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Ghosal K, Agatemor C, Han RI, Ku AT, Thomas S, Mukherjee S. Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway as a New Mechanism to Exploit Cancer Drug Resistance. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:779-787. [PMID: 31902358 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200103114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy employs anti-cancer drugs to stop the growth of cancerous cells, but one common obstacle to the success is the development of chemoresistance, which leads to failure of the previously effective anti-cancer drugs. Resistance arises from different mechanistic pathways, and in this critical review, we focus on the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway in chemoresistance. This pathway has yet to be intensively researched by mainstream cancer researchers. This review aims to inspire a new thrust toward the contribution of the FA pathway to drug resistance in cancer. We believe an indepth understanding of this pathway will open new frontiers to effectively treat drug-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Ghosal
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and AHS, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21231, United States
| | - Richard I Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston TX, 77030, United States
| | - Amy T Ku
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, 77030, United States
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hill, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Sudit Mukherjee
- Deparment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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2
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Pouliot GP, Degar J, Hinze L, Kochupurakkal B, Vo CD, Burns MA, Moreau L, Ganesa C, Roderick J, Peirs S, Menten B, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Silverman LB, Harris MH, Stevenson KE, Weinstock DM, Weng AP, Van Vlierberghe P, D’Andrea AD, Gutierrez A. Fanconi-BRCA pathway mutations in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221288. [PMID: 31721781 PMCID: PMC6853288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 (also known as FANCD1) is a core component of the Fanconi pathway and suppresses transformation of immature T-cells in mice. However, the contribution of Fanconi-BRCA pathway deficiency to human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains undefined. We identified point mutations in 9 (23%) of 40 human T-ALL cases analyzed, with variant allele fractions consistent with heterozygous mutations early in tumor evolution. Two of these mutations were present in remission bone marrow specimens, suggesting germline alterations. BRCA2 was the most commonly mutated gene. The identified Fanconi-BRCA mutations encode hypomorphic or null alleles, as evidenced by their inability to fully rescue Fanconi-deficient cells from chromosome breakage, cytotoxicity and/or G2/M arrest upon treatment with DNA cross-linking agents. Disabling the tumor suppressor activity of the Fanconi-BRCA pathway is generally thought to require biallelic gene mutations. However, all mutations identified were monoallelic, and most cases appeared to retain expression of the wild-type allele. Using isogenic T-ALL cells, we found that BRCA2 haploinsufficiency induces selective hypersensitivity to ATR inhibition, in vitro and in vivo. These findings implicate Fanconi-BRCA pathway haploinsufficiency in the molecular pathogenesis of T-ALL, and provide a therapeutic rationale for inhibition of ATR or other druggable effectors of homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle P. Pouliot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Degar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura Hinze
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bose Kochupurakkal
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chau D. Vo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Burns
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Moreau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chirag Ganesa
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justine Roderick
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sofie Peirs
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Menten
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Hunger
- Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lewis B. Silverman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marian H. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristen E. Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Fiesco-Roa MO, Giri N, McReynolds LJ, Best AF, Alter BP. Genotype-phenotype associations in Fanconi anemia: A literature review. Blood Rev 2019; 37:100589. [PMID: 31351673 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genomic instability syndrome with predisposition to congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer. Classical and most frequent congenital abnormalities include all those seen in VACTERL-H association and those described under the PHENOS acronym. Pathogenic variants in at least 22 genes are associated with FA, which code for proteins that comprise the FA/BRCA DNA repair pathway. We reviewed 187 publications and 1101 cases of FA in which the gene or complementation group was identified and analyzed those in whom physical findings were sought. We conducted genotype-phenotype analyses considering the specific gene, the location in the FA/BRCA DNA repair pathway, and the type of variant (null or hypomorphic) as exposures. The outcomes were the presence of any physical abnormality or specific categories of abnormalities. Seventy-nine percent of the patients had at least one physical abnormality. Pathogenic variants in FANCB, FANCD2, the ID complex and downstream genes were associated with several specific anomalies. Patients with biallelic or hemizygous null variants had a higher proportion of at least one abnormality, renal malformations, microcephaly, short stature and the combination of VACTERL-H compared with those with hypomorphic genotypes. VACTERL-H alone or in combination with PHENOS is highly associated with FA, but the absence of those features does not rule out the diagnosis of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés O Fiesco-Roa
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico; Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, UNAM, Posgrados, Zona Cultural Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacan, Mexico City 14510, Mexico.
