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Halada S, Casado-Medrano V, Baran JA, Lee J, Chinmay P, Bauer AJ, Franco AT. Hormonal Crosstalk Between Thyroid and Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6588704. [PMID: 35587175 PMCID: PMC9653009 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer and breast cancer account for a significant portion of endocrine-related malignancies and predominately affect women. As hormonally responsive tissues, the breast and thyroid share endocrine signaling. Breast cells are responsive to thyroid hormone signaling and are affected by altered thyroid hormone levels. Thyroid cells are responsive to sex hormones, particularly estrogen, and undergo protumorigenic processes upon estrogen stimulation. Thyroid and sex hormones also display significant transcriptional crosstalk that influences oncogenesis and treatment sensitivity. Obesity-related adipocyte alterations-adipocyte estrogen production, inflammation, feeding hormone dysregulation, and metabolic syndromes-promote hormonal alterations in breast and thyroid tissues. Environmental toxicants disrupt endocrine systems, including breast and thyroid homeostasis, and influence pathologic processes in both organs through hormone mimetic action. In this brief review, we discuss the hormonal connections between the breast and thyroid and perspectives on hormonal therapies for breast and thyroid cancer. Future research efforts should acknowledge and further explore the hormonal crosstalk of these tissues in an effort to further understand the prevalence of thyroid and breast cancer in women and to identify potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Halada
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia A Baran
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Poojita Chinmay
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J Bauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aime T Franco
- Correspondence: Aime T. Franco, Ph.D., Pediatric Thyroid Center Translational Laboratory, The University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Voutsadakis IA. The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2022; 11:687. [PMID: 35160139 PMCID: PMC8836919 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most prevalent female carcinoma, is characterized by the expression of steroid nuclear receptors in a subset of cases. The most important nuclear receptor with prognostic and therapeutic implications is the Estrogen Receptor (ER), which is expressed in about three out of four breast cancers. The Progesterone Receptor (PR) and the Androgen Receptor (AR) are also commonly expressed. Moreover, non-steroid nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the thyroid receptors (TRs), are also present in breast cancers and have pathophysiologic implications. Circulating thyroid hormones may influence breast cancer risk and breast cancer cell survival, through ligating their canonical receptors TRα and TRβ but also through additional membrane receptors that are expressed in breast cancer. The expression of TR subtypes and their respective isotypes have diverse effects in breast cancers through co-operation with ER and influence on other cancer-associated pathways. Other components of the TSH/thyroid hormone axis, such as TSH and selenoiodinase enzymes, have putative effects in breast cancer pathophysiology. This paper reviews the pathophysiologic and prognostic implications of the thyroid axis in breast cancer and provides a brief therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Voutsadakis
- Algoma District Cancer Program, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6B 0A8, Canada; or
- Section of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P6B 0A8, Canada
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3
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Wahdan-Alaswad RS, Edgerton SM, Salem H, Kim HM, Tan AC, Finlay-Schultz J, Wellberg EA, Sartorius CA, Jacobsen BM, Haugen BR, Liu B, Thor AD. Exogenous Thyroid Hormone Is Associated with Shortened Survival and Upregulation of High-Risk Gene Expression Profiles in Steroid Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:585-597. [PMID: 33097494 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid disease is a frequent comorbidity in women with breast cancer, and many require thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THRT). We postulated that THRT has a deleterious clinical effect mechanistically through hormonal interactions, nuclear receptor cross-talk, and upregulation of high-risk breast cancer genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Observational studies of patients with lymph node-negative (LN-) breast cancer (n = 820 and n = 160) were performed to test interactions between THRT and clinical, histologic, outcome, and treatment variables. Differences between the two cohorts include but are not limited to patient numbers, decades of treatment, duration of follow-up/treatment, tumor sizes, incidence, and type and dose/regimen of antihormonal and/or chemotherapeutic agents. In vivo and vitro models, in silico databases, and molecular methods were used to study interactions and define mechanisms underlying THRT effects. RESULTS THRT significantly and independently reduced disease-free and breast cancer-specific overall survival of only the steroid receptor (SR)-positive (as compared with SR-negative) node-negative patients in both long-term observational studies. Patients with SR+ LN- breast cancer who received THRT and tamoxifen experienced the shortest survival of all treatment groups. A less potent interaction between THRT and aromatase inhibitors was noted in the second patient cohort. Using in vivo and in vitro models, TH administration enhanced estrogen and TH-associated gene expression and proliferation, nuclear colocalization of estrogen receptor and thyroid hormone receptor, and activation of genes used clinically to predict tumor aggression in SR+ breast cancer, including the IGF-IR, WNT, and TGFβ pathways. CONCLUSIONS We show clinically significant adverse interactions between THRT, estrogenic, and oncogenic signaling in patients with SR+ LN- breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema S Wahdan-Alaswad
