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Singh A, Ilango K. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of novel polyherbal formulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver using Wistar rats. Future Sci OA 2024; 10:FSO910. [PMID: 38817372 PMCID: PMC11137787 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of a novel polyherbal formulation tablet in Wistar rats Materials & methods: Acute toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity was assessed following OECD (Organisation for the Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines based on 423 and 408. Results & conclusion: No mortality and toxicity showed in rats during acute toxicity. The LD50 of the extract was at 2000 mg/kg. In sub-chronic study, both sex rats were orally administered at 250, 500,1000 and 2000 mg/kg for 90 days and revealed no significant difference (p < 0.05) in hematological and other parameters compared with the control. Histopathology study did not reveal morphological alteration. The No observed adverse effect level of the tablet was observed until 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuragh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur – 603 203, Chengalpattu (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Ilango
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur – 603 203
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Af Geijerstam P, Joelsson A, Rådholm K, Nyström FH. A low dose of daily licorice intake affects renin, aldosterone, and home blood pressure in a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:682-691. [PMID: 38246526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice, through the effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA), raises blood pressure (BP). The World Health Organization has suggested that 100 mg GA/d would be unlikely to cause adverse effects, but of 13 previously published studies none have been randomized and controlled and independently quantified the GA content. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the effects on home BP of a daily licorice intake containing 100 mg GA. METHODS Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to start with either licorice or a control product in a nonblinded, 2 × 2 crossover study. Home BP was measured daily, and blood samples were collected at the end of each 2-wk period. RESULTS There were 28 participants and no dropouts. The median age was 24.0 y (interquartile range 22.8-27.0 y). During the licorice compared with control intake period, the systolic home BP increased [mean difference: 3.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8, 5.4 mm Hg) compared with -0.3 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.8, 1.3 mm Hg); P = 0.018] and renin and aldosterone were suppressed [mean change: -30.0% (95% CI: -56.7%, -3.3%) compared with 15.8% (95% CI: -12.8%, 44.4%); P = 0.003; and -45.1% (95% CI: -61.5%, -28.7%) compared with 8.2% (95% CI: -14.7%, 31.1%); P <0.001, respectively]. In the quartile of participants with the most pronounced suppression of renin and aldosterone, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide concentration increased during the licorice compared with control period [mean change: 204.1% (95% CI: -11.6%, 419.7%) compared with 72.4% (95% CI: -52.2%, 197.1%); P = 0.016]. CONCLUSIONS We found licorice to be more potent than previously known, with significant increases in BP, after a daily intake of only 100 mg GA. Thus, the safe limit of intake of this substance might need to be reconsidered. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05661721 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05661721).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Af Geijerstam
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Annelie Joelsson
- Primary Care Center Cityhälsan Centrum, Östergötland County, Sweden
| | - Karin Rådholm
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fredrik H Nyström
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Investigating the Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Licorice Root to Prevent Ovariectomy-Mediated Complications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7879432. [PMID: 35993043 PMCID: PMC9385369 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7879432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The importance of women’s health and the quality of life after menopause is a critical issue. To prevent disability and menopause complications as well as avoid the side effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), in this study, licorice hydroalcoholic extract (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) was evaluated as a natural remedy. Methods. Seventy-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control group, Sham-operated group, Glycyrrhiza (Gly) 30% group, and ovariectomized group as well as two ovariectomized groups treated with Gly 10% and Gly 30%. Normal saline and different treatments were administered orally for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, estrogen, and progesterone levels in the ovariectomized rats were determined. Moreover, the stereological and histopathological changes in uterine tissue in all groups were determined. Phytochemical analyses were also performed to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of the extract. Result. The hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root exhibited considerable effect to improve calcium, estrogen, and progesterone levels in the ovariectomized rats. Also, hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root successfully decreases the amount of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level. The stereological and histopathological findings confirmed the therapeutic potential of this extract. The considerable effects of hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root could be due to high amounts of phytoestrogens with similar estrogen-like structures. Considerable total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were also seen in licorice root extract. Conclusion. Hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root due to containing high amounts of phytoestrogens with similar chemical structures to estradiol notably improves biochemical parameters as well as stereological and histopathological markers of uterine tissues in ovariectomy rats, so it could be a potential agent for prevention and/or treatment as hormone replacement therapy in healthy middle-aged and/or older women.