| | - Neelam Giri
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Lisa J McReynolds
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Ana F Best
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Blanche P Alter
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Flasch DA, Macia Á, Sánchez L, Ljungman M, Heras SR, García-Pérez JL, Wilson TE, Moran JV. Genome-wide de novo L1 Retrotransposition Connects Endonuclease Activity with Replication. Cell 2019; 177:837-851.e28. [PMID: 30955886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L1 retrotransposon-derived sequences comprise approximately 17% of the human genome. Darwinian selective pressures alter L1 genomic distributions during evolution, confounding the ability to determine initial L1 integration preferences. Here, we generated high-confidence datasets of greater than 88,000 engineered L1 insertions in human cell lines that act as proxies for cells that accommodate retrotransposition in vivo. Comparing these insertions to a null model, in which L1 endonuclease activity is the sole determinant dictating L1 integration preferences, demonstrated that L1 insertions are not significantly enriched in genes, transcribed regions, or open chromatin. By comparison, we provide compelling evidence that the L1 endonuclease disproportionately cleaves predominant lagging strand DNA replication templates, while lagging strand 3'-hydroxyl groups may prime endonuclease-independent L1 retrotransposition in a Fanconi anemia cell line. Thus, acquisition of an endonuclease domain, in conjunction with the ability to integrate into replicating DNA, allowed L1 to become an autonomous, interspersed retrotransposon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Flasch
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| | - Ángela Macia
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncology (Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncology (Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Translational Oncology Program and Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sara R Heras
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncology (Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - José L García-Pérez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncology (Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, 18016, Spain; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Thomas E Wilson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| | - John V Moran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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5
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Calses PC, Dhillon KK, Tucker N, Chi Y, Huang JW, Kawasumi M, Nghiem P, Wang Y, Clurman BE, Jacquemont C, Gafken PR, Sugasawa K, Saijo M, Taniguchi T. DGCR8 Mediates Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage Independently of RNA Processing. Cell Rep 2017; 19:162-174. [PMID: 28380355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a carcinogen that generates DNA lesions. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected role for DGCR8, an RNA binding protein that canonically functions with Drosha to mediate microRNA processing, in the repair of UV-induced DNA lesions. Treatment with UV induced phosphorylation on serine 153 (S153) of DGCR8 in both human and murine cells. S153 phosphorylation was critical for cellular resistance to UV, the removal of UV-induced DNA lesions, and the recovery of RNA synthesis after UV exposure but not for microRNA expression. The RNA-binding and Drosha-binding activities of DGCR8 were not critical for UV resistance. DGCR8 depletion was epistatic to defects in XPA, CSA, and CSB for UV sensitivity. DGCR8 physically interacted with CSB and RNA polymerase II. JNKs were involved in the UV-induced S153 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that UV-induced S153 phosphorylation mediates transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA lesions in a manner independent of microRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philamer C Calses
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - Kiranjit K Dhillon
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Nyka Tucker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Yong Chi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - Masaoki Kawasumi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
| | - Yemin Wang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Celine Jacquemont
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Philip R Gafken
- Proteomics Core Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., DE-352, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masafumi Saijo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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6
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Ceccaldi R, Shapiro GI, D'Andrea AD. Homologous Recombination Deficiency: Exploiting the Fundamental Vulnerability of Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1137-54. [PMID: 26463832 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Approximately 50% of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) exhibit defective DNA repair via homologous recombination (HR) due to genetic and epigenetic alterations of HR pathway genes. Defective HR is an important therapeutic target in EOC as exemplified by the efficacy of platinum analogues in this disease, as well as the advent of PARP inhibitors, which exhibit synthetic lethality when applied to HR-deficient cells. Here, we describe the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of HR-deficient EOCs, discuss current and emerging approaches for targeting these tumors, and present challenges associated with these approaches, focusing on development and overcoming resistance. SIGNIFICANCE Defective DNA repair via HR is a pivotal vulnerability of EOC, particularly of the high-grade serous histologic subtype. Targeting defective HR offers the unique opportunity of exploiting molecular differences between tumor and normal cells, thereby inducing cancer-specific synthetic lethality; the promise and challenges of these approaches in ovarian cancer are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Konstantinopoulos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Gynecologic Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Raphael Ceccaldi
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Early Drug Development Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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7
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Yang K, Moldovan GL, Vinciguerra P, Murai J, Takeda S, D'Andrea AD. Regulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway by a SUMO-like delivery network. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1847-58. [PMID: 21896657 DOI: 10.1101/gad.17020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The USP1/UAF1 complex deubiquitinates the Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2, thereby promoting homologous recombination and DNA cross-link repair. How USP1/UAF1 is targeted to the FANCD2/FANCI heterodimer has remained unknown. Here we show that UAF1 contains a tandem repeat of SUMO-like domains in its C terminus (SLD1 and SLD2). SLD2 binds directly to a SUMO-like domain-interacting motif (SIM) on FANCI. Deletion of the SLD2 sequence of UAF1 or mutation of the SIM on FANCI disrupts UAF1/FANCI binding and inhibits FANCD2 deubiquitination and DNA repair. The USP1/UAF1 complex also deubiquitinates PCNA-Ub, and deubiquitination requires the PCNA-binding protein hELG1. The SLD2 sequence of UAF1 binds to a SIM on hELG1, thus targeting the USP1/UAF1 complex to its PCNA-Ub substrate. We propose that the regulated targeting of USP1/UAF1 to its DNA repair substrates, FANCD2-Ub and PCNA-Ub, by SLD-SIM interactions coordinates homologous recombination and translesion DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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8
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Abstract
The study of rare genetic diseases can lead to insights into the cause and treatment of common diseases. An example is the rare chromosomal instability disorder, Fanconi Anemia (FA). Studies of this disease have elucidated general mechanisms of bone marrow failure, cancer pathogenesis, and resistance to chemotherapy. The principal features of FA are aplastic anemia in childhood, susceptibility to cancer or leukemia, and hypersensitivity of FA cells to DNA cross-linking agents. There are thirteen FA genes, and one of these genes is identical to the well known breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2. The corresponding FA proteins cooperate in the recognition and repair of damaged DNA. Inactivation of FA genes occurs not only in FA patients but also in a variety of cancers in the general population. These findings have broad implications for predicting the sensitivity and resistance of tumors to conventional anti-cancer agents, to inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, an enzyme involved in DNA repair, and to other inhibitors of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Validation of Fanconi anemia complementation Group A assignment using molecular analysis. Genet Med 2009; 11:183-92. [PMID: 19367192 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318193ba67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fanconi anemia is a genetically heterogeneous chromosomal breakage disorder exhibiting a high degree of clinical variability. Clinical diagnoses are confirmed by testing patient cells for increased sensitivity to crosslinking agents. Fanconi anemia complementation group assignment, essential for efficient molecular diagnosis of the disease, had not been validated for clinical application before this study. The purpose of this study was (1) confirmation of the accuracy of Fanconi anemia complementation group assignment to Group A (FANCA) and (2) development of a rapid mutation detection strategy that ensures the efficient capture of all FANCA mutations. METHODS Using fibroblasts from 29 patients, diagnosis of Fanconi anemia and assignment to complementation Group A was made through breakage analysis studies. FANCA coding and flanking sequences were analyzed using denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography, sequencing, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Patients in which two mutations were not identified were analyzed by cDNA sequencing. Patients with no mutations were sequenced for mutations in FANCC, G, E, and F. RESULTS Of the 56 putative mutant alleles studied, 89% had an identifiable FANCA pathogenic mutation. Eight unique novel mutations were identified. CONCLUSION Complementation assignment to Group A was validated in a clinical laboratory setting using our FANCA rapid molecular testing strategy.
