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Omidvar-Mehrabadi A, Ebrahimi F, Shahbazi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M. Cytokine and chemokine profiles in women with endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and unexplained infertility. Cytokine 2024; 178:156588. [PMID: 38555853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Numerous factors (including immunological, congenital, hormonal, and morphological disorders) can lead to infertility. In this regard, 3 specific diseases associated with infertility are discussed in this review study (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis [EMS], and unexplained infertility [UI]). PCOS is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, and EMS is a benign disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. UI refers to couples who are unable to conceive for no known reason. Conception and pregnancy are significantly affected by the immune system; in this regard, chemokines and cytokines play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. Patients with PCOS, EMS, and UI have altered cytokine and chemokine profiles, suggesting that dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to infertility in these conditions. Accordingly, the issue of infertility is addressed in this review study, a condition that affects approximately 16% of couples worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fateme Ebrahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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2
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Rezayat F, Esmaeil N, Rezaei A, Sherkat R. Contradictory Effect of Lymphocyte Therapy and Prednisolone Therapy on CD3 +CD8 +CD56 + Natural Killer T Population in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. J Hum Reprod Sci 2023; 16:246-256. [PMID: 38045499 PMCID: PMC10688285 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer T (NKT) cells are influential immune cells in pregnancy failures, including recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Different approaches are used for these disorders due to their effects on maternal immunomodulation. Aims In the present study, we compared the effects of two typical immunotherapies (lymphocyte immunotherapy [LIT] and low-dose prednisolone) on CD3+CD56+CD16+ and CD3+CD56+CD8+ cells as two distinct subsets of NKT cells in Women with RSA. Settings and Design This study was a comparative cohort study conducted from 2021 to 2022. One hundred and five women with RSA were distributed into three treatment groups randomly. Materials and Methods Fifty women in the group of low-dose prednisolone therapy, fifty women in the LIT group and five women without any treatment as the control group were included in the study. NK and NKT cell subsets were assessed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was measured quantitatively using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Statistical Analysis Used Normality and comparisons between study groups were performed by non-parametric unpaired Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and one-way ANOVA. Results The percentage of CD56dim NK cells was increased after prednisolone therapy, while this population significantly decreased in the LIT group. In contrast to the LIT group, the administration of prednisolone increased CD3+CD8+CD56+ NKT cells (P < 0.0001), which is helpful for pregnancy. The effect of the investigated treatment approaches on the population of peripheral CD3+CD56+CD16+ NKT cells of women with RSA was not adequately significant. The same situation was also observed regarding the serum level of IFN-γ. However, a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β was observed after prednisolone therapy. Conclusion The lower capability of LIT in changing the population of NKT cells compared to prednisolone therapy may be due to its mechanism of action, which is related to the production of blocking antibodies. These treatment approaches had different effects on NKT cells, indicating that NKT cell population and function can be affected using LIT and prednisolone therapy distinctly. In addition, prednisolone therapy and LIT in women with normal serum levels of IFN-γ have no harmful effects in changing the production of this critical cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezayat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
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Ali S, Majid S, Ali MN, Banday MZ, Taing S. Understanding the potential immunogenetic role of TNFα-308 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15166. [PMID: 37077690 PMCID: PMC10106509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent miscarriage (RM) represents the spontaneous termination of two or more successive pregnancies. TNFα is a proinflammatory cytokine that is often considered harmful for embryonic development when expressed beyond normal levels. Aim The study was conducted to assess the association between TNFα-308 polymorphism and RM pathogenesis. Methods Samples of blood were obtained from patients and controls through venipuncture. The levels of TNFα in serum were measured by ELISA. TNFα gene promoter-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism was investigated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques with precise primers and the restriction endonuclease, NcoI. Results Serum TNFα levels in patients were considerably high (p < 0.05) than controls. The genotype and allele frequencies for TNFα gene polymorphism differs significantly (p = 0.0089; p = 0.0043 respectively) between patients and controls. The TNFα-308 SNP exhibited a link with higher RM risk in heterozygous (GG vs. GA; OR: 3.086, 95% CI: 1.475-6.480; p: 0.0027), dominant (GG vs. GA + AA; OR: 2.919, 95% CI: 1.410-6.056, p: 0.0038), and allelic/codominant (G vs. A; OR: 2.449, 95% CI: 1.313-4.644, p: 0.0064) models. However, this SNP showed an insignificant association with higher and lower RM risk in homozygous (GG vs. AA; OR: 1.915, 95% CI: 0.3804-10.99, p: 0.6560) and recessive (AA vs. GA + GG; OR: 0.6596, 95% CI: 0.1152-3.297, p: >0.9999) models, respectively. Further, the TNFα-308G/A genotype frequencies were in concord with HWE both in the controls (χ2 = 3.235; p = 0.1985) and the patients (χ2 = 0.0117; p = 0.9942). Conclusion The serum TNFα levels were significantly higher in the patients than the controls. The genotyping analysis also demonstrated that TNFα-308G/A SNP significantly increases the overall risk of RM, suggesting that the SNP modulates the TNFα gene expression and thereby increases serum TNFα levels that adversely affect the pregnancy outcome.
