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Lukas L, Nuding L, Schulte-Körne G, Platt B, Sfärlea A. Seeing oneself as an unattractive loser: Similar interpretation and memory biases in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and adolescents with depression or anxiety. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024; 32:855-868. [PMID: 38594822 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by dysfunctional cognitive biases but these have rarely been investigated in adolescents with AN. The present study systematically assessed cognitive biases in adolescents with AN and addressed the questions of content-specificity (i.e., do biases occur only for eating disorder-related information?) and disorder-specificity (i.e., are biases unique to individuals with AN?). METHODS Cognitive biases on three information processing levels (attention, interpretation, memory) and for two types of information content (eating disorder-related, non-eating disorder-related) were assessed within a single experimental paradigm based on the Scrambled Sentences Task. 12-18-year-old adolescents with AN (n = 40) were compared to a healthy (HC; n = 40) and a clinical (girls with depression and/or anxiety disorders; CC; n = 34) control group. RESULTS Both clinical groups (AN and CC) showed pronounced negative interpretation and memory biases compared to the HC group, for both disorder-related and non-disorder-related information. Attention biases could not be analysed. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that adolescents with AN show negative cognitive biases but these were not limited to disorder-related information. Adolescents with depression and/or anxiety disorders showed similar biases, suggesting them to be transdiagnostic phenomena. Important implications for cognitive-behavioural theories of AN, subsequent cognitive bias modification studies in AN, as well as clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lukas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Nuding
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Platt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anca Sfärlea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Xia R, Liu Y, Liu B, Kou M, Zhao L, Zhang P, Wang Q. Effects of perspective taking on attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104131. [PMID: 38219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Using lexical judgment tasks, the present study explored whether perspective taking affected attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. Experiment 1 examined the junior high school students' attention bias to body schema-related words; the results showed the body image disturbance group responded significantly more quickly to negative body schema-related words than positive words, whereas the control group did not show a significant difference between positive and negative words. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the positive or negative body schema-related words were suitable to describe themselves, when adopting their own perspective or that of another person. The results showed that reaction times to negative words were significantly shorter than to positive words when adopting a self-perspective. When taking another's perspective, there was no significant difference of reaction time between positive and negative words. This result demonstrated that perspective taking reduced attention bias to negative body schema-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. The present research suggests that guiding adolescents to view themselves from different perspectives can help them form a more accurate and objective body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xia
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Binghua Liu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; School of Education and Arts, Lanzhou Modern Vocational College, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mingjiao Kou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; Shenzhen Fuhe Psychological Education Consulting Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518105, China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Lavigne KM, Deng J, Raucher-Chéné D, Hotte-Meunier A, Voyer C, Sarraf L, Lepage M, Sauvé G. Transdiagnostic cognitive biases in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110894. [PMID: 37956787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are characterized by cognitive deficits, which have been proposed as a transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology ("C" factor). Similarly, cognitive biases (e.g., in attention, memory, and interpretation) represent common tendencies in information processing that are often associated with psychiatric symptoms. However, the question remains whether cognitive biases are also transdiagnostic or are specific to certain psychiatric disorders/symptoms. The current systematic review sought to address whether the proposed "C" factor of transdiagnostic cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology can be extended to cognitive biases. Overall, 31 studies comprising 4401 participants (2536 patients, 1865 non-clinical controls) met inclusion criteria, assessing 19 cognitive biases across 20 diagnostic categories, with most studies focusing on interpretation (k = 22) and attention (k = 11) biases and only 2 assessing memory biases. Traditional meta-analyses found a moderate effect size (g = 0.32) for more severe cognitive biases in all patients relative to non-clinical controls, as well as small but significant associations between interpretation biases and transdiagnostic symptom categories (general psychopathology: r = 0.20, emotion dysfunction: r = 0.17, psychotic symptoms: r = 0.25). Network meta-analyses revealed significant patient versus non-clinical control differences on attention and interpretation biases across diagnoses, as well as significant differences between diagnoses, with highest severity in panic disorder for attention biases and obsessive-compulsive disorder for interpretation biases. The current findings extend the big "C" interpretation of transdiagnostic cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders to cognitive biases and transdiagnostic symptom dimensions. Results also suggest that while the presence of cognitive biases is transdiagnostic, bias severity differs across diagnoses, as in traditional neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Chloe Voyer
