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Fountoulakis KN, Vrublevska J, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Berk M, Bjedov S, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Abud IIC, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, De Berardis D, Delgado SZ, De Lucena D, De Sousa A, Di Stefano R, Dodd S, Elek LP, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Gonda X, Gondek TM, González DM, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan TM, Hashim NA, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jacobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Kafali HY, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Malik NI, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Martínez XEM, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Da Costa MP, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Ramírez FV, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Flores ENR, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz P, de Carmona MS, Martínez DS, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Smirnova D. Non-binary gender, vulnerable populations and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the COVID-19 MEntal health inTernational for the general population (COMET-G) study. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:536-551. [PMID: 38382816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant mental health challenges, particularly for vulnerable populations, including non-binary gender individuals. The COMET international study aimed to investigate specific risk factors for clinical depression or distress during the pandemic, also in these special populations. METHODS Chi-square tests were used for initial screening to select only those variables which would show an initial significance. Risk Ratios (RR) were calculated, and a Multiple Backward Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis (MBSLRA) was followed with those variables given significant results at screening and with the presence of distress or depression or the lack of both of them. RESULTS The most important risk factors for depression were female (RR = 1.59-5.49) and non-binary gender (RR = 1.56-7.41), unemployment (RR = 1.41-6.57), not working during lockdowns (RR = 1.43-5.79), bad general health (RR = 2.74-9.98), chronic somatic disorder (RR = 1.22-5.57), history of mental disorders (depression RR = 2.31-9.47; suicide attempt RR = 2.33-9.75; psychosis RR = 2.14-10.08; Bipolar disorder RR = 2.75-12.86), smoking status (RR = 1.15-5.31) and substance use (RR = 1.77-8.01). The risk factors for distress or depression that survived MBSLRA were younger age, being widowed, living alone, bad general health, being a carer, chronic somatic disorder, not working during lockdowns, being single, self-reported history of depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, suicide attempts and of other mental disorders, smoking, alcohol, and substance use. CONCLUSIONS Targeted preventive interventions are crucial to safeguard the mental health of vulnerable groups, emphasizing the importance of diverse samples in future research. LIMITATIONS Online data collection may have resulted in the underrepresentation of certain population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Core Psychiatry Training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Bjedov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia; NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy; School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David De Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India; Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Elissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Etchevers
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Adriana Farcas
- Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Franza
- "Villa dei Pini" Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy; Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Cristian J Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz M Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michal Hagin
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasdik M Hasan
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jan Hilbig
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Education Center, Mental Health Clinic No 1 n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jamila Ismayilova
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Asaf Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Afzal Javed
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Korneliia Kosenko
- Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France.
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy; Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy.
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mika S Naor
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Mikaella E Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Education Center, Mental Health Clinic No 1 n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Pinto Da Costa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Peru.
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey, Servicio de geriatría, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany.
| | | | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy; European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium; Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Eva Maria Tsapakis
- "Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Olivera Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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Fountoulakis KN, Karakatsoulis GN, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Berk M, Bjedov S, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Cabrera Abud II, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, De Berardis D, Zamora Delgado S, Lucena DD, Sousa AD, Stefano RD, Dodd S, Priyanka Elek L, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Gonda X, Gondek TM, Morera González D, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan TM, Azreen Hashim N, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jakobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Kafali HY, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kopishinskaia S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Kovacs I, Kulig B, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Malik NI, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Meza Martínez XE, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Pinto Da Costa M, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Vargas Ramírez F, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Ninoska Reyes Flores E, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz P, Sánchez de Carmona M, Saucedo Martínez D, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vrublevska J, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Prezerakos PE, Smirnova D. Somatic multicomorbidity and disability in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population: a quasi-epidemiological investigation in 54,826 subjects from 40 countries (COMET-G study). CNS Spectr 2024; 29:126-149. [PMID: 38269574 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852924000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of medical illnesses is high among patients with psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to investigate multi-comorbidity in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population. Secondary aims were to investigate factors associated with metabolic syndrome and treatment appropriateness of mental disorders. METHODS The sample included 54,826 subjects (64.73% females; 34.15% males; 1.11% nonbinary gender) from 40 countries (COMET-G study). The analysis was based on the registration of previous history that could serve as a fair approximation for the lifetime prevalence of various medical conditions. RESULTS About 24.5% reported a history of somatic and 26.14% of mental disorders. Mental disorders were by far the most prevalent group of medical conditions. Comorbidity of any somatic with any mental disorder was reported by 8.21%. One-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients were also suffering from a mental disorder depending on the severity and multicomorbidity. Bipolar and psychotic patients and to a lesser extent depressives, manifested an earlier (15-20 years) manifestation of somatic multicomorbidity, severe disability, and probably earlier death. The overwhelming majority of patients with mental disorders were not receiving treatment or were being treated in a way that was not recommended. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were not related to the development of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The finding that one-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients also suffered from a mental disorder strongly suggests that psychiatry is the field with the most trans-specialty and interdisciplinary value and application points to the importance of teaching psychiatry and mental health in medical schools and also to the need for more technocratically oriented training of psychiatric residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios N Karakatsoulis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Heywood, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Core Psychiatry Training, Health Education England North West, Manchester, UK
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Bjedov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia
- NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - David De Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Elissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Etchevers
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Farcas
- Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Franza
- "Villa dei Pini" Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Cristian J Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Garcia-Álvarez
- ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz M Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michal Hagin
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasdik M Hasan
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jan Hilbig
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Education Center, Mental Health Clinic No. 1 named after N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamila Ismayilova
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Asaf Jakobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Afzal Javed
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Svetlana Kopishinskaia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia
| | - Korneliia Kosenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Abuse and Psychology, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Sotirios A Koupidis
- Occupational and Environmental Health Sector, Public Health Policy Department, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Illes Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kulig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
- Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mika S Naor
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mikaella E Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Education Center, Mental Health Clinic No. 1 named after N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Pinto Da Costa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Perú
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA, INEUROPA, CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey, Servicio de geriatría. Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany
| | - Bhumika Shah
- DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No. 2, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy
- European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium
- Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Nm, USA
| | - Eva Maria Tsapakis
- "Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- 1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dina Tukhvatullina
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olivera Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Panagiotis E Prezerakos
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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N. Fountoulakis K, N. Karakatsoulis G, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Cabrera Abud II, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, de Berardis D, Zamora Delgado S, de Lucena D, de Sousa A, di Stefano R, Dodd S, Elek LP, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla P, Gonda X, Gondek TM, Morera González D, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan TM, Azreen Hashim N, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jacobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Yilmaz Kafali H, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kopishinskaia S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Kovacs I, Kulig B, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Iqbal Malik N, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Meza Martínez XE, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Pinto da Costa M, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Vargas Ramírez F, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Reyes Flores EN, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz PA, Sánchez de Carmona M, Saucedo Martínez D, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vrublevska J, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Prezerakos PE, Berk M, Levaj S, Smirnova D. Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the health professionals (COMET-HP) study: depression, suicidal tendencies and conspiracism. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1387-1410. [PMID: 36867224 PMCID: PMC9982799 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study aimed to investigate the rates of anxiety, clinical depression, and suicidality and their changes in health professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data came from the larger COMET-G study. The study sample includes 12,792 health professionals from 40 countries (62.40% women aged 39.76 ± 11.70; 36.81% men aged 35.91 ± 11.00 and 0.78% non-binary gender aged 35.15 ± 13.03). Distress and clinical depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses, and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS Clinical depression was detected in 13.16% with male doctors and 'non-binary genders' having the lowest rates (7.89 and 5.88% respectively) and 'non-binary gender' nurses and administrative staff had the highest (37.50%); distress was present in 15.19%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics, and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (24.64% vs. 9.62%; p < 0.0001). Suicidal tendencies were at least doubled in terms of RASS scores. Approximately one-third of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop clinical depression was associated with a history of Bipolar disorder (RR = 4.23). CONCLUSIONS The current study reported findings in health care professionals similar in magnitude and quality to those reported earlier in the general population although rates of clinical depression, suicidal tendencies, and adherence to conspiracy theories were much lower. However, the general model of factors interplay seems to be the same and this could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Core Psychiatry Training, Health Education England North West, Manchester, UK