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10
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Chen CC, Kennedy RD, Sidi S, Look AT, D'Andrea A. CHK1 inhibition as a strategy for targeting Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway deficient tumors. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:24. [PMID: 19371427 PMCID: PMC2672921 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA repair deficient tumor cells have been shown to accumulate high levels of DNA damage. Consequently, these cells become hyper-dependent on DNA damage response pathways, including the CHK1-kinase-mediated response. These observations suggest that DNA repair deficient tumors should exhibit increased sensitivity to CHK1 inhibition. Here we offer experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis. Results Using isogenic pairs of cell lines differing only in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, we showed that FA deficient cell lines were hypersensitive to CHK1 silencing by independent siRNAs as well as CHK1 pharmacologic inhibition by Gö6976 and UCN-01. In parallel, an siRNA screen designed to identify gene silencings synthetically lethal with CHK1 inhibition identified genes required for FA pathway function. To confirm these findings in vivo, we demonstrated that whole zebrafish embryos, depleted for FANCD2 by a morpholino approach, were hypersensitive to Gö6976. Silencing of FA genes led to hyper-activation of CHK1 and vice versa. Furthermore, inactivation of CHK1 in FA deficient cell lines caused increased accumulation of DNA strand and chromosomal breakages. These results suggest that the functions subserved by CHK1 and the FA pathway mutually compensate in maintaining genome integrity. As CHK1 inhibition has been under clinical trial in combination with cisplatin, we showed that the FA specific tumoricidal effect of CHK1 inhibition and cisplatin was synergistic. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest CHK1 inhibition as a strategy for targeting FA deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Shahlaee AH, Brandal S, Lee YN, Jie C, Takemoto CM. Distinct and shared transcriptomes are regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoforms in mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:378-88. [PMID: 17182576 PMCID: PMC2605087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is an essential basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor for mast cell development. Mice deficient in Mitf harbor a severe mast cell deficiency, and Mitf-mutant mast cells cultured ex vivo display a number of functional defects. Therefore, an understanding of the genetic program regulated by Mitf may provide important insights into mast cell differentiation. Multiple, distinct isoforms of Mitf have been identified in a variety of cell types; we found that Mitf-a, Mitf-e, and Mitf-mc were the major isoforms expressed in mast cells. To determine the physiologic function of Mitf in mast cells, we restored expression of these isoforms in primary mast cells from Mitf(-/-) mice. We found that these isoforms restored granular morphology and integrin-mediated migration. By microarray analysis, proteases, signaling molecules, cell surface receptor, and transporters comprised the largest groups of genes up-regulated by all isoforms. Furthermore, we found that isoforms also regulated distinct genes sets, suggesting separable biological activities. This work defines the transcriptome regulated by Mitf in mast cells and supports its role as master regulator of mast cell differentiation. Expression of multiple isoforms of this transcription factor may provide for redundancy of biological activities while also allowing diversity of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Shahlaee
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Emi1 (early mitotic inhibitor) inhibits APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) activity during S and G2 phases, and is believed to be required for proper mitotic entry. We report that Emi1 plays an essential function in cell proliferation by preventing rereplication. Rereplication seen after Emi1 depletion is due to premature activation of APC/C that results in destabilization of geminin and cyclin A, two proteins shown here to play redundant roles in preventing rereplication in mammalian cells. Geminin is known to inhibit the replication initiation factor Cdt1. The rereplication block by cyclin A is mediated through its association with S and G2/M cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdk2 and Cdk1, suggesting that phosphorylation of proteins by cyclin A-Cdk is responsible for the block. Rereplication upon Emi1 depletion activates the DNA damage checkpoint pathways. These data suggest that Emi1 plays a critical role in preserving genome integrity by blocking rereplication, revealing a previously unrecognized function of this inhibitor of APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi J. Machida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Corresponding author.E-MAIL ; FAX (434) 924-5069
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13
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Mankad A, Taniguchi T, Cox B, Akkari Y, Rathbun RK, Lucas L, Bagby G, Olson S, D'Andrea A, Grompe M. Natural gene therapy in monozygotic twins with Fanconi anemia. Blood 2006; 107:3084-90. [PMID: 16397136 PMCID: PMC1895746 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monozygotic twin sisters, with nonhematologic symptoms of Fanconi anemia (FA), were discovered to be somatic mosaics for mutations in the FANCA gene. Skin fibroblasts, but not lymphocytes or committed hematopoietic progenitors, were sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents. Molecular analysis revealed, in skin cells of both twins, a frameshift causing deletion in exon 27 (2555deltaT) and an exon 28 missense mutation (2670G>A/R880Q). The latter resulted in primarily cytoplasmic expression and reduced function of the mutant FANCA (R880Q) protein. Surprisingly, the same acquired exon 30 missense change (2927G>A/E966K) was detected in the hematopoietic cells of both sisters, but not in their fibroblasts, nor in either parent. This compensatory mutation existed in cis with the maternal exon 28 mutation, and it restored function and nuclear localization of the resulting protein. Both sisters have been free of hematologic symptoms for more than 2 decades, suggesting that this de novo mutation occurred prenatally in a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in one twin and that descendants of this functionally corrected HSC, via intra-uterine circulation, repopulated the blood lineages of both sisters. This finding suggests that treating FA patients with gene therapy might require transduction of only a few hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Mankad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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14
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Chandra S, Levran O, Jurickova I, Maas C, Kapur R, Schindler D, Henry R, Milton K, Batish SD, Cancelas JA, Hanenberg H, Auerbach AD, Williams DA. A rapid method for retrovirus-mediated identification of complementation groups in Fanconi anemia patients. Mol Ther 2005; 12:976-84. [PMID: 16084127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results from mutations in at least 11 different genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that clinical progression of the disease may be influenced by inter- and intragenic variations, emphasizing the importance of identifying the complementation groups. In the present study we have employed bicistronic retrovirus vectors that coexpress FA-specific cDNAs for complementation groups A, C, F, and G, together with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), allowing for specific analysis of transduced EGFP+ cells within bulk cultures by flow cytometry. In addition, the assay relies on the correction of the characteristic FA-associated G2/M arrest after treatment of cells with DNA-damaging agents, which is analyzed by flow cytometry. Results obtained with this assay matched the complementation groups known for 12 control lymphoblast cell lines tested. We report here the results obtained for 48 FA patients with unknown complementation groups using this new assay. Complementation groups were identified for 24 patients. We have identified mutations in the genes corresponding to the assigned complementation group in 23 samples. This assay has now been established in a standardized fashion for complementation assignments in FA patients and the subsequent directing of rapid mutation analysis in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chandra