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Wang KL, Yu YC, Chen HY, Chiang YF, Ali M, Shieh TM, Hsia SM. Recent Advances in Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)-Containing Herbs Alleviating Radiotherapy- and Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Reactions in Cancer Treatment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060535. [PMID: 35736467 PMCID: PMC9227067 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They also impose a large economic burden on patients, their families, and health insurance systems. Notably, cancers and the adverse reactions to their therapeutic options, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, dramatically affect the quality of life of afflicted patients. Therefore, developing approaches to manage chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions gained greater attention in recent years. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), a perennial plant that is one of the most frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, has been heavily investigated in relation to cancer therapy. Licorice/licorice-related regimes, used in combination with chemotherapy, may improve the adverse effects of chemotherapy. However, there is little awareness of licorice-containing herbs alleviating reactions to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or to other induced adverse reactions in cancer treatment. We aimed to provide a descriptive review, and to emphasize the possibility that licorice-related medicines could be used as an adjuvant regimen with chemotherapy to improve quality of life (QoL) and to reduce side effects, thus, improving compliance with chemotherapy. The experimental method involved searching different databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Wang Fang database, as of May 2022, to identify any relevant studies. Despite a lack of high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials, we still discovered the potential benefits of licorice-containing herbs from published clinical studies. These studies find that licorice-containing herbs, and their active ingredients, reduce the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improve the QoL of patients. This comprehensive review will serve as a cornerstone to encourage more scientists to evaluate and develop effective Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to improve the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lee Wang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Ying-Chun Yu
- Sex Hormonal Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Yi-Fen Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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Devang N, Adhikari P, Nandini M, Satyamoorthy K, Rai PS. Effect of licorice on patients with HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms- a pilot study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 12:131-135. [PMID: 32800398 PMCID: PMC7422817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive association of HSD11B1 gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetic conditions has been revealed. In the current study, we assessed the effectiveness of licorice on the clinical profile of the patients with HSD11B1 gene polymorphism. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) is a competitive inhibitor of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme and has been traditionally reported as an anti-ulcer, anti-pyretic, anti-thirst, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of licorice on the clinical profile of participants with HSD11B1 gene polymorphism. The study was performed using diabetic patients with HSD11B1 gene polymorphism. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured using standard diagnostic tools. Fourteen patients were divided into two groups by simple randomization, Licorice group (treated with 750 mg licorice/day for three weeks), and placebo group (treated with 750 mg placebo/day for three weeks). Investigations were repeated at the end of three weeks. Licorice showed a significant reduction in serum insulin levels (p = 0.03). There was no significant change in any other clinical parameters either by licorice or placebo. Conclusively, licorice moderately improves serum insulin levels in patients with HSD11B1 gene polymorphism. From our pilot study, the safety of licorice is confirmed at a dose of 750 mg/day. However, the study can be repeated at a higher dose to show its effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Devang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus (P.O.), Calicut, 673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Prabha Adhikari
- Department of Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nandini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, 575003, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmalatha S Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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Abd El-Hack ME, Abdelnour SA, Taha AE, Khafaga AF, Arif M, Ayasan T, Swelum AA, Abukhalil MH, Alkahtani S, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Herbs as thermoregulatory agents in poultry: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134399. [PMID: 31757531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effect of increased environmental temperature during summer season on avian industry has received great global concern. High temperature leads to severe economic loss in poultry production, because it is considered as valuable stress factor. Several practical methods were used to alleviate the adverse impact of increased temperature; among them were dietary modifications. So, several types of herbs are supplemented to reduce the deleterious influences of thermal stress altitudes in various animals, and even to prevent their adverse impacts. Therefore, sustainable supports for dietary modification based on herbs supplementations are largely needed, particularly when consider the additional advantages of herbs such as availability, actual efficiency, low cost, as well as their free from residual impact and antibiotic resistance. Numerous types of herbs were concluded to their efficient properties by poultry breeders to overcome a variety of the harmful effects of high ambient temperature. The present article deliberates the different practical applications of several members of the traditional herbal wealth to improve the general health state of poultry particularly as thermoregulatory and immunomodulatory agents, and for countering the heat stress-associated immunosuppressive effects. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of herbal growth promoters and their influence on improvement of production performances were a special aim of this review. The reported information will be helpful for improvement of general production and health status of birds reared under the heat stress via enhancement of immune response and stress tolerance, and popularizes usage of herbs amongst poultry producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Tugay Ayasan
- East Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Abukhalil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71110, Jordan; Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71110, Jordan
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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9
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Murck H, Lehr L, Hahn J, Braunisch MC, Jezova D, Zavorotnyy M. Adjunct Therapy With Glycyrrhiza Glabra Rapidly Improves Outcome in Depression-A Pilot Study to Support 11-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibition as a New Target. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:605949. [PMID: 33362613 PMCID: PMC7758437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.605949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid-receptor (MR) dysfunction as expressed by low systolic blood pressure and a high salivary aldosterone/cortisol ratio predicts less favorable antidepressant treatment outcome. Inhibition of peripheral 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 2 (11betaHSD2) reverses these markers. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the 11betaHSD2 inhibitor glycyrrhizin affects treatment outcome via this mechanism. We administered Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) extract containing 7-8 % of glycyrrhizin at a dose of 2 × 700 mg daily adjunct to standard antidepressants in hospitalized patients with major depression. These subjects were compared in an open-label fashion with patients, who did not receive GG (treatment as usual, TAU). Assessments were done at baseline and approximately 2 weeks after. Twelve subjects were treated with GG and compared to 55 subjects with TAU. At week 2, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-21) change from baseline as well as the CGI-S change showed a significant time × treatment interaction (p < 0.03), indicating a possible therapeutic benefit of GG. Clinical benefit seems to be more pronounced in subjects with lower systolic blood pressure and significantly correlated with reduced sleep duration in the GG group. Our preliminary data show that treatment with the 11betaHSD2 inhibitor glycyrrhizin may possess a beneficial effect on antidepressant response, which may be specific to a defined depression subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Murck-Neuroscience, Westfield, NJ, United States
| | - Lisa Lehr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias C Braunisch
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maxim Zavorotnyy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Academic Hospital of the University of Zurich, Brugg, Switzerland.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-MCMBB, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Kwon YJ, Son DH, Chung TH, Lee YJ. A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings. J Med Food 2019; 23:12-20. [PMID: 31874059 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been known to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. Glycyrrhizin is cleaved to glycyrrhizic acid, which is subsequently converted to glycyrrhetic acid by human intestinal microflora. Glycyrrhetic acid is a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) and performs a range of corticosteroid-like activities. The pharmacologic effects of licorice contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-allergenic, and antimicrobial properties. Licorice has been used to treat liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, oral disease, and various skin disorders and has been used in gum, candy, herbs, alcoholic beverages, and food supplements. Licorice and its extracts, especially glycyrrhizin, can be taken orally, through the skin (in the form of gels and oils), and intravenously. Licorice demonstrates mineralocorticoid-like activity not only by inhibiting 11β-HSD2, but also by binding to a mineralocorticoid receptor, leading to potentially adverse risks of mineralocorticoid-like overactivity. Chronic use of licorice can lead to hypokalemia and hypertension, and some people are more sensitive to licorice exposure. Based on clinical trials, this review summarizes the positive effects of licorice and other reported side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeongi, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Son
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Ha Chung
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Medicine, Severance Hospital, Severance Check-Up, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Use of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in poultry nutrition: Global impacts on performance, carcass and meat quality. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933919000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Alizadeh M, Namazi N, Mirtaheri E, Sargheini N, Kheirouri S. Changes of Insulin Resistance and Adipokines Following Supplementation with Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. Extract in Combination with a Low-Calorie Diet in Overweight and Obese Subjects: a Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:123-130. [PMID: 29670847 PMCID: PMC5896387 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ which plays a key role in energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dried licorice extract along with a calorie restricted diet on body composition, insulin resistance and adipokines in overweight and obese subjects. Methods: Sixty-four overweight and obese volunteers (27 men, 37 women) were recruited into this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated to the Licorice (n=32) or the placebo group (n=32), and each group received a low-calorie diet with either 1.5 g/day of Licorice extract or placebo for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters, anthropometric indices, body composition and dietary intake were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: A total of 58 subjects completed the trial. No side effects were observed following licorice supplementation. At the end of the study, waist circumference, fat mass, serum levels of vaspin, zinc-α2 glycoprotein, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased in the intervention group, but only the reduction in serum vaspin levels in the licorice group was significant when compared to the placebo group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation with dried licorice extract plus a low-calorie diet can increase vaspin levels in obese subjects. However, the anti-obesity effects of the intervention were not stronger than a low-calorie diet alone in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Namazi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mirtaheri
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Penninkilampi R, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:699-707. [PMID: 28660884 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There have been numerous case reports of severe adverse events including deaths following chronic licorice ingestion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic ingestion of licorice on blood pressure, plasma potassium, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. A search of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, CINAHL and Current Contents Connect was performed from inception through to 26 April 2017. Trials that included a treatment group ingesting a product containing at least 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid daily were selected. Pooled mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, plasma potassium, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone using a random effects model. An assessment of dose-response was also undertaken. A total of 18 studies (n=337) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a statistically significant increase in mean systolic blood pressure (5.45 mm Hg, 95% CI 3.51-7.39) and diastolic blood pressure (3.19 mm Hg, 95% CI 0.10-6.29) after chronic ingestion of a product containing glycyrrhizic acid. Plasma potassium (-0.33 mmol l-1, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.23), plasma renin activity (-0.82 ngml-1 per hour, 95% CI -1.27 to -0.37) and plasma aldosterone (-173.24 pmol l-1, 95% CI -231.65 to -114.83) were all significantly decreased. A significant correlation was noted between daily dose of glycyrrhizic acid and systolic blood pressure (r2=0.55) and diastolic blood pressure (r2=0.65), but not for the other outcome measures. Hence, chronic licorice ingestion is associated with an increase in blood pressure and a drop in plasma potassium, even at modest doses. This is of particular relevance for individuals with existing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Penninkilampi
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E M Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G D Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Namazi N, Alizadeh M, Mirtaheri E, Farajnia S. The Effect of Dried Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. Extract on Obesity Management with Regard to PPAR-γ2 (Pro12Ala) Gene Polymorphism in Obese Subjects Following an Energy Restricted Diet. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:221-228. [PMID: 28761824 PMCID: PMC5527236 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Obesity is a multi-factorial health problem which results from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of dried licorice extract with a calorie restricted diet on anthropometric indices and insulin resistance with nutrigenetic approach. Methods: For this pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 72 eligible subjects were randomly allocated to Licorice or placebo group. They received a low-calorie diet either with a 1.5 g/day of Licorice extract or placebo for 8 weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in anthropometric indices and dietary intake in genotype subgroups at the baseline. Findings indicated that supplementation with Licorice extract did not change anthropometric indices and biochemical parameters significantly compared to a hypocaloric diet alone. However, from the nutrigenetic point of view, significant changes in anthropometric indices and QUICKI were observed in the Pro12Pro genotypes compared to the Pro12Ala at the end of the study (p<0.05 in all variables). Moreover, no interactive effect of the Licorice supplement and Pro12Ala genotype was found. Conclusion: In obese subjects, the Pro/Pro polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene seems to induce favourable effects on obesity management. Further studies are needed to clarify whether PPAR-γ2 gene polymorphisms or other obesity genes can affect responses to obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Namazi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Mirtaheri