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renato D. Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia
- NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, and Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France
| | - Domenico de Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- School of Nursing, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - David de Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología E Farmacología, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Avinash de Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
- Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramona di Stefano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT–the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Elissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin J. Etchevers
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Farcas
- Centre of Neuroscience, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University N.a. Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region “Psychoneurological Dispensary”, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Franza
- Villa Dei Pini Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d’Iseo, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Cristian J. Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Center of La Ería, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz M. Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michal Hagin
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasdik M. Hasan
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jan Hilbig
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry “Saint Naum”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Mental Health Clinic No 1 N.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Education Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamila Ismayilova
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Asaf Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Afzal Javed
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Faculty of Medicine, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Svetlana Kopishinskaia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia
| | - Korneliia Kosenko
- Drug Abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Sotirios A. Koupidis
- Occupational and Environmental Health Sector, Public Health Policy Department, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Illes Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kulig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
- Brain Research Foundation Onus, Lucca, Italy
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University N.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mika S. Naor
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Faculty of Medicine, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Faculty of Medicine, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry “Saint Naum”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mikaella E. Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute Inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado – Hideyo Noguchi”, Lima, Perú
| | - Pilar A. Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey. Servicio de Geriatría. Hospital Universitario “José Eleuterio González” UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León México
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Assistant Professor at Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik Für Allgemeine Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum Am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany
| | | | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire UK
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry “Saint Naum”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d’Iseo, Italy
- European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium
- Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research, in association with the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Eva-Maria Tsapakis
- Agios Charalambos Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete Greece
- 1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dina Tukhvatullina
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Olivera Vukovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Educational and Research Center–Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Panagiotis E. Prezerakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT–the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Levaj
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece
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Fountoulakis KN, Karakatsoulis GN, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Berk M, Bjedov S, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Abud IIC, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, De Berardis D, Delgado SZ, De Lucena D, De Sousa A, Stefano RD, Dodd S, Elek LP, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Gonda X, Gondek TM, González DM, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan TM, Hashim NA, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jacobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Kafali HY, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kopishinskaia S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Kovacs I, Kulig B, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Malik NI, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Martínez XEM, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Da Costa MP, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Ramírez FV, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Flores ENR, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz P, de Carmona MS, Martínez DS, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vrublevska J, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Prezerakos PE, Smirnova D. The effect of different degrees of lockdown and self-identified gender on anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the international COMET-G study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 315:114702. [PMID: 35839639 PMCID: PMC9247180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health. Our findings, support previous suggestions concerning the need for a proactive targeted intervention to protect mental health more specifically in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece,Corresponding author
| | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom,Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom,Core Psychiatry training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renato D. Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria,Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Bjedov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia,NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina,University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy,School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy,Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - David De Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India,Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Elissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Etchevers
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Farcas
- Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Franza
- “Villa dei Pini” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy,Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Cristian J. Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomasz M. Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile,Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Saint Ekaterina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michal Hagin
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasdik M. Hasan
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jan Hilbig
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamila Ismayilova
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Asaf Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, United States,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Afzal Javed
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom,Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Svetlana Kopishinskaia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia
| | - Korneliia Kosenko
- Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Illes Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kulig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychiatry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy,Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mika S. Naor
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mikaella E. Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece,Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Pinto Da Costa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile,Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia,Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado – Hideyo Noguchi”, Lima, Perú
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Ovied, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain,Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Spain
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry. Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey. Servicio de geriatría. Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL. Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Assistant Professor at Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University, United States
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany
| | | | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy,European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium,Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Eva Maria Tsapakis
- ″Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece,1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dina Tukhvatullina
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia,Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia,Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olivera Vukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Panagiotis E. Prezerakos
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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Fountoulakis KN, Karakatsoulis G, Abraham S, Adorjan K, Ahmed HU, Alarcón RD, Arai K, Auwal SS, Berk M, Bjedov S, Bobes J, Bobes-Bascaran T, Bourgin-Duchesnay J, Bredicean CA, Bukelskis L, Burkadze A, Abud IIC, Castilla-Puentes R, Cetkovich M, Colon-Rivera H, Corral R, Cortez-Vergara C, Crepin P, De Berardis D, Zamora Delgado S, De Lucena D, De Sousa A, Stefano RD, Dodd S, Elek LP, Elissa A, Erdelyi-Hamza B, Erzin G, Etchevers MJ, Falkai P, Farcas A, Fedotov I, Filatova V, Fountoulakis NK, Frankova I, Franza F, Frias P, Galako T, Garay CJ, Garcia-Álvarez L, García-Portilla MP, Gonda X, Gondek TM, González DM, Gould H, Grandinetti P, Grau A, Groudeva V, Hagin M, Harada T, Hasan MT, Hashim NA, Hilbig J, Hossain S, Iakimova R, Ibrahim M, Iftene F, Ignatenko Y, Irarrazaval M, Ismail Z, Ismayilova J, Jacobs A, Jakovljević M, Jakšić N, Javed A, Kafali HY, Karia S, Kazakova O, Khalifa D, Khaustova O, Koh S, Kopishinskaia S, Kosenko K, Koupidis SA, Kovacs I, Kulig B, Lalljee A, Liewig J, Majid A, Malashonkova E, Malik K, Malik NI, Mammadzada G, Mandalia B, Marazziti D, Marčinko D, Martinez S, Matiekus E, Mejia G, Memon RS, Martínez XEM, Mickevičiūtė D, Milev R, Mohammed M, Molina-López A, Morozov P, Muhammad NS, Mustač F, Naor MS, Nassieb A, Navickas A, Okasha T, Pandova M, Panfil AL, Panteleeva L, Papava I, Patsali ME, Pavlichenko A, Pejuskovic B, Pinto Da Costa M, Popkov M, Popovic D, Raduan NJN, Ramírez FV, Rancans E, Razali S, Rebok F, Rewekant A, Flores ENR, Rivera-Encinas MT, Saiz P, de Carmona MS, Martínez DS, Saw JA, Saygili G, Schneidereit P, Shah B, Shirasaka T, Silagadze K, Sitanggang S, Skugarevsky O, Spikina A, Mahalingappa SS, Stoyanova M, Szczegielniak A, Tamasan SC, Tavormina G, Tavormina MGM, Theodorakis PN, Tohen M, Tsapakis EM, Tukhvatullina D, Ullah I, Vaidya R, Vega-Dienstmaier JM, Vrublevska J, Vukovic O, Vysotska O, Widiasih N, Yashikhina A, Prezerakos PE, Smirnova D. Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 54:21-40. [PMID: 34758422 PMCID: PMC8609892 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed. CONCLUSIONS The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- 3(rd) Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Grigorios Karakatsoulis
- 3(rd) Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Seri Abraham
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Core Psychiatry training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Helal Uddin Ahmed
- Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Kiyomi Arai
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Sani Salihu Auwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Bjedov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Julio Bobes
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM.
| | - Teresa Bobes-Bascaran
- Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM.
| | - Julie Bourgin-Duchesnay
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France.
| | - Cristina Ana Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Laurynas Bukelskis
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Akaki Burkadze
- Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia; NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | | | - Ruby Castilla-Puentes
- Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Hector Colon-Rivera
- APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Piirika Crepin
- Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France.