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Fanconi Anemia Comprehensive Care Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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15
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Soulier J, Leblanc T, Larghero J, Dastot H, Shimamura A, Guardiola P, Esperou H, Ferry C, Jubert C, Feugeas JP, Henri A, Toubert A, Socié G, Baruchel A, Sigaux F, D'Andrea AD, Gluckman E. Detection of somatic mosaicism and classification of Fanconi anemia patients by analysis of the FA/BRCA pathway. Blood 2004; 105:1329-36. [PMID: 15383454 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, chromosome fragility, and cancer susceptibility. Eight FA-associated genes have been identified so far, the products of which function in the FA/BRCA pathway. A key event in the pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein, which depends on a multiprotein FA core complex. In a number of patients, spontaneous genetic reversion can correct FA mutations, leading to somatic mosaicism. We analyzed the FA/BRCA pathway in 53 FA patients by FANCD2 immunoblots and chromosome breakage tests. Strikingly, FANCD2 monoubiquitination was detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in 8 (15%) patients. FA reversion was further shown in these patients by comparison of primary fibro-blasts and PBLs. Reversion was associated with higher blood counts and clinical stability or improvement. Once constitutional FANCD2 patterns were determined, patients could be classified based on the level of FA/BRCA pathway disruption, as "FA core" (upstream inactivation; n = 47, 89%), FA-D2 (n = 4, 8%), and an unidentified downstream group (n = 2, 4%). FA-D2 and unidentified group patients were therefore relatively common, and they had more severe congenital phenotypes. These results show that specific analysis of the FA/BRCA pathway, combined with clinical and chromosome breakage data, allows a comprehensive characterization of FA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Soulier
- Genome Rearrangements and Cancer Laboratory, U462 INSERM, Laboratoire Central d'Hématologie and Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 1 Ave Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
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16
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Hirsch B, Shimamura A, Moreau L, Baldinger S, Hag-alshiekh M, Bostrom B, Sencer S, D'Andrea AD. Association of biallelic BRCA2/FANCD1 mutations with spontaneous chromosomal instability and solid tumors of childhood. Blood 2003; 103:2554-9. [PMID: 14670928 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of 2 Fanconi anemia (FA) subtype D1 kindreds, initially identified through a young child with a solid tumor (medullobastoma, Wilms tumor), are described. Each kindred subsequently had a second affected child; one developed Wilms tumor followed by a medulloblastoma, and the other developed T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytogenetic studies revealed an unusually high spontaneous chromosome aberration rate, contrasting with other FA subtypes. Molecular analysis revealed biallelic BRCA2/FANCD1 mutations. The patients did not exhibit bone marrow failure. Our studies suggest that the D1 subtype represents a severe end of the cytogenetic spectrum within FA, consistent with a critical downstream role of BRCA2 in the FA pathway. Furthermore, this FA subgroup may be preferentially associated with an increased predisposition to solid tumors in early childhood. Recognition of this constellation of findings has significant implications for medical management and genetic counseling of FA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Hirsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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17
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Shimamura A, D'Andrea AD. Subtyping of Fanconi anemia patients: implications for clinical management. Blood 2003; 102:3459. [PMID: 14568911 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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18
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Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare genetic cancer-susceptibility syndrome that is characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone-marrow failure and cellular sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Seven FA-associated genes have recently been cloned, and their products were found to interact with well-known DNA-damage-response proteins, including BRCA1, ATM and NBS1. The FA proteins could therefore be involved in the cell-cycle checkpoint and DNA-repair pathways. Recent studies implicate the FA proteins in the process of repairing chromosome defects that occur during homologous recombination, and disruption of the FA genes results in chromosome instability--a common feature of many human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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19
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Shimamura A, Montes de Oca R, Svenson JL, Haining N, Moreau LA, Nathan DG, D'Andrea AD. A novel diagnostic screen for defects in the Fanconi anemia pathway. Blood 2002; 100:4649-54. [PMID: 12393398 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive chromosomal instability syndrome characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. Although patients with FA are candidates for bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy, their phenotypic heterogeneity can delay or obscure diagnosis. The current diagnostic test for FA consists of cytogenetic quantitation of chromosomal breakage in response to diepoxybutane (DEB) or mitomycin C (MMC). Recent studies have elucidated a biochemical pathway for Fanconi anemia that culminates in the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein. In the current study, we develop a new rapid diagnostic and subtyping FA assay amenable for screening broad populations at risk of FA. Primary lymphocytes were assayed for FANCD2 monoubiquitination by immunoblot. The absence of the monoubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform correlated with the diagnosis of FA by DEB testing in 11 known patients with FA, 37 patients referred for possible FA, and 29 healthy control subjects. Monoubiquitination of FANCD2 was normal in other bone marrow failure syndromes and chromosomal breakage syndromes. A combination of retroviral gene transfer and FANCD2 immunoblotting provides a rapid subtyping assay for patients newly diagnosed with FA. These new FA screening assays would allow efficient testing of broad populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shimamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Noll M, Battaile KP, Bateman R, Lax TP, Rathbun K, Reifsteck C, Bagby G, Finegold M, Olson S, Grompe M. Fanconi anemia group A and C double-mutant mice: functional evidence for a multi-protein Fanconi anemia complex. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:679-88. [PMID: 12135664 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder associated with defects in at least eight genes. The biochemical function(s) of the FA proteins are unknown, but together they define the FA pathway, which is involved in cellular responses to DNA damage and in other cellular processes. It is currently unknown whether all FA proteins are involved in controlling a single function or whether some of the FA proteins have additional roles. The aim of this study was 1) to determine whether the FA group A and group C genes have identical or partially distinct functions, and 2) to have a better model for human FA. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated mice with a targeted mutation in fanca and crossed them with fancc disrupted animals. Several phenotypes including sensitivity to DNA cross linkers and ionizing radiation, hematopoietic colony growth, and germ cell loss were analyzed in fanca-/-, fancc-/-, fanca/fancc double -/-, and controls. RESULTS Fibroblast cells and hematopoietic precursors from fanca/fancc double-mutant mice were not more sensitive to MMC than those of either single mutant. fanca/fancc double mutants had no evidence for an additive phenotype at the cellular or organismal level. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model where both FANCA and FANCC are part of a multi-protein nuclear FA complex with identical function in cellular responses to DNA damage and germ cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Noll
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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21
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Hanenberg H, Batish SD, Pollok KE, Vieten L, Verlander PC, Leurs C, Cooper RJ, Göttsche K, Haneline L, Clapp DW, Lobitz S, Williams DA, Auerbach AD. Phenotypic correction of primary Fanconi anemia T cells with retroviral vectors as a diagnostic tool. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:410-20. [PMID: 12031647 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a rapid laboratory procedure that is capable of subtyping Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation groups FA-A, FA-C, FA-G, and FA-nonACG patients from a small amount of peripheral blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this test, primary peripheral blood-derived FA T cells were transduced with oncoretroviral vectors that expressed FANCA, FANCC, or FANCG cDNA. We achieved a high efficiency of gene transfer into primary FA T cells by using the fibronectin fragment CH296 during transduction. Transduced cells were analyzed for correction of the characteristic DNA cross-linker hypersensitivity by cell survival or by metaphase analyses. RESULTS Retroviral vectors containing the cDNA for FA-A, FA-C, and FA-G, the most frequent complementation groups in North America, allowed rapid identification of the defective gene by complementation of primary T cells from 12 FA patients. CONCLUSION Phenotypic correction of FA T cells using retroviral vectors can be used successfully to determine the FA complementation group immediately after diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hanenberg
- Klinik für Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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D'Andrea AD, Dahl N, Guinan EC, Shimamura A. Marrow failure. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2002; 2002:58-72. [PMID: 12446419 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the clinical presentation and molecular basis of two inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, Fanconi anemia (FA), and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). It also provides an update on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to bone marrow failure of all types (inherited and acquired) in pediatric patients. In Section I, Dr. Alan D'Andrea reviews the wide range of clinical manifestations of Fanconi anemia. Significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of FA. On the basis of these advances, new diagnostic assays and treatment options are now available. In Section II, Dr. Niklas Dahl examines the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. The possible links between the RPS19 gene (DBA gene) and the erythropoiesis defect are considered. In Section III, Drs. Eva Guinan and Akiko Shimamura provide an algorithm for the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of children with inherited or acquired aplastic anemia. Through the presentation of a case study of a pediatric patient with bone marrow failure, he provides an overview of the newest tests and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D D'Andrea
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatrics Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Akkari YM, Bateman RL, Reifsteck CA, D'Andrea AD, Olson SB, Grompe M. The 4N cell cycle delay in Fanconi anemia reflects growth arrest in late S phase. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:403-12. [PMID: 11749045 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disorder characterized by hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Its cellular phenotypes include increased chromosome breakage and a marked cell-cycle delay with 4N DNA content after introduction of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICL). To further understand the nature of this delay previously described as a G2/M arrest, we introduced ICL specifically during G2 and monitored the cells for passage into mitosis. Our results showed that, even at the highest doses, postreplication ICL produced neither G2/M arrest nor chromosome breakage in FA-A or FA-C cells. This suggests that, similar to wild-type cells, DNA replication is required to trigger both responses. Therefore, the 4N cell DNA content observed in FA cells after ICL treatment also represents incomplete DNA replication and arrest in late S phase. FA fibroblasts from complementation groups A and C were able to recover from the ICL-induced cell-cycle arrest, but took approximately 3 times longer than controls. These results indicate that the FA pathway is required for the efficient resolution of ICL-induced S-phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Akkari
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L103, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
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24
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Siddique MA, Nakanishi K, Taniguchi T, Grompe M, D'Andrea AD. Function of the Fanconi anemia pathway in Fanconi anemia complementation group F and D1 cells. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1448-55. [PMID: 11750104 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cellular sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). FA has at least eight complementation groups (A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G), and six of the FA genes have been cloned. Several FA proteins, including FANCA, FANCC, FANCF, and FANCG, interact in a nuclear complex, and this complex is required for the activation (monoubiquitination) of the downstream FANCD2 protein. Activation of FANCD2 results in the assembly of FANCD2/BRCA1 foci. The aim of this study was to analyze the FA pathway in several FA patient-derived cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated an antibody to FANCF and analyzed FANCF expression in human lymphoblasts corresponding to all known FA subtypes. We systematically analyzed the FA pathway (FANCD2 monoubiquitination and assembly of FANCD2 nuclear foci) in patient-derived FA-F and FA-D1 cell lines. RESULTS FANCF protein expression is normal in cells derived from all FA complementation groups except FA-F and does not vary during cell cycle progression. FANCF, but not FANCD2, is a component of the nuclear FA protein complex and appears to stabilize other subunits of the complex. FANCF is required for the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein following ionizing radiation. FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated in FA-D1 cells, even though these cells are highly sensitive to MMC. CONCLUSIONS The recently cloned FANCF protein is required for FANCD2 activation, and the yet uncloned FANCD1 protein functions further downstream or independently of the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Siddique
