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Sarangi P, Senthilkumar MB, Amit S, Kumar N, Jayandharan GR. AAV mediated repression of Neat1 lncRNA combined with F8 gene augmentation mitigates pathological mediators of joint disease in haemophilia. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18460. [PMID: 38864710 PMCID: PMC11167708 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemophilic arthropathy (HA), a common comorbidity in haemophilic patients leads to joint pain, deformity and reduced quality of life. We have recently demonstrated that a long non-coding RNA, Neat1 as a primary regulator of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP13 activity, and its induction in the target joint has a deteriorating effect on articular cartilage. In the present study, we administered an Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 5 vector carrying an short hairpin (sh)RNA to Neat1 via intra-articular injection alone or in conjunction with systemic administration of a capsid-modified AAV8 (K31Q) vector carrying F8 gene (F8-BDD-V3) to study its impact on HA. AAV8K31Q-F8 vector administration at low dose, led to an increase in FVIII activity (16%-28%) in treated mice. We further observed a significant knockdown of Neat1 (~40 fold vs. untreated injured joint, p = 0.005) in joint tissue of treated mice and a downregulation of chondrodegenerative enzymes, MMP3, MMP13 and the inflammatory mediator- cPLA2, in mice receiving combination therapy. These data demonstrate that AAV mediated Neat1 knockdown in combination with F8 gene augmentation can potentially impact mediators of haemophilic joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Sarangi
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mohankumar B. Senthilkumar
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Sonal Amit
- Department of PathologyAutonomous State Medical CollegeKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Giridhara R. Jayandharan
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
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Sarangi P, Senthilkumar MB, Kumar N, Senguttuvan S, Vasudevan M, Jayandharan GR. Potential role of long non-coding RNA H19 and Neat1 in haemophilic arthropathy. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1745-1749. [PMID: 37183540 PMCID: PMC10273061 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Sarangi
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurIndia
| | | | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurIndia
| | | | - Madavan Vasudevan
- Genomics and Data ScienceTheomics International Pvt Ltd.BangaloreIndia
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Ni WF, Zhou KL, Zhang HJ, Chen YT, Hu XL, Cai WT, Wang XY. Functions and mechanisms of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 in central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:258-266. [PMID: 35900400 PMCID: PMC9396495 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Pournajaf S, Dargahi L, Javan M, Pourgholami MH. Molecular Pharmacology and Novel Potential Therapeutic Applications of Fingolimod. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:807639. [PMID: 35250559 PMCID: PMC8889014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.807639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is a well-tolerated, highly effective disease-modifying therapy successfully utilized in the management of multiple sclerosis. The active metabolite, fingolimod-phosphate, acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) to bring about an array of pharmacological effects. While being initially recognized as a novel agent that can profoundly reduce T-cell numbers in circulation and the CNS, thereby suppressing inflammation and MS, there is now rapidly increasing knowledge on its previously unrecognized molecular and potential therapeutic effects in diverse pathological conditions. In addition to exerting inhibitory effects on sphingolipid pathway enzymes, fingolimod also inhibits histone deacetylases, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRMP7), cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), reduces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plasma levels, and activates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Furthermore, fingolimod induces apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, epigenetic regulations, macrophages M1/M2 shift and enhances BDNF expression. According to recent evidence, fingolimod modulates a range of other molecular pathways deeply rooted in disease initiation or progression. Experimental reports have firmly associated the drug with potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in immunomodulatory diseases, CNS injuries, and diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, and even cancer. Attractive pharmacological effects, relative safety, favorable pharmacokinetics, and positive experimental data have collectively led to its testing in clinical trials. Based on the recent reports, fingolimod may soon find its way as an adjunct therapy in various disparate pathological conditions. This review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge about molecular pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Pournajaf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Culprit or correlate? An application of the Bradford Hill criteria to Vitamin E acetate. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2249-2254. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A Network Pharmacology Study on the Active Ingredients and Potential Targets of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5276865. [PMID: 31118961 PMCID: PMC6500618 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5276865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has specific effect on some chronic diseases in clinic, especially in rheumatic diseases. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook (TWH) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); the unique therapeutic effect has been confirmed by a large number of research papers. TWH has many compounds that lead to its active compounds. However, the potential targets and pharmacological and molecular mechanism of its action treatment of rheumatic diseases are not entirely clear. Therefore, the network pharmacology approach is needed to further study and explore its treatment mechanism. We have successfully set up 10 networks, including four major networks and other networks. Four major networks include rheumatoid arthritis disease network, compound-compound target network of TWH, TWH compound target-rheumatoid arthritis disease network, and TWH-rheumatoid arthritis disease-mechanism network. Other networks consist of RA disease and TWH related targets clusters, biological processes, and pathways network. Our study successfully predicted, explained, and confirmed the TWH of RA disease molecular synergy and found the potential of RA related targets, cluster, biological process, and pathways. This study not only provides prompts to the researcher who explores pharmacological and biological molecular mechanism of TWH applying to RA disease, but also proves a feasible method for discovering potential activated compounds from Chinese herbs.
