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Rong Y, Tang MZ, Liu SH, Li XF, Cai H. Comprehensive analysis of the potential pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection and liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:436-457. [PMID: 38425388 PMCID: PMC10900145 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of clinical examples suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to have an impact on the treatment of patients with liver cancer compared to the normal population, and the prevalence of COVID-19 is significantly higher in patients with liver cancer. However, this mechanism of action has not been clarified. AIM To investigate the disease relevance of COVID-19 in liver cancer. METHODS Gene sets for COVID-19 (GSE180226) and liver cancer (GSE87630) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of COVID-19 and liver cancer, functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction and screening and analysis of hub genes were performed. Subsequently, the validation of the differential expression of hub genes in the disease was performed and the regulatory network of transcription factors and hub genes was constructed. RESULTS Of 518 common DEGs were obtained by screening for functional analysis. Fifteen hub genes including aurora kinase B, cyclin B2, cell division cycle 20, cell division cycle associated 8, nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1, etc., were further identified from DEGs using the "cytoHubba" plugin. Functional enrichment analysis of hub genes showed that these hub genes are associated with P53 signalling pathway regulation, cell cycle and other functions, and they may serve as potential molecular markers for COVID-19 and liver cancer. Finally, we selected 10 of the hub genes for in vitro expression validation in liver cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a common pathogenesis of liver cancer and COVID-19. These common pathways and key genes may provide new ideas for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rong
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ming-Zheng Tang
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Song-Hua Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hui Cai
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Yu X, Wang T, Li Y, Li Y, Bai B, Fang J, Han J, Li S, Xiu Z, Liu Z, Yang X, Li Y, Zhu G, Jin N, Shang C, Li X, Zhu Y. Apoptin causes apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca 2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Med 2022; 12:8306-8318. [PMID: 36515089 PMCID: PMC10134343 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptin is derived from the chicken anemia virus and exhibits specific cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Herein, we found that Apoptin induced a strong and lasting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, Ca2+ imbalance, and triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which Apoptin exhibited anti-tumor effects in HepG-2 cells. METHODS The intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+ ) were induced by ER stress and determined by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. The mitochondrial injury was determined by mitochondrial membrane potential and electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to investigate the levels of key proteins in ER stress and the apoptotic pathway in mitochondria. The relationship between Ca2+ levels and apoptosis in Apoptin-treated cells was analyzed using a Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM), flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. We also investigated the in vivo effects of Ca2+ imbalance on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway using tumor tissues xenografted on nude mice. RESULTS This study showed that Apoptin induced a strong and long- lasting ER stress and injury, which subsequently led to an imbalance of cellular Ca2+ levels, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, a significant extent image in the mitochondrial structure, and an increase in the expression levels of Smac/Diablo and Cyto-C. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Apoptin induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This study provided a new direction for antitumor research in Apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tongxing Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guangze Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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3
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Xiao Y, Ma J, Guo C, Liu D, Pan J, Huang X. Cyclin B2 overexpression promotes tumour growth by regulating jagged 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2855-2867. [PMID: 35349480 PMCID: PMC9004552 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Our previous study showed that Cyclin B2 (CCNB2) is closely related to the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aim of the study: This study aimed to clarify the effect of CCNB2 gene silencing on tumorigenesis in nude mice and to detect the potential mechanism. Methods: The effect of CCNB2 on HCC was tested in vivo. The downstream target genes of CCNB2 were predicted by proteomics and confirmed by western blot assay. The regulatory functions of CCNB2 in the proliferation and migration of HCC cells were determined through functional recovery experiments. The expression of the downstream target genes of CCNB2 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Knockdown of CCNB2 decreased tumour formation rate and tumour volume and weight and inhibited tumour proliferation. A total of 130 differentially expressed proteins were detected by proteomics, and Jagged 1 (JAG1) was predicted as the potential downstream target of CCNB2. Western blot assay revealed that CCNB2 and JAG1 expression was significantly correlated in HCC cells. The results of functional recovery experiments suggested that CCNB2 knockdown weakened the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells, while JAG1 overexpression restored this ability of HCC cells that was weakened by CCNB2 knockdown. Immunohistochemistry showed that JAG1 expression was higher in HCC tissues than in paracancerous tissues and was related to tumour size and number and tumour thrombus formation. Conclusions: The proliferation of HCC cells in vivo was inhibited by CCNB2 knockdown. CCNB2 may accelerate the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells by increasing JAG1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yening Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