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Chang Z, Kuang HX, Zhou X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Fu Q, Jiang B, Wang W, Jiang S, Ren L, Ma L, Pan X, Feng XL. Temporal changes in cyclinD-CDK4/CDK6 and cyclinE-CDK2 pathways: implications for the mechanism of deficient decidualization in an immune-based mouse model of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Mol Med 2022; 28:100. [PMID: 36050637 PMCID: PMC9438304 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient endometrial decidualization has been associated with URSA. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the temporal cytokine changes and the involvement of CyclinD-CDK4/6 and CyclinE-CDK2 pathways in the regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle during decidualization in a murine model of URSA. METHODS Serum and decidual tissues of mice were collected from GD4 to GD8. The embryo resorption and abortion rates were observed on GD8 and the decidual tissue status was assessed. In addition, PRL, Cyclin D, CDK6, CDK4, Cyclin E, CDK2 expression in mice were measured. RESULTS URSA mice showed high embryo resorption rate and PRL, Cyclin D, Cyclin E CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 down-regulation during decidualization. The hyperactivated Cyclin D-CDK4/CDK6 and cyclin E/CDK2 pathways inhibit the decidualization process and leading to deficient decidualization. CONCLUSION Insufficient decidualization is an important mechanism of URSA. which is related to the decrease of Cyclin D、Cyclin E、 CDK2、CDK4 and CDK6 in decidualization process of URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xueming Zhou
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yin Fu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sha Jiang
- Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Li Ren
- Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Zhaoqing City Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Personalized Nutrition in the Management of Female Infertility: New Insights on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091918. [PMID: 35565885 PMCID: PMC9105997 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting a mutual association between nutrition and female fertility. Different “fertile” dietary patterns have been studied; however, in humans, conflicting results or weak correlations are often reported, probably because of the individual variations in genome, proteome, metabolome, and microbiome and the extent of exposure to different environmental conditions. In this scenario, “precision nutrition”, namely personalized dietary patterns based on deep phenotyping and on metabolomics, microbiome, and nutrigenetics of each case, might be more efficient for infertile patients than applying a generic nutritional approach. In this review, we report on new insights into the nutritional management of infertile patients, discussing the main nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and microbiomic aspects that should be investigated to achieve effective personalized nutritional interventions. Specifically, we will focus on the management of low-grade chronic inflammation, which is associated with several infertility-related diseases.
