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Development of a novel strategy to target CD39 antithrombotic activity to the endothelial-platelet microenvironment in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:259-265. [PMID: 28343356 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is common during transplantation. IRI is characterised by inflammation and thrombosis and associated with acute and chronic graft dysfunction. P-selectin and its ligand PSGL-1 are cell adhesion molecules that control leukocyte-endothelial and leukocyte-platelet interactions under inflammatory conditions. CD39 is the dominant vascular nucleotidase that facilitates adenosine generation via extracellular ATP/ADP-phosphohydrolysis. Adenosine signalling is protective in renal IRI, but CD39 catalytic activity is lost with exposure to oxidant stress. We designed a P-selectin targeted CD39 molecule (rsol.CD39-PSGL-1) consisting of recombinant soluble CD39 that incorporates 20 residues of PSGL-1 that bind P-selectin. We hypothesised that rsol.CD39-PSGL-1 would maintain endothelial integrity by focusing the ectonucleotidase platelet-inhibitory activity and reducing leukocyte adhesion at the injury site. The rsol.CD39-PSGL-1 displayed ADPase activity and inhibited platelet aggregation ex vivo, as well as bound with high specificity to soluble P-selectin and platelet surface P-selectin. Importantly, mice injected with rsol.CD39-PSGL-1 and subjected to renal IRI showed significantly less kidney damage both biochemically and histologically, compared to those injected with solCD39. Furthermore, the equivalent dose of rsol.CD39-PSGL-1 had no effect on tail template bleeding times. Hence, targeting recombinant CD39 to the injured vessel wall via PSGL-1 binding resulted in substantial preservation of renal function and morphology after IRI without toxicity. These studies indicate potential translational importance to clinical transplantation and nephrology.
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Hohmann JD, Peter K. Activated-platelet targeting of CD39 as a potential way forward. The quest for efficient antithrombotic therapy without associated bleeding complications. Hamostaseologie 2015; 36:17-25. [PMID: 26328528 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-12-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antiplatelet therapy is given to millions of patients and has saved numerous lives. However, it is also associated with complications including fatal bleedings. Clinically used antiplatelet drugs seem to follow the rule of an inherent link of improved anti-thrombotic potency with increased risk of bleeding complications. Therefore, there is an ongoing quest to develop drugs that are able to break this link that has prevented many patients from receiving antiplatelet protection and has resulted in substantial mortality and morbidity. We describe a new antiplatelet approach that is based on an recombinant antibody protein, a drug format that has recently attracted major interest. Two unique components are genetically combined in this molecule: 1) The ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase NTPDase CD39, which enzymatically degrades ATP and ADP to AMP, which is then further degraded to adenosine by the endothelially expressed CD73. Thereby, the platelet activating ADP is reduced and replaced by the platelet inhibiting adenosine resulting in a strong antiplatelet effect. 2) A single-chain antibody (scFv) that specifically binds to the activated GPIIb/IIIa receptor and thus allows targeting to activated platelets. The described fusion protein results in strong enrichment of CD39's antiplatelet effect, resulting in potent inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation and thrombosis in mice. The activated platelet targeting allows using a low systemic concentration that does not interfere with normal haemostasis and thus does not cause bleeding time prolongation in mice. CONCLUSION We describe a new antiplatelet approach that promises to deliver strong localized antithrombotic effects without associated bleeding problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Peter
- Prof. Karlheinz Peter, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Road Central, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia,
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Iwase H, Ezzelarab MB, Ekser B, Cooper DKC. The role of platelets in coagulation dysfunction in xenotransplantation, and therapeutic options. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:201-20. [PMID: 24571124 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation could resolve the increasing discrepancy between the availability of deceased human donor organs and the demand for transplantation. Most advances in this field have resulted from the introduction of genetically engineered pigs, e.g., α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs transgenic for one or more human complement-regulatory proteins (e.g., CD55, CD46, CD59). Failure of these grafts has not been associated with the classical features of acute humoral xenograft rejection, but with the development of thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft and/or consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. Although the precise mechanisms of coagulation dysregulation remain unclear, molecular incompatibilities between primate coagulation factors and pig natural anticoagulants exacerbate the thrombotic state within the xenograft vasculature. Platelets play a crucial role in thrombosis and contribute to the coagulation disorder in xenotransplantation. They are therefore important targets if this barrier is to be overcome. Further genetic manipulation of the organ-source pigs, such as pigs that express one or more coagulation-regulatory genes (e.g., thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39), is anticipated to inhibit platelet activation and the generation of thrombus. In addition, adjunctive pharmacologic anti-platelet therapy may be required. The genetic manipulations that are currently being tested are reviewed, as are the potential pharmacologic agents that may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ezzelarab MB, Liu YW, Lin CC, Long C, Ayares D, Dorling A, Cooper DKC. Role of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 interaction in the induction of tissue factor expression on human platelets after incubation with porcine aortic endothelial cells. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Yueh Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaoksiung Taiwan
| | - Chih Che Lin
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaoksiung Taiwan
| | - Cassandra Long
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Anthony Dorling
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology; MRC Centre for Transplantation; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; London UK
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Ectonucleotidases in solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:208204. [PMID: 23125523 PMCID: PMC3482062 DOI: 10.1155/2012/208204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are ubiquitous signalling molecules which modulate distinct physiological and pathological processes. Nucleotide concentrations in the extracellular space are strictly regulated by cell surface enzymes, called ectonucleotidases, which hydrolyze nucleotides to the respective nucleosides. Recent studies suggest that ectonucleotidases play a significant role in inflammation by adjusting the balance between ATP, a widely distributed proinflammatory danger signal, and the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. There is increasing evidence for a central role of adenosine in alloantigen-mediated diseases such as solid organ graft rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation are established treatment modalities for a broad spectrum of benign and malignant diseases. Immunological complications based on the recognition of nonself-antigens between donor and recipient like transplant rejection and GvHD are still major challenges which limit the long-term success of transplantation. Studies in the past two decades indicate that purinergic signalling influences the severity of alloimmune responses. This paper focuses on the impact of ectonucleotidases, in particular, NTPDase1/CD39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, on allograft rejection, acute GvHD, and graft-versus-leukemia effect, and on possible clinical implications for the modulation of purinergic signalling after transplantation.