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Akman T, Guven M, Aras AB, Ozkan A, Sen HM, Okuyucu A, Kalkan Y, Sehitoglu I, Silan C, Cosar M. The Neuroprotective Effect of Glycyrrhizic Acid on an Experimental Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Inflammation 2016; 38:1581-8. [PMID: 25687639 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is still one of the most important topics in neurosciences. Our study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and anti-oxidant effects of glycyrrhizic acid on focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided equally into three groups. A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was performed in this study where sham and glycyrrhizic acid were administered intraperitoneally following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Group I was evaluated as control. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) levels were analyzed biochemically on the right cerebral hemisphere, while ischemic histopathological studies were completed to investigate the anti-oxidant status. Biochemical results showed that SOD and NRF1 levels were significantly increased in the glycyrrhizic acid group compared with the sham group while MDA levels were significantly decreased. On histopathological examination, cerebral edema, vacuolization, degeneration, and destruction of neurons were decreased in the glycyrrhizic acid group compared with the sham group. Cerebral ischemia was attenuated by glycyrrhizic acid administration. These observations indicate that glycyrrhizic acid may have potential as a therapeutic agent in cerebral ischemia by preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Akman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey,
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Complementary Therapies for Idiopathic Hirsutism: Topical Licorice as Promising Option. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:659041. [PMID: 26273313 PMCID: PMC4530245 DOI: 10.1155/2015/659041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hirsutism is one of the most prevalent health problems in women. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of 755 nm alexandrite hair removal laser with that of alexandrite laser plus topical licorice on the improvement of idiopathic hirsutism. A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study was performed on 90 female subjects. The patients were divided into two groups: alexandrite laser plus 15% licorice gel (group A) and placebo (group B). Each subject received one of both products over one side of the face, twice daily for 24 weeks on the hirsute locations. Each group underwent five sessions of alexandrite laser at 6-week intervals. To minimize the effects of confounding variables, the test was performed on two separate zones of patients' skin. The mean ± SD numbers of terminal hairs in group A were 7.05 ± 4.55 for zone 1 and 6.06 ± 3.70 for zone 2. In group B, they were 3.18 ± 1.75 for zone 1 and 2.49 ± 1.63 for zone 2. The difference in the mean number of terminal hairs was statistically significant between the two groups (p < 0.001), and there were no serious adverse reactions. The treatment of idiopathic hirsutism with 755 nm alexandrite laser plus topical licorice is more effective than alexandrite laser only.
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Fernando HA, Chandramouli C, Rosli D, Lam YL, Yong ST, Yaw HP, Ton SH, Kadir KA, Sainsbury A. Glycyrrhizic acid can attenuate metabolic deviations caused by a high-sucrose diet without causing water retention in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutrients 2014; 6:4856-71. [PMID: 25375630 PMCID: PMC4245567 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) ameliorates many components of the metabolic syndrome, but its potential therapeutic use is marred by edema caused by inhibition of renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2). We assessed whether 100 mg/kg per day GA administered orally could promote metabolic benefits without causing edema in rats fed on a high-sucrose diet. Groups of eight male rats were fed on one of three diets for 28 days: normal diet, a high-sucrose diet, or a high-sucrose diet supplemented with GA. Rats were then culled and renal 11β-HSD2 activity, as well as serum sodium, potassium, angiotensin II and leptin levels were determined. Histological analyses were performed to assess changes in adipocyte size in visceral and subcutaneous depots, as well as hepatic and renal tissue morphology. This dosing paradigm of GA attenuated the increases in serum leptin levels and visceral, but not subcutaneous adipocyte size caused by the high-sucrose diet. Although GA decreased renal 11β-HSD2 activity, it did not affect serum electrolyte or angiotensin II levels, indicating no onset of edema. Furthermore, there were no apparent morphological changes in the liver or kidney, indicating no toxicity. In conclusion, it is possible to reap metabolic benefits of GA without edema using the current dosage and treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Alexander Fernando
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Chanchal Chandramouli
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Dayang Rosli
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Yi Lyn Lam
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Sheau Ting Yong
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Hui Ping Yaw
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - So Ha Ton
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Khalid Abdul Kadir
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 46150, Malaysia.
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Carraher CE, Truong NTC, Roner MR, Johnson AM, Sookdeo N, Trang NT. Synthesis of organotin poly(ether esters) from reaction with glycyrrhetinic acid and their preliminary activity against various cancer cell lines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rooney S, Pendry B. Phytotherapy for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A review of the literature and evaluation of practitioners’ experiences. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Panduranga P, Al-Rawahi N. Licorice-induced severe hypokalemia with recurrent torsade de pointes. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 18:593-6. [PMID: 24303973 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 38-year-old obese woman presented with recurrent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia secondary to persistent hypokalemia necessitating more than 40 DC shocks. All endocrine investigations for hypokalemia were negative with impression of "mysterious hypokalemia." On repeated inquiry, a hidden history of licorice use was elicited causing persistent hypokalemia. The case highlights a life threatening complication of licorice use. In addition, it reiterates the importance of repeated history taking in a patient with undiagnosed hypokalemia and torsade de pointes which avoided a device therapy.