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Cavalcante MB, Sarno M, Barini R. Lymphocyte immunotherapy in recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13408. [PMID: 33638199 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) emerged in the early 1980s as a new therapeutic proposal for couples with a history of recurrent miscarriages (RM). However, in the early 2000s, the effectiveness of LIT was questioned. Recently, meta-analyses have observed the effectiveness and safety of LIT in treating couples with RM. Some studies evaluated the use of LIT in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) in in vitro fertilization cycles. METHODS This systematic and narrative review evaluated the data available in the literature regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of LIT. Searches in PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were conducted, using the following keywords: "recurrent miscarriage," "lymphocyte immunotherapy," and "recurrent implantation failure". RESULTS This review describes the historical aspects of LIT and discusses its protocols, mechanisms of action, side effects, complications, and current evidence of the effectiveness in cases of reproductive failure. It also discusses the use of LIT during the COVID-19 pandemic and new immunological therapies. CONCLUSION In the vast majority of studies, the use of LIT for RM couples has shown an improvement in pregnancy outcomes. The most of the current studies that support the evidence are quasi-experimental, with few randomized, double-blind studies (Level of evidence III). However, the current evidence are not convincing for the use of LIT in RIF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Borges Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fortaleza University (UNIFOR, Fortaleza, Brazil.,CONCEPTUS - Reproductive Medicine, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Manoel Sarno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campinas University (UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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7
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Ali S, Majid S, Ali MN, Taing S, Rehman MU, Arafah A. Cytokine imbalance at materno-embryonic interface as a potential immune mechanism for recurrent pregnancy loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107118. [PMID: 33191177 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a prominent reproductive disease that distresses about 2%-5% of couples. RPL is the loss of two or more successive spontaneous pregnancies prior to the 20th week of embryo development. The commencement of pregnancy necessitates implantation of the embryo into responsive maternal decidua synchronized with the process of placentation, decidual and myometrial trophoblast incursion as well as refashioning of spiral blood arteries of uterus. The collapse of any of the processes fundamental for pregnancy success may result into an array of pregnancy problems including spontaneous pregnancy loss. Endometrium of human female manufactures an extensive range of cytokines during the proliferative and secretory stage of the menstrual cycle. These endometrial cytokines are thought as major players for making the uterus ready for embryo implantation and placental development during pregnancy. Decidual cytokines regulate the invasion of trophoblast and remodeling of spiral arteries as well as take part in immune suppression to accomplish the pregnancy. Deterrence of maternal rejection of embryo needs a regulated milieu, which takes place essentially at the embryo-maternal interface and the tissues of the uterus. The reasons of RPL remain anonymous in a large number of cases that lead to difficulties in management and severe trauma in couples. Cytokine modulatory therapies have been shown promising for preventing RPL. Further study of novel factors is wanted to establish more effective RPL treatment protocols. The present study aims to review the outcome of cytokine breach at materno-embryonic interface and the efficacy of cytokine modulatory therapies in RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir-190006, Srinagar, J&K, India; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Md Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir-190006, Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Shahnaz Taing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Govt. Medical College Associated Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Luo L, Zeng X, Huang Z, Luo S, Qin L, Li S. Reduced frequency and functional defects of CD4 +CD25 highCD127 low/- regulatory T cells in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32522204 PMCID: PMC7285476 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses, generally of unknown cause; it is related to a failure of fetal-maternal immunological tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert immunosuppressive effects, which are essential to maintain fetal-maternal immunological tolerance and regulate immune balance. In this study, we used the specific cell-surface phenotype of CD4+CD25highCD127low/- Tregs to investigate the number and suppressive function of Tregs isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with URSA with the aim of expanding our understanding of their role in URSA. METHODS We isolated a relatively pure population of peripheral CD4+CD25highCD127low/- Tregs and CD4+CD25- responder T cells (Tresps) from the patients with URSA and normal fertile nonpregnant control women via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We compared the frequency, suppressive capacity, and forkhead box transcription factor P3 (FOXP3) expression of Tregs in the peripheral blood between patients with URSA and normal controls. RESULTS The frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127low/- Tregs in the peripheral blood was lower in URSA patients than in the controls (P < 0.05). The mean fluorescence intensity of FOXP3 and FOXP3 mRNA expression in Tregs was also significantly lower in the URSA patients (P < 0.01). Tregs suppressed the activity of autologous Tresps stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads in a concentration-dependent manner, with the strongest suppression occurring in cocultures with a 1:1 Treg:Tresp ratio in both groups; however, patient-derived Tregs exhibited a poorer capacity to suppress the proliferation of autologous Tresps than the Tregs from normal controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, Tregs isolated from URSA patients inhibited the proliferation of Tresps from normal controls less potently than the Tregs from normal controls (P < 0.01), and Tresps from URSA patients were less effectively suppressed by autologous Tregs than by those from normal controls (P < 0.01). Tresp activity were intact in both groups. CONCLUSIONS We observed a lower frequency of peripheral CD4+CD25highCD127low/- Tregs with lower FOXP3 expression in the peripheral blood of URSA patients. In addition, highly purified Tregs from patients with URSA exhibited impaired suppressive effects. The defect in immune regulation in URSA patients appears to be primarily related to impaired Tregs, and not to increased resistance of Tresps to suppression. Our findings reveal a potential novel therapeutic target for URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Zeng
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongying Huang
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Luo
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Qin
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangwei Li
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Ehsani M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mirzakhani M, Esmaeilzadeh S, Shahbazi M. Female Unexplained Infertility: A Disease with Imbalanced Adaptive Immunity. J Hum Reprod Sci 2019; 12:274-282. [PMID: 32038075 PMCID: PMC6937763 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_30_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexplained infertility (UI) among women consists of only 10-17% of infertile females. Unexplained or idiopathic infertility is a condition, in which couples are not able to conceive without any definite causes. The presence of the decidual immune system (innate or adaptive) is essential for a successful pregnancy and fertility that is mediated by T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, CD8+ CD28− T, and regulatory T cells, as well as autoantibodies such as antiphospholipid antibody, antithyroid antibody, antiovarian antibody, cytokines, and chemokines. Therefore, altered proportions or levels of the mentioned compartments of the adaptive immune system may cause pregnancy failure and infertility, especially in UI. Consequently, a deep understanding of immunological compartments in females with UI may help us to define the causes of this disease with regard to immunology. This review will discuss immunological factors, including cellular, molecular components, and transcription factors that are involved in the etiology of UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Ehsani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzakhani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sedighe Esmaeilzadeh
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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10
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Ping Y, Guo H, He M, Feng X. Associations between tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 polymorphisms and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion risk: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17919. [PMID: 31725642 PMCID: PMC6867799 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the associations between Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)(-238G>A) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)(-174G>C) polymorphism and risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA).Correlated case-control studies were collected by computer retrieval. A meta-analysis was conducted by Stata 12.0 software to analysis the strength of association between polymorphism of TNF-α -238G>A and IL-6 -174G>C and URSA.Twenty-one articles with twenty-two studies were included, of which 12 and 10 studies were respectively related to mutation of TNF-α -238G>A, IL-6 -174G>C and URSA. The integrated results showed that the TNF-α-238G>A gene mutation was significantly correlated with the risk of URSA under homozygote model (AA vs GG;OR 1.533,95% CI 1.022-2.301) and recessive model (AA vs GG+AG;OR 1.571,95%CI 1.050-2.350)(P < .05). There was no association between URSA and TNF-α -238G>A under heterozygote model (AG vs GG;OR 0.963,95% CI 0.816-1.137), dominant model (AA+AG vs GG; OR 1.031,95%CI 0.880-1.209) and additive model (A vs G;OR 1.046,95%CI 0.909-1.203)(P > .05). The results of subgroup analysis based on ethnicity showed that -238G>A was significantly correlated with the risk of URSA in Asians under all gene models except for heterozygote model (AG vs GG; OR 1.129,95% CI 0.857-1.487) (P < .05). In Caucasians, it was dominant model (AA+AG vs GG; OR 1.430,95%CI 1.040-1.965) (P < .05) rather than others that showed relationship with URSA. From the integrated results, association was manifested between -174G>C and URSA under all gene models (P < .05) except for recessive model (CC vs GG+CG, OR 1.166, 95%CI 0.938-1.449) (P > .05), which is identical to subgroup analysis based on ethnicity.It is of great guiding significance for screening out and preventing URSA among high-risk women to test on TNF-α -238G>A and IL-6 -174G>C under gene models mentioned above which are highly associated with the risk of URSA, which can act as biological markers for URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhao
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - Yuepeng Jiang
- Department of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou
| | - Yunlu Ping
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - Meirong He
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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11