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Sarraf
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département d'éducation et pédagogie, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Zhu L, Zhou H, Wang X, Ma X, Liu Q. Preference for ugly faces? -A cognitive study of attentional and memorial biases toward facial information among young females with facial dissatisfaction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1024197. [PMID: 36405166 PMCID: PMC9668061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissatisfaction with facial appearance is one of the strongest contributors to body image disturbance among young Chinese females and leads to a series of psychological and behavioral disorders. By conducting behavioral and ERP experiments, this study illustrates how young females in China with facial dissatisfaction process different levels of facial attractiveness. Experiments 1 and 2 are behavioral experiments in which the dot-probe paradigm was used to explore the participant's attentional bias to facial attractiveness. The results showed that regardless of whether the face image was presented above or below the threshold, young females with facial dissatisfaction exhibited attentional orientation toward lowly attractive faces and attentional avoidance to both lowly and highly attractive faces, while the control group showed difficulty in attentional disengagement from highly attractive faces. In experiment 3, the learning-recognition task was used to examine mnemonic bias toward facial attractiveness among females with facial dissatisfaction, and EEG data were also recorded during the encoding and retrieval phases. The study found that young females with facial dissatisfaction exhibited a mnemonic preference for lowly attractive images at both the encoding and retrieving stages, with higher P1, N170, P2, and N300 induced by lowly attractive faces, while the control group preferred highly attractive faces. In conclusion, young females with facial dissatisfaction tend to exhibit attentional orientation and mnemonic bias toward lowly attractive faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,School of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Huan Zhou,
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- School of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sfärlea A, Lukas L, Schulte-Körne G, Platt B. The KOALA-study: study protocol for a comprehensive study of cognitive biases in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients compared to healthy and clinical controls. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:139. [PMID: 34715933 PMCID: PMC8555351 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by dysfunctional cognitions including cognitive biases at various levels of information processing. However, less is known about the specificity of these biases, i.e., if they occur for eating-disorder-related information alone or also for non-eating-disorder-related emotional information in AN patients (content-specificity) and if they are unique to individuals with AN or are also shown by individuals with other mental disorders (disorder-specificity). METHODS The present study systematically assesses cognitive biases in 12-18-year-old female adolescents with AN on three levels of information processing (attention, interpretation, and memory) and with regard to two types of information content (eating-disorder-related, i.e., stimuli related to body weight and shape, and non-eating-disorder-related). To address not only content- but also disorder-specificity, adolescents with AN will be compared not only to a healthy control group but also to a clinical control group (adolescents with major depression or particular anxiety disorders). Cognitive biases are assessed within a single experimental paradigm based on the Scrambled Sentences Task. During the task eye movements are recorded in order to assess attention biases while interpretation biases are derived from the behavioural outcome. An incidental free recall test afterwards assesses memory biases. We expect adolescents with AN to show more pronounced negative cognitive biases on all three levels of information processing and for both types of content compared to healthy adolescents. In addition, we expect the specificity of biases to translate into differential results for the two types of content: AN patients are expected to show stronger biases for disorder-related stimuli but similar or less pronounced biases for non-disorder-related stimuli compared to the clinical control group. DISCUSSION This is the first study to comprehensively assess cognitive biases in adolescents with AN. It will have essential implications not only for cognitive-behavioural models of AN but also for subsequent studies aiming to modify cognitive biases in this population, thereby addressing important maintaining factors already at an early stage of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Sfärlea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Linda Lukas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Platt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Gober CD, Lazarov A, Bar-Haim Y. From cognitive targets to symptom reduction: overview of attention and interpretation bias modification research. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 24:42-46. [PMID: 33246935 PMCID: PMC10231632 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2020-300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a class of mechanised psychological interventions designed to target specific aberrant cognitive processes considered key in the aetiology and/or maintenance of specific psychiatric disorders. In this review, we outline a multistage translational process that allows tracking progress in CBM research. This process involves four steps: (1) the identification of reliable cognitive targets and establishing their association with specific disorders; (2) clinical translations designed to rectify the identified cognitive targets; (3) verification of effective target engagement and (4) testing of clinical utility in randomised controlled trials. Through the prism of this multistage process, we review progress in clinical CBM research in two cognitive domains: attention and interpretation; in six psychiatric conditions: anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, addictive disorders, eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The review highlights achievement as well as shortcomings of the CBM approach en route to becoming a recognised evidence-supported therapy for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Korn J, Dietel FA, Hartmann AS. Testing the specificity of interpretation biases in women with eating disorder symptoms: An online experimental assessment. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:372-382. [PMID: 31750564 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive biases, such as memory, attention, and interpretation bias, are thought to play a central role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the interpretation bias is ED-specific or can be generalized to comorbid disorder-related threats in women with high levels of ED symptoms. METHOD In an online study, we measured interpretation bias using the modified Sentence Word Association Paradigm (SWAP), comparing women with (n = 39) and without (sub)threshold eating disorders (n = 56). We assessed endorsement and rejection rates as well as reaction times in response to a positive/neutral or a negative ED-specific, social anxiety-specific (SAD), or generalized anxiety-specific (GAD) interpretive word following an ambiguous sentence. RESULTS In ambiguous situations, women with high ED symptoms selected more negative (p < .001) and fewer positive/neutral ED-related interpretations (p < .001). Negative interpretations were endorsed significantly faster (p < .001), while positive interpretations were rejected faster in this group (p < .001). These women also manifested negative SAD-specific interpretation bias patterns in reaction time measures. Nevertheless, ED severity was best predicted by the endorsement of negative ED-specific stimuli, whereas ED and SAD reaction time measures seemed to have a negligible effect. DISCUSSION The results indicate that the interpretation bias might be ED-specific. The SWAP can be a useful tool for the further investigation of the etiological relevance of the interpretation bias as well as for the development of modification training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Korn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fanny A Dietel
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Human Sciences, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Interpretation bias modification to reduce body dissatisfaction - a randomized controlled pilot study in women with elevated weight and shape concerns. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:34. [PMID: 32637101 PMCID: PMC7331132 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has identified several cognitive biases in patients with eating disorders, such as a tendency to interpret ambiguous information about one's own body in a negative way. The so-called "negative interpretation bias" is considered to be a key factor in maintaining maladaptive cognitions and behaviors in eating disorders. Studies on modification of the negative interpretation bias in eating disorders have yielded mixed results. This randomized controlled pilot study examined whether a specially adapted, computerized version of the Scrambled Sentences Task modifies negative interpretation bias in women with elevated body dissatisfaction. METHODS The sample consisted of 40 normal-weight women with elevated body dissatisfaction, randomly assigned either to an intervention or a no-intervention control group (each n = 20). The intervention group received six sessions (within two weeks) of a newly-developed interpretation bias modification training that involved unscrambling positively valenced, body image-related sentences. The control group received no intervention. In both groups, body image-related negative interpretation bias (main outcome), trait body dissatisfaction and thin-ideal cue reactivity were assessed at baseline and two weeks later. Additionally, in the intervention condition, the trajectory of expected reductions in the thin-ideal internalization was measured during each training session. RESULTS In both conditions, body image-related negative interpretation bias and trait body dissatisfaction decreased significantly from pre- to post-assessment; however, a specific effect imparted by the interpretation bias modification training was not found. Groups did not differ in thin-ideal cue reactivity. In the intervention group, thin-ideal internalization decreased significantly over the training sessions. CONCLUSIONS The findings do not support use of body image-related interpretation bias modification in its current form in the treatment of body dissatisfaction. Further research involving different versions of the training and clinical samples is warranted.