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Omar HR, Komarova I, El-Ghonemi M, Fathy A, Rashad R, Abdelmalak HD, Yerramadha MR, Ali Y, Helal E, Camporesi EM. Licorice abuse: time to send a warning message. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012; 3. [PMID: 23185686 PMCID: PMC3498851 DOI: 10.1177/2042018812454322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice extract has always been recognized as a sweetener and a thirst quencher. Its nutritive value is overrated by many who consume significant amounts and are prone to complications. Glycyrrhetic acid, the active metabolite in licorice, inhibits the enzyme 11-ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme type 2 with a resultant cortisol-induced mineralocorticoid effect and the tendency towards the elevation of sodium and reduction of potassium levels. This aldosterone-like action is the fundamental basis for understanding its health benefits and the wide spectrum of adverse effects. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of licorice along with the reported complications related to excess intake. Despite its apparent use in a few clinical scenarios, the daily consumption of licorice is never justified because its benefits are minor compared to the adverse outcomes of chronic consumption. The review highlights the importance of investigating the dietary habits and herbal remedies which are being used worldwide on cultural and habitual bases rather than reliable scientific evidence. Licorice is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved food supplement used in many products without precise regulations to prevent toxicity. Increased awareness among the public is required through TV commercials, newspapers, internet sites, magazines and product labels regarding the upper limit of ingestion and health hazards associated with excess intake. We hope that this review will serve as a warning message that should be transmitted from physicians to patients to avoid excessive licorice intake as well as a message to the FDA to start regulating the use of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham R Omar
- Internal Medicine Department, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, 2525 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Chintharlapalli S, Papineni S, Safe S. Induction of apoptosis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene 1 in pancreatic cancer cells by a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:692-702. [PMID: 19125423 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18beta-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate (CDODA-Me) is a synthetic triterpenoid derived from glycyrrhetinic acid, a bioactive phytochemical in licorice, CDODA-Me inhibits growth of Panc1 and Panc28 pancreatic cancer cell lines and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent transactivation in these cells. CDODA-Me also induced p21 and p27 protein expression and downregulates cyclin D1; however, these responses were receptor-independent. CDODA-Me induced apoptosis in Panc1 and Panc28 cells, and this was accompanied by receptor-independent induction of the proapoptotic proteins early growth response-1 (Egr-1), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3). Induction of NAG-1 and Egr-1 by CDODA-Me was dependent on activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) and/or p42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways but there were differences between Panc28 and Panc1 cells. Induction of NAG-1 in Panc28 cells was p38-MAPK- and PI3-K-dependent but Egr-1-independent, whereas induction in Panc1 cells was associated with activation of p38-MAPK, PI3-K, and p42-MAPK and was only partially Egr-1-dependent. This is the first report of the induction of the proapoptotic protein NAG-1 in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Jutooru
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA
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Nazeri A, Massumi A, Wilson JM, Frank CM, Bensler M, Cheng J, Saeed M, Rasekh A, Razavi M. Arrhythmogenicity of weight-loss supplements marketed on the Internet. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6:658-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kalaiarasi P, Kaviarasan K, Pugalendi KV. Hypolipidemic activity of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 612:93-7. [PMID: 19361497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular complications. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on plasma glucose and plasma and tissue lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male albino rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 180-200 g, by administration of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I: control animals (normal, nondiabetic animals), Group II: 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid control, Group III: streptozotocin-diabetic, untreated animals; Groups IV, V and VI: streptozotocin-diabetic animals given 50, 100 and 200 mg 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and Group VII: streptozotocin-diabetic animals given glibenclamide. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids, were assayed in the plasma besides lipoprotein-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C)) and tissues (liver, kidney and heart). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid (LDL-C and VLDL-C in plasma only) levels increased in plasma and tissues significantly, while plasma HDL-cholesterol significantly decreased in diabetic rats. Treatment with 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid prevented the above changes and improved towards normalcy. Thus administration of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid is able to reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia related to the risk of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Kalaiarasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kalaiarasi P, Pugalendi KV. Antihyperglycemic effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, aglycone of glycyrrhizin, on streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fiore C, Dalbrenta DV, Ragazzi E, Pellati D, Armanini D. A hypothesis on the death of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:742-3. [PMID: 18852538 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Francini-Pesenti F, Puato M, Piccoli A, Brocadello F. Liquorice-induced hypokalaemia and water retention in the absence of hypertension. Phytother Res 2008; 22:563-5. [PMID: 18386259 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This is a case report of a woman who showed headache, weakness, upper-limb edema and a generalized convulsive seizure after chronic ingestion of liquorice. She was taking oral contraceptives which can predispose to liquorice toxicity. Plasma potassium, aldosterone, renin activity and albumin were below the normal level. The abdominal echography and computerized tomography scan demonstrated a perihepatic and perisplenic thin liquid layer with liquid collection in the pelvis. The bioelectrical impedance suggested a hyperhydration state. After stopping the liquorice, the laboratory and bioelectrical values normalized and clinical upper-limb edema and the liquid in the abdomen disappeared in a few days.
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Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Schiavon L, Guglielmi F, Pagnin E, Bascelli A, Basso G, Mazza A, Martini B, Bolzon M, Guidotti F, Caffi S, Rizzato E, Pessina AC. Skinfold thickness and blood pressure across C-344T polymorphism of CYP11B2 gene. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1828-33. [PMID: 17762647 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32826308a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether body adiposity is associated with the C-344T polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene codifying for aldosterone synthase. DESIGN A cross-sectional epidemiological evaluation of a highly homogeneous unselected general population of Caucasians. METHODS Lifestyle, medical history, anthropometrics, subscapular, triceps and suprailiac skinfold thickness, lying blood pressure and biochemical measures were recorded in a population-based study among 1386 unselected subjects (56.5% women) living in a secluded valley. All were genotyped for C-344T allele status. Continuous variables were compared across genotypes with analysis of covariance and correlations evaluated using the Pearson method. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the TT and CT genotype versus the CC homozygotes and compared with the T-carriers with a logistic model. RESULTS The C-344T genotypic frequency did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In women, higher values of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were found in the CC homozygotes than in the T-carriers. In this sex, skinfold thickness also directly correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the T-carriers only. The logistic regression for the dependent variable arterial hypertension showed an influence of triceps [OR 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.12, P=0.006], subscapular (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.20, P<0.0001) and suprailiac (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15, P=0.03) skinfold in T-carrier women only. These relationships were not detectable in men. The aldosterone-to-renin ratios were comparable across genotypes and sexes. CONCLUSION The C-344T polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene seems to exert a sex-specific influence on body adiposity, independent of adrenal aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Casiglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Thiene-Schio, Thiene-Schio, Italy.
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Chintharlapalli S, Papineni S, Jutooru I, McAlees A, Safe S. Structure-dependent activity of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} agonists in colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1588-98. [PMID: 17513608 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a pentacyclic triterpene glycoside, is the major phytochemical in licorice. This compound and its hydrolysis product glycyrrhetinic acid have been associated with the multiple therapeutic properties of licorice extracts. We have investigated the effects of 2-cyano substituted analogues of glycyrrhetinic acid on their cytotoxicities and activity as selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists. Methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18beta-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate (beta-CDODA-Me) and methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18alpha-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate (alpha-CDODA-Me) were more cytotoxic to colon cancer cells than their des-cyano analogues and introduction of the 2-cyano group into the pentacyclic ring system was necessary for the PPARgamma agonist activity of alpha-CDODA-Me and beta-CDODA-Me isomers. However, in mammalian two-hybrid assays, both compounds differentially induced interactions of PPARgamma with coactivators, suggesting that these isomers, which differ only in the stereochemistry at C18 which affects conformation of the E-ring, are selective receptor modulators. This selectivity in colon cancer cells was shown for the induction of two proapoptotic proteins, namely caveolin-1 and the tumor-suppressor gene Krüppel-like factor-4 (KLF-4). beta-CDODA-Me but not alpha-CDODA-Me induced caveolin-1 in SW480 colon cancer cells, whereas caveolin-1 was induced by both compounds in HT-29 and HCT-15 colon cancer cells. The CDODA-Me isomers induced KLF-4 mRNA levels in HT-29 and SW480 cells but had minimal effects on KLF-4 expression in HCT-15 cells. These induced responses were inhibited by cotreatment with a PPARgamma antagonist. This shows for the first time that PPARgamma agonists derived from glycyrrhetinic acid induced cell-dependent caveolin-1 and KLF-4 expression through receptor-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Chintharlapalli
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77843-4466, USA