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Schmelzle M, Cowan PJ, Robson SC. Which anti-platelet therapies might be beneficial in xenotransplantation? Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:79-87. [PMID: 21496115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation could provide an unlimited and elective supply of grafts, once mechanisms of graft loss and vascular injury are better understood. The development of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GalT-KO) swine with the removal of a dominant xeno-antigen has been an important advance; however, delayed xenograft and acute vascular reaction in GalT-KO animals persist. These occur, at least in part, because of humoral reactions that result in vascular injury. Intrinsic molecular incompatibilities in the regulation of blood clotting and extracellular nucleotide homeostasis between discordant species may also predispose to thrombophilia within the vasculature of xenografts. Although limited benefits have been achieved with currently available pharmacological anti-thrombotics and anti-coagulants, the highly complex mechanisms of platelet activation and thrombosis in xenograft rejection also require potent immunosuppressive interventions. We will focus on recent thromboregulatory approaches while elucidating appropriate anti-platelet mechanisms. We will discuss potential benefits of additional anti-thrombotic interventions that are possible in transgenic swine and review recent developments in pharmacological anti-platelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schmelzle
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Liver damage and systemic inflammatory responses are exacerbated by the genetic deletion of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:427-34. [PMID: 21656186 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with both local damage to the hepatic vasculature and systemic inflammatory responses. CD39 is the dominant vascular endothelial cell ectonucleotidase and rapidly hydrolyses both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate to adenosine monophosphate. These biochemical properties, in tandem with 5'-nucleotidases, generate adenosine and potentially illicit inflammatory vascular responses and thrombosis. We have evaluated the role of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Wildtype mice, Cd39-hemizygous mice (+/-) and matched Cd39-null mice (-/-); (n = 25 per group) underwent 45 min of total warm ischemia with full inflow occlusion necessitating partial hepatectomy. Soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDases) or adenosine/amrinone were administered to wildtype (n = 6) and Cd39-null mice (n = 6) in order to study protective effects in vivo. Parameters of liver injury, systemic inflammation, hepatic ATP determinations by P(31)-NMR and parameters of lung injury were obtained. All wildtype mice survived up to 7 days with minimal biochemical disturbances and minor evidence for injury. In contrast, 64% of Cd39+/- and 84% of Cd39-null mice required euthanasia or died within 4 h post-reperfusion with liver damage and systemic inflammation associated with hypercytokinemia. Hepatic ATP depletion was pronounced in Cd39-null mice posthepatic IRI. Soluble NTPDase or adenosine administration protected Cd39-deficient mice from acute reperfusion injury. We conclude that CD39 is protective in hepatic IRI preventing local injury and systemic inflammation in an adenosine dependent manner. Our data indicate that vascular CD39 expression has an essential protective role in hepatic IRI.
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Böhmer AE, Brum LMP, Souza DG, Corrêa AMR, Oses JP, Viola GG, Saraiva PJ, Driemeier D, Portela LV, Souza DO. Chronic treatment with cyclosporine affects systemic purinergic parameters, homocysteine levels and vascular disturbances in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:15-20. [PMID: 20599430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among transplanted recipients and cyclosporine (CsA) treatment has been consistently implicated in this event. In this study we assessed total blood homocysteine levels (tHcy), ecto-nucleotidase activities and adenine nucleotide/nucleoside levels searching for parameters related to the mechanisms of vascular damage induced by chronic CsA treatment in non-transplanted rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided in three groups: control group treated with corn oil, CsA 5mg/kg and CsA 15 mg/kg, administered by daily gastric gavage during 8 weeks. CsA 15 mg/kg treatment increased blood levels of tHcy. Both CsA treatments (5mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) decreased adenine nucleotides hydrolysis by ecto-nucleotidases in serum, which negatively correlated with tHcy levels (r: -0.74, r: -0.63 and r: -0.63, p<0.004, for ATP, ADP and AMP, respectively). CsA 15mg/kg induced a statistically significant increase in ADP and decrease in adenosine (ADO) plasma levels compared to control group. THcy levels were positively correlated with plasma ADP levels and negatively correlated with ADO levels (r: 0.84, p<0.0001 and r: -0.68, p<0.0001, respectively). Rats under CsA 15 mg/kg treatment presented cell injury and inflammatory responses in the endothelium and intima layer of the aorta artery. In conclusion, blood ecto-nucleotidases activity, tHcy, and ADP and ADO levels may be implicated in vascular injury induced by CsA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