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan M Edgerton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hiba Salem
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jessica Finlay-Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health and Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Britta M Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bolin Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ann D Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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Silva TM, Moretto FCF, Sibio MTD, Gonçalves BM, Oliveira M, Olimpio RMC, Oliveira DAM, Costa SMB, Deprá IC, Namba V, Nunes MT, Nogueira CR. Triiodothyronine (T3) upregulates the expression of proto-oncogene TGFA independent of MAPK/ERK pathway activation in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MCF7. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:142-147. [PMID: 30916164 PMCID: PMC10522138 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the physiological action of triiodothyronine T3 on the expression of transforming growth factor α (TGFA) mRNA in MCF7 cells by inhibition of RNA Polymerase II and the MAPK/ERK pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell line was treated with T3 at a physiological dose (10-9M) for 10 minutes, 1 and 4 hour (h) in the presence or absence of the inhibitors, α-amanitin (RNA polymerase II inhibitor) and PD98059 (MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor). TGFA mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. For data analysis, we used ANOVA, complemented with the Tukey test and Student t-test, with a minimum significance of 5%. RESULTS T3 increases the expression of TGFA mRNA in MCF7 cells in 4 h of treatment. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II modulates the effect of T3 treatment on the expression of TGFA in MCF7 cells. Activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway is not required for T3 to affect the expression of TGFA mRNA. CONCLUSION Treatment with a physiological concentration of T3 after RNA polymerase II inhibition altered the expression of TGFA. Inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway after T3 treatment does not interfere with the TGFA gene expression in a breast adenocarcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata M. Silva
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda C. F. Moretto
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria T. De Sibio
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Bianca M. Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Miriane Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Regiane M. C. Olimpio
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Diego A. M. Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBotucatuSPBrasilUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Sarah M. B. Costa
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Igor C. Deprá
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Vickeline Namba
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria T. Nunes
- Universidade de São PauloUniversidade de São PauloInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasDepartamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaSão PauloSPBrasilDepartamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Célia R. Nogueira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Krashin E, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. Thyroid Hormones and Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30814976 PMCID: PMC6381772 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones take major part in normal growth, development and metabolism. Over a century of research has supported a relationship between thyroid hormones and the pathophysiology of various cancer types. In vitro studies as well as research in animal models demonstrated an effect of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 on cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Thyroid hormones mediate their effects on the cancer cell through several non-genomic pathways including activation of the plasma membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Furthermore, cancer development and progression are affected by dysregulation of local bioavailability of thyroid hormones. Case-control and population-based studies provide conflicting results regarding the association between thyroid hormones and cancer. However, a large body of evidence suggests that subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism increase the risk of several solid malignancies while hypothyroidism may reduce aggressiveness or delay the onset of cancer. Additional support is provided from studies in which dysregulation of the thyroid hormone axis secondary to cancer treatment or thyroid hormone supplementation was shown to affect cancer outcomes. Recent preclinical and clinical studies in various cancer types have further shown promising outcomes following chemical reduction of thyroid hormones or inhibition or their binding to the integrin receptor. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the preclinical and clinical research conducted so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilon Krashin