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Armanini D, Castello R, Scaroni C, Bonanni G, Faccini G, Pellati D, Bertoldo A, Fiore C, Moghetti P. Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licorice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 131:61-67. [PMID: 17113210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare the effect of spironolactone (antagonist of mineralocorticoid and androgen receptors) versus spironolactone plus licorice (agonist of mineralocorticoid receptors and mild inhibitor of androgen synthesis) on plasma renin activity, aldosterone and androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). STUDY DESIGN Thirty-two women with PCOS were divided into two groups: 16 received 100 mg spironolactone and 16 spironolactone plus 3.5 g of licorice a day. Blood pressure, body mass index, serum electrolytes, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and cortisol, serum testosterone, and urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio were measured before and during treatment. RESULTS Mean blood pressure was significantly reduced during spironolactone treatment, while it was unchanged in women receiving spironolactone plus licorice. Twenty percent of women treated with spironolactone and none treated with the addition of licorice complained of symptoms related to volume depletion. Consistently, the activation of the renin-aldosterone system was significantly lower during spironolactone plus licorice than with spironolactone alone. The prevalence of metrorrhagia was lower in the combined therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with PCOS the mineralocorticoid properties of licorice can reduce the prevalence of side effects related to the diuretic activity of spironolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio Armanini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Castello
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Bonanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianbattista Faccini
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Pellati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertoldo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Fiore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-Endocrinology, University of Padua, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Moghetti
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Verona, Italy
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Tang J, Luan F, Chen X. Binding analysis of glycyrrhetinic acid to human serum albumin: Fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR, and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3210-7. [PMID: 16412649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and molecular modeling methods were employed to analyze the binding of glycyrrhetinic acid (GEA) to human serum albumin (HSA) under physiological conditions with GEA concentrations from 4.0x10(-6) to 4.5x10(-5) mol L(-1). The binding of GEA to HSA was via two types of sites: the numbers of binding site for the first type was near 0.45 and for the second type it was approximately 0.75. The binding constants of the second type binding site were lower than those of the first type binding site at corresponding temperatures, the results suggesting that the first type of binding site had high affinity and the second binding site involved other sites with lower binding affinity and selectivity. The fluorescence titration results indicated that GEA quenched the fluorescence intensity of HSA through static mechanism. The FTIR spectra evidence showed that the protein secondary structure changed with reduction of alpha-helices about 26.2% at the drug to protein molar ratio of 3. Thermodynamic analysis showed that hydrogen bonds were the mainly binding force in the first type of binding site, and hydrophobic interactions might play a main role in the second type of binding site. Furthermore, the study of computational modeling indicated that GEA could bind to the site I of HSA and hydrophobic interaction was the major acting force for the second type of binding site, which was in agreement with the thermodynamic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Fiore C, Salvi M, Palermo M, Sinigaglia G, Armanini D, Toninello A. On the mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition induction by glycyrrhetinic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1658:195-201. [PMID: 15450957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GE), the aglycone of glycyrrhizic acid, a triterpene glycoside which represents one of the main constituents of licorice root, induces an oxidative stress in liver mitochondria responsible for the induction of membrane permeability transition. In fact, GE, by interacting with the mitochondrial respiratory chain, generates hydrogen peroxide which in turn oxidizes critical thiol groups and endogenous pyridine nucleotides leading to the opening of the transition pore. Most likely the reactive group of GE is the carbonyl oxygen in C-11 which, by interacting mainly with a Fe/S centre of mitochondrial complex I, generates an oxygen-centered radical responsible for the pro-oxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche-Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35129 Padua, Italy
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Salvi M, Fiore C, Armanini D, Toninello A. Glycyrrhetinic acid-induced permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 66:2375-9. [PMID: 14637195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid, a hydrolysis product of one of the main constituents of licorice, the triterpene glycoside of glycyrrhizic acid, when added to rat liver mitochondria at micromolar concentrations induces swelling, loss of membrane potential, pyridine nucleotide oxidation, and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor. These changes are Ca(2+) dependent and are prevented by cyclosporin A, bongkrekic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide. All these observations indicate that glycyrrhetinic acid is a potent inducer of mitochondrial permeability transition and can trigger the pro-apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Universita' di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unita' per lo Studio delle Biomembrane, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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