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Miyagawa S, Yamamoto A, Matsunami K, Wang D, Takama Y, Ueno T, Okabe M, Nagashima H, Fukuzawa M. Complement regulation in the GalT KO era. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:11-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Shirley DG, Vekaria RM, Sévigny J. Ectonucleotidases in the kidney. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:501-11. [PMID: 19333785 PMCID: PMC2776140 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of all four families of ectonucleotidases, namely ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs), ecto-5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatases, have been identified in the renal vasculature and/or tubular structures. In rats and mice, NTPDase1, which hydrolyses ATP through to AMP, is prominent throughout most of the renal vasculature and is also present in the thin ascending limb of Henle and medullary collecting duct. NTPDase2 and NTPDase3, which both prefer ATP over ADP as a substrate, are found in most nephron segments beyond the proximal tubule. NPPs catalyse not only the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP, but also of diadenosine polyphosphates. NPP1 has been identified in proximal and distal tubules of the mouse, while NPP3 is expressed in the rat glomerulus and pars recta, but not in more distal segments. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase, which catalyses the conversion of AMP to adenosine, is found in apical membranes of rat proximal convoluted tubule and intercalated cells of the distal nephron, as well as in the peritubular space. Finally, an alkaline phosphatase, which can theoretically catalyse the entire hydrolysis chain from nucleoside triphosphate to nucleoside, has been identified in apical membranes of rat proximal tubules; however, this enzyme exhibits relatively high K (m) values for adenine nucleotides. Although information on renal ectonucleotidases is still incomplete, the enzymes' varied distribution in the vasculature and along the nephron suggests that they can profoundly influence purinoceptor activity through the hydrolysis, and generation, of agonists of the various purinoceptor subtypes. This review provides an update on renal ectonucleotidases and speculates on the functional significance of these enzymes in terms of glomerular and tubular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Shirley
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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12
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Lin CC, Cooper DKC, Dorling A. Coagulation dysregulation as a barrier to xenotransplantation in the primate. Transpl Immunol 2008; 21:75-80. [PMID: 19000927 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability to generate pigs expressing a human complement regulatory protein (hCRP) and/or pigs in which the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene has been knocked out (GT-KO) has largely overcome the barrier of hyperacute rejection of a pig organ transplanted into a primate. However, acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR), presenting as microvascular thrombosis and/or consumptive coagulopathy, remains a major hurdle to successful xenotransplantation. This review summarizes recent studies of the coagulation problems associated with xenotransplantation, and discusses potential strategies to overcome them. RECENT PROGRESS Organ transplantation into nonhuman primates from GT-KO pigs that express a hCRP are not susceptible to hyperacute rejection. Nevertheless, most recipients of GT-KO and/or hCRP transgenic pig organs develop a consumptive coagulopathy, even when the graft remains functioning. This is associated with platelet aggregation, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and a tendency to bleed. Whilst this may reflect an ongoing immune response against the graft, (as exposure to anti-nonGal antibodies in vitro induces procoagulant changes in porcine ECs, even in the absence of complement), histological examination of the graft often shows only minimal features of immune injury, unlike grafts undergoing typical AHXR. Importantly, recent in vitro studies have indicated that the coincubation of porcine endothelial cells (ECs) with human platelets activates the platelets to express tissue factor, independent of a humoral immune response. These observations suggest that the use of organs from GT-KO pigs that express a hCRP may not be sufficient to prevent the development of a coagulation disorder following xenotransplantation, even if complete immunological tolerance can be achieved. SUMMARY Both thrombotic microangiopathy and systemic consumptive coagulopathy are increasingly recognized as barriers to successful xenotransplantation. The breeding of transgenic pigs with one or more human anticoagulant genes, such as CD39 or tissue factor pathway inhibitor, is anticipated to inhibit the procoagulant changes that take place on the graft ECs, and thus may prevent or reduce platelet activation that arises as a result of immune-mediated injury. The identification of the molecular mechanisms that develop between porcine ECs and human platelets may allow pharmacological approaches to be determined that inhibit the development of thrombotic microangiopathy and consumptive coagulopathy. Hopefully, further genetic modification of the organ-source pigs, combined with systemic drug therapy to the recipient, will prolong graft survival further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Che Lin
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Hypoxia is common to several inflammatory diseases, where multiple cell types release adenine-nucleotides (particularly adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate). Adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate is metabolized to adenosine through a 2-step enzymatic reaction initiated by CD39 (ectonucleoside-triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase-1). Thus, extracellular adenosine becomes available to regulate multiple inflammatory endpoints. Here, we hypothesized that hypoxia transcriptionally up-regulates CD39 expression. Initial studies revealed hypoxia-dependent increases in CD39 mRNA and immunoreactivity on endothelia. Examination of the human CD39 gene promoter identified a region important in hypoxia inducibility. Multiple levels of analysis, including site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and inhibition by antisense, revealed a critical role for transcription-factor Sp1 in hypoxia-induction of CD39. Using a combination of cd39(-/-) mice and Sp1 small interfering RNA in in vivo cardiac ischemia models revealed Sp1-mediated induction of cardiac CD39 during myocardial ischemia. In summary, these results identify a novel Sp1-dependent regulatory pathway for CD39 and indicate the likelihood that CD39 is central to protective responses to hypoxia/ischemia.
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Koziak K, Bojakowska M, Robson S, Bojakowski K, Soin J, Csizmadia E, Religa P, Gaciong Z, Kaczmarek E. Overexpression of CD39/nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 decreases smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevents neointima formation after angioplasty. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1191-7. [PMID: 18485080 PMCID: PMC2761653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence implicates the involvement of extracellular nucleotides in the regulation of platelet, leukocyte, endothelial cell (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and function. Within the quiescent vasculature, extracellular nucleotides are rapidly hydrolyzed by CD39, the dominant endothelial nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase-1). However, vascular CD39/NTPDase-1 activity is lost in EC activated by oxidative stress or proinflammatory mediators, and upon denudation of the endothelium following balloon injury. The consequent increase in extracellular nucleotide concentrations triggers signaling events leading to prothrombotic responses and increased VSMC proliferation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of overexpressed CD39/NTPDase-1 in injured aorta. METHODS Using adenoviral-mediated gene transfer we expressed CD39/NTPDase-1 in mechanically denudated rat aortas. We measured intima formation by morphometry and VSMC proliferation by the [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. RESULTS Targeted expression of CD39 in injured vessels increased NTPDase activity (from 2.91 +/- 0.31 to 22.07 +/- 6.7 nmols Pi mg(-1) protein, 4 days after exposure to the adenovirus) and prevented the formation of neointima. The thickness of the intimal layer in injured aortas exposed to Ad-CD39 was 26.2 +/- 3.9 microm vs. 51.8 +/- 6.1 microm and 64.4 +/- 22.2 microm (P < 0.001) in vessels treated with Ad-beta-gal and saline, respectively. Moreover, targeted expression of CD39/NTPDase-1 caused a 70% (P < 0.01) decrease in proliferation of VSMC isolated from transduced rat aortas as compared with VSMC derived from control vessels. CONCLUSIONS The presented data suggest that increasing CD39/NTPDase-1 activity in VSMC could represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of stenosis associated with angioplasty and other occlusive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Koziak
- Department of General and Nutritional Biochemistry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Bojakowska
- 2 Department of General, Vascular and Oncological Surgery, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S.C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K. Bojakowski
- 2 Department of General, Vascular and Oncological Surgery, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Soin
- Department of General and Nutritional Biochemistry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Religa
- Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z. Gaciong
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Kaczmarek
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Köhler D, Eckle T, Faigle M, Grenz A, Mittelbronn M, Laucher S, Hart ML, Robson SC, Müller CE, Eltzschig HK. CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 provides myocardial protection during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 2007; 116:1784-94. [PMID: 17909107 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.690180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular adenosine, generated from extracellular nucleotides via ectonucleotidases, binds to specific receptors and provides cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion. In the present study, we studied ecto-enzymatic ATP/ADP-phosphohydrolysis by select members of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family during myocardial ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS As a first step, we used a murine model of myocardial ischemia and in situ preconditioning and performed pharmacological studies with polyoxometalate 1, a potent E-NTPDase inhibitor (Na6[H2W12O40]). Polyoxometalate 1 treatment increased infarct sizes and abolished beneficial effects of preconditioning. To define relative contributions of distinct E-NTPDases, we investigated transcriptional responses of E-NTPDases 1 to 3 and 8 to preconditioning. We noted robust and selective induction of E-NTPDase 1 (CD39) transcript and protein. Histological analysis of preconditioned myocardium localized CD39 induction to endothelia and myocytes. Cd39-/- mice exhibited larger infarct sizes with ischemia (cd39+/+ 43.0+/-3.3% versus cd39-/- 52%+/-1.8; P<0.05), and cardioprotection was abrogated by preconditioning (cd39+/+ 13.3%+/-1.5 versus cd39-/- 50.5%+/-2.8; P<0.01). Heightened levels of injury after myocardial ischemia and negligible preconditioning benefits in cd39-/- mice were corrected by infusion of the metabolic product (AMP) or apyrase. Moreover, apyrase treatment of wild-type mice resulted in 43+/-4.2% infarct size reduction (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies reveal E-NTPDase 1 in cardioprotection and suggest apyrase in the treatment of myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Köhler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Erlinge D, Burnstock G. P2 receptors in cardiovascular regulation and disease. Purinergic Signal 2007; 4:1-20. [PMID: 18368530 PMCID: PMC2245998 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ATP as an extracellular signalling molecule is now well established and evidence is accumulating that ATP and other nucleotides (ADP, UTP and UDP) play important roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, acting via P2X (ion channel) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) receptors. In this article we consider the dual role of ATP in regulation of vascular tone, released as a cotransmitter from sympathetic nerves or released in the vascular lumen in response to changes in blood flow and hypoxia. Further, purinergic long-term trophic and inflammatory signalling is described in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and death in angiogenesis, vascular remodelling, restenosis and atherosclerosis. The effects on haemostasis and cardiac regulation is reviewed. The involvement of ATP in vascular diseases such as thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes will also be discussed, as well as various heart conditions. The purinergic system may be of similar importance as the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in cardiovascular regulation and pathophysiology. The extracellular nucleotides and their cardiovascular P2 receptors are now entering the phase of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden,
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Friedman DJ, Rennke HG, Csizmadia E, Enjyoji K, Robson SC. The vascular ectonucleotidase ENTPD1 is a novel renoprotective factor in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2007; 56:2371-9. [PMID: 17473221 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1) (also known as CD39) is the dominant vascular ectonucleotidase. By hydrolyzing ATP and ADP to AMP, ENTPD1 regulates ligand availability to a large family of P2 (purinergic) receptors. Modulation of extracellular nucleotide metabolism is an important factor in several acute and subacute models of vascular injury. We hypothesized that aberrant nucleotide signaling would promote chronic glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy. Inducing diabetes in ENTPD1-null mice with streptozotocin resulted in increased proteinuria and more severe glomerular sclerosis compared with matched diabetic wild-type mice. Diabetic ENTPD1-null mice also had more glomerular fibrin deposition and glomerular plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) staining than wild-type controls. In addition, ENTPD1-null mice showed increased glomerular inflammation, in association with higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. Mesangial cell PAI-1 and MCP-1 mRNA expression were upregulated by ATP and UTP but not ADP or adenosine in vitro. The stable nucleotide analog ATPgammaS stimulated sustained expression of PAI-1 and MCP-1 in vitro, whereas the stable adenosine analog NECA [5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine] downregulated expression of both genes. Extracellular nucleotide-stimulated upregulation of MCP-1 is, at least in part, protein kinase C dependent. We conclude that ENTPD1 is a vascular protective factor in diabetic nephropathy that modulates glomerular inflammation and thromboregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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18
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Yang YG, Sykes M. Xenotransplantation: current status and a perspective on the future. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:519-31. [PMID: 17571072 DOI: 10.1038/nri2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pigs as the transplant source has the potential to resolve the severe shortage of human organ donors. Although the development of relatively non-toxic immunosuppressive or tolerance-inducing regimens will be required to justify clinical trials using pig organs, recent advances in our understanding of the biology of xenograft rejection and zoonotic infections, and the generation of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs have moved this approach closer to clinical application. This Review highlights the major obstacles impeding the translation of xenotransplantation into clinical therapies and the potential solutions, providing a perspective on the future of clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Dwyer KM, Deaglio S, Crikis S, Gao W, Enjyoji K, Strom TB, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJ, Robson SC. Salutary roles of CD39 in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK, Eckle T, Thompson LF. Physiological roles for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:351-60. [PMID: 18404475 PMCID: PMC2254482 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-5302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides and nucleosides influence nearly every aspect of physiology and pathophysiology. Extracellular nucleotides are metabolized through regulated phosphohydrolysis by a series of ecto-nucleotidases. The formation of extracellular adenosine from adenosine 5’-monophosphate is accomplished primarily through ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73), a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein found on the surface of a variety of cell types. Recent in vivo studies implicating CD73 in a number of tissue protective mechanisms have provided new insight into its regulation and function and have generated considerable interest. Here, we review contributions of CD73 to cell and tissue stress responses, with a particular emphasis on physiologic responses to regulated CD73 expression and function, as well as new findings utilizing Cd73-deficient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Thorn Building 704, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA,
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Atkinson B, Dwyer K, Enjyoji K, Robson SC. Ecto-nucleotidases of the CD39/NTPDase family modulate platelet activation and thrombus formation: Potential as therapeutic targets. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:217-22. [PMID: 16476557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotide P2-receptor-mediated effects on platelets, leukocytes and endothelium are modulated by ecto-nucleotidases. These ecto-enzymes hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides to the respective nucleosides. The dominant ecto-nucleotidase expressed by the endothelium, by monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells is CD39/NTPDase1. Ecto-nucleotidase biochemical activity of CD39 is lost at sites of acute vascular injury, such as in ischemia reperfusion and immune graft rejection. CD39L(Like)1/NTPDase2, a related protein, is associated with the basolateral surface of endothelium, the adventitia of vessels and microvascular pericytes. CD39/NTPDase1 hydrolyzes both tri- and diphosphonucleosides and blocks platelet aggregation responses to ADP. In contrast, CD39L1/NTPDase2, a preferential nucleoside triphosphatase, activates platelets by preferentially converting ATP to ADP, the major agonist of platelet P2 receptors. Spatial and temporal expression of NTPDases in the vasculature appears to control platelet activation, thrombus size and stability by regulating phosphohydrolytic activity and consequent P2 receptor signaling. Constitutively circulating microparticles appear to be associated with functional NTPDases, and accumulation of these at sites of vascular injury might influence local thrombus formation and evolution. The phenotype of the cd39-null mouse is in keeping with disordered thromboregulation with heightened susceptibility to inflammatory vasculary reactions, increased permeability and high levels of tissue fibrin. Paradoxically, these mutant mice also exhibit a bleeding phenotype with differential platelet P2Y1 desensitization. Over-expression of CD39 at sites of vascular injury and inflammation by adenoviral vectors, by transgenesis or by the use of pharmacological modalities with soluble derivatives has been shown to have major potential in several animal models tested to date. Future clinical applications will involve the development of new therapeutic strategies to various inflammatory vascular diseases and in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Atkinson
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Böhmer AE, Pochmann D, Sarkis JJF. In vitro effect of homocysteine on nucleotide hydrolysis by blood serum from adult rats. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 160:159-64. [PMID: 16466706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past few years, elevated blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy) have been linked to increased risk of premature coronary artery disease, stroke and thromboembolism. These processes can be also related to the ratio adenine nucleotide/adenosine, since extracellularly these nucleotides are associated with modulation of processes such as platelet aggregation, vasodilatation and coronary flow. Furthermore, there are some studies that suggest a relationship between Hcy and plasma adenosine concentrations. The sequential hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine by soluble nucleotidases constitutes one of the systems for rapid inactivation of circulating adenine nucleotides. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate if Hcy can participate in the modulation of the extracellular adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by rat blood serum. Our results showed that Hcy, at final concentrations of 5.0 mM, inhibits in vitro ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis by 26, 21 and 16%, respectively. Also Hcy, at final concentrations of 8.0mM, inhibited the in vitro hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP by 46, 44 and 44%, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibitions of the three adenine nucleotide hydrolyses in the presence of Hcy, by serum of adult rats, is of the uncompetitive type. The IC50 calculated from the results obtained were 6.52+/-1.75 mM (n = 4), 5.18 +/- 0.64 mM (n = 3) and 5.16 +/- 1.22 mM (n = 3) for ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Dynamic purine signaling and metabolism during neutrophil-endothelial interactions. Purinergic Signal 2005; 1:229-39. [PMID: 18404508 PMCID: PMC2096542 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-6323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During episodes of hypoxia and inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) move into underlying tissues by initially passing between endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels (transendothelial migration, TEM). TEM creates the potential for disturbances in vascular barrier and concomitant loss of extravascular fluid and resultant edema. Recent studies have demonstrated a crucial role for nucleotide metabolism and nucleoside signaling during inflammation. These studies have implicated multiple adenine nucleotides as endogenous tissue protective mechanisms invivo. Here, we review the functional components of vascular barrier, identify strategies for increasing nucleotide generation and nucleoside signaling, and discuss potential therapeutic targets to regulate the vascular barrier during inflammation.