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Matheson E, Wade TD, Yiend J. Utilising cognitive bias modification to remedy appearance and self-worth biases in eating disorder psychopathology: A systematic review. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101482. [PMID: 31170622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study systematically reviewed the impact of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) on biases related to attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) for appearance and self-worth stimuli and the subsequent impact on eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. METHOD The current review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), with 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria (CBM-A n = 5; CBM-I n = 7). RESULTS The literature provides preliminary support for CBM-A and CBM-I efficacy in eliciting bias change in varying degrees of psychopathology (Cohen's d ranging between -1.67 and 1.34; 9 studies reflected improved bias, and 3 reflected no change or did not assess), while highlighting the less robust effects associated with improving ED psychopathology (d ranging between -1.30 and 0.61; 5 studies reflected symptom improvement, and 7 reflected no change or did not assess). LIMITATIONS The review only considered peer reviewed research and did not report on the findings of unpublished data; thus, the current findings may not provide an accurate representation of CBM in EDs. CONCLUSIONS The current findings highlight the potential of CBM as an adjunct intervention for EDs; however the limited number of investigations and high degree of heterogeneity across the included studies impedes on the generalisability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Matheson
- Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England, UK.
| | - Tracey D Wade
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jenny Yiend
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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10
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Korn J, Dietel FA, Hartmann AS. An experimental Study on the Induction of an Eating Disorder-Specific Interpretation Bias in Healthy Individuals: Testing the Interpretation Modification Paradigm for Eating Disorders (IMP-ED). COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Leins J, Waldorf M, Kollei I, Rinck M, Steins-Loeber S. Approach and avoidance: Relations with the thin body ideal in women with disordered eating behavior. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:286-292. [PMID: 30172185 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that automatic cognitive biases are linked to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behavior. However, little is known about automatic action tendencies in the field of body image research. The aim of the present study was to examine approach and avoidance biases toward the thin body ideal and normal weight bodies and whether these are pronounced in individuals showing disordered eating behavior. Participants were divided into a group with disordered eating behavior (n = 55) and without disordered eating behavior (n = 45). To assess approach and avoidance tendencies, the Approach-Avoidance Task was used during which the participants were instructed to approach or avoid thin and normal weight body pictures. Our results indicated faster push than pull movements towards thin and normal weight body pictures. However, participants with and without disordered eating behavior did not differ with regard to their reactions. Furthermore, we found positive associations between the avoidance of normal weight body pictures and perceived pressure to confirm to media ideals. Future research is warranted to replicate our findings and to extend our knowledge on approach and avoidance biases toward body pictures in patients suffering from eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Leins
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ines Kollei
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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12
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Brockmeyer T, Anderle A, Schmidt H, Febry S, Wünsch-Leiteritz W, Leiteritz A, Friederich HC. Body image related negative interpretation bias in anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 2018; 104:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Chen F, Liu J, Chen S, Chen H, Gao X. Eye Movement Study on Attention Bias to Body Height Stimuli in Height Dissatisfied Males. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2209. [PMID: 29312068 PMCID: PMC5744235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated attention bias in response to height-related words among young men in China. 47 [26 high height dissatisfied (HHD) and 21 low height dissatisfied (LHD)] men performed a dot-probe task. Eye movement (EM) recordings showed that compared to LHD men, HHD men had an avoidance bias in response to height-related words, which was revealed by less frequent first fixations on both tall-related and short-related words, and showed significantly shorter first fixations on short-related words. There was no other significant difference in EM indices (i.e., first fixation latency and gaze duration) between two groups. In addition, HHD participants were significantly slower than LHD participants when responding to probes preceded by short-related words, while there was no difference when probes were preceded by tall-related or neutral words. In sum, the present results indicate that HHD men selectively avoid cues related to short