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Martin Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Meir Medical Center, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Osnat Ashur-Fabian
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Tang YT, Huang YY, Li JH, Qin SH, Xu Y, An TX, Liu CC, Wang Q, Zheng L. Alterations in exosomal miRNA profile upon epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cell lines. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:802. [PMID: 30400814 PMCID: PMC6219194 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a critical event during tumor metastasis. Recent studies have revealed changes and the contributions of proteins in/on exosomes during EMT. Besides proteins, microRNA (miRNA) is another important functional component of exosomes. We hypothesized that the miRNA profile of exosomes may change following EMT and these exosomal miRNAs may in return promote EMT, migration and invasion of cancer cells. RESULTS The small RNA profile of exosomes was altered following EMT. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the specific miRNAs of M-exosomes have the potential to drive signal transduction networks in EMT and cancer progression. Co-culture experiments confirmed that M-exosomes can enter epithelial cells and promote migration, invasion and expression of mesenchymal markers in the recipient cells. CONCLUSION Our results reveal changes in the function and miRNA profile of exosomes upon EMT. M-exosomes can promote transfer of the malignant (mesenchymal) phenotype to epithelial recipient cells. Further, the miRNAs specifically expressed in M-exosomes are associated with EMT and metastasis, and may serve as new biomarkers for EMT-like processes in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ting Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yi-Yao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Jing-Huan Li
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Si-Hua Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Tai-Xue An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Chun-Chen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
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Lin H, Chin Y, Yang YSH, Lai H, Whang‐Peng J, Liu LF, Tang H, Davis PJ. Thyroid Hormone, Cancer, and Apoptosis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1221-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Triiodothyronine (T3) induces HIF1A and TGFA expression in MCF7 cells by activating PI3K. Life Sci 2016; 154:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hypothyroidism in Pancreatic Cancer: Role of Exogenous Thyroid Hormone in Tumor Invasion-Preliminary Observations. J Thyroid Res 2016; 2016:2454989. [PMID: 27123358 PMCID: PMC4830736 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2454989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the epidemiological studies, about 4.4% of American general elderly population has a pronounced hypothyroidism and relies on thyroid hormone supplements daily. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in our patients with pancreatic cancer was much higher, 14.1%. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) or distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy (DPS) at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, from 2005 to 2012. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters including tumor stage, grade, and survival. To further understand how thyroid hormone affects pancreatic cancer behavior, functional studies including wound-induced cell migration, proliferation, and invasion were performed on pancreatic cancer cell lines, MiaPaCa-2 and AsPC-1. We found that hypothyroid patients taking exogenous thyroid hormone were more than three times likely to have perineural invasion, and about twice as likely to have higher T stage, nodal spread, and overall poorer prognostic stage (P < 0.05). Pancreatic cancer cell line studies demonstrated that exogenous thyroid hormone treatment increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (P < 0.05). We conclude that exogenous thyroid hormone may contribute to the progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Sibio MTD, Oliveira MD, Moretto FCF, Olimpio RMC, Conde SJ, Luvizon AC, Nogueira CR. Triiodothyronine and breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:503-508. [PMID: 25114863 PMCID: PMC4127619 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormones (THs), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are essential for survival; they are involved in the processes of development, growth, and metabolism. In addition to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, THs are involved in other diseases. The role of THs in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelium is well established; however, their specific role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) is controversial. Steroid hormones affect many human cancers and the abnormal responsiveness of the mammary epithelial cells to estradiol (E2) in particular is known to be an important cause for the development and progression of BC. The proliferative effect of T3 has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. In BC cell lines, T3 may foster the conditions for tumor proliferation and increase the effect of cell proliferation by E2; thus, T3 may play a role in the development and progression of BC. Studies show that T3 has effects similar to E2 in BC cell lines. Despite controversy regarding the relationship between thyroid disturbances and the incidence of BC, studies show that thyroid status may influence the development of tumor, proliferation and metastasis.