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., 02115, USA
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25
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Nakanishi K, Moran A, Hays T, Kuang Y, Fox E, Garneau D, Montes de Oca R, Grompe M, D'Andrea AD. Functional analysis of patient-derived mutations in the Fanconi anemia gene, FANCG/XRCC9. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:842-9. [PMID: 11438206 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with seven complementation groups. Six of the FA genes have been cloned (corresponding to subtypes A, C, D2, E, F, and G) and the encoded proteins interact in a common pathway. Patient-derived mutations in FA genes have been helpful in delineating functional domains of FA proteins. The purpose of this work was to subtype FA patient-derived cell lines in our repository and to identify FA gene mutations. METHODS We subtyped 62 FA patients as type A, G, C, or non-ACG by using a combination of retroviral gene transfer and immunoblot analysis. Among these FA patients, we identified six FA-G patients for further analysis. We used a strategy involving amplification of FANCG/XRCC9 exons and direct sequencing to identify novel FANCG mutations in cell lines derived from these FA-G patients. We functionally analyzed FANCG mutant alleles by transducing the corresponding cDNAs into a known FA-G indicator cell line and scoring correction of MMC sensitivity. RESULTS Our results demonstrate a wide range of mutations in the FANCG gene (splice, nonsense, and missense mutations). Based on this mutational screen, a carboxy terminal functional domain of the FANCG protein appears to be required for complementation of FA-G cells and for normal assembly of the FANCA/FANCG/FANCC protein complex. CONCLUSION The identification of patient-derived mutant alleles of FA genes can provide important insights to the function of FA proteins. FA subtyping is also a necessary precondition for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Marcou Y, D'Andrea A, Jeggo PA, Plowman PN. Normal cellular radiosensitivity in an adult Fanconi anaemia patient with marked clinical radiosensitivity. Radiother Oncol 2001; 60:75-9. [PMID: 11410307 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(01)00370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anaemia is a rare disease associated with cellular sensitivity to chemicals (e.g. mitomycin C and diepoxybutane); variable but mild cellular radiosensitivity has also been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 32-year-old patient with Fanconi anaemia and tonsillar carcinoma, treated by radiotherapy, was found to exhibit profound clinical radiosensitivity. Confluent, ulcerating oropharyngeal mucositis developed after a conventionally fractionated dose of 34Gy and healing was incomplete by 2 months after cessation of therapy. RESULTS Cellular radiosensitivity assays and RPLD studies from this patient did not suggest any major detectable radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION There is a discrepancy between the observed clinical radiosensitivity and the usual "predictive" radiosensitivity assays in this patient with Fanconi anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Marcou
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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27
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Qiao F, Moss A, Kupfer GM. Fanconi anemia proteins localize to chromatin and the nuclear matrix in a DNA damage- and cell cycle-regulated manner. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23391-6. [PMID: 11297559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101855200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by congenital defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. Cells from patients with FA exhibit genomic instability and hypersensitivity to DNA cross linking agents such as mitomycin C. Despite the identification of seven complementation groups and the cloning of six genes, the function of the encoded gene products remains elusive. The FancA (Fanconi anemia complementation group A), FancC, and FancG proteins have been detected within a nuclear complex, but no change in level, binding, or localization has been reported as a result of drug treatment or cell cycle. We show that in immunofluorescence studies, FancA appears as a non-nucleolar nuclear protein that is excluded from condensed, mitotic chromosomes. Biochemical fractionation reveals that the FA proteins are found in nuclear matrix and chromatin and that treatment with mitomycin C results in increase of the FA proteins in nuclear matrix and chromatin fractions. This induction occurs in wild-type cells and mutant FA-D (Fanconi complementation group D) cells but not in mutant FA-A cells. Immunoprecipitation of FancA protein in chromatin demonstrates the coprecipitation of FancA, FancC, and FancG, showing that the FA proteins move together as a complex. Also, fractionation of mitotic cells confirms the lack of FA proteins in chromatin or the nuclear matrix. Furthermore, phosphorylation of FancG was found to be temporally correlated with exit of the FA complex from chromosomes at mitosis. Taken together, these findings suggest a role for FA proteins in chromatin and nuclear matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qiao
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia and the University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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28
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Abstract
The past few years have witnessed a considerable expansion in our understanding of the pathways that maintain chromosome stability in dividing cells through the identification of genes that are mutated in certain human chromosome instability disorders. Cells that are derived from patients with Fanconi anaemia (FA) show spontaneous chromosomal instability and mutagen hypersensitivity, but FA poses a unique challenge as the nature of the DNA-damage-response pathway thought to be affected by the disease has long been a mystery. However, the recent cloning of most of the FA-associated genes, and the characterization of their protein products, has provided tantalizing clues as to the molecular basis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Joenje
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Human Genetics, and Oncology Research Institute, Free University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Timmers C, Taniguchi T, Hejna J, Reifsteck C, Lucas L, Bruun D, Thayer M, Cox B, Olson S, D'Andrea AD, Moses R, Grompe M. Positional cloning of a novel Fanconi anemia gene, FANCD2. Mol Cell 2001; 7:241-8. [PMID: 11239453 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease with birth defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. To date, genes for five of the seven known complementation groups have been cloned. Complementation group D is heterogeneous, consisting of two distinct genes, FANCD1 and FANCD2. Here we report the positional cloning of FANCD2. The gene consists of 44 exons, encodes a novel 1451 amino acid nuclear protein, and has two protein isoforms. Similar to other FA proteins, the FANCD2 protein has no known functional domains, but unlike other known FA genes, FANCD2 is highly conserved in A. thaliana, C. elegans, and Drosophila. Retroviral transduction of the cloned FANCD2 cDNA into FA-D2 cells resulted in functional complementation of MMC sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Timmers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Noll M, Bateman RL, D'Andrea AD, Grompe M. Preclinical protocol for in vivo selection of hematopoietic stem cells corrected by gene therapy in Fanconi anemia group C. Mol Ther 2001; 3:14-23. [PMID: 11162306 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by birth defects, increased incidence of malignancy, progressive bone marrow failure, and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents. Bone marrow transplantation is therapeutic and therefore FA is a candidate disease for hematopoietic gene therapy. We have previously used mitomycin C (MMC) to achieve in vivo selection of wild-type hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) transplanted into FANCC knockout mice. However, clinical application of MMC in human FA gene therapy is unlikely because of its unknown toxicity profile in human FA patients. In contrast, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and gamma-irradiation (IR) are already in use with human FA patients and we therefore tested these regimens for their ability to achieve selection of genetically corrected HSCs in vivo. We found that nonmyeloablative doses of CPA or IR or combinations of CPA + IR were highly efficient at achieving in vivo selection of transplanted wild-type HSC. Furthermore, this nontoxic regimen also selected FANCC-mutant HSC corrected by ex vivo retroviral gene therapy. We suggest those nontoxic doses of CPA and/or IR could also be used to enhance gene therapy in human FA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noll