| | - Jiamei Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
| | - Chunliu Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
| | - Danni Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570028, China
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4
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Tang Y, Liao X, Wang C, Liu Y, Pan J, Tian Y, Teng Z, Lu G. Self-assembled small messenger RNA nanospheres for efficient therapeutic apoptin expression and synergistic Gene-Chemotherapy of breast cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:191-198. [PMID: 34192626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, small self-assembled messenger RNA nanospheres (mRNA-NSs) were successfully prepared by rolling circle transcription on a constructed apoptin plasmid. The self-assembled mRNA-NSs have a uniform diameter of approximately 65 nm, good dispersity in solution, and efficient therapeutic apoptin expression ability. In addition, the mRNA-NSs have a high loading capacity of 8.2% for the antitumor drug doxorubicin (Dox), which can effectively deliver the loaded Dox into 4 T1 cells. Cellular experiments show that Dox-loaded self-assembled messenger RNA nanospheres (mRNA-NSs@Dox) can reduce the viability of 4 T1 breast cancer cells by significantly upregulating Bax protein, thereby inducing the activation of Caspase 3 in 4 T1 cells. In vivo experiments show that mRNA-NSs@Dox can effectively increase the necrosis of tumor tissue, reduce the expression of Ki67, and exhibit a synergistic gene-chemotherapy effect in breast cancer-bearing mice. Taken together, this study successfully prepared self-assembled apoptin messenger RNA nanospheres (mRNA-NSs), which can improve the expression of the therapeutic protein apoptin and exhibit excellent synergistic antitumor effects after loading Dox, providing new ideas for the gene treatment and chemotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Tang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Zhu Y, Li Y, Bai B, Shang C, Fang J, Cong J, Li W, Li S, Song G, Liu Z, Zhao J, Li X, Zhu G, Jin N. Effects of Apoptin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Lipid Metabolism, Migration, and Invasion of HepG-2 Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:614082. [PMID: 33718168 PMCID: PMC7952871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.614082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Apoptin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on lipid metabolism, migration and invasion of HepG-2 cells, and preliminarily explored the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, migration, and invasion. The effects of Apoptin on ER function and structure in HepG-2 cells were determined by flow cytometry, fluorescence staining and western blotting by assessing the expression levels of ER stress related proteins. The effects of Apoptin on HepG-2 cells' lipid metabolism were determined by western blot analysis of the expression levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipid metabolism related enzymes. The effects of Apoptin on HepG-2 cells' migration and invasion were studied using migration and invasion assays and by Western-blot analysis of the expression of proteins involved in migration and invasion. The in vivo effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress on lipid metabolism, migration and invasion of HepG-2 cells were also investigated by immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor tissues from HepG2 cells xenografted nude mice models. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Apoptin can cause a strong and lasting ER stress response, damage ER functional structure, significantly change the expression levels of lipid metabolism related enzymes and reduce the migration and invasion abilities of HepG-2 cells. Apoptin can also affect HepG-2 cells' lipid metabolism through endoplasmic reticulum stress and the abnormal expression of enzymes closely related to tumor migration and invasion. These results also showed that lipid metabolism may be one of the main inducements that reduce HepG-2 cells' migration and invasion abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Cong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Guangze Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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6
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Hudecki A, Wolany W, Likus W, Markowski J, Wilk R, Kolano-Burian A, Łuczak K, Zorychta M, Kawecki M, Łos MJ. Orbital reconstruction - applied materials, therapeutic agents and clinical problems of restoration of defects. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173766. [PMID: 33249074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large cavities in the skull and facial regions is important not only to restore health but also for the correction of facial distortions. Every visible deformity in the facial region of the patient affects their mental wellness and perception by society, entailing both, deterioration of health, but also a decrease in the performance in society, which translates into its productivity. With the progressive degradation of the natural environment, cancer, in the coming years, will be on the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The review focuses on two main aspects: (i) the causes of injuries leading to the necessity of removal of orbital cavities occupied by the tumor and then their reconstruction, with the focus on the anatomical structure of the orbital cavity, (ii) the materials used to reconstruct the orbital cavities and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. The manuscript also underlines the not yet fully met challenges in the area of facial- and craniofacial reconstruction in people affected by cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Hudecki
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Wirginia Likus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Renata Wilk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Marek Kawecki
- University of Bielsko-Biala, Faculty of Heath Science, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Poland; and Linkocare Life Sciences AB, Linkoping, Gliwice, Sweden.