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The Pattern of Expression and Role of Triiodothyronine (T3) Receptors and Type I 5′-Deiodinase in Breast Carcinomas, Benign Breast Diseases, Lactational Change, and Normal Breast Epithelium. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2014; 22:518-23. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182a20917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thyroid hormone status interferes with estrogen target gene expression in breast cancer samples in menopausal women. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:317398. [PMID: 24701358 PMCID: PMC3950583 DOI: 10.1155/2014/317398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated thyroid hormone levels in menopausal BrC patients and verified the action of triiodothyronine on genes regulated by estrogen and by triiodothyronine itself in BrC tissues. We selected 15 postmenopausal BrC patients and a control group of 18 postmenopausal women without BrC. We measured serum TPO-AB, TSH, FT4, and estradiol, before and after surgery, and used immunohistochemistry to examine estrogen and progesterone receptors. BrC primary tissue cultures received the following treatments: ethanol, triiodothyronine, triiodothyronine plus 4-hydroxytamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, estrogen, or estrogen plus 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Genes regulated by estrogen (TGFA, TGFB1, and PGR) and by triiodothyronine (TNFRSF9, BMP-6, and THRA) in vitro were evaluated. TSH levels in BrC patients did not differ from those of the control group (1.34 ± 0.60 versus 2.41 ± 1.10 μU/mL), but FT4 levels of BrC patients were statistically higher than controls (1.78 ± 0.20 versus 0.95 ± 0.16 ng/dL). TGFA was upregulated and downregulated after estrogen and triiodothyronine treatment, respectively. Triiodothyronine increased PGR expression; however 4-hydroxytamoxifen did not block triiodothyronine action on PGR expression. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen, alone or associated with triiodothyronine, modulated gene expression of TNFRSF9, BMP-6, and THRA, similar to triiodothyronine treatment. Thus, our work highlights the importance of thyroid hormone status evaluation and its ability to interfere with estrogen target gene expression in BrC samples in menopausal women.
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Estrogen-responsive genes overlap with triiodothyronine-responsive genes in a breast carcinoma cell line. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:969404. [PMID: 24587767 PMCID: PMC3920670 DOI: 10.1155/2014/969404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that estrogen plays an important role in the progression and treatment of breast cancer. However, the role of triiodothyronine (T₃) remains controversial. We have previously shown its capacity to stimulate the development of positive estrogen receptor breast carcinoma, induce the expression of genes (PR, TGF-alpha) normally stimulated by estradiol (E₂), and suppress genes (TGF-beta) normally inhibited by E₂. Since T₃ regulates growth hormones, metabolism, and differentiation, it is important to verify its action on other genes normally induced by E₂. Therefore, we used DNA microarrays to compare gene expression patterns in MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells treated with E₂ and T₃. Several genes were modulated by both E₂ and T₃ in MCF-7 cells (Student's t-test, P < 0.05). Specifically, we found eight genes that were differentially expressed after treatment with both E₂ and T₃, including amphiregulin, fibulin 1, claudin 6, pericentriolar material 1, premature ovarian failure 1B, factor for adipocyte differentiation-104, sterile alpha motif domain containing 9, and likely ortholog of rat vacuole membrane protein 1 (fold change > 2.0, pFDR < 0.05). We confirmed our microarray results by real-time PCR. Our findings reveal that certain genes in MCF-7 cells can be regulated by both E₂ and T₃.
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Conde SJ, Luvizotto RDAM, Síbio MTD, Saraiva PP, Brentani MM, Nogueira CR. Perfil dos hormônios da tireoide em pacientes com câncer de mama em estado de menopausa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:238-43. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Verificar o perfil dos hormônios tireóideos (HTs) em pacientes pós-menopausa portadoras de carcinoma de mama (CaM). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Participaram 12 pacientes com CaM em estádio I ou II sem intervenções que pudessem interferir na progressão tumoral e um grupo controle com 18 pacientes em pós-menopausa sem CaM. Foram dosados os níveis séricos de anticorpo antitiroperoxidase (TPOAB), hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina livre (T4L), estradiol (E2), hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e hormônio luteinizante (LH) antes e após a cirurgia, e realizada a imunoistoquímica dos receptores de estrógeno (ER) e progesterona (PR). RESULTADOS: Quatro pacientes com CaM apresentaram alterações do perfil hormonal tireoidiano: dois hipertireoidismo, um hipotireoidismo e positividade TPO-AB, todas com ER e PR positivos. Os níveis de TSH dessas pacientes não foram diferentes dos níveis encontrados no grupo controle (1,89 ± 1,56 vs. 2,86 ± 3,12 mUI/mL), porém os níveis de T4L nas pacientes com CaM foram estatisticamente maiores que o controle (1,83 ± 0,57 vs. 1,10 ± 0,20 ng/dL). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de avaliação do status tireoidiano em pacientes com CaM, uma vez que, na ausência de E2, mudanças clínicas nos HTs podem atuar em vias controladas pelo E2.
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