height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuanghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Schoth DE, Liossi C. A Systematic Review of Experimental Paradigms for Exploring Biased Interpretation of Ambiguous Information with Emotional and Neutral Associations. Front Psychol 2017; 8:171. [PMID: 28232813 PMCID: PMC5299893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation biases have been extensively explored in a range of populations, including patients with anxiety and depressive disorders where they have been argued to influence the onset and maintenance of such conditions. Other populations in which interpretation biases have been explored include patients with chronic pain, anorexia nervosa, and alcohol dependency among others, although this literature is more limited. In this research, stimuli with threatening/emotional and neutral meanings are presented, with participant responses indicative of ambiguity resolution. A large number of paradigms have been designed and implemented in the exploration of interpretation biases, some varying in minor features only. This article provides a review of experimental paradigms available for exploring interpretation biases, with the aim to stimulate and inform the design of future research exploring cognitive biases across a range of populations. A systematic search of the experimental literature was conducted in Medline, PsychINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms were information, stimuli, and ambiguous intersected with the terms interpretation and bias*. Forty-five paradigms were found, categorized into those using ambiguous words, ambiguous images, and ambiguous scenarios. The key features, strengths and limitations of the paradigms identified are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Schoth
- Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
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Armin J, Johnson T, Hingle M, Giacobbi P, Gordon JS. Development of a Multi-Behavioral mHealth App for Women Smokers. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:153-162. [PMID: 28121240 PMCID: PMC5485903 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1256454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of the See Me Smoke-Free™ (SMSF) mobile health application, which uses guided imagery to support women in smoking cessation, eating a healthy diet, and increasing physical activity. Focus group discussions, with member checks, were conducted to refine the intervention content and app user interface. Data related to the context of app deployment were collected via user testing sessions and internal quality control testing, which identified and addressed functionality issues, content problems, and bugs. Interactive app features include playback of guided imagery audio files, notification pop-ups, award-sharing on social media, a tracking calendar, content resources, and direct call to the local tobacco quitline. Focus groups helped design the user interface and identified several themes for incorporation into app content, including positivity, the rewards of smoking cessation, and the integrated benefits of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. User testing improved app functionality and usability on many Android phone models. Changes to the app content and function were made iteratively by the development team as a result of focus group and user testing. Despite extensive internal and user testing, unanticipated data collection and reporting issues emerged during deployment due not only to the variety of Android software and hardware but also to individual phone settings and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Armin
- a Department of Family & Community Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Thienne Johnson
- b Department of Computer Science , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Melanie Hingle
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Peter Giacobbi
- d Department of Sports Sciences , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Judith S Gordon
- a Department of Family & Community Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
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Giacobbi P, Hingle M, Johnson T, Cunningham JK, Armin J, Gordon JS. See Me Smoke-Free: Protocol for a Research Study to Develop and Test the Feasibility of an mHealth App for Women to Address Smoking, Diet, and Physical Activity. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e12. [PMID: 26795257 PMCID: PMC4742619 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper presents the protocol for an ongoing research study to develop and test the feasibility of a multi-behavioral mHealth app. Approximately 27 million women smoke in the US, and more than 180,000 women die of illnesses linked to smoking annually. Women report greater difficulties quitting smoking. Concerns about weight gain, negative body image, and low self-efficacy may be key factors affecting smoking cessation among women. Recent studies suggest that a multi-behavioral approach, including diet and physical activity, may be more effective at helping women quit. Guided imagery has been successfully used to address body image concerns and self-efficacy in our 3 target behaviors-exercise, diet and smoking cessation. However, it has not been used simultaneously for smoking, diet, and exercise behavior in a single intervention. While imagery is an effective therapeutic tool for behavior change, the mode of delivery has generally been in person, which limits reach. mHealth apps delivered via smart phones offer a unique channel through which to distribute imagery-based interventions. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study is to evaluate the feasibility of an mHealth app for women designed to simultaneously address smoking, diet, and physical activity behaviors. The objectives are supported by three specific aims: (1) develop guided imagery content, user interface, and resources to reduce weight concern, and increase body image and self-efficacy for behavior change among women smokers, (2) program a prototype of the app that contains all the necessary elements of text, graphics, multimedia and interactive features, and (3) evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the app with women smokers. METHODS We created the program content and designed the prototype application for use on the Android platform in collaboration with 9 participants in multiple focus groups and in-depth interviews. We programmed and tested the application's usability with 6 participants in preparation for an open, pre- and posttest trial. Currently, we are testing the feasibility and acceptability of the application, evaluating the relationship of program use to tobacco cessation, dietary behaviors, and physical activity, and assessing consumer satisfaction with approximately 70 women smokers with Android-based smart phones. RESULTS The study was started January 1, 2014. The app was launched and feasibility testing began in April 1, 2015. Participants were enrolled from April 1-June 30, 2015. During that time, the app was downloaded over 350 times using no paid advertising. Participants were required to use the app "most days" for 30 days or they would be dropped from the study. We enrolled 151 participants. Of those, 78 were dropped or withdrew from the study, leaving 73 participants. We have completed the 30-day assessment, with a 92% response rate. The 90-day assessment is ongoing. During the final phase of the study, we will be conducting data analyses and disseminating study findings via presentations and publications. Feasibility will be demonstrated by successful participant retention and a high level of app use. We will examine individual metrics (eg, duration of use, number of screens viewed, change in usage patterns over time) and engagement with interactive activities (eg, activity tracking). CONCLUSIONS We will aggregate these data into composite exposure scores that combine number of visits and overall duration to calculate correlations between outcome and measures of program exposure and engagement. Finally, we will compare app use between participants and non-participants using Google Analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giacobbi
- Sport Sciences, Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
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Kraus N, Lindenberg J, Zeeck A, Kosfelder J, Vocks S. Immediate Effects of Body Checking Behaviour on Negative and Positive Emotions in Women with Eating Disorders: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:399-407. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kraus
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Osnabrück; Germany
| | - Julia Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Joachim Kosfelder
- Department of Social and Cultural Sciences; University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Osnabrück; Germany
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Liu J, Chen H, Gao X, Meng R, Jackson T. Attention and recognition biases associated with stature dissatisfaction among young men in China. Body Image 2014; 11:562-9. [PMID: 25241032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated information-processing biases related to height dissatisfaction among young Chinese men. In Study 1, 32 highly stature dissatisfied (HSD) men and 36 less stature dissatisfied (LSD) men performed a dot probe task featuring height-related words and neutral words. HSD men were significantly slower than LSD men were in responding to probes that followed short stature words, but the groups did not differ in response speeds to probes that followed tall stature or neutral words. In Study 2, 33 HSD men and 34 LSD men completed an implicit learning task followed by a word recognition task. HSD men recognized significantly more short stature words from the initial task, but recognition accuracy for other word types did not differ between groups. Together, these findings suggest that HSD men are more inclined than LSD men to selectively avoid cues that reflect shortness in stature and to selectively recognize such cues later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Gao
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd., China
| | - Todd Jackson
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Legenbauer T, Thiemann P, Vocks S. Body image disturbance in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Current evidence and future directions. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 42:51-9. [PMID: 24365963 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Body image is multifaceted and incorporates perceptual, affective, and cognitive components as well as behavioral features. Only few studies have examined the character of body-image disturbance in children/adolescents with eating disorders. It is unknown whether body-image disturbances in children/adolescent with eating disturbances are comparable to those of adult patients with eating disorders. Body-image disturbance might differ quantitatively and qualitatively according to the cognitive developmental status and the age of the individual. This paper provides an overview of the current evidence for body-image disturbance in children/adolescents with eating disorders, and how they compare with those adults with eating disorders. Current evidence indicates that older adolescent patients show similar deficits as adult patients with eating disorders, in particular for the attitudinal body-image component. However, evidence for a perceptual body-image disturbance in adolescent patients, in particular anorexia nervosa, is not conclusive. Reliable statements for childhood can hardly be made because clinical studies are not available. Investigations of body-image disturbance in children have focused on the predictive value for eating disorders. Limitations of the current evidence are discussed, and future directions for research and therapy are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Legenbauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Pia Thiemann
