lohiniva
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Gender identity disorder is one of the most controversial diagnoses of DSM-IV and almost incomparable in the complexity of its social, ethical and political considerations to any other diagnosis. We present a case of 30 year-old male who presented with complaints of suggestive of depressive disorder with a recent suicidal attempt. Careful history taking reveals underlying conflicts with prominent gender dysphoria and social complexities. The patient is managed primarily by pharmacotherapy and harm reduction model. Our case reflects a unique coping strategy against the present sociocultural values and ambiguity of law in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldip Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
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26
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have identified several factors to be associated with physical activity (PA) among African-Americans, e.g., demographic and health-related characteristics. Formative studies suggest a link between sociocultural factors and PA among ethnic minorities; yet, it is unclear whether these factors play a role in PA among African-Americans. This paper explores the association of selected sociocultural characteristics with self-reported PA by gender among African-American adults, taking into account demographic and health-related characteristics. DESIGN Data from the baseline survey of a colorectal cancer communication intervention trial were used. Participants included 446 African-American men and women, aged 45-75 years. Self-report data were collected on demographics, health-related characteristics, selected sociocultural constructs (e.g., ethnic identity, religiosity, collectivism, and medical mistrust), and PA. PA was categorized as meeting or not meeting recommended levels; recommended levels were defined as participating in vigorous PA for 20 minutes/day for at least three days/week or moderate PA for 30 minutes/day for at least five days/week or a minimum of 600 MET-minutes/week in at least five days. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression models were used to characterize the association between the selected sociocultural constructs and PA among men and women, after adjusting for demographic and health-related characteristics. RESULTS Most participants reported some PA but only 59% were found to be meeting recommended levels. Univariate analyses revealed that high collectivist attitudes were associated with meeting recommended PA (OR = 1.74), particularly for women (OR = 1.81). In multivariate analyses, high collectivist attitudes were significantly associated with meeting PA recommendations among men (OR = 1.87); while high religiosity and high collectivism were significant among women (OR = 1.87 and 1.85, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Few of the selected sociocultural characteristics were found to be associated with meeting recommended PA levels. Further study is needed to understand the association of these characteristics with PA among African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimah A Cogbill
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Abstract
This study explores gender issues from a sociocultural perspective related to stigma among people suffering from schizophrenia in India. Stigma experiences were assessed by conducting semistructured interviews with 200 patients attending urban or rural psychiatry clinics. The resulting narratives were examined by thematic content analysis. Men with schizophrenia reported being unmarried, hid their illness in job applications and from others, and experienced ridicule and shame. They reported that their experience of stigma was most acute at their places of employment. Women reported experiences of stigma in relation to marriage, pregnancy, and childbirth. Both men and women revealed specific cultural myths about their illnesses and described how these had negatively affected their lives. Information gathered from this study can be useful to understand the needs of individuals who suffer from schizophrenia to improve the quality of their treatment, and plan culturally appropriate interventions to counter stigma and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Loganathan
- Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group-EPRG, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 40 N Kingshighway, Suite 4, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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