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Kofod L, Lindhard A, Hviid TVF. Implications of uterine NK cells and regulatory T cells in the endometrium of infertile women. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:693-701. [PMID: 29990511 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A range of studies have shown that the complex process of implantation and an establishment of a pregnancy also involves immune factors. Disturbances in these underlying immune mechanisms might lead to implantation and pregnancy failure and may be involved in the pathogenesis of unexplained infertility. Several studies have reported that imbalances in uterine NK (uNK) cell abundance are associated with infertility; however, controversies exist. An increased amount of CD56+ uNK cells along with a decrease in CD16+ uNK cells have been associated with normal fertility in some studies. Very few studies of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pre-implantation endometrium have been performed. Results are sparse and controversial, studies reporting both increased and decreased numbers of Tregs, respectively, in women suffering from infertility. In conclusion, studies imply that uNK cells, Tregs and HLA-G carry pivotal roles regarding the establishment of a healthy pregnancy, and that abnormal immune mechanisms involving these parameters may be associated with infertility. However, more research in early phases of the reproductive cycle, such as investigating the conditions in the endometrium before implantation, is needed to further clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kofod
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), The ReproHealth Research Consortium ZUH, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Lindhard
- The Fertility Clinic, The ReproHealth Research Consortium ZUH, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), The ReproHealth Research Consortium ZUH, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Ismail AM, Agban MN, Hasanein AS, Rayan AA, Abbas AM. Role of Th-1 cell cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor and hoxA genes in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Li F, Dang J, Jiang M, He M, Yang M, Li J, Hao H, Zhou Y, Zuo W, Xie Y, Deng D. Upregulation of Tim-3 expression at feto-maternal interface may explain embryo survival in the CBAxDBA/2 model of abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29083087 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To understand the mechanisms of action of Tim-3 at the maternal-fetal interface and explore how Tim-3 might be involved in the pathogenesis of abortion by constructing an in vitro trophoblast-lymphocyte system. METHODS OF STUDY Female CBA/J × male DBA/2 matings were used as the abortion-prone model and CBA/J × male BALB/c matings as control. The expression of Tim-3 at the maternal-fetal interface and in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The proliferation index of lymphocytes and levels of Th1/Th2-derived cytokines in peripheral blood and in the co-culture system were determined using CCK-8 assay and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The expression level of Tim-3 was higher in abortion-prone matings than that of control (P < .05). A preponderance of Th1 was observed in the co-culture system in the abortion-prone mating group. Recombinant Tim-3 Ig reversed the imbalance of Th1/Th2 immunity of abortion-prone matings by suppressing the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 but had no direct effect on the generation of IL-4. CONCLUSION Tim-3 might contribute to successful pregnancy by restraining Th1 bias, and the maternal immune system might develop a strategy including upregulation of Tim-3 at the maternal-fetal interface and in peripheral blood so as to maintain moderate inflammatory responses against miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Dang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengzhou He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meitao Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Faculty of Reproductive Medical Center of the Third Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Faculty of Department of Orthopedics, Pu Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongrui Deng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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14
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Chen JL, Yang JM, Huang YZ, Li Y. Clinical observation of lymphocyte active immunotherapy in 380 patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:347-350. [PMID: 27673476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the clinical curative effect of lymphocyte active immunotherapy (LAI) on unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). METHODS A total of 749 RSA patients who received medical service in our hospital from October 2009 to June 2013 were enrolled into this study. These patients were randomly divided into two groups: LAI group (treatment group) and routine progesterone for maintenance tocolysis group (control group). A comparative analysis on the pregnancy outcomes in these two groups was conducted. RESULTS Abortion rate was significantly lower in the LAI group than in the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, pregnancy success rates were 89.7% and 32.2% in patients who received LAI and routine progesterone for maintenance tocolysis, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our analysis suggested that LAI can treat RSA effectively and has an excellent clinical effect. Furthermore, the detection of blocking antibodies showed a positive prediction on pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ling Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Medical Center, The Center Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang 473009, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medical Center, The Center Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang 473009, China
| | - Ya-Zhe Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Medical Center, The Center Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang 473009, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Medical Center, The Center Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang 473009, China
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15
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Agenor A, Bhattacharya S. Infertility and miscarriage: common pathways in manifestation and management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:527-41. [PMID: 26238301 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between miscarriage and fertility is complex. While most healthcare settings treat miscarriage as a problem of subfertility in assisted reproduction units, others believe that miscarriage occurs in super-fertile women. Infertile women undergoing assisted reproduction are at a greater risk of having a miscarriage especially at an advanced age compared with women conceiving naturally. Aberrant expression of immunological factors and chromosomal abnormalities underlie both infertility and miscarriage. Common risk factors include increased maternal age, obesity, smoking, alcohol, pre-existing medical conditions and anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive system. Management pathways of both conditions may be similar with pre-implantation genetic testing and assisted reproductive technology used in both conditions. This paper discusses the synergies and differences between the two conditions in terms of their epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, risk factors and management strategies. The two conditions are related as degrees of severity of reproductive failure with common pathways in manifestation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angena Agenor
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharya
- Dugald Baird Centre for Research on Women's Health, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZL, UK
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16
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Xiang H, Liu S, Zong C, Li Z, Liu Y, Ma X, Cao Y. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the MTOR gene is associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion in the Chinese female population. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015; 61:205-10. [PMID: 25848831 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.977499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a multi-factor disease. The mammalian target of the the rapamycin (MTOR) gene has been reported to be involved in mouse embryo development and regulates the proliferation of embryonic stem cells. Our study explored the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17027478 in the promoter region of MTOR gene and the development of RSA. A total of 306 patients with RSA and 127 healthy females as the controls were recruited in the case-control study. The predesigned TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay was adopted to analyze the association between rs17027478 and the development of RSA. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to analyze the function of the variant. It was found that a significant association exists between the variant and the risk of RSA among the patients who experienced no less than three spontaneous abortions (p = 0.043). However, the significant difference disappeared among the total samples (p = 0.524). Furthermore, we observed lower MTOR mRNA levels in the blood of RSA patients compared with healthy females (p = 0.020). The luciferase reporter assay showed that the rs17027478A allele significantly reduced the luciferase activity (p = 0.029). The results demonstrated that the variant rs17027478 in the promoter region of MTOR might be a good candidate responsible for the pathogenesis of RSA. Abbreviations RSA recurrent spontaneous abortion MTOR mammalian target of rapamycin SNP single nucleotide polymorphism qRT-PCR quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction URSA unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion mTORC1 mTOR complex 1 ESC embryonic stem cells HKE-293 human embryonic kidney 293 cells HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ANOVA one-way analysis of variance.
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17
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Wu L, Luo LH, Zhang YX, Li Q, Xu B, Zhou GX, Luan HB, Liu YS. Alteration of Th17 and Treg cells in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion before and after lymphocyte immunization therapy. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:74. [PMID: 25086467 PMCID: PMC4237930 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several types of T cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA), including Th1/Th2/Th17/Tregs cell. It has been appreciated that immunotherapy with paternal or third party lymphocytes is an effective method of treatment for URSA patients. The balance of Th1/Th2 cells could be maintained and an increase of Treg cells would be beneficial after immunotherapy; however, the mechanism by which the Th17/Treg balance affects URSA has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS Here, we used flow cytometry, liquid chip technology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods to characterize Th17/Treg cell populations after immunotherapy. We found that after immunotherapy in URSA patients, the percentage of Th17 cells decreased and the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased, as detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Immunotherapy may induce a decrease in the Th17/Treg ratio and the Treg bias, which may be beneficial for the maintenance of pregnancy. The expression level of ROR gamma t, a transcription factor found in Th17 cells, decreased and the expression of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 increased in peripheral blood as detected by qPCR. Immunotherapy may induce a decrease in the ratio of ROR gamma t to Foxp3 and a Treg cell bias, which would be beneficial for pregnancy maintenance. The secretion of the Treg-associated cytokine TGF-beta, as well as Th2 cytokines, was increased in serum, while the secretion of Th17-associated cytokine IL-17A and Th1 cytokine production was decreased. The Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio significantly decreased. Similarly, the Th17/Treg ratio significantly decreased in the total patient after immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in patients with URSA, immunotherapy with mononuclear cells derived from the baby's father could affect both Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance, and we found that the Th2 and Treg bias would be beneficial for pregnancy, which may lead to a balancing of the Th17/Treg ratio in URSA patients after immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Habitual/blood
- Abortion, Habitual/immunology
- Abortion, Habitual/metabolism
- Abortion, Habitual/therapy
- Adult
- China
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/blood
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Hospitals, Teaching
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/blood
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Maintenance
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Prospective Studies
- Spouses
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th1-Th2 Balance
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Hua Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying-Xin Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Bing Luan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Shen Y, Wang C, Hong D, Zeng B, Fang C, Yuan C, Fan L, Lv H, Zhu M. The relationship between polymorphisms in the promoter region of Tim-3 and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion in Han Chinese women. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:104. [PMID: 24209883 PMCID: PMC3828477 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) refers to 2 or more consecutive pregnancy losses, and RSA with unknown causes is called unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Tim-3, a subtype of the T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (Tim) protein family, might be an important regulatory molecule that plays a pivotal role in URSA, which might be triggered mostly by Th1/Th2 immune deviation. To understand the etiology and pathogenesis of URSA in Han Chinese women, we investigated the association between polymorphisms of rs10053538 and rs10515746 in the promoter of Tim-3 and the risk of URSA in Han Chinese women. METHODS One hundred and forty-eight women with RSA resulting in still birth were enrolled in the URSA group. We performed tests to rule out congenital reproductive system malformation, reproductive system tumor, endocrine dyscrasia, and chromosome abnormalities. One hundred and fifty-three women with normal pregnancy leading to live birth were selected at random to comprise the control group. All women included in this study were genetically unrelated Han Chinese women. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) were used to determine polymorphisms of rs10053538 and rs10515746, respectively, in all subjects. PCR products were chosen at random for sequencing. RESULTS No significant statistical difference was found between the distribution frequency of the GT + TT genotype and T allele on the rs10053538 locus in the URSA group or the control group (10.1% vs. 11.8%, Chi(2) = 0.205, P = 0.651; 5.1% vs. 6.5%, Chi(2) = 0.592, P = 0.441; respectively). Neither was there a significant difference between the distribution frequency of the GT + TT genotype and T allele on the rs10515746 locus in the groups (6.8% vs. 3.9%, Chi(2)1.201, P = 0.273; 3.4% vs. 2.0%, Chi(2) = 1.169, P = 0.280; respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that these polymorphisms of rs10053538 or rs10515746 in the Tim-3 promoter may not be associated with URSA in Han Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Dun Hong
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Baojin Zeng
- The department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Congcheng Fang
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Chiting Yuan
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Lilong Fan
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Haiyan Lv
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Min Zhu
- The Public Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China
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Zare A, Saremi A, Hajhashemi M, Kardar GA, Moazzeni SM, Pourpak Z, Salehian P, Naderi M, Safaralizadeh R, Nourizadeh M. Correlation between serum zinc levels and successful immunotherapy in recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. J Hum Reprod Sci 2013; 6:147-51. [PMID: 24082657 PMCID: PMC3778605 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.117170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes plays an important role in preventing recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and is an effective treatment for it. This kind of treatment is performed as an immunotherapy method in several centers in the world. It attributes to the production of anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCAs) in women with RSA. Production of APCA after lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) in RSA patients gives them a better chance for successful pregnancy. Regarding the important effect of trace elements on the function of the immune system, we tried to investigate the correlation between serum zinc level and the success of LIT in RSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum zinc concentration was determined in two groups of RSA patients using atomic absorption spectrophotometer systems. Group (a) that responded to the paternal lymphocytes and their cross-match test was positive, and group (b) that had no response to the paternal lymphocytes immunizations and their cross-match test was negative. RESULTS: Serum zinc levels in group (a) patients were 74.98 ± 11.88 μg/dl, which was significantly higher than those in group (b) with the zinc concentration of 64.22 ± 9.22 μg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc deficiency may be one of the substantial causes of negative results for LIT in RSA patients. Therefore, compensation of zinc defect before LIT can be a promising approach to improve the immune response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Zare
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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