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy; School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sergio Zamora Delgado
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David De Lucena
- Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India; Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India.
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Livia Priyanka Elek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Anna Elissa
- Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berta Erdelyi-Hamza
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Martin J Etchevers
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia.
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Adriana Farcas
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Ilya Fedotov
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Viktoriia Filatova
- State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | | | - Iryna Frankova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Francesco Franza
- "Villa dei Pini" Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy; Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy.
| | | | - Tatiana Galako
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Cristian J Garay
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Garcia-Álvarez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM.
| | - Maria Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM.
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tomasz M Gondek
- Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Hilary Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Arturo Grau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel.
| | - Violeta Groudeva
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Michal Hagin
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | | | - M Tasdik Hasan
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Nurul Azreen Hashim
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Rossitza Iakimova
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yulia Ignatenko
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Matias Irarrazaval
- National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | | | - Asaf Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | | | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Afzal Javed
- Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan; Child Psychiatry Department, Ankara city hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Helin Yilmaz Kafali
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia.
| | - Sagar Karia
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India.
| | | | - Doaa Khalifa
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Olena Khaustova
- Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Steve Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Svetlana Kopishinskaia
- Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia; Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine.
| | | | - Sotirios A Koupidis
- Occupational and Environmental Health Sector, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Greece.
| | - Illes Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Barbara Kulig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Justine Liewig
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France.
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Evgeniia Malashonkova
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France.
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Gulay Mammadzada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy; Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy; Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Darko Marčinko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stephanie Martinez
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Eimantas Matiekus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gabriela Mejia
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Roha Saeed Memon
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Dalia Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Roumen Milev
- Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muftau Mohammed
- General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Molina-López
- Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Petr Morozov
- Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Nuru Suleiman Muhammad
- Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Filip Mustač
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mika S Naor
- Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Amira Nassieb
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Alvydas Navickas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Tarek Okasha
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Milena Pandova
- Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Anca-Livia Panfil
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Liliya Panteleeva
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Mikaella E Patsali
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Alexey Pavlichenko
- Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Bojana Pejuskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mariana Pinto Da Costa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mikhail Popkov
- Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Dina Popovic
- Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat-Yam, Israel.
| | - Nor Jannah Nasution Raduan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Francisca Vargas Ramírez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Salmi Razali
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Federico Rebok
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Anna Rewekant
- General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland.
| | | | - María Teresa Rivera-Encinas
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Perú.
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM.
| | | | - David Saucedo Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry. Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey. Servicio de geriatría. Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL. Monterrey, Nuevo León México.
| | - Jo Anne Saw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Görkem Saygili
- Assistant Professor at Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University.
| | - Patricia Schneidereit
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany.
| | | | - Tomohiro Shirasaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | - Satti Sitanggang
- Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia.
| | - Oleg Skugarevsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Anna Spikina
- Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sridevi Sira Mahalingappa
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Stoyanova
- Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychoprophylaxis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Simona Claudia Tamasan
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Giuseppe Tavormina
- Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy; European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium; Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
| | - Eva Maria Tsapakis
- ″Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dina Tukhvatullina
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Ratnaraj Vaidya
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Olivera Vukovic
- Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Olga Vysotska
- Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Natalia Widiasih
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Yashikhina
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Panagiotis E Prezerakos
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece.
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia.
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Alarcón RD, Vargas-Murga H, Caballero-Peralta J, Cutipé-Cárdenas Y. Community Psychiatry in a Latin American Context: Perú as a Case Example. APS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2210676610666200317155858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Historical and conceptual issues related to community psychiatry as
an innovative approach to clinical assistance across the world, precede a more or less detailed
examination of its presence, role and current accomplishments in Latin America, particularly
related to child and adolescent subpopulations. Information about transition processes
from the traditional hospital-centered model to the community-based approach, applicable
mental health policies, levels of implementation and quality of the available reports in
different countries, are duly evaluated.
Objective:
Within an understanding of the broader Latin American context, the paper describes
the situation in Perú, a country considered representative of the Low and Middle Income
(LMIC) group in the subcontinent.
Methods:
The situation in Perú is presented with particular emphasis on a recently established
community-based mental health centers program across its territory.
Results:
This description includes consideration of variables such as personal, family and
identity empowerment, a focus on integrated care, and clinical outcomes and community relations.
The development of community mental health centers across Perú is described.
Conclusion:
Adolescents represent the unique future of socio-culturally diverse Latin
American countries, and must be the target population of well-conceived, cohesive community
mental health policies and programs. The importance of political will to promote community
health centers that provide adolescents access to services is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D. Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Horacio Vargas-Murga
- Professor of Psychiatry, Chief, Psychiatry Section, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Staff Psychiatrist, National Institute of Mental Health, Lima, Peru
| | - July Caballero-Peralta
- Graduate School Faculty member, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Staff Psychiatrist, Mental Health Division, Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Yuri Cutipé-Cárdenas
- Graduate School Faculty member, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Director, Mental Health Division, Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
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Alarcón RD, Gastelumendi E, Mendoza A. Peruvian psychiatry in America and the world: its journey in search of an identity. Int Rev Psychiatry 2020; 32:303-312. [PMID: 32609064 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1761778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, Latin American psychiatry has followed a variety of routes as its mythic-religious origins experienced the various influences of European and North American ideas of the last three centuries. In its modern trajectory, a post-colonial subordination was followed by a more selective import of ideas and a critical approach to their application in the New Continent. At one point, the identity of Latin American psychiatry was essentially considered mestiza, social and critical, reflecting a search for autonomy and originality. In this journey, Peruvian psychiatry has been considered one of the most representative versions of the history and position of the discipline. This article attempts to detail the identity-seeking process of Peruvian and Latin American Psychiatry through the life and work of three notable Peruvian figures: Honorio Delgado, Carlos Alberto Seguín and Humberto Rotondo. Delgado fostered the need for scientific evidence in support of any piece of knowledge, as well as humanism as essential component of best service and optimal patient care. Seguín led studies on folkloric and ethnic psychiatry, stimulated integrated approaches to care, and advocated in favour of a regional identity for psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Psychiatry Section, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.,Pychiatry, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eduardo Gastelumendi
- Peruvian Psychiatric Association and Peruvian Psychoanalytic Society, Lima, Perú
| | - Alfonso Mendoza
- Family Sciences, University of Louvain, Belgium.,Family Service, Hermilio Valdizán Hospital.,Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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Alarcón RD, Lolas F, Mari JJ, Lázaro J, Baca-Baldomero E. Latin American and Spanish-speaking perspectives on the challenges of global psychiatry. Braz J Psychiatry 2020; 42:77-86. [PMID: 31269096 PMCID: PMC6986483 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The multi-faceted phenomenon known as globalization has a particular impact on the conceptual and practical development of mental health disciplines in general, and psychiatry in particular, across different world regions. To be theoretically and functionally effective, global psychiatry requires an integration of its different components. To such objective, and after a brief review of continental European and Anglo-Saxon contributions, this article examines the history, characteristics, and contributions of Latin/Iberian American and Spanish-speaking psychiatry, in order to substantiate its role in world psychiatry. The Latin American proper (including Portuguese-speaking Brazil), Spain, and U.S.-based Hispanic components are described, revealing an identity that is based on a humanistic tradition, a value-based, culturally-determined clinical approach to patient care, and a pragmatic adaptation of different treatment resources and techniques. These may constitute supportive elements of an instrumental inter-regional bond in the present and future of our discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D. Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- World Association of Cultural Psychiatry
| | - Fernando Lolas
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- World Association for Social Psychiatry
| | - Jair J. Mari
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Lázaro
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Pacurucu‐Castillo SF, Ordóñez‐Mancheno JM, Hernández‐Cruz A, Alarcón RD. World Opioid and Substance Use Epidemic: A Latin American Perspective. Psychiatr res clin pract 2019; 1:32-38. [PMID: 36101564 PMCID: PMC9175731 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid crisis is a growing social and public health phenomenon, particularly in developed countries such as the United States. Since the 1990s, this crisis has shown a variety of causal processes and consequences and has affected quality of life for millions of individuals, families, and communities across the globe. Although abuse of opioid‐based painkillers appears to have triggered the epidemic in the United States, in this article, the problem is examined with a focus on Latin America, where drug‐associated problems constitute threats to the health and quality of life for large segments of the population. After a review of the history of opium consumption and its consequences in the world and in Latin America, the authors present epidemiological data and information about regional market differences, professional involvement, clinical practices, public health realities, and prevention efforts. Recommendations are made for collaborative efforts to promote prevention policies and measures to improve the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renato D. Alarcón
- Department of PsychiatryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMN
- Academic AffairsSchool of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPerú
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Alarcón RD. Pharmacogenomic perspectives on the management of mood disorders. Psychiatr bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.108.019497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPsychiatric pharmacogenomics is a relatively young field of clinical practice, focused on the identification of genetic profiles determining varieties of metabolic patterns that, in turn, assist in the choice of appropriate medications and their corresponding doses. In psychiatry, the mood disorders area has been the most active in trying to advance knowledge and expertise in pharmacogenomics. the cytochrome P450 system (particularly 2D6 and 2C19 enzymes and their respective codifying genes) and, more recently, serotonin transporter and receptor gene tests are among the most utilised and promising. In spite of encouraging findings, however, there are still many questions related to preciseness, scope, ethnic variations, diagnostic implications, ‘non-biological’ factors, and ethic considerations. the need of algorithms, follow-up studies, and assessment of financial impact, all listed here, require continuous and systematic research. It will not only add to the excitement of pharmacogenomics, but also to the creation of cogent evidence of its benefits.
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Alarcón RD. ESTIGMA EN LA PRÁCTICA PSIQUIÁTRICA DE UN HOSPITAL GENERAL. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Bhugra D, Tasman A, Pathare S, Priebe S, Smith S, Torous J, Arbuckle MR, Langford A, Alarcón RD, Chiu HFK, First MB, Kay J, Sunkel C, Thapar A, Udomratn P, Baingana FK, Kestel D, Ng RMK, Patel A, Picker LD, McKenzie KJ, Moussaoui D, Muijen M, Bartlett P, Davison S, Exworthy T, Loza N, Rose D, Torales J, Brown M, Christensen H, Firth J, Keshavan M, Li A, Onnela JP, Wykes T, Elkholy H, Kalra G, Lovett KF, Travis MJ, Ventriglio A. The WPA-Lancet Psychiatry Commission on the Future of Psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4:775-818. [PMID: 28946952 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Allan Tasman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Soumitra Pathare
- Centre for Mental Health Law and Policy, Indian Law Society, Pune, India
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Torous
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Clinical Informatics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa R Arbuckle
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Langford
- Psychological Medicine Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Helen Fung Kum Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Michael B First
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerald Kay
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Charlene Sunkel
- SA Federation for Mental Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; Movement for Global Mental Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anita Thapar
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pichet Udomratn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Florence K Baingana
- Mental Health Lead Basic Package of Essential Health Services Cluster, WHO Sierra Leone Country Office, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Dévora Kestel
- Mental Health and Substance Use Unit, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Anita Patel
- Centre for Primary Care & Public Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Livia De Picker
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kwame Julius McKenzie
- Wellesley Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; General Psychiatry and Health Systems, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Driss Moussaoui
- Ibn Rushd University Psychiatric Center, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Matt Muijen
- Danish Mental Health Association, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bartlett
- School of Law and Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sophie Davison
- State Forensic Mental Health Service, Department of Health, Clinical Research Centre, Mount Claremont, WA, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Exworthy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Cygnet Healthcare, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Diana Rose
- Service User Research Enterprise, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Helen Christensen
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jukka-Pekka Onnela
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hussien Elkholy
- World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Psychiatry, Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gurvinder Kalra
- Flynn Adult Inpatient Psychiatric Unit, Latrobe Regional Hospital Mental Health Services (LRH-MHS), Traralgon, VIC, Australia; School of Rural Health (La Trobe Valley & West Gippsland), Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Travis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Lewis-Fernández R, Aggarwal NK, Lam PC, Galfalvy H, Weiss MG, Kirmayer LJ, Paralikar V, Deshpande SN, Díaz E, Nicasio AV, Boiler M, Alarcón RD, Rohlof H, Groen S, van Dijk RCJ, Jadhav S, Sarmukaddam S, Ndetei D, Scalco MZ, Bassiri K, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Ton H, Westermeyer J, Vega-Dienstmaier JM. Feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the Cultural Formulation Interview: mixed-methods results from the DSM-5 international field trial. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 210:290-297. [PMID: 28104738 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.193862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThere is a need for clinical tools to identify cultural issues in diagnostic assessment.AimsTo assess the feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) in routine clinical practice.MethodMixed-methods evaluation of field trial data from six countries. The CFI was administered to diagnostically diverse psychiatric out-patients during a diagnostic interview. In post-evaluation sessions, patients and clinicians completed debriefing qualitative interviews and Likert-scale questionnaires. The duration of CFI administration and the full diagnostic session were monitored.ResultsMixed-methods data from 318 patients and 75 clinicians found the CFI feasible, acceptable and useful. Clinician feasibility ratings were significantly lower than patient ratings and other clinician-assessed outcomes. After administering one CFI, however, clinician feasibility ratings improved significantly and subsequent interviews required less time.ConclusionsThe CFI was included in DSM-5 as a feasible, acceptable and useful cultural assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Neil Krishan Aggarwal
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter C Lam
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mitchell G Weiss
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Laurence J Kirmayer
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Vasudeo Paralikar
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Smita N Deshpande
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Esperanza Díaz
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Andel V Nicasio
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marit Boiler
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hans Rohlof
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Simon Groen
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Rob C J van Dijk
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sushrut Jadhav
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sanjeev Sarmukaddam
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - David Ndetei
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica Z Scalco
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kavoos Bassiri
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hendry Ton
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph Westermeyer
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Johann M Vega-Dienstmaier
- Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD, MTS, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, and Hispanic Treatment Program, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Neil Krishan Aggarwal, MD, MBA, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Peter C. Lam, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Hanga Galfalvy, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University and Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Mitchell G. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel Switzerland; Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University and Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Vasudeo Paralikar, MBBS, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India; Smita N. Deshpande, MD, DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India; Esperanza Díaz, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Andel V. Nicasio, MSEd, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Marit Boiler, MPH, New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA; Renato D. Alarcón, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Hans Rohlof, MD, Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands; Simon Groen, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and De Evenaar Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care, Assen, The Netherlands; Rob C. J. van Dijk, MSc, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands; Sushrut Jadhav, MBBS, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Maharashtra Institute of Mental Health, Sassoon Govt. Hospital Campus, Pune, India; David Ndetei, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych, FRCPsych, MD, DSc, Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Monica Z. Scalco, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Kavoos Bassiri, MS, LMFT, LPCC, CGP, Richmond Area Multi-Services Inc. and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Hendry Ton, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis and Asian Pacific Community Counseling-Transcultural Wellness Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Joseph Westermeyer, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Gaviria SL, Alarcón RD, Espinola M, Restrepo D, Lotero J, Berbesi DY, Sierra GM, Chaskel R, Espinel Z, Shultz JM. Socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in Medellin, Colombia and the context of lifetime trauma exposure. Disaster Health 2017; 3:139-150. [PMID: 28265488 DOI: 10.1080/21665044.2016.1263086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Colombia, South America is currently transitioning to post-conflict status following 6 decades of armed conflict. The population has experienced extensive exposures to potentially traumatic events throughout the lifespan. Sources of trauma exposure include the prolonged armed insurgency, narco-trafficking violence, urban gang violence, violent actions of criminal bands, intra-familial violence, gender-based violence, and sex trafficking. Exposure to potentially traumatic events is related to a variety of psychiatric outcomes, in particular, posttraumatic stress disorder. Given this context of lifetime trauma exposure, socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder were explored in a sample of residents of Medellin, Colombia, the nation's second largest city and a nexus for multiple types of trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Espinola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Diana Restrepo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juliana Lotero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dedsy Y Berbesi
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Roberto Chaskel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Escuela Militar Nueva Granada, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad de Los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zelde Espinel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Jackson Memorial Hospital , Miami, FL, USA
| | - James M Shultz
- Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
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Jurado D, Alarcón RD, Martínez-Ortega JM, Mendieta-Marichal Y, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Gurpegui M. Factors associated with psychological distress or common mental disorders in migrant populations across the world. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alarcón RD, Parekh A, Wainberg ML, Duarte CS, Araya R, Oquendo MA. Hispanic immigrants in the USA: social and mental health perspectives. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:860-70. [PMID: 27568273 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hispanic immigration in the USA and its effect on many areas of US society are of great relevance to health care, public health, mental health, and medical and social sciences. In this report, we review and discuss pertinent literature on causes, procedures, and eventual outcomes of Hispanic migration waves throughout the last four decades. Hispanic immigrants do not constitute a monolithic group, despite the clear predominance of Mexican and Mexican-American segments. Common features of Hispanic immigrants include a younger average age, higher presence of married households, and lower educational levels than the overall US population. Differences within the Hispanic immigrant population are present in naturalisation figures, English language fluency, occupational and income status, health insurance coverage, and sense of accomplishment in the host society. We examine most of these aspects in the context of the so-called Hispanic paradox, presented as both a cause and a result of a heavily discussed acculturative process. We investigate prevalence and other data on depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and psychotic syndromes, with emphasis on the need to do further neurobiological, epigenetic, and sociocultural research in the Hispanic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Mayo Medicine School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Milton L Wainberg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristiane S Duarte
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Araya
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - María A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Aggarwal NK, Lam P, Castillo EG, Weiss MG, Diaz E, Alarcón RD, van Dijk R, Rohlof H, Ndetei DM, Scalco M, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Bassiri K, Deshpande S, Groen S, Jadhav S, Kirmayer LJ, Paralikar V, Westermeyer J, Santos F, Vega-Dienstmaier J, Anez L, Boiler M, Nicasio AV, Lewis-Fernández R. How Do Clinicians Prefer Cultural Competence Training? Findings from the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview Field Trial. Acad Psychiatry 2016; 40:584-91. [PMID: 26449983 PMCID: PMC4826320 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-015-0429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study's objective is to analyze training methods clinicians reported as most and least helpful during the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview field trial, reasons why, and associations between demographic characteristics and method preferences. METHOD The authors used mixed methods to analyze interviews from 75 clinicians in five continents on their training preferences after a standardized training session and clinicians' first administration of the Cultural Formulation Interview. Content analysis identified most and least helpful educational methods by reason. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis compared clinician characteristics to method preferences. RESULTS Most frequently, clinicians named case-based behavioral simulations as "most helpful" and video as "least helpful" training methods. Bivariate and logistic regression models, first unadjusted and then clustered by country, found that each additional year of a clinician's age was associated with a preference for behavioral simulations: OR = 1.05 (95 % CI: 1.01-1.10; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Most clinicians preferred active behavioral simulations in cultural competence training, and this effect was most pronounced among older clinicians. Effective training may be best accomplished through a combination of reviewing written guidelines, video demonstration, and behavioral simulations. Future work can examine the impact of clinician training satisfaction on patient symptoms and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Lam
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mitchell G Weiss
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esperanza Diaz
- Yale University and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Hans Rohlof
- Stichting Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Groen
- De Evenaar, Center for Transcultural Psychiatry North Netherlands, Beilen, The Netherlands
| | - Sushrut Jadhav
- UCL Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Anez
- Yale University and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marit Boiler
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Tello-Rodríguez T, Alarcón RD, Vizcarra-Escobar D. Salud mental en el adulto mayor: Trastornos neurocognitivos mayores, afectivos y del sueño. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2016. [DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tello-Rodríguez T, Alarcón RD, Vizcarra-Escobar D. [Mental health in older adults: major neurocognitive, affective, and sleep disorders]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2016; 33:342-350. [PMID: 27656936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous biological, psychological, and social factors influence the mental health of elderly individuals to varying degrees. Apart from components related to the normal aging process and the co-occurrence of various medical conditions, events such as the death of a loved one, retirement, or disability significantly contribute to a variety of mental and emotional problems in this stage of the life cycle. The most frequent problems affect the neurocognitive, emotional, and oneiric spheres. Major neurocognitive disorders reduce one's overall performance and, thus, increase their need for close care. Affective disorders may be exacerbated by the lack of family support and decreased social interactions, which may lead to significant isolation result in suicidal behavior. The increased frequency of sleep disorders such as insomnia and daytime sleepiness and specific disorders such as obstructive apnea significantly alter the quality of life of this population.
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Nassan M, Frye MA, Adi A, Alarcón RD. Telepsychiatry for post-traumatic stress disorder: a call for action in the Syrian conflict. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:866. [PMID: 26462214 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Nassan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Ahmad Adi
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Renato D Alarcón
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perü; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Resumen
El fenómeno de la globalización, impulsado por migraciones masivas y avances tecnológicos cada vez más complejos, plantea desafíos a la identidad individual y colectiva, a la fisonomía cultural de regiones y continentes y a sus expresiones científicas, entre ellas la medicina y la psiquiatría. Tras describir brevemente las rutas históricas de la psiquiatría latinoamericana, el artículo examina el trabajo de algunas de sus más destacadas figuras y sus contribuciones en campos como psiquiatría social, psicoanálisis, neurobiología, psicopatología y otros. El enfoque central en torno a la visibilidad y aceptación de contribuciones latinoamericanas en el escenario mundial se basa en cifras de Factor de Impacto de publicaciones especializadas, reconocimiento y participación de psiquiatras latinoamericanos en eventos e instituciones internacionales, colaboración en proyectos de investigación, etc. Se concluye que tal visibilidad es modesta y se examinan las razones de la misma y las reacciones de la comunidad psiquiátrica latinoamericana ante tal realidad. Finalmente, se formulan sugerencias y planteamientos de manejo de esta situación para una reafirmación del valor y calidad de aquellas contribuciones en los campos académico, clínico y heurístico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D. Alarcón
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Peru
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Alarcón RD, Suarez-Richards M, Sarabia S. Educación psiquiátrica y componentes culturales en la formacion del médico: perspectivas latinoamericanas. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2014. [DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2014.313.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Vivar R, Morón G, Padilla M, Alarcón RD. Homicidal/violent thoughts, suicidal ideation and violent behavior in adolescents with social phobia in Metropolitan Lima, Perú. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2014; 6:252-8. [PMID: 24771716 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social phobia and violent behavior are both important mental health problems among adolescent populations in different parts of the world. This study attempts to evaluate possible connections between social phobia, homicidal/violent thoughts, suicidal ideation, and subsequent violent behavior among adolescents living in the metropolitan area of Lima, Perú. METHODS A sample of 991 adolescents, part of the 2002 Epidemiological Study in Metropolitan Lima, conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health "Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi" (INSM "HD-HN") was studied. Social phobia was diagnosed on the basis of clinical assessment and the use of MINI, and suicidal ideation, homicidal/violent thoughts, and violent behavior were identified through the Mental Health Questionnaire. Odds ratio (OR) statistical analyses adjusted by logistic regression controlling for age and gender were performed. RESULTS Variables associated with social phobia were homicidal thoughts in the last month (OR: 5.19, confidence interval [CI] at 95% 4.95-5.40), an impulse to hit known (OR: 1.56; 95% CI, 1.53-1.59) and unknown (OR: 3.98, 95% CI,3.89-4.07) persons, the wish to take revenge for a past offense (OR: 2.60, 95% CI 2.54-2.64), getting involved in fights with different kinds of weapons (OR: 1,78, 95% CI 1.70-1.87), suicidal ideation throughout lifetime (OR: 4.74, 95% CI 4.65-4.83), and life prevalence of suicidal attempt (OR: 5.39, 95% CI 5.23-5.55). DISCUSSION Social phobia in adolescents of this Peruvian sample seems to be closely associated with both homicidal/violent thoughts, violent behavior, and suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Vivar
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Peru
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Alarcón RD, Suarez-Richards M, Sarabia S. [Psychiatric education and cultural components during medical training: Latin American perspectives]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2014; 31:557-565. [PMID: 25418657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical education has incorporated psychiatric or mental health components more consistently during the last decades thanks to various factors such as: advances in neurobiological research; the increasing prevalence of mental disorders in global health; the increasingly close relationship between mental health and public health; comorbidities with medical conditions and the impact of sociocultural phenomena in clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention. Based on acquisition of core competencies and ethical principles of universal acceptance, the teaching process examined in this article proposes an education based on the provision of clinical experiences integrated throughout the collection of adequate information, the development of diagnostic capabilities, and exposure to a wide variety of forms of academic assessment of students and residents in training. The cultural components of psychiatric education receive special mention; we provide examples of their systematic integration with the acquisition of general skills. The teaching tools include theoretical and applied activities and supervision. Particular attention is paid to how the principles of modern psychiatric medical education, including cultural aspects and practice of holistic health care objectives, can and should be in effect in Latin American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Sección de Psiquiatría, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Cátedra Honorio Delgado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Manuel Suarez-Richards
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvana Sarabia
- Sección de Psiquiatría, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Cátedra Honorio Delgado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Abstract
This case illustrates some of the issues that may affect a Latino patient's presentation. Although the patient's constellation of symptoms are classically representative of major depression, the patient also raises themes regarding the process of immigration, subsequent challenges in acculturation and identification with the host culture versus the culture of origin, and culture-specific notions about causes of symptoms. In addition to some of the special features of stigma in Latino cultures, the prominence of physical concerns in the presentation and the use of traditional healers contribute to the complexity of selecting appropriate interventions for this young man.
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Alarcón RD. [Cultural components within DSM-5: achievements, hopes, and expectations]. Vertex 2014; 25:105-112. [PMID: 25153977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultural Psychiatry deals with the description, definition, evaluation and management of psychiatric conditions as a clinical reflection of cultural factors within an integral context, and as an explanatory, interpretative, nosological, therapeutic and preventive attribute in professional practice. This article attempts to analyze that link in the context of the dominant classification in our era, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), with emphasis on the development of its latest version, DSM-5. The cultural content of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organization (WHO) can be the subject of further analysis, even when it can be said that, in general, it seemingly has less reach than the American classification. The author's participation, work and reflections about the DSM-5 Committee, created by the APA at the beginning of this century, constitute the basis of the presentation and discussion of concrete achievements, more or less idealized hopes, and more or less realistic expectations with a view to the future. Conclusions will also try to cover implications of DSM-5 cultural components in the field of Latin American and spanish-speaking psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Cátedra Honorio Delgado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Lewis-Fernández R, Aggarwal NK, Bäärnhielm S, Rohlof H, Kirmayer LJ, Weiss MG, Jadhav S, Hinton L, Alarcón RD, Bhugra D, Groen S, van Dijk R, Qureshi A, Collazos F, Rousseau C, Caballero L, Ramos M, Lu F. Culture and psychiatric evaluation: operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry 2014; 77:130-54. [PMID: 24865197 PMCID: PMC4331051 DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2014.77.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) introduced with DSM-IV provided a framework for clinicians to organize cultural information relevant to diagnostic assessment and treatment planning. However, use of the OCF has been inconsistent, raising questions about the need for guidance on implementation, training, and application in diverse settings. To address this need, DSM-5 introduced a cultural formulation interview (CFI) that operationalizes the process of data collection for the OCF. The CFI includes patient and informant versions and 12 supplementary modules addressing specific domains of the OCF. This article summarizes the literature reviews and analyses of experience with the OCF conducted by the DSM-5 Cross-Cultural Issues Subgroup (DCCIS) that informed the development of the CFI. We review the history and contents of the DSM-IV OCF, its use in training programs, and previous attempts to render it operational through questionnaires, protocols, and semi-structured interview formats. Results of research based on the OCF are discussed. For each domain of the OCF, we summarize findings from the DCCIS that led to content revision and operationalization in the CFI. The conclusion discusses training and implementation issues essential to service delivery.