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Shimizu H, Ito A, Sakurada K, Nakamura J, Tanaka K, Komatsu M, Takeda M, Saito K, Endo Y, Kozaki T, Shoda M, Kuriyama H. AK106-001616, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2: In Vivo Efficacy for Inflammation, Neuropathic Pain, and Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:511-522. [PMID: 30971478 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-[3-Amino-4-(indan-2-yloxy)-5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid (AK106-001616) is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) enzyme. Unlike traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, AK106-001616 reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production by stimulated cells. The suppression of PGE2 and LTB4 production was also confirmed using an air pouch model in rats administered a single oral dose of AK106-001616. AK106-001616 alleviated paw swelling in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. The maximum effect of the inhibitory effect of AK106-001616 was comparable with that of naproxen on paw swelling in a rat AIA model. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of AK106-001616 was more effective than that of naproxen in the mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis model with leukotrienes contributing to the pathogenesis. AK106-001616 dose dependently reversed the decrease in paw withdrawal threshold not only in rat carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, but also in a rat neuropathic pain model induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). However, naproxen and celecoxib did not reverse the decrease in the paw withdrawal threshold in the CCI model. Furthermore, AK106-001616 reduced the disease score of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. In addition, AK106-001616 did not enhance aspirin-induced gastric damage in fasted rats, increase blood pressure, or increase the thromboxane A2/ prostaglandin I2 ratio that is thought to be an underlying mechanism of thrombotic cardiovascular events increased by selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Taken together, these data demonstrate that oral AK106-001616 may provide valuable effects for wide indications without attendant gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Shimizu
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ito
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sakurada
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Komatsu
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mineko Takeda
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Saito
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Endo
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Kozaki
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Motoshi Shoda
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuriyama
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
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Prasher P, Mudila H, Sharma M, Khati B. Developmental perspectives of the drugs targeting enzyme-instigated inflammation: a mini review. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Feuerherm AJ, Dennis EA, Johansen B. Cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 inhibitors, AVX001 and AVX002, ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:29. [PMID: 30665457 PMCID: PMC6341602 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA (cPLA2α)-deficient mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis, suggesting that cPLA2α is an important therapeutic target. Here, the anti-inflammatory effects of the AVX001 and AVX002 cPLA2α inhibitors were investigated. Methods In vitro enzyme activity was assessed by a modified Dole assay. Effects on inhibiting IL-1β-induced release of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured using SW982 synoviocyte cells. In vivo effects were studied in prophylactic and therapetic murine collagen-induced arthritis models and compared to methotrexate (MTX) and Enbrel, commonly used anti-rheumatic drugs. The in vivo response to treatment was evaluated in terms of the arthritis index (AI), histopathology scores and by plasma levels of PGE2 following 14 and 21 days of treatment. Results Both cPLA2α inhibitors are potent inhibitors of cPLA2α in vitro. In synoviocytes, AVX001 and AVX002 reduce, but do not block, release of AA or PGE2 synthesis. In both CIA models, the AI and progression of arthritis were significantly lower in the mice treated with AVX001, AVX002, Enbrel and MTX than in non- treated mice. Several histopathology parameters of joint damage were found to be significantly reduced by AVX001 and AVX002 in both prophylactic and therapeutic study modes; namely articular cavity and peripheral tissue inflammatory cell infiltration; capillary and synovial hyperplasia; articular cartilage surface damage; