1
|
Song W, Han Q, Wan Y, Qian X, Wei M, Jiang Y, Wang Q. Repeated measurements of 21 urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and their associations with three selected oxidative stress biomarkers in 0-7-year-old healthy children from south and central China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132065. [PMID: 34496338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human beings are extensively and concurrently exposed to multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including some Class I human carcinogens), which may induce oxidative stress in human body. Data on urinary metabolites of VOCs (mVOCs) among young children are limited. No studies have examined their inter-day variability of mVOCs and their associations with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) using repeated urine samples from children. In this study, we measured twenty one mVOCs and three OSBs [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG; for DNA), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG; for RNA], and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid (HNEMA; for lipid)] in 390 urine samples of 130 children (three samples on three consecutive days provided by each participant) aged 0-7 years from September 2018 to January 2019 in Shenzhen, south China, and Wuhan, central China. HPMMA (3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-l-cysteine), 3HPMA (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine), and ATCA (2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid) had higher specific gravity-adjusted median concentrations (1 383, 286, and 273 μg/L, respectively) than the others. Intraclass correlation coefficients of mVOCs ranged from 0.29 to 0.71. After false-discovery rate (FDR, defined as FDR q-value < 0.05) adjustment, linear mixed-effects models revealed that 14 mVOCs were positively associated with 8-OHdG (β range: 0.09-0.37), 11 mVOCs were positively associated with 8-OHG (β range: 0.08-0.30), and 11 mVOCs were positively associated with HNEMA (β range: 0.21-0.70) in urine. Considering the weight of the mVOC index accounted for the associations, based on the weighted quantile sum regression model, parent compounds of DHBMA (3,4-dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine) and t,t-MA (trans,trans-muconic acid) should be listed as priority VOCs for management to mitigate health risks. For the first time, this study characterized the inter-day variability of urinary mVOCs and their associations with selected OSBs (8-OHdG, 8-OHG, and NHEMA) in young, healthy Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Qing Han
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Muhong Wei
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Nanshan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518054, PR China.
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Persoons R, Richard J, Herve C, Montlevier S, Marques M, Maitre A. Biomonitoring of styrene occupational exposures: Biomarkers and determinants. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:99-105. [PMID: 29940302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High styrene exposures are still experienced in various occupational settings, requesting regular exposure assessments. The aims of this study were to study occupational exposures in various industrial sectors and to determine factors influencing styrene urinary metabolites levels. METHODS Biomonitoring was conducted in 141 workers from fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) manufacture, thermoplastic polymers production, vehicle repair shops and cured-in-place pipe lining (CIPP). Urinary styrene (StyU) as well as Mandelic (MA) / Phenyglyoxylic Acids (PGA) were quantified at the beginning and at the end of week, and multivariate linear regression models were used. RESULTS StyU levels revealed very low, rarely exceeding 3 μg.L-1. Highest concentrations of MA + PGA were observed in FRP sector, with levels reaching up to 1100 mg.g-1 of creatinine. Factors influencing end-of-week MA + PGA concentrations were levels at the beginning of week, open molding processes, proximity to the emission source, respiratory protection, styrene content in raw materials. Elevated levels were also observed during CIPP process, whereas thermoplastic injection and vehicle repair shop workers exhibited much lower exposures. CONCLUSIONS Intervention on process (decreasing styrene proportion, using closed molding), protective equipment (local exhaust ventilation, respiratory protection) and individual practices (stringent safety rules) are expected to decrease occupational exposures. Urinary MA + PGA remain the most appropriate biomarkers for occupational biomonitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Persoons
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, Département de Biochimie Toxicologie Pharmacologie (DBTP), Pôle de Biologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France; Equipe EPSP, Laboratoire TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Faculté de Médecine, Université Grenoble Alpes, France.
| | - Justine Richard
- Centre de consultations de pathologies professionnelles (CCPP), Département de Médecine et Santé au Travail, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, Département de Biochimie Toxicologie Pharmacologie (DBTP), Pôle de Biologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Claire Herve
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, Département de Biochimie Toxicologie Pharmacologie (DBTP), Pôle de Biologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Sarah Montlevier
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, Département de Biochimie Toxicologie Pharmacologie (DBTP), Pôle de Biologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Marie Marques
- Equipe EPSP, Laboratoire TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Faculté de Médecine, Université Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Anne Maitre
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, Département de Biochimie Toxicologie Pharmacologie (DBTP), Pôle de Biologie, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France; Equipe EPSP, Laboratoire TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Faculté de Médecine, Université Grenoble Alpes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barbeau D, Lutier S, Choisnard L, Marques M, Persoons R, Maitre A. Urinary trans-anti-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene as the most relevant biomarker for assessing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:147-155. [PMID: 29272778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous pollutants present as complex mixtures in the environment. Among them, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. Taking into account all absorption ways, human biomonitoring allows PAH exposure assessment, but biomarkers both specific to carcinogenic effect and sufficiently sensitive are lacking. In this work, we proposed the urinary 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (7,8,9,10-OHBaP) stemming from hydrolysis of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, the ultimate carcinogenic BaP metabolite, as biomarker of PAH exposure. A simple and highly sensitive analytical method, with a limit of quantification (LQ) reaching 0.06pmol/L (0.02ng/L), was described and validated. The relevance of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations adjustment by creatinine was demonstrated. In a group of 24 non-occupationally PAH exposed subjects, only 15% of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels was below the LQ and the last daily void has been found as the best sampling time. Tobacco consumption had a significant positive effect on 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations with a 90e percentile equal to 0.05nmole/mole creatinine (nmol/mol) and 0.03nmol/mol for smokers and non-smokers, respectively. In case of occupational PAH exposure, all the pre- and post-shift urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels of 7 non-smoking workers in a prebaked electrodes production plant were above the LQ. Concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.91nmol/mol and accumulation of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP into organism of workers during the working week was clearly observed. The best sampling time was the post-shift at the end of week but samples should also be collected at pre-shift the beginning of week to assess the background level. Finally, the urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP elimination kinetic through the weekend was studied using non-linear mixed effect modelling. Mean apparent urinary half-life was 31.5h with low inter-individual variability. Describing key characteristics of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP as PAH exposure biomarker, this work should promote its use for future large-scale biomonitoring campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Barbeau
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Simon Lutier
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Luc Choisnard
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie Marques
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Persoons
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maitre
- EPSP, TIMC-IMAG, CNRS UMR 5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, IBP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbeau D, Lutier S, Marques M, Persoons R, Maitre A. Comparison of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites according to their specificity as biomarkers of occupational exposure: Selection of 2-hydroxyfluorene and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 332:185-194. [PMID: 28324712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurs by respiratory, digestive and dermal absorption. Biomonitoring takes all pathways into account but sensitive and specific biomarkers are required. Different gaseous PAHs metabolites were used due to their abundance in the atmospheric mixtures but none of them were selected as better biomarker than the others. To identify the best candidates for assessing occupational airborne exposure, relation between atmospheric levels of Naphtalene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene and urinary metabolites concentrations was studied in a carbon electrode workers group. Linear mixed effects models were built to select explanatory variables and estimate variance component. Urinary creatinine was a predictor of metabolites levels confirming the importance of diuresis for interpreting results. High significance of pre-shift sampling time combined with positive coefficients of post-shift indicated that urine should be sampled at the end of the workday in association with pre-shift urine to avoid misinterpretations. Among the 10 metabolites studied, urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene showed the highest increase of variance explained by models after inclusion of individual atmospheric levels as explanatory variable. Priority could be given to 2-hydroxyfluorene due to higher excretion levels than 2-hydroxyphenanthrene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Barbeau
- EPSP-TIMC (CNRS UMR 5525), Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, France.
| | - Simon Lutier
- EPSP-TIMC (CNRS UMR 5525), Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie Marques
- EPSP-TIMC (CNRS UMR 5525), Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Persoons
- EPSP-TIMC (CNRS UMR 5525), Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maitre
- EPSP-TIMC (CNRS UMR 5525), Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Professionnelle et Environnementale, DBTP, CHU de Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toti S, Biggeri A, Baldasseroni A. A hierarchical Bayesian model for a variability analysis of measurements of occupational n-hexane exposure in Italy. STAT MODEL 2016. [DOI: 10.1191/1471082x06st110oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates changes over time in occupational exposure to n-hexane by longitudinal repeated measurements analysis of data from the Biological Monitoring Registry from 1991 to 1998. The main sources of variability in n-hexane exposure among manufacturing workers in Florence province (Italy) are inspected. The 2,5-hexanedione concentrations in urine of industrial workers are explained by structural, individual and factory information. Here we analyse the effectiveness of a 1994 law on workplace conditions based on variability decomposition of measured 2,5-hexanedione concentrations. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model which takes into account the different levels of aggregation of data. The results show that for leather and shoe factories, the within-subject and within-factory variance components remain the most important over the time of study, whereas the between-factory components decreased in accordance with the expected effect of the new legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Toti
- Department of Statistics ‘G. Parenti’, University of
Florence, Florence, Italy,
| | - Annibale Biggeri
- Department of Statistics ‘G. Parenti’, University of
Florence, Florence, Italy, Biostatistics Unit, CSPO, Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Animals, plants, and microorganisms exhibit numerous biological rhythms that are generated by numerous biological clocks. This article summarizes experimental data pertinent to the often-ignored issue of integration of multiple rhythms. Five contexts of integration are discussed: (i) integration of circadian rhythms of multiple processes within an individual organism, (ii) integration of biological rhythms operating in different time scales (such as tidal, daily, and seasonal), (iii) integration of rhythms across multiple species, (iv) integration of rhythms of different members of a species, and (v) integration of rhythmicity and physiological homeostasis. Understanding of these multiple rhythmic interactions is an important first step in the eventual thorough understanding of how organisms arrange their vital functions temporally within and without their bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Refinetti
- Circadian Rhythm Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Walterboro, South Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Scheepers PTJ, Bos PMJ, Konings J, Janssen NAH, Grievink L. Application of biological monitoring for exposure assessment following chemical incidents: a procedure for decision making. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:247-261. [PMID: 20336049 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the level of exposure during and after a chemical incident is crucial for the assessment of public health risks and for appropriate medical treatment, as well as for subsequent health studies that may be part of disaster management. Immediately after such an incident, there is usually no opportunity to collect reliable quantitative information on personal exposures and environmental concentrations may fall below detectable levels shortly after the incident has passed. However, many substances persist longer in biological tissues and thus biological monitoring strategies may have the potential to support exposure assessment, as part of health studies, even after the acute phase of a chemical incident is over. Reported successful applications involve very persistent chemical substances such as protein adducts and include those rare cases in which biological tissues were collected within a few hours after an incident. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support a decision on the feasibility and usefulness of biological monitoring to be applied after an incident involving the release of hazardous chemicals. These input parameters could be retrieved from published methods on applications of biomarkers. Methods for rapid decision making on the usefulness and feasibility of using biological monitoring are needed. In this contribution, a stepwise procedure for taking such a decision is proposed. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support such a decision. The procedure proposed for decision making is illustrated by case studies based on two documented chemical incidents in the Netherlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T J Scheepers
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Fustinoni S, Campo L, Manini P, Buratti M, Waidyanatha S, De Palma G, Mutti A, Foa V, Colombi A, Rappaport SM. An integrated approach to biomonitoring exposure to styrene and styrene-(7,8)-oxide using a repeated measurements sampling design. Biomarkers 2008; 13:560-78. [PMID: 18608187 DOI: 10.1080/13547500802062994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate urinary analytes and haemoglobin and albumin adducts as biomarkers of exposure to airborne styrene (Sty) and styrene-(7,8)-oxide (StyOX) and to evaluate the influence of smoking habit and genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1 on these biomarkers. We obtained three or four air and urine samples from each exposed worker (eight reinforced plastics workers and 13 varnish workers), one air and urine samples from 22 control workers (automobile mechanics) and one blood sample from all subjects. Median levels of exposure to Sty and StyOX, respectively, were 18.2 mg m(-3) and 133 microg m(-3) for reinforced plastics workers, 3.4 mg m(-3) and 12 microg m(-3) for varnish workers, and <0.3 mg m(-3) and <5 microg m(-3) for controls. Urinary levels of styrene, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, phenylglycine (PHG), 4-vinylphenol (VP) and mercapturic acids (M1+M2), as well as cysteinyl adducts of serum albumin (but not those of haemoglobin) were significantly associated with exposure status (controls<exposed workers). Also, levels of VP and M1+M2 were significantly affected by smoking, and levels of M1+M2 were significantly affected by GSTM1 polymorphisms. Multiple linear regression analyses of the subject-specific (logged) metabolite levels across exposed workers showed that Sty was a significant predictor for all urinary analytes while StyOX was a significant predictor of PHG only. Interestingly, the log scale regression coefficients for Sty in these models were significantly less than one for all metabolites except M1+M2. This suggests that the natural scale relationships between levels of all Sty metabolites, except M1+M2, displayed downward concavity with increasing Sty exposure, suggestive of saturable metabolism. Levels of the protein adducts were not associated with exposure to either Sty or StyOX among exposed subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fustinoni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee KH, Vermeulen R, Lenters V, Cho SH, Strickland PT, Kang D. Determinants of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in South Korean children. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:961-8. [PMID: 19020893 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the dominant sources of the urinary pyrene metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), in South Korean children. METHODS Urine samples were collected from 102 non-smoking children (aged 10-14). Urinary 1-OHPG was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, following immuno-affinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, was measured by GC/MS. Information on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, diet, fuel type for heating home, and other possible sources of PAH exposure was collected by self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS Mean (+/-SE) 1-OHPG levels were 1.64 (+/-0.06) ng/ml (range 0.04-3.27 ng/ml). Two multiple linear regression analyses (differing in how ETS was approximated: by parental smoking or urinary cotinine) revealed a positive association between urinary 1-OHPG levels and parental smoking at home (P = 0.007), log urinary cotinine (P = 0.165), frequent grilled (shell)fish consumption (P = 0.061), and living in a commercial/other zone (P = 0.007) versus a residential or industrial zone. No consistent associations were found between 1-OHPG and the child's sex, grilled meat consumption, or fuels used to heat the home. CONCLUSIONS These results support that ETS, frequent grilled fish consumption, and the ambient environment are important predictors of urinary 1-OHPG levels in South Korean children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Lee
- Biomedical Research Group, Hanyang Brain Korea 21, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buratti M, Campo L, Fustinoni S, Cirla PE, Martinotti I, Cavallo D, Foa V. Urinary hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure in asphalt workers. Biomarkers 2008; 12:221-39. [PMID: 17453738 DOI: 10.1080/13547500601100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumes and vapours released during laying of hot asphalt mix have been recognised as a major source of exposure for asphalt workers. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationships between inhalation exposure to asphalt emissions and urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in asphalt workers (AW, n=75) and in ground construction workers (CW, n=37). METHODS Total polyaromatic compounds (PAC) and 15 priority PAHs in inhaled air were measured by personal sampling. Hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) (2-naphthol, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 6-hydroxychrysene and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) were determined in urine spot samples collected in three different times during the work week. RESULTS Median vapour-phase PAC (5.5 microg m(-3)), PAHs (<or=50 ng m(-3)) and OH-PAHs (0.08-1.11 microg l(-1)) were significantly higher in AW than in CW, except in the cases of air naphthalene and 2-naphthol. Airborne levels of particle-phase contaminants were similar in the two groups and much lower than vapour-phase levels; metabolites of particulate PAHs were never found in quantifiable amounts. An appreciable increase in OH-PAH levels during the work day and work week was found in AW; median levels for 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene were, respectively, 0.29, 0.08 and 0.18 at baseline; 0.50, 0.18 and 0.29, pre-shift; 1.11, 0.44 and 0.44 microg l(-1), post-shift. Each OH-PAH exhibited a characteristic profile of increase, reflecting differences in half-lives of the parent compounds. In non-smoking subjects, positive correlations were found between vapour-phase PAC or PAHs and OH-PAHs both in pre- and post-shift samples (0.34 <or= r<or=69). Smokers exhibited 2-5-fold higher OH-PAHs than non-smokers, at any time and at both workplaces. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that OH-PAHs are useful biomarkers for monitoring exposure to asphalt emissions. The work-related exposure to PAC and PAHs was low in all AW, but urinary metabolites reflected exposure satisfactorily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Buratti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via S. Barnaba, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eitaki Y, Kawai T, Kishi R, Sakurai H, Ikeda M. Stability in Urine of Authentic Phenylglyoxylic and Mandelic Acids as Urinary Markers of Occupational Exposure to Styrene. J Occup Health 2008; 50:221-8. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.l7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Eitaki
- Osaka Occupational Health Service CenterJapan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service CenterJapan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Department of Public Health SciencesHokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Haruhiko Sakurai
- Occupational Health Research and Development CenterJapan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Rooij JGM, Kasper A, Triebig G, Werner P, Jongeneelen FJ, Kromhout H. Trends in occupational exposure to styrene in the European glass fibre-reinforced plastics industry. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2008; 52:337-49. [PMID: 18550625 PMCID: PMC2488378 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/men020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study presents temporal trends of styrene exposure for workers in the European glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GRP) industry during the period 1966–2002. Methods: Data of personal styrene exposure measurements were retrieved from reports, databases and peer-reviewed papers. Only sources with descriptive statistics of personal measurements were accepted. The styrene exposure data cover personal air samples and biological monitoring data, that is, urinary styrene metabolites (mandelic acid and/or phenylglyoxylic acid) and styrene in blood. Means of series of measurements were categorized by year, country, production process, job and sampling strategy. Linear mixed models were used to identify temporal trends and factors affecting exposure levels. Results: Personal exposure measurements were available from 60 reports providing data on 24145 1–8-h time-weighted average shift personal air samples. Available data of biological exposure indicators included measurements of mandelic acid in post-shift urine (6361 urine samples being analysed). Trend analyses of the available styrene exposure data showed that the average styrene concentration in the breathing zone of open-mould workers in the European GRP industry has decreased on average by 5.3% per year during the period 1966–1990 and by only 0.4% annually in the period after 1990. The highest exposures were measured in Southern Europe and the lowest exposures in Northern Europe with Central Europe in between. Biological indicators of styrene (mandelic acid in post-shift urine) showed a somewhat steeper decline (8.9%), most likely because urine samples were collected in companies that showed a stronger decrease of styrene exposure in air than GRP companies where no biological measurements were carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G M Van Rooij
- IndusTox Consult, P.O. Box 31070, Nijmegen 6503 CB, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Symanski E, Greeson NMH, Chan W. Evaluating measurement error in estimates of worker exposure assessed in parallel by personal and biological monitoring. Am J Ind Med 2007; 50:112-21. [PMID: 17238141 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While studies indicate that the attenuating effects of imperfectly measured exposure can be substantial, they have not had the requisite data to compare methods of assessing exposure for the same individuals monitored over common time periods. METHODS We examined measurement error in multiple exposure measures collected in parallel on 32 groups of workers. Random-effects models were applied under both compound symmetric and exponential correlation structures. Estimates of the within- and between-worker variances were used to contrast the attenuation bias in an exposure-response relationship that would be expected using an individual-based exposure assessment for different exposure measures on the basis of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS ICC estimates ranged widely, indicative of a great deal of measurement error in some exposure measures while others contained very little. There was generally less attenuation in the biomarker data as compared to measurements obtained by personal sampling and, among biomarkers, for those with longer half-lives. The interval ICC estimates were often-times wide, suggesting a fair amount of imprecision in the point estimates. Ignoring serial correlation tended to over estimate the ICC values. CONCLUSIONS Although personal sampling results were typically characterized by more intra-individual variability than inter-individual variability when compared to biological measurements, both types of data provided examples of exposure measures fraught with error. Our results also indicated substantial imprecision in the estimates of exposure measurement error, suggesting that greater emphasis needs to be given to studies that collect sufficient data to better characterize the attenuating effects of an error-prone exposure measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Symanski
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Manini P, De Palma G, Mutti A. Exposure assessment at the workplace: implications of biological variability. Toxicol Lett 2006; 168:210-8. [PMID: 17157456 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological monitoring (BM) and biomarkers are widely applied in occupational toxicology. BM is mainly aimed at (i) defining the existence of an occupational exposure; (ii) quantifying the level of internal dose; (iii) verifying that exposure limits (BEI((R)), BAT, BLV) are respected. As compared to ambient monitoring, BM is more expensive and complex. Several biomarkers are available for the same chemical and the meaning of the marker may depend on the sampling time. Therefore, practical issues, including cost and selection of an adequate sampling strategy, should be dealt with when planning a BM program for specific purposes. In addition, several biological and analytical sources of variability may influence biomarker levels, thus making the interpretation of BM data a difficult task. However, we should recognize that the main aim of BM is not to reduce, but to explain biological variance. The decreasing trend in occupational exposure levels highlighted the specificity problems of traditional biomarkers of exposure and prompted the research to the development of new biomarkers, e.g. unchanged volatile compounds in urine, minor metabolites, DNA and protein adducts. Depending on the scope and context (research or routine) different requirements of biomarkers can be envisaged in terms of validation and acceptable variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manini
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serdar B, Tornero-Velez R, Echeverria D, Nylander-French LA, Kupper LL, Rappaport SM. Predictors of occupational exposure to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in the reinforced plastics industry. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63:707-12. [PMID: 16757507 PMCID: PMC2078051 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify demographic and work related factors that predict blood levels of styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) in the fibreglass reinforced plastics (FRP) industry. METHODS Personal breathing-zone air samples and whole blood samples were collected repeatedly from 328 reinforced plastics workers in the Unuted States between 1996 and 1999. Styrene and its major metabolite SO were measured in these samples. Multivariable linear regression analyses were applied to the subject-specific levels to explain the variation in exposure and biomarker levels. RESULTS Exposure levels of styrene were approximately 500-fold higher than those of SO. Exposure levels of styrene and SO varied greatly among the types of products manufactured, with an 11-fold range of median air levels among categories for styrene and a 23-fold range for SO. Even after stratification by job title, median exposures of styrene and SO among laminators varied 14- and 31-fold across product categories. Furthermore, the relative proportions of exposures to styrene and SO varied among product categories. Multivariable regression analyses explained 70% and 63% of the variation in air levels of styrene and SO, respectively, and 72% and 34% of the variation in blood levels of styrene and SO, respectively. Overall, air levels of styrene and SO appear to have decreased substantially in this industry over the last 10-20 years in the US and were greatest among workers with the least seniority. CONCLUSIONS As levels of styrene and SO in air and blood varied among product categories in the FRP industry, use of job title as a surrogate for exposure can introduce unpredictable measurement errors and can confound the relation between exposure and health outcomes in epidemiology studies. Also, inverse relations between the intensity of exposure to styrene and SO and years on the job suggest that younger workers with little seniority are typically exposed to higher levels of styrene and SO than their coworkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Serdar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Migliore L, Naccarati A, Coppedè F, Bergamaschi E, De Palma G, Voho A, Manini P, Järventaus H, Mutti A, Norppa H, Hirvonen A. Cytogenetic biomarkers, urinary metabolites and metabolic gene polymorphisms in workers exposed to styrene. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:87-99. [PMID: 16424821 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000182783.70006.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study comprised a biomonitoring study in 95 workers occupationally exposed to styrene and 98 unexposed controls, employing an integrated approach involving biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility. Airborne styrene was evaluated at workplace, and urinary styrene metabolites, mandelic acid (MA), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), vinylphenols (VPTs) and phenylhydroxyethylmercapturic acids (PHEMAs), were measured as biomarkers of internal dose. Cytogenetic alterations were evaluated by analysing the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The micronucleus assay was coupled with centromeric fluorescence in situ hybridization to distinguish micronuclei (MN) arising from chromosomal breakage (C- MN) from those harboring whole chromosomes (C+ MN). The possible influence of genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes involved in styrene biotransformation (EPHX1, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) and NAT2 on the cytogenetic endpoints was investigated. The exposed workers showed a significantly higher frequency of MNBN (13.8+/-0.5% versus 9.2+/-0.4%; P<0.001) compared to control subjects. The effect appeared to concern both C- and C+ MN. A positive correlation was seen between the frequency of C+ MN and urinary level of MA+PGA (P<0.05) and VPTs (P<0.001). Chromosome-type CAs positively correlated with airborne styrene level and VPTs (P<0.05), whereas chromatid-type CAs correlated with PHEMAs (P<0.05). Workers bearing GSTM1 null genotype showed lowered levels of PHEMAs (P<0.001). The GSTT1 null genotype was associated with increased MNBN frequencies in the exposed workers (P<0.05) and the fast activity EPHX genotype with a moderate decrease in both MNBN and CAs in the controls. Our results suggest that occupational exposure to styrene has genotoxic effects that are potentiated by the GSTT1 gene deletion. These observations may have relevance considering the risk of lymphatic and haematopoietic malignancies tentatively associated with styrene exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Migliore
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Egeghy PP, Quackenboss JJ, Catlin S, Ryan PB. Determinants of temporal variability in NHEXAS-Maryland environmental concentrations, exposures, and biomarkers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2005; 15:388-97. [PMID: 15602583 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal NHEXAS-Maryland study measured metals, PAHs, and pesticides in several media to capture temporal variability. Questionnaires were concurrently administered to identify factors that influenced changes in contaminant levels over time. We constructed mixed-effects regression models for lead, phenanthrene, and chlorpyrifos (including metabolites) in indoor air, dust, dermal wipes, and biological fluids. Significant predictors represented time-varying activities as well as unchanging housing and demographic factors. There was little overlap among the models, with predictors generally reflecting the diverse characteristics of the target compounds. We estimated between- and within-person variance components to evaluate the reliability of the measurements. While only one measurement of lead in blood or chlopyrifos in dust was needed for a dependable estimate of an individual's average level, three to eight measurements were needed for most other compound/exposure medium combinations because of considerable temporal variability. Measurements in biological fluids and dust were generally more consistent than those in indoor air. The significant covariates in the full models preferentially reduced the between-person variance component. Since the regression models explained only 1-37% of the within-person variance, the questionnaires in this study provided only modest insight into the factors responsible for the temporal variability in the contaminant levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Egeghy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Refinetti R, Piccione G. Intra- and inter-individual variability in the circadian rhythm of body temperature of rats, squirrels, dogs, and horses. J Therm Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Liljelind I, Rappaport S, Eriksson K, Andersson J, Bergdahl IA, Sunesson AL, Järvholm B. Exposure assessment of monoterpenes and styrene: a comparison of air sampling and biomonitoring. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:599-603. [PMID: 12883022 PMCID: PMC1740601 DOI: 10.1136/oem.60.8.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within- and between-worker variance components have seldom been reported for both environmental and biological data collected from the same persons. AIMS To estimate these variance components and their ratio for air contaminants and urinary metabolites in two different work environments and to predict the attenuation of exposure-response relationships based on these measures. METHODS Parallel measurements of air and urine were performed among workers exposed to monoterpenes in sawmills (urinary metabolite: verbenol) and styrene in reinforced plastics factories (urinary metabolite: mandelic acid). RESULTS Among the sawmill workers, variance components of the air and urinary verbenol results were similar; for the reinforced plastics workers the estimated between-worker variance component was greater for styrene in air than mandelic acid in urine. This suggests that attenuation bias would be about equal if air or biological monitoring were employed for monoterpene exposures, but would be greater if urinary mandelic acid were used instead of airborne styrene in an investigation of styrene exposure. CONCLUSIONS Personal air samplers provide data with similar or superior quality to urinary metabolites as measures of exposure to these monoterpenes in sawmills and styrene in reinforced plastics factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Liljelind
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Naccarati A, Zanello A, Landi S, Consigli R, Migliore L. Sperm-FISH analysis and human monitoring: a study on workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Mutat Res 2003; 537:131-40. [PMID: 12787818 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to styrene, a chemical extensively used worldwide, is under investigation for possible detrimental effects on human health, including male reproductive capacity. Aneuploidy in germ cells is the main cause of infertility, abortions and congenital diseases. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), is the most efficient cytogenetic molecular technique to date to analyse numerical alterations of chromosomes in spermatozoa. We investigated the frequencies of aneuploidy and diploidy in individuals occupationally exposed to styrene and in healthy unexposed controls. We performed multicolour FISH, using DNA probes specific for the centromeric regions of sex chromosomes and chromosome 2, in decondensed sperm nuclei of samples with normal semen parameters for a total of 18 styrene-exposed subjects and 13 unexposed controls of the same age range. Exposed individuals had worked for at least 2 years during the last 5 years, and continuously for 6 months, in factories producing reinforced plastics. The incidence of aneuploidy and diploidy for the tested chromosomes did not show a statistically significant difference between workers and controls. The exposure to styrene was associated with increased frequencies of nullisomy for sex chromosomes in the group of non-smokers, although only a limited number of subjects belonged to this sub-group. Considering the whole study population, age was associated with an increased frequency of XX disomy, whereas smoking was associated with meiosis II non-disjunction of sex chromosomes. Overall, confounding factors appeared to exert a more important effect than exposure to styrene on numerical chromosome alterations in sperm nuclei of subjects selected for normal semen parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Naccarati
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Via S. Giuseppe 22, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Migliore L, Naccarati A, Zanello A, Scarpato R, Bramanti L, Mariani M. Assessment of sperm DNA integrity in workers exposed to styrene. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:2912-8. [PMID: 12407048 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.11.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to toxic agents may cause infertility, congenital anomalies or death in offspring, but few studies have evaluated DNA integrity in germ cells of male workers. We investigated sperm DNA integrity in individuals occupationally exposed to styrene. METHODS AND RESULTS Semen samples were obtained from 46 male workers exposed to styrene and 27 unexposed controls (age range 18-45 years). Exposed individuals had worked for at least 2 years in the last 5 years and continuously for 6 months in factories producing reinforced plastics. The Comet assay was performed to evaluate DNA integrity in sperm, as well as semen quality analysis to assess sperm concentration and morphology. There were no differences in the results of the standard semen analysis between exposed subjects and the reference group. However, we found a significant difference (P < 0.001) in sperm DNA damage by the Comet assay between exposed subjects and the reference group. CONCLUSIONS The Comet assay proved to be sensitive in detecting an alteration in DNA integrity in germ cells of workers exposed to styrene. This finding contributes towards the understanding of the importance of male occupational exposure within the context of genetic risk assessment in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Migliore
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|