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Alarcón RD. Epilogue. Adv Psychosom Med 2013; 33:123-129. [PMID: 23816869 DOI: 10.1159/000349900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Abstract
Identity can be defined from different perspectives such as those from philosophy, social sciences and phenomenology. The latter entails sameness, uniqueness, distinctiveness, continuity, diversity, universality and equality connotations to define characteristics of the existence and action of individuals, institutions, entities, organizations and collectivities. In order to elaborate on the identity of Latin American Psychiatry, this chapter deals first with the identity of the Latin American continent, the result of a 'collision of cultures' with mestizaje as its most prominent collective contribution. In turn, the Latin American population (and its 'Hispanic' equivalent in other countries and regions of the world) has been the subject of a pluralistic search, and played a combined role of hope and conflict, advances and setbacks in a fascinating historical process. In such context, Latin American psychiatry offers a mixed identity, resulting from a succession of mythic-religious, moral, phenomenologico-existential, biological and social/community-based routes. Each of them are assessed, and the contributions of two eponymous figures, Honorio Delgado and Gregorio Bermann, are duly delineated. Current realities in Latin American psychiatry and mental health in socio-political, conceptual, professional, ideological, academic and heuristic areas, are examined. The chapter ends with considerations of the future of psychiatry in the continent, the postulation of a 'new synthesis' embracing the essence of contemporary neurobiological knowledge and a new, revitalized humanism in the context of a healthy eclecticism, progressive educational training and didactic programmes, and concrete contributions embodying the promise of well justified expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Alarcón RD. [Towards new diagnostic systems: Process, questions, and dilemmas]. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 2010; 3:37-9. [PMID: 23445927 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mood Disorders Unit, Mayo Psychiatry and Psychology Treatment Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Honorio Delgado Chair, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Gurpegui M, Jurado D, Fernández-Molina MC, Moreno-Abril O, Luna JD, Alarcón RD. Personality profiles and minor affective psychopathology in a non-clinical sample: an empirical verification of Cloninger's theoretical model. J Affect Disord 2009; 119:34-42. [PMID: 19344955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathological vulnerability may be related to certain personality traits. The aim of this study was to explore the association of minor affective psychopathology and the regular use of psychotropic medication with temperament and character profiles from Cloninger's personality model, in a sample of active professional people. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 498 non-clinical subjects, teachers in a local school system. Instruments used included the self-administered General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) to measure psychiatric morbidity; the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) to measure depressive symptoms; documentation of regular use of psychotropic medication; and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125) for personality traits self-assessment. RESULTS The proportion of subjects presenting psychiatric morbidity (GHQ-28>6) or depressive symptoms (CES-D>20) was significantly higher among explosive, passive-aggressive, and obsessional temperament profiles, and among schizotypal, moody, melancholic and dependent character profiles. Similar results were observed with the scores on each of the four GHQ-28 subscales (depression, anxiety, social dysfunction, and somatic symptoms). The regular use of psychotropic medications was significantly higher among the passive-aggressive and explosive temperament types, and among the schizoptypal and moody character types. LIMITATIONS Being a cross-sectional study, no causal attributions can be inferred. Subjects on sick leave were excluded, so the sample was not representative of the general population. The data were collected using self-reporting questionnaires, and no specific psychiatric diagnoses were obtained. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to identify certain personality configurations associated with minor psychopathology and concomitant use of psychotropics, among active professional people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gurpegui
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Research Group (CTS-549), Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Fiestas F, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bustamante I, Alarcón RD, Mari JJ, Razzouk D, Olifson S, Mazzotti G. Improving mental and neurological health research in Latin America: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:334. [PMID: 19747380 PMCID: PMC2754458 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research evidence is essential to inform policies, interventions and programs, and yet research activities in mental and neurological (MN) health have been largely neglected, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Many challenges have been identified in the production and utilization of research evidence in Latin American countries, and more work is needed to overcome this disadvantageous situation. This study aims to address the situation by identifying initiatives that could improve MN health research activities and implementation of their results in the Latin American region. METHODS Thirty-four MN health actors from 13 Latin American countries were interviewed as part of an initiative by the Global Forum for Health Research and the World Health Organization to explore the status of MN health research in low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia and Latin-America. RESULTS A variety of recommendations to increase MN health research activities and implementation of their results emerged in the interviews. These included increasing skilled human resources in MN health interventions and research, fostering greater participation of stakeholders in the generation of research topics and projects, and engendering the interest of national and international institutions in important MN health issues and research methodologies. In the view of most participants, government agencies should strive to have research results inform the decision-making process in which they are involved. Thus these agencies would play a key role in facilitating and funding research. Participants also pointed to the importance of academic recognition and financial rewards in attracting professionals to primary and translational research in MN health. In addition, they suggested that institutions should create intramural resources to provide researchers with technical support in designing, carrying out and disseminating research, including resources to improve scientific writing skills. CONCLUSION Fulfillment of these recommendations would increase research production in MN health in Latin American countries. This, in turn, will raise the profile of these health problems, and consequently will underscore the need of continued high-quality and relevant research, thus fostering a virtuous cycle in the decision-making process to improve MN health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Fiestas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
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Fiestas F, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bustamante I, Alarcón RD, Mari JDJ, Razzouk D, Mazzotti G. What challenges does mental and neurological health research face in Latin American countries? Braz J Psychiatry 2009; 30:328-36. [PMID: 19142407 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The World Health Organization Atlas Project identified important deficiencies in world mental and neurological health resources. These deficiencies, especially evident in low and middle-income countries, can be overcome by improving research capacity. The objective of this study is to assess the status of mental and neurological research in Latin American countries and identify the main difficulties encountered in conducting research, publishing results, and shaping health policies, interventions, and programs. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 key informants from 13 Latin American countries. RESULTS Participants reported that production of mental and neurological research in Latin American countries is low. Lack of financial and human resources, including lack of support from government agencies, were identified as the main factors contributing to the dearth of local research. The few research projects that do take place in Latin American countries are often funded at researchers' personal expense. Few policies, interventions, or programs are generated from research results. To address these deficiencies, participants called for training in research methodology, mechanisms for identifying funding opportunities, and greater recognition of their research products. CONCLUSIONS Researchers and stakeholders recognize the need to mobilize local and international efforts aimed at strengthening research capacity and results implementation. This will lead to an overall optimization of mental and neurological research in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Fiestas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Giner J, Ibáñez E, Franco D, Alarcón RD. Subjectivity in the perception and measurement of quality of life: conceptualization and development of the Seville questionnaire. Psychiatr Q 2008; 79:321-30. [PMID: 18839309 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-008-9086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quality of life (QoL) is a significant parameter in estimating the social and interpersonal impact of psychopathology, clinical course, and response to treatment in many mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. The clinician's assessment and patient's subjective report are essential ingredients of this process. We describe the development and structure of a QoL questionnaire based on the patient's subjective understanding of the problems. Ninety areas identified by four groups of experts resulted in a 126-item questionnaire administered to 279 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia. A factorial approach led to 59 total items and two final scales (favorable and unfavorable), with three factors each. The Seville QoL Questionnaire (SQLQ) results can be presented as individual scores for each scale, or a total for both. Its psychometric properties have proven quite acceptable in reliability and validity, comparing favorably with other scales. SQLQ may prove to be a useful addition to QoL-measuring instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Giner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Servico de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Avda. Dr. Fedriani s/n 41009, Seville, Spain
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Scuglik DL, Alarcón RD, Lapeyre AC, Williams MD, Logan KM. When the poetry no longer rhymes: mental health issues among Somali immigrants in the USA. Transcult Psychiatry 2007; 44:581-95. [PMID: 18089640 DOI: 10.1177/1363461507083899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify and explore cultural dynamics influencing the psychiatric care of immigrant Somalis in the USA, we reviewed demographic data from Minnesota Departments of Human Services, and interviewed health professionals, exploring community perceptions of medical/psychiatric needs, cultural characteristics, barriers to care, and potential solutions. An informal survey of 37 members of the Mayo Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, to determine caregiver perceptions of care of Somali patients, cited language barriers (74%), and cultural misperceptions (68%) as the most frequent obstacles. Difficulties working within the patriarchal family structure, limited community resources, poor compliance, and financial issues ranged between 18 and 8%. Additional barriers mentioned were problems working with interpreters from ;warring clan factions,' patients' fears of being labeled ;crazy,' difficulties viewing illness within an emotional framework, and the need to address mental health from a physical framework through a focus on somatic symptoms. Somalis rarely acknowledge psychiatric problems and common traditional treatments have become ineffective in the new context. Recommendations include alternative health care approaches utilizing family values, ;bargaining,' and educational approaches to acculturation.