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Robson SC, Sévigny J, Imai M, Guckelberger O, Enjyoji K. Thromboregulatory potential of endothelial CD39/nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase: modulation of purinergic signalling in platelets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Leal DBR, Streher CA, Neu TN, Bittencourt FP, Leal CAM, da Silva JEP, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Characterization of NTPDase (NTPDase1; ecto-apyrase; ecto-diphosphohydrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5) activity in human lymphocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1721:9-15. [PMID: 15652174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphocytes contain NTPDase (NTPDase-1; ecto-apyrase; ecto-diphosphohydrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5), a cation-dependent enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP and ADP and also other di- and triphosphate nucleosides, acting at an optimum pH of 8.0. A significant inhibition of ATP and ADP hydrolysis (P<0.05) was observed in the presence of 20 mM sodium azide. NTPDase inhibitors, 20 mM sodium fluoride, 0.2 mM trifluoperazine and 0.3 mM suramin, significantly decreased ATP and ADP hydrolysis (P<0.05) and ADP hydrolysis was only inhibited by 0.5 mM orthovanadate (P<0.05). ATP and ADP hydrolysis was not inhibited in the presence of 0.01 mM Ap5A (P1,P5-di(adenosine-5')pentaphosphate), 0.1 mM ouabain, 1 mM levamisole, 2 microg/mL oligomycin, 0.1 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or 5 mM sodium azide. With respect to kinetic behavior, apparent K(m) values of 77.6+/-10.2 and 106.8+/-21.0 microM, and V(max) values of 68.9+/-8.1 and 99.4+/-8.5 (mean+/-S.E., n=3) nmol Pi/min/mg protein were obtained for ATP and ADP, respectively. A Chevilard plot demonstrated that only one enzymatic site is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP. The presence of CD39 was determined by flow cytometry, showing a low density of 2.72+/-0.24% (mean+/-S.E.; n=30) in human peripheral lymphocytes. The study of NTPDase activity in human lymphocytes may be important to determine the immune response status against infectious agents related to ATP and ADP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B R Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcellos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Fürstenau CR, Spier AP, Rücker B, Luisa Berti S, Battastini AMO, Sarkis JJF. The effect of ebselen on adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by platelets from adult rats. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 148:93-9. [PMID: 15223359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides by intact rat blood platelets occurs by the action of a cascade of enzymes constituted by an NTPDase 3 (CD39, EC 3.6.1.5, apyrase) and a 5'-nucleotidase (CD73, EC 3.5.7.3), whose final product is adenosine. Ebselen is a seleno-organic compound that possesses low toxicity and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and cytoprotective properties. The main objective of this study was to evaluate if the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen can modulate the extracellular adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by platelets from rats. Our results showed that ebselen, at final concentrations of 30 and 100 microM, inhibits in vitro ATP extracellular hydrolysis by 48 and 60%, respectively. Ebselen, at final concentrations of 100 and 130 microM, also inhibited the in vitro extracellular hydrolysis of ADP by 28 and 35%, respectively. However, this drug did not alter AMP hydrolysis by platelets in the appropriate assay conditions. Kinetic analysis showed that the inhibition of ADP and ATP hydrolysis by ebselen, in rat platelets, is of the uncompetitive type. The IC50 calculated from the results were 99 +/- 10 and 186 +/- 47 microM (mean +/- S.D., n = 3) for ATP and ADP hydrolysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribas Fürstenau
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-ANEXO, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Dwyer KM, Robson SC, Nandurkar HH, Campbell DJ, Gock H, Murray-Segal LJ, Fisicaro N, Mysore TB, Kaczmarek E, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF. Thromboregulatory manifestations in human CD39 transgenic mice and the implications for thrombotic disease and transplantation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1440-6. [PMID: 15146241 PMCID: PMC406523 DOI: 10.1172/jci19560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides play an important role in thrombosis and inflammation, triggering a range of effects such as platelet activation and recruitment, endothelial cell activation, and vasoconstriction. CD39, the major vascular nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), converts ATP and ADP to AMP, which is further degraded to the antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Deletion of CD39 renders mice exquisitely sensitive to vascular injury, and CD39-null cardiac xenografts show reduced survival. Conversely, upregulation of CD39 by somatic gene transfer or administration of soluble NTPDases has major benefits in models of transplantation and inflammation. In this study we examined the consequences of transgenic expression of human CD39 (hCD39) in mice. Importantly, these mice displayed no overt spontaneous bleeding tendency under normal circumstances. The hCD39 transgenic mice did, however, exhibit impaired platelet aggregation, prolonged bleeding times, and resistance to systemic thromboembolism. Donor hearts transgenic for hCD39 were substantially protected from thrombosis and survived longer in a mouse cardiac transplant model of vascular rejection. These thromboregulatory manifestations in hCD39 transgenic mice suggest important therapeutic potential in clinical vascular disease and in the control of serious thrombotic events that compromise the survival of porcine xenografts in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dwyer
