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Gouveia MH, Borda V, Leal TP, Moreira RG, Bergen AW, Kehdy FSG, Alvim I, Aquino MM, Araujo GS, Araujo NM, Furlan V, Liboredo R, Machado M, Magalhaes WCS, Michelin LA, Rodrigues MR, Rodrigues-Soares F, Sant Anna HP, Santolalla ML, Scliar MO, Soares-Souza G, Zamudio R, Zolini C, Bortolini MC, Dean M, Gilman RH, Guio H, Rocha J, Pereira AC, Barreto ML, Horta BL, Lima-Costa MF, Mbulaiteye SM, Chanock SJ, Tishkoff SA, Yeager M, Tarazona-Santos E. Origins, Admixture Dynamics, and Homogenization of the African Gene Pool in the Americas. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1647-1656. [PMID: 32128591 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transatlantic Slave Trade transported more than 9 million Africans to the Americas between the early 16th and the mid-19th centuries. We performed a genome-wide analysis using 6,267 individuals from 25 populations to infer how different African groups contributed to North-, South-American, and Caribbean populations, in the context of geographic and geopolitical factors, and compared genetic data with demographic history records of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. We observed that West-Central Africa and Western Africa-associated ancestry clusters are more prevalent in northern latitudes of the Americas, whereas the South/East Africa-associated ancestry cluster is more prevalent in southern latitudes of the Americas. This pattern results from geographic and geopolitical factors leading to population differentiation. However, there is a substantial decrease in the between-population differentiation of the African gene pool within the Americas, when compared with the regions of origin from Africa, underscoring the importance of historical factors favoring admixture between individuals with different African origins in the New World. This between-population homogenization in the Americas is consistent with the excess of West-Central Africa ancestry (the most prevalent in the Americas) in the United States and Southeast-Brazil, with respect to historical-demography expectations. We also inferred that in most of the Americas, intercontinental admixture intensification occurred between 1750 and 1850, which correlates strongly with the peak of arrivals from Africa. This study contributes with a population genetics perspective to the ongoing social, cultural, and political debate regarding ancestry, admixture, and the mestizaje process in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus H Gouveia
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victor Borda
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Leal
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rennan G Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genômica, Centro de Laboratórios Multiusuário (CELAM), ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Fernanda S G Kehdy
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela Alvim
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marla M Aquino
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilderlanio S Araujo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus Guamá, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M Araujo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Furlan
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV-Florestal, Florestal, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Liboredo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Moara Machado
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wagner C S Magalhaes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisas do Instituto Mário Penna - NEP-IMP, Bairro Luxemburgo, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Michelin
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maíra R Rodrigues
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Hanaisa P Sant Anna
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Meddly L Santolalla
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marília O Scliar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giordano Soares-Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Roxana Zamudio
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Zolini
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Beagle, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Mosaico Translational Genomics Initiative, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Catira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Dean
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Jorge Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Mauricio L Barreto
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria F Lima-Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Mosaico Translational Genomics Initiative, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Estudos Avançados Transdisciplinares, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Hernandez J, Campos CM, Borghi CE. Medicinal use of wild fauna by mestizo communities living near San Guillermo Biosphere Reserve (San Juan, Argentina). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2015; 11:15. [PMID: 25608977 PMCID: PMC4417256 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild and domestic animals and their by-products are important ingredients in the preparation of curative, protective and preventive medicines. Despite the medicinal use of animals worldwide, this topic has received less attention than the use of medicinal plants. This study assessed the medicinal use of animals by mestizo communities living near San Guillermo MaB Reserve by addressing the following questions: What animal species and body parts are used? What ailments or diseases are treated with remedies from these species? To what extent do mestizo people use animals as a source of medicine? Is the use related to people's age? METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 171 inhabitants (15-93 years old) of four villages close to the Reserve: Tudcúm, Angualasto, Malimán and Colangüil. We calculated the informant consensus factor and fidelity level to test homogeneity of knowledge and to know the importance of different medicinal uses for a given species. RESULTS The medicinal use of animals was reported by 57% of the surveyed people. Seven species were mentioned: Rhea pennata, Lama guanicoe, Puma concolor, Pseudalopex sp., Lama vicugna, Lepus europaeus and Conepatus chinga. Several body parts were used: fat, leg, bezoar-stone, stomach, feather, meat, blood, feces, wool, and liver. The fat of R. pennata was the most frequently used animal part, followed by the bezoar stone and the leg of L. guanicoe. Animals were used to treat 22 ailments, with respiratory and nervous system disorders being the most frequently treated diseases with a high degree of consensus. Old people used animals as remedies more frequently than young residents, showing some differences among villages. CONCLUSIONS A low number of animal species was mentioned as used for medicinal purposes, which could be explained by the perception of strong control related the legislation that bans hunting and the erosion of traditional knowledge produced by mestizaje. However, the presence of a traditional medicine is deeply rooted in the community culture. Management strategy for protected areas should focus not only on the conservation and sustainability of biological resources, but also on the ancestral knowledge of local communities, such as the medicinal use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernandez
- Interacciones Biológicas del Desierto (INTERBIODES-CIGEOBIO [Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera, CONICET-UNSJ). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (Oeste), J5402DCS, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina.
- Departamento de Biología e Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. España 400 (Norte), 5400, San Juan, Argentina.
| | | | - Carlos E Borghi
- Interacciones Biológicas del Desierto (INTERBIODES-CIGEOBIO [Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera, CONICET-UNSJ). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (Oeste), J5402DCS, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina.
- Departamento de Biología e Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. España 400 (Norte), 5400, San Juan, Argentina.
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