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7
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Hashemi M, Aftabi S, Moazeni-Roodi A, Sarani H, Wiechec E, Ghavami S. Association of CASP8 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173201. [PMID: 32442541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 plays is an essential enzyme in apoptosis pathway. Several investigation have been done to identify the relation between CASP8 polymorphisms and different human cancers, but, the findings are still debated. The aim of the current investigation is to assess if CASP8 rs3834129 (-652 6N insertion/deletion), rs1045485 G > C, rs3769818 G > A, rs6723097 A > C, rs3769821 T > C, rs13113 T > A, rs3769825 G > A, rs2293554 A > C, and rs10931936 C > T polymorphisms are linked to susceptibility of cancer. Our team has extracted the eligible studies up to July 4, 2019, from different sources. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to quantitatively evaluate the association between CASP8 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Our results showed that the rs3834129 and rs1045485 polymorphisms meaningfully reduced the risk of cancer, while the rs3769818, rs3769821 and rs3769825 polymorphisms considerably increased cancer susceptibility. No association of rs6723097, rs13113, rs2293554 and rs10931936 polymorphisms was observed with cancer susceptibility. The CASP8 rs3834129 polymorphism reduced the risk of gastrointestinal, digestive tract, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Furthermore, the cancer risk was decreased in Asian and Caucasian populations as well as population- and hospital-based studies due to this polymorphism. There was not any relation between this gene polymorphism and the risk of prostate and cervical cancer development. Regarding the CASP8 rs1045485 polymorphism, the reduced breast cancer risk along with the risk of cancer in Caucasians, population- and hospital-based studies were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Aftabi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abdolkarim Moazeni-Roodi
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Hosna Sarani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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8
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Reprogramming and transdifferentiation - two key processes for regenerative medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173202. [PMID: 32562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine based on transplants obtained from donors or foetal and new-born mesenchymal stem cells, encounter important obstacles such as limited availability of organs, ethical issues and immune rejection. The growing demand for therapeutic methods for patients being treated after serious accidents, severe organ dysfunction and an increasing number of cancer surgeries, exceeds the possibilities of the therapies that are currently available. Reprogramming and transdifferentiation provide powerful bioengineering tools. Both procedures are based on the somatic differentiated cells, which are easily and unlimitedly available, like for example: fibroblasts. During the reprogramming procedure mature cells are converted into pluripotent cells - which are capable to differentiate into almost any kind of desired cells. Transdifferentiation directly converts differentiated cells of one type into another differentiated cells type. Both procedures allow to obtained patient's dedicated cells for therapeutic purpose in regenerative medicine. In combination with biomaterials, it is possible to obtain even whole anatomical structures. Those patient's dedicated structures may serve for them upon serious accidents with massive tissue damage but also upon cancer surgeries as a replacement of damaged organ. Detailed information about reprogramming and transdifferentiation procedures as well as the current state of the art are presented in our review.
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9
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Feng C, Liang Y, Teodoro JG. The Role of Apoptin in Chicken Anemia Virus Replication. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040294. [PMID: 32316372 PMCID: PMC7238243 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptin is the Vp3 protein of chicken anemia virus (CAV), which infects the thymocytes and erythroblasts in young chickens, causing chicken infectious anemia and immunosuppression. Apoptin is highly studied for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in human tumor cells and, thus, is a protein of interest in anti-tumor therapy. CAV apoptin is known to localize to different subcellular compartments in transformed and non-transformed cells, depending on the DNA damage response, and the phosphorylation of several identified threonine residues. In addition, apoptin interacts with molecular machinery such as the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to inhibit the cell cycle and induce arrest in G2/M phase. While these functions of apoptin contribute to the tumor-selective effect of the protein, they also provide an important fundamental framework to apoptin’s role in viral infection, pathogenesis, and propagation. Here, we reviewed how the regulation, localization, and functions of apoptin contribute to the viral life cycle and postulated its importance in efficient replication of CAV. A model of the molecular biology of infection is critical to informing our understanding of CAV and other related animal viruses that threaten the agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yingke Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jose G. Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3G 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Pavesi A. New insights into the evolutionary features of viral overlapping genes by discriminant analysis. Virology 2020; 546:51-66. [PMID: 32452417 PMCID: PMC7157939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overlapping genes originate by a mechanism of overprinting, in which nucleotide substitutions in a pre-existing frame induce the expression of a de novo protein from an alternative frame. In this study, I assembled a dataset of 319 viral overlapping genes, which included 82 overlaps whose expression is experimentally known and the respective 237 homologs. Principal component analysis revealed that overlapping genes have a common pattern of nucleotide and amino acid composition. Discriminant analysis separated overlapping from non-overlapping genes with an accuracy of 97%. When applied to overlapping genes with known genealogy, it separated ancestral from de novo frames with an accuracy close to 100%. This high discriminant power was crucial to computationally design variants of de novo viral proteins known to possess selective anticancer toxicity (apoptin) or protection against neurodegeneration (X protein), as well as to detect two new potential overlapping genes in the genome of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pavesi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 23/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy.
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11
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Cancer Treatment Goes Viral: Using Viral Proteins to Induce Tumour-Specific Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121975. [PMID: 31817939 PMCID: PMC6966515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a tightly regulated process which can be exploited in cancer treatment to drive the killing of the tumour. Several conventional cancer therapies including chemotherapeutic agents target pathways involved in cell death, yet they often fail due to the lack of selectivity they have for tumour cells over healthy cells. Over the past decade, research has demonstrated the existence of numerous proteins which have an intrinsic tumour-specific toxicity, several of which originate from viruses. These tumour-selective viral proteins, although from distinct backgrounds, have several similar and interesting properties. Though the mechanism(s) of action of these proteins are not fully understood, it is possible that they can manipulate several cell death modes in cancer exemplifying the intricate interplay between these pathways. This review will discuss our current knowledge on the topic and outstanding questions, as well as deliberate the potential for viral proteins to progress into the clinic as successful cancer therapeutics.
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Haider T, Tiwari R, Vyas SP, Soni V. Molecular determinants as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy: An update. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:85-109. [PMID: 31047907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that cancer cells are heterogeneous in nature and very distinct from their normal counterparts. Commonly these cancer cells possess different and complementary metabolic profile, microenvironment and adopting behaviors to generate more ATPs to fulfill the requirement of high energy that is further utilized in the production of proteins and other essentials required for cell survival, growth, and proliferation. These differences create many challenges in cancer treatments. On the contrary, such situations of metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells may be expected a promising strategy for treatment purpose. In this article, we focus on the molecular determinants of oncogene-specific sub-organelles such as potential metabolites of mitochondria (reactive oxygen species, apoptotic proteins, cytochrome c, caspase 9, caspase 3, etc.), endoplasmic reticulum (unfolded protein response, PKR-like ER kinase, C/EBP homologous protein, etc.), nucleus (nucleolar phosphoprotein, nuclear pore complex, nuclear localization signal), lysosome (microenvironment, etc.) and plasma membrane phospholipids, etc. that might be exploited for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs for therapeutic benefits. This review will help to understand the various targets of subcellular organelles at molecular levels. In the future, this molecular level understanding may be combined with the genomic profile of cancer for the development of the molecularly guided or personalized therapeutics for complete eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanweer Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Suresh Prasad Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India.