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Alarcón RD. When the paradigms languish. World Psychiatry 2007; 6:97-8. [PMID: 18235864 PMCID: PMC2219906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Alarcón RD. Mental health and mental health care in Latin America. World Psychiatry 2003; 2:54-6. [PMID: 16946892 PMCID: PMC1525063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The clinical management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is as complex as the condition itself. Pharmacotherapy is an important component of this treatment process, which also includes psychosocial interventions and, in most cases, entails long-term efforts. The authors propose a systematic approach to the pharmacological treatment of PTSD using algorithmic techniques. After a careful history-taking phase and a review of available psychotropic agents, the practitioner usually ends up dealing with either PTSD alone or, more frequently, accompanied by other identifiable syndromes. Various antidepressants have demonstrated efficacy in the former, while the latter requires a management aimed at depressive, anxiety/dissociative, hypomanic/manic, or psychotic symptoms. The proposed algorithm provide guidelines for treatment issues such as medication choice, medication dose, maintenance pharmacotherapy, alternative options, and eventual outcomes. Algorithms summarize current information and suggest pharmacotherapy guidelines as a significant component of a comprehensive PTSD management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Alarcón RD, Foulks EF. Personality disorders and culture: contemporary clinical views (Part A). Cult Divers Ment Health 2000; 1:3-17. [PMID: 9225544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the basic concepts surrounding the clinical relationships between culture and personality disorders (PDs). Culture plays a significant role in the construction of self-concept and self-image, the egocentric/sociocentric dichotomy, and the determination of biases in the clinical study of PDs. Cultural contextualization is, therefore, crucial in the demarcation between normal and abnormal personalities. From a clinical perspective, culture has three roles vis-à-vis the psychopathology of personality: (a) as an interpretive/explanatory tool; (b) as a pathogenic/pathoplastic agent; and (c) as a diagnostic/nosological factor. The first of two parts, this article examines the interpretive/explanatory and pathogenic/pathoplastic roles, substantiated by clinical examples gleaned from the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Psychiatry Service (116A), Atlanta VAMC, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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Alarcón RD, Foulks EF. Personality disorders and culture: contemporary clinical views (Part B). Cult Divers Ment Health 2000; 1:79-91. [PMID: 9225550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the basic concepts surrounding the clinical relationships between culture and personality disorders (PDs). Part A of this article, which appeared in Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp 3-17 (1995), examined the interpretive/explanatory and pathogenic/ pathoplastic roles of culture. Herein, culture's role as a diagnostic/nosological factor is discussed through the use of measurement instruments and the cultural formulation included in DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In addition to these three roles, some authors would also consider a therapeutic/protective function for cultured in PDs. Following a critique of the biological perspective, a research model based on the definition of the cultural profile and the estimation of the cultural distance between clinical examiners and populations is proposed. It is important to reject both biological reductionism and the extremes of cultural determinism, in order to better assess the intraethnic distribution of psychopathology, and interethnic variations represented by the notion of cultural relativism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, GA 30033, USA
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Alarcón RD, Aguilar-Gaxiola SA. Mental health policy developments in Latin America. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78:483-90. [PMID: 10885167 PMCID: PMC2560739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
New assessment guidelines for measuring the overall impact of mental health problems in Latin America have served as a catalyst for countries to review their mental health policies. Latin American countries have taken various steps to address long-standing problems such as structural difficulties, scarce financial and human resources, and social, political, and cultural obstacles in the implementation of mental health policies and legislation. These policy developments, however, have had uneven results. Policies must reflect the desire, determination, and commitment of policy-makers to take mental health seriously and look after people's mental health needs. This paper describes the development of mental health policies in Latin American countries, focusing on published data in peer-reviewed journals, and legislative change and its implementation. It presents a brief history of mental health policy developments, and analyzes the basis and practicalities of current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, the field of cultural psychiatry has gained recognition and accumulated evidence of its clinical relevance. This article examines the intersections of culture and psychopathology and describes five independent but interrelated clinical dimensions that identify and define culture as: a) an interpretive/explanatory tool, b) a pathogenic/pathoplastic agent, c) a diagnostic/nosological factor, d) a therapeutic/protective element, and e) a service/management instrument. Along these lines, conceptual boundaries, clinical findings, specific applications, and research implications for each of the five dimensions are systematically reviewed. Cultural psychiatry adds significantly to the comprehensiveness of psychiatric evaluation and management and addresses prominent issues regarding understanding, classification, diagnosis, and competent treatment of most psychiatric disorders in every society and region of the world. Based on the strength of these clinical dimensions, and on the related educational and research efforts, cultural psychiatry can also contribute decisively to the design of comprehensive mental health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine/Atlanta VAMC, Georgia 30033, USA
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Alarcón RD. [Clinical dimensions of contemporary cultural psychiatry]. Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat 1995; 41:265-74. [PMID: 8762701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the difficulties to define the term "culture" there is agreement with regards to its profound influence in the contemporary social environment of which medicine and psychiatry are important components. Cultural psychiatry studies psychopathology inasmuch as it reflects and it is subjected to the influence of cultural factors within the biopsychosocial context. Its contemporary clinical dimensions cover five fundamental areas: culture as an interpretive/explanatory instrument of human behavior; as a pathogenic/pathoplastic agent; as a diagnostic/nosological factor; as a therapeutic/protective element, and as a tool for management and service delivery. This paper examines the conceptual nature of each of these roles and presents pertinent examples from the clinical literature, away from theoretical lucubrations. The cultural legacy of each and every patient seen by the psychiatrist or any other mental health professional demands serious studies and effective actions at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Alarcón
- Dpto. de Psiquiatría, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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Alarcón RD. [Hispanic psychiatry]. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 1995; 23:169-171. [PMID: 7484299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Alarcón RD. [ACTA: a name, three passions, forty years]. Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat 1994; 40:271-2. [PMID: 7484178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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