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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The Fanconi anemia proteins FANCA and FANCG stabilize each other and promote the nuclear accumulation of the Fanconi anemia complex. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3224.h8003224_3224_3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with 8 complementation groups. Four of the FA genes have been cloned, and at least 3 of the encoded proteins, FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG/XRCC9, interact in a multisubunit protein complex. The FANCG protein binds directly to the amino terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of FANCA, suggesting that FANCG plays a role in regulating FANCA nuclear accumulation. In the current study the functional consequences of FANCG/FANCA binding were examined. Correction of an FA-G cell line with the FANCG complementary DNA (cDNA) resulted in FANCA/FANCG binding, prolongation of the cellular half-life of FANCA, and an increase in the nuclear accumulation of the FA protein complex. Similar results were obtained upon correction of an FA-A cell line, with a reciprocal increase in the half-life of FANCG. Patient-derived mutant forms of FANCA, containing an intact NLS sequence but point mutations in the carboxy-terminal leucine zipper region, bound FANCG in the cytoplasm. The mutant forms failed to translocate to the nucleus of transduced cells, thereby suggesting a model of coordinated binding and nuclear translocation. These results demonstrate that the FANCA/FANCG interaction is required to maintain the cellular levels of both proteins. Moreover, at least one function of FANCG and FANCA is to regulate the nuclear accumulation of the FA protein complex. Failure to accumulate the nuclear FA protein complex results in the characteristic spectrum of clinical and cellular abnormalities observed in FA.
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The Fanconi anemia proteins FANCA and FANCG stabilize each other and promote the nuclear accumulation of the Fanconi anemia complex. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with 8 complementation groups. Four of the FA genes have been cloned, and at least 3 of the encoded proteins, FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG/XRCC9, interact in a multisubunit protein complex. The FANCG protein binds directly to the amino terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of FANCA, suggesting that FANCG plays a role in regulating FANCA nuclear accumulation. In the current study the functional consequences of FANCG/FANCA binding were examined. Correction of an FA-G cell line with the FANCG complementary DNA (cDNA) resulted in FANCA/FANCG binding, prolongation of the cellular half-life of FANCA, and an increase in the nuclear accumulation of the FA protein complex. Similar results were obtained upon correction of an FA-A cell line, with a reciprocal increase in the half-life of FANCG. Patient-derived mutant forms of FANCA, containing an intact NLS sequence but point mutations in the carboxy-terminal leucine zipper region, bound FANCG in the cytoplasm. The mutant forms failed to translocate to the nucleus of transduced cells, thereby suggesting a model of coordinated binding and nuclear translocation. These results demonstrate that the FANCA/FANCG interaction is required to maintain the cellular levels of both proteins. Moreover, at least one function of FANCG and FANCA is to regulate the nuclear accumulation of the FA protein complex. Failure to accumulate the nuclear FA protein complex results in the characteristic spectrum of clinical and cellular abnormalities observed in FA.
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Carboxy terminal region of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCG/XRCC9, is required for functional activity. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1625.h8001625a_1625_1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with eight complementation groups. Four of the FA genes have been cloned, and at least three of the encoded proteins, FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG/XRCC9, interact in a nuclear complex, required for the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. In the current study, mutant forms of the FANCA and FANCG proteins have been generated and analyzed with respect to protein complex formation, nuclear translocation, and functional activity. The results demonstrate that the amino terminal two-thirds of FANCG (FANCG amino acids 1-428) binds to the amino terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the FANCA protein. On the basis of 2-hybrid analysis, the FANCA/FANCG binding is a direct protein-protein interaction. Interestingly, a truncated mutant form of the FANCG protein, lacking the carboxy terminus, binds in a complex with FANCA and translocates to the nucleus; however, this mutant protein fails to bind to FANCC and fails to correct the mitomycin C sensitivity of an FA-G cell line. Taken together, these results demonstrate that binding of FANCG to the amino terminal FANCA NLS sequence is necessary but not sufficient for the functional activity of FANCG. Additional amino acid sequences at the carboxy terminus of FANCG are required for the binding of FANCC in the complex.
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35
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Carboxy terminal region of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCG/XRCC9, is required for functional activity. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with eight complementation groups. Four of the FA genes have been cloned, and at least three of the encoded proteins, FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG/XRCC9, interact in a nuclear complex, required for the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. In the current study, mutant forms of the FANCA and FANCG proteins have been generated and analyzed with respect to protein complex formation, nuclear translocation, and functional activity. The results demonstrate that the amino terminal two-thirds of FANCG (FANCG amino acids 1-428) binds to the amino terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the FANCA protein. On the basis of 2-hybrid analysis, the FANCA/FANCG binding is a direct protein-protein interaction. Interestingly, a truncated mutant form of the FANCG protein, lacking the carboxy terminus, binds in a complex with FANCA and translocates to the nucleus; however, this mutant protein fails to bind to FANCC and fails to correct the mitomycin C sensitivity of an FA-G cell line. Taken together, these results demonstrate that binding of FANCG to the amino terminal FANCA NLS sequence is necessary but not sufficient for the functional activity of FANCG. Additional amino acid sequences at the carboxy terminus of FANCG are required for the binding of FANCC in the complex.