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Napolitano MA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Fava JL, Marcus BH. Targeting body image schema for smoking cessation among college females: rationale, program description, and pilot study results. Behav Modif 2011; 35:323-46. [PMID: 21502132 DOI: 10.1177/0145445511404840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoking among young adults is a significant public health problem. Despite the negative health effects, many young women smoke for weight and body image reasons. Understanding the factors that prompt young women to initiate and continue smoking is important for designing smoking cessation interventions. The aim of the current article is to outline a potential pathway for smoking behavior among young women, specifically applying a cognitive bias framework previously used to describe disordered eating behaviors. This article provides the rationale for using two different treatments targeting body image schema among female smokers. The authors describe the development, feasibility, and acceptability of these two treatment approaches among a sample of female college smokers (N = 24). Preliminary pilot data are presented as well as the significance and implications for future clinical interventions.
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Siep N, Jansen A, Havermans R, Roefs A. Cognitions and emotions in eating disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 6:17-33. [PMID: 21243468 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive model of eating disorders (EDs) states that the processing of external and internal stimuli might be biased in mental disorders. These biases, or cognitive errors, systematically distort the individual's experiences and, in that way, maintains the eating disorder. This chapter presents an updated literature review of experimental studies investigating these cognitive biases. Results indicate that ED patients show biases in attention, interpretation, and memory when it comes to the processing of food-, weight-, and body shape-related cues. Some recent studies show that they also demonstrate errors in general cognitive abilities such as set shifting, central coherence, and decision making. A future challenge is whether cognitive biases and processes can be manipulated. Few preliminary studies suggest that an attention retraining and training in the cognitive modulation of food reward processing might be effective strategies to change body satisfaction, food cravings, and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Siep
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Chen H, Jackson T. Differential processing of self-referenced versus other-referenced body information among American and Chinese young adults with body image concerns. Eat Behav 2006; 7:152-60. [PMID: 16600843 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments assessed the impact of self-referenced and other-referenced primes on processing of body-related information in samples of young adults from the United States and China. In Experiment 1, 46 American university students (41 females, 5 males) comprising groups higher and lower in body weight concerns engaged in a computer-based experiment wherein subliminal self-relevant (I) and other-related (He) primes were followed by positive and negative body words to be correctly classified as such. Relative to control group participants, those high in weight concerns had slower response latencies when classifying words presented with an I prime, especially positive I-primed words, compared to He-primed body words. This pattern was not observed for control words. In a second experiment comprised of 48 Chinese university students (45 females, 3 males), respondents high in weight concerns were again slower responding to I-primed body words relative to He-primed body words and control group participants. Consistent with cognitive perspectives identifying self-schemata as a central basis for body image disturbances, findings indicated both Chinese and American young adults with concerns about body weight experience interference in processing body information linked to the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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Chen H, Jackson T. Are cognitive biases associated with body image concerns similar between cultures? Body Image 2005; 2:177-86. [PMID: 18089185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experimental investigation examined judgment and memory biases associated with body image concerns in American and Chinese young adult samples. In Study 1, 50 American university students (43 female, 7 males) screened into groups high and low in self-reported concerns about body size and weight engaged in a computer-based experiment involving the evaluation