- Immunology Research Center and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Westfall DP, Todorov LD, Mihaylova-Todorova ST. ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic nerves and its inactivation by releasable enzymes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:439-44. [PMID: 12388622 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.035113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP and norepinephrine (NE) are cotransmitters released from many postganglionic sympathetic nerves. In this article, we review the evidence for ATP and NE cotransmission in the rodent vas deferens with special attention to the mechanisms involved in removing the cotransmitters from the neuroeffector junction. Although the clearance of NE is well understood (e.g., the primary mechanism being reuptake into the nerves), the clearance of ATP is just beginning to be explained. The general belief has been that ATP is metabolized by cell-fixed ecto-nucleotidases. It now seems, however, that when ATP is released from nerves as a transmitter there is a concomitant release of nucleotidases that rapidly degrade ATP sequentially to ADP, AMP, and adenosine, thereby terminating the action of ATP. In the guinea pig vas deferens, there appear to be at least two enzymes, one that converts ATP to ADP and ADP to AMP (an ATPDase) and a second enzyme that converts AMP to adenosine (an AMPase). An important feature of this process is that the transmitter-metabolizing nucleotidases are released into the synaptic space as opposed to being fixed to cell membranes. A preliminary characterization of these enzymes suggests that the releasable ATPDase exhibits some similarities to known ectonucleoside triphosphate/diphosphohydrolases, whereas the releasable AMPase exhibits some similarities to ecto-5'-nucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Westfall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Howard Medical Sciences Building MS 318, Reno, NV 89557-0046, USA.
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Wang N, Lee JM, Tobiasch E, Csizmadia E, Smith NR, Gollackes B, Robson SC, Bach FH, Lin Y. Induction of xenograft accommodation by modulation of elicited antibody responses1 2. Transplantation 2002; 74:334-45. [PMID: 12177611 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200208150-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have established that the timing of splenectomy influences the magnitude of the xenoreactive antibody (XAb) response and thus hamster heart survival in cyclosporine (CyA)-treated rats. This model has been used to test our hypothesis that modulation of XAb responses without perturbation of complement may influence the development of graft accommodation. METHODS Pretransplantation splenectomy (day -1/day 0) fully abrogated anti-graft IgM response, whereas a delayed procedure (day 1/day 2) caused significantly delayed (3-4 days) and decreased levels (two- to threefold) of XAb. Both interventions resulted in long-term graft survival. After surviving for 7 or more days, xenografts in CyA-treated rats with post-, but not pre-, transplantation splenectomy were also resistant to exogenous anti-graft XAb. Such grafts meet the criteria for accommodation. Accommodating hearts displayed progressive and increasing expression of protective genes, such as heme oxygense (HO)-1 and A20, in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. RESULTS Our results suggest that XAb responses may influence the kinetics of accommodation development possibly by promoting protective gene expression. This hypothesis was directly tested in vitro. Pretreatment of porcine aortic endothelial cells with sublytic amounts of baboon anti-pig serum for 24 hr induced HO-1 expression; this was associated with cell resistance to lytic amounts of such serum. Overexpression of HO-1 by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in porcine aortic endothelial cells resulted in similar protective effects. CONCLUSIONS Delayed and relatively low levels of XAb IgM promote expression of protective genes in the graft and thereby aid in the progress of accommodation. Expression of HO-1 protects xenoserum-mediated endothelial cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Immunobiology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Goepfert C, Sundberg C, Sévigny J, Enjyoji K, Hoshi T, Csizmadia E, Robson S. Disordered cellular migration and angiogenesis in cd39-null mice. Circulation 2001; 104:3109-15. [PMID: 11748109 DOI: 10.1161/hc5001.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1)/CD39 is the major ectonucleotidase of endothelial cells and monocytes and catalyzes phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) and triphosphates (NTP, eg, ATP and UTP). Deletion of cd39 causes perturbations in the hydrolysis of NTP and NDP in the vasculature. Activation of P2 receptors appears to influence endothelial cell chemotactic and mitogenic responses in vitro. Therefore, aberrant regulation of nucleotide P2 receptors may influence angiogenesis in cd39-null mice. Methods and Results- In control mice, implanted Matrigel plugs containing growth factors were rapidly populated by monocyte/macrophages, endothelial cells, and pericytes, with the development of new vessels over days. In cd39-null mice, migrating cells were completely confined to the tissue-Matrigel interface in a clearly stratified manner. Absolute failure of new vessel ingrowth was consistently observed in the mutant mice. Linked to these findings, chemotaxis of cd39-null monocyte/macrophages to nucleotides was impaired in vitro. This abnormality was associated with desensitization of nucleotide receptor P2Y-mediated signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a role for NTPDase1 and phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides in the regulation of the cellular infiltration and new vessel growth in a model of angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/physiology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apyrase
- Blood Vessels/chemistry
- Blood Vessels/growth & development
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Genotype
- Immunohistochemistry
- Integrin beta3
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Mutation
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nucleoside-Triphosphatase
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Proteoglycans/analysis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/analysis