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Joenje H, Levitus M, Waisfisz Q, D'Andrea A, Garcia-Higuera I, Pearson T, van Berkel CG, Rooimans MA, Morgan N, Mathew CG, Arwert F. Complementation analysis in Fanconi anemia: assignment of the reference FA-H patient to group A. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:759-62. [PMID: 10936108 PMCID: PMC1287536 DOI: 10.1086/303067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1999] [Accepted: 06/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with diverse clinical symptoms and extensive genetic heterogeneity. Of eight FA genes that have been implicated on the basis of complementation studies, four have been identified and two have been mapped to different loci; the status of the genes supposed to be defective in groups B and H is uncertain. Here we present evidence indicating that the patient who has been the sole representative of the eighth complementation group (FA-H) in fact belongs to group FA-A. Previous exclusion from group A was apparently based on phenotypic reversion to wild-type rather than on genuine complementation in fusion hybrids. To avoid the pitfall of reversion, future assignment of patients with FA to new complementation groups should conform with more-stringent criteria. A new group should be based on at least two patients with FA whose cell lines are excluded from all known groups and that fail to complement each other in fusion hybrids, or, if only one such cell line were available, on a new complementing gene that carries pathogenic mutations in this cell line. On the basis of these criteria, the current number of complementation groups in FA is seven.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Joenje
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Human Genetics, Free University Medical Center, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.joenje.
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Garcia-Higuera I, Kuang Y, Näf D, Wasik J, D'Andrea AD. Fanconi anemia proteins FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG/XRCC9 interact in a functional nuclear complex. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:4866-73. [PMID: 10373536 PMCID: PMC84285 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.7.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with at least eight complementation groups (A to H). Three FA genes, corresponding to complementation groups A, C, and G, have been cloned, but their cellular function remains unknown. We have previously demonstrated that the FANCA and FANCC proteins interact and form a nuclear complex in normal cells, suggesting that the proteins cooperate in a nuclear function. In this report, we demonstrate that the recently cloned FANCG/XRCC9 protein is required for binding of the FANCA and FANCC proteins. Moreover, the FANCG protein is a component of a nuclear protein complex containing FANCA and FANCC. The amino-terminal region of the FANCA protein is required for FANCG binding, FANCC binding, nuclear localization, and functional activity of the complex. Our results demonstrate that the three cloned FA proteins cooperate in a large multisubunit complex. Disruption of this complex results in the specific cellular and clinical phenotype common to most FA complementation groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Higuera
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kupfer G, Naf D, Garcia-Higuera I, Wasik J, Cheng A, Yamashita T, Tipping A, Morgan N, Mathew CG, D'Andrea AD. A patient-derived mutant form of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCA, is defective in nuclear accumulation. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:587-93. [PMID: 10210316 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with at least eight complementation groups (A-H). Three FA genes, corresponding to complementation groups A, C, and G, have been cloned, but the function of the encoded FA proteins remains unknown. We recently demonstrated that the FANCA and FANCC proteins bind and form a nuclear complex. In the current study, we identified a homozygous mutation in the FANCA gene (3329A>C) in an Egyptian FA patient from a consanguineous family. This mutant FANCA allele is predicted to encode a mutant FANCA protein, FANCA(H1110P), in which histidine 1110 is changed to proline. Initially, we characterized the FANCA(H1110P) protein, expressed in an Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized lymphoblast line derived from the patient. Unlike wild-type FANCA protein expressed in normal lymphoblasts, FANCA(H1110P) was not phosphorylated and failed to bind to FANCC. To test directly the effect of this mutation on FANCA function, we used retroviral-mediated transduction to express either wild-type FANCA or FANCA(H1110P) protein in the FA-A fibroblast line, GM6914. Unlike wild-type FANCA, the mutant protein failed to complement the mitomycin C sensitivity of these cells. In addition, the FANCA(H1110P) protein was defective in nuclear accumulation in the transduced cells. The characteristics of this mutant protein underscore the importance of FANCA phosphorylation, FANCA/FANCC binding, and nuclear accumulation in the function of the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kupfer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The mean age of onset of anemia is 8 years, and the mean survival is 16 years. Death usually results from complications of bone marrow failure. Considerable progress in Fanconi anemia research has resulted from the recent identification and cloning of three Fanconi anemia genes. The current review describes the structure and function of the Fanconi anemia genes and describes the role of the encoded Fanconi anemia proteins in a cellular pathway controlling chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Higuera
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yamashita T, Kupfer GM, Naf D, Suliman A, Joenje H, Asano S, D'Andrea AD. The fanconi anemia pathway requires FAA phosphorylation and FAA/FAC nuclear accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13085-90. [PMID: 9789045 PMCID: PMC23717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with at least eight complementation groups (A-H). Two FA genes, corresponding to complementation groups A and C, have been cloned, but the function of the FAA and FAC proteins remains unknown. We have recently shown that the FAA and FAC proteins bind and form a nuclear complex. In the current study, we analyzed the FAA and FAC proteins in normal lymphoblasts and lymphoblasts from multiple FA complementation groups. In contrast to normal controls, FA cells derived from groups A, B, C, E, F, G, and H were defective in the formation of the FAA/FAC protein complex, the phosphorylation of the FAA protein, and the accumulation of the FAA/FAC protein complex in the nucleus. These biochemical events seem to define a signaling pathway required for the maintenance of genomic stability and normal hematopoiesis. Our results support the idea that multiple gene products cooperate in the FA Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamashita
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108, Japan
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