and later recognition of randomly presented fat and thin body words and matched control words. Participants high in reported body image concerns judged certain kinds of fat words more negatively and remembered them more accurately than individuals low in perceived body image disturbances. In general, significant group differences remained, after controlling for BMI. In contrast, groups did not differ in judgment or memory of thin words or control words. This pattern of differences was partially replicated in similar groups from the People's Republic of China (52 female, 7 male). Cross-cultural comparisons of responses to the subset of fat and thin words used in both experiments indicated the American sample evaluated fat words more negatively and was faster in responding to fat words than the Chinese sample, although there were no cultural differences in responses to thin words. Findings support the hypothesis that information-processing biases related to body image problems are specific to these concerns within samples from both Western and non-Western cultures, albeit cultural differences in responses to fat stimuli were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Williamson DA, White MA, York-Crowe E, Stewart TM. Cognitive-behavioral theories of eating disorders. Behav Modif 2004; 28:711-38. [PMID: 15383683 DOI: 10.1177/0145445503259853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an integrated cognitive-behavioral theory of eating disorders that is based on hypotheses developed over the past 30 years. The theory is evaluated using a selected review of the eating disorder literature pertaining to cognitive biases, negative emotional reactions, binge eating, compensatory behaviors, and risk factors for eating disorders. In general, hypotheses derived from cognitive-behavioral theories have been supported by a variety of research studies. The implications of these findings for treatment and prevention of eating disorders are discussed. This review of the literature serves as a conceptual base for some of the other articles that are included in this special issue of Behavior Modification. The article concludes with an introduction to six articles that discuss issues related to psychiatric classification, assessment, treatment, and prevention of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Williamson
- Louisiana State University, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Muller SL, Williamson DA, Martin CK. False consensus effect for attitudes related to body shape in normal weight women concerned with body shape. Eat Weight Disord 2002; 7:124-30. [PMID: 17644866 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of the False Consensus Effect (FCE) with body and shape-related attitudes in 30 normal weight women who scored high or low on a measure of concern with body shape. The participants were asked to rate depressive, positive, neutral, and body shape self-statements for relevance to self and to others. They also estimated the percentage of individuals that would agree with each attitudinal statement. Women with high body shape concerns rated themselves and others as significantly more likely to agree with the statements expressing such concerns than those with low concerns. They also believed that a significantly higher percentage of others would favor those attitudes. This pattern of findings is supportive of the presence of a FCE in normal weight women preoccupied with body shape and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Muller
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology. Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Stewart TM, Williamson DA, White MA. Rigid vs. flexible dieting: association with eating disorder symptoms in nonobese women. Appetite 2002; 38:39-44. [PMID: 11883916 DOI: 10.1006/appe.2001.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The correlates of rigid and flexible dieting were examined in a sample of 188 nonobese women recruited from the community and from a university. The primary aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that women who utilize rigid versus flexible dieting strategies to prevent weight gain report more eating disorder symptoms and higher body mass index (BMI) in comparison to women who utilize flexible dieting strategies. The study sample included women who were underweight (29%), normal weight (52%), and overweight (19%). None of the women were obese, as defined by BMI>30. Participants were administered a questionnaire that measures Rigid Control and Flexible Control of eating. Body weight and height were measured and measures of eating disorder symptoms and mood disturbances were administered. Our results indicated that BMI was significantly correlated with rigid dieting and flexible dieting. BMI was controlled statistically in other analyses. The study found that individuals who engage in rigid dieting strategies reported symptoms of an eating disorder, mood disturbances, and excessive concern with body size/shape. In contrast, flexible dieting strategies were not highly associated with BMI, eating disorder symptoms, mood disturbances, or concerns with body size. Since this was a cross sectional study, causality of eating disorder symptoms could not be addressed. These findings replicate and extend the findings of earlier studies. These findings suggest that rigid dieting strategies, but not flexible dieting strategies, are associated with eating disorder symptoms and higher BMI in nonobese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Stewart
- Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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