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Serotonin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Robson SC, Enjyoji K, Goepfert C, Imai M, Kaczmarek E, Lin Y, Sévigny J, Warny M. Modulation of extracellular nucleotide-mediated signaling by CD39/nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gangadharan SP, Imai M, Rhynhart KK, Sévigny J, Robson SC, Conte MS. Targeting platelet aggregation: CD39 gene transfer augments nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity in injured rabbit arteries. Surgery 2001; 130:296-303. [PMID: 11490363 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD39, the major endothelial nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), plays an important role in local thromboregulation. We hypothesized that balloon injury (BI) leads to an acute reduction in arterial NTPDase activity that could be restored by a targeted gene delivery strategy. METHODS Recombinant adenoviral vectors containing human CD39 (Ad-CD39) or beta-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) were used. Endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were infected in vitro and NTPDase activity measured. New Zealand white rabbits (N = 28) underwent bilateral iliofemoral artery balloon injury, followed by incubation with Ad-CD39, Ad-LacZ, or vehicle. Explanted vessels were analyzed for NTPDase activity and localization of CD39 expression by immunohistochemistry. Deposition of fluorescent-labeled platelets was studied 3 days after injury and vector treatment. RESULTS In vitro, Ad-CD39 infection resulted in a greater than 40-fold increase in adenosine diphosphatase activity in ECs and a 3-fold increase in SMCs. In vivo, CD39 transgene expression localized to the luminal aspect of Ad-CD39--treated vessels. BI resulted in an acute reduction in vessel wall NTPDase activity (P <.05). Ad-CD39 augmented NTPDase activity when compared with vehicle or Ad-LacZ (P <.05). Platelet deposition on the injured arterial surface was modest and not different between Ad-CD39-- and Ad-LacZ--treated vessels. CONCLUSIONS BI decreases native NTPDase activity, which can be augmented by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CD39. Further studies are required to determine whether targeted delivery of CD39 could convey thromboprotective properties to an injured vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gangadharan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Institute for Human Genetics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Robson SC. Thromboregulation by endothelial cells: significance for occlusive vascular diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1251-2. [PMID: 11451760 DOI: 10.1161/hq0701.092133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Zimmermann H. Ectonucleotidases: Some recent developments and a note on nomenclature. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Imai M, Takigami K, Guckelberger O, Kaczmarek E, Csizmadia E, Bach FH, Robson SC. Recombinant adenoviral mediated CD39 gene transfer prolongs cardiac xenograft survival. Transplantation 2000; 70:864-70. [PMID: 11014639 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200009270-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular ATP and ADP may be important mediators of vascular inflammation and thrombosis. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase or CD39) is a vascular ectoenzyme that hydrolyses ATP and ADP; however, this activity is lost during reperfusion injury. We show that the supplementation of NTPDase activity within xenograft vasculature using CD39 recombinant adenoviruses (AdCD39) has protective effects in vivo. METHODS Recombinant adenoviruses containing human CD39 or beta-galactosidase (Adbeta-gal) encoding genes were constructed. Hartley guinea pig coronary arteries were perfused ex vivo with University of Wisconsin solution containing 10(9) plaque-forming units of the recombinant adenovirus. Infected grafts were then implanted in the abdomen of complement depleted Lewis rats. RESULTS NTPDase activities decreased in all grafts within the first 24 hr and subsequently recovered only in those hearts infected with AdCD39. Immunohistological examination of AdCD39-infected grafts confirmed successful CD39 gene transfer into the endocardium and macrovasculature. Expression of CD39 modestly prolonged graft survival (90.2+/-5.4 hr, mean+/-SD, n=5) when compared with Adbeta-gal-infected grafts (67.4+/-5.4 hr, P<0.005) and perfusion controls (66.4+/-5.2 hr; P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Recombinant adenoviral infection can induce expression of CD39 within cardiac xenografts and provide survival benefits in vivo. Our data show that ex vivo infection by recombinant adenovirus vectors can result in vascular expression of a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imai
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Robson SC, Cooper DK, d'Apice AJ. Disordered regulation of coagulation and platelet activation in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2000; 7:166-76. [PMID: 11021661 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2000.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rejection of xenografts is associated with vascular-based inflammation, thrombocytopenia and the consumption of coagulation factors that may evolve into disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Similarly, bone marrow-derived cellular xenotransplantation procedures are associated with endothelial cell activation and thrombotic microangiopathic injury. These complications generally develop despite the best available measures for depletion of xenoreactive natural antibody, inhibition of complement activation and suppression of T- and B-cell mediated immune responses. The mechanisms underlying the DIC and thrombotic microangiopathy associated with xenotransplantation are unclear. A proposed primary biological dysfunction of xenografts with respect to regulation of clotting could amplify vascular injury, promote immunological responses and independently contribute to graft failure. Disordered thromboregulation could have deleterious effects, comparable to unregulated complement activation, in the pathogenesis of xenograft rejection and may therefore represent a substantive barrier to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Robson
- Department of Medicine, Research North, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
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