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Curtis NL, Bolanos-Garcia VM. The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C): A Versatile E3 Ubiquitin Ligase. Subcell Biochem 2019; 93:539-623. [PMID: 31939164 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present chapter we discuss the essential roles of the human E3 ubiquitin ligase Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) in mitosis as well as the emerging evidence of important APC/C roles in cellular processes beyond cell division control such as regulation of genomic integrity and cell differentiation of the nervous system. We consider the potential incipient role of APC/C dysregulation in the pathophysiology of the neurological disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD). We also discuss how certain Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses take control of the host's cell division regulatory system through harnessing APC/C ubiquitin ligase activity and hypothesise the plausible molecular mechanisms underpinning virus manipulation of the APC/C. We also examine how defects in the function of this multisubunit protein assembly drive abnormal cell proliferation and lastly argue the potential of APC/C as a promising therapeutic target for the development of innovative therapies for the treatment of chronic malignancies such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Curtis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England, UK
| | - Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England, UK.
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Autophagy modulates temozolomide-induced cell death in alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:52. [PMID: 30416757 PMCID: PMC6202374 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a muscle-derived tumor. In both pre-clinical and clinical studies Temozolomide (TMZ) has been recently tested against RMS; however, the precise mechanism of action of TMZ in RMS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that TMZ decreases the cell viability of the RH30 RMS and C2C12 cell line, where cells display evidence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability. Interestingly, the C2C12 mouse myoblast line was relatively more resistant to TMZ-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we observed that TMZ activated biochemical and morphological markers of autophagy in both cell lines. Autophagy inhibition in both RH30 and C2C12 cells significantly increased TMZ-induced cell death. In RH30 cells, TMZ increased Mcl-1 and Bax protein expression compared to corresponding time match controls while in C2C12 Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax protein expression were not changed. Baf-A1 co-treatment with TMZ significantly decrease Mcl-1 expression compared to TMZ while increase Bax expression in C2C12 cells (Bcl2 and Bcl-XL do not significantly change in Baf-A1/TMZ co-treatment). Using a three-dimensional (3D) C2C12 and RH30 culture model we demonstrated that TMZ is significantly more toxic in RH30 cells (live/dead assay). Additionally, we have observed in our 3D culture model that TMZ induced both apoptosis (cleavage of PARP) and autophagy (LC3-puncta and localization of LC3/p62). Therefore, our data demonstrate that TMZ induces simultaneous autophagy and apoptosis in both RH30 and C2C12 cells in 2D and 3D culture model, where RH30 cells are more sensitive to TMZ-induced death. Furthermore, autophagy serves to protect RH30 cells from TMZ-induced death.
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Lai GH, Lien YY, Lin MK, Cheng JH, Tzen JT, Sun FC, Lee MS, Chen HJ, Lee MS. VP2 of Chicken Anaemia Virus Interacts with Apoptin for Down-regulation of Apoptosis through De-phosphorylated Threonine 108 on Apoptin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14799. [PMID: 29093508 PMCID: PMC5665943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is an important contagious agent that causes immunosuppressive disease in chickens. CAV Apoptin is a nucleoplasmic shuffling protein that induces apoptosis in chicken lymphoblastoid cells. In the present study, confocal microscopy revealed co-localisation of expressed CAV non-structural protein VP2 with Apoptin in the nucleus of MDCC-MSB1 cells and the nucleoplasmic compartment of CHO-K1 cells. In vitro pull-down and ex vivo biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays further showed that the VP2 protein directly interacts with Apoptin. Transient co-expression of VP2 and Apoptin in MDCC-MSB1 cells significantly decreased the rate of apoptosis compared with that in cells transfected with the Apoptin gene alone. In addition, the phosphorylation status of threonine 108 (Thr108) of Apoptin was found to decrease upon interaction with VP2. Although dephosphorylated Thr108 did not alter the subcellular distribution of Apoptin in the nucleus of MDCC-MSB1 cells, it did suppress apoptosis. These findings provide the first evidence that VP2 directly interacts with Apoptin in the nucleus to down-regulate apoptosis through alterations in the phosphorylation status of the latter. This information will be useful to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of viral replication in the CAV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jason Tc Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, 515, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiunn Lee
- Research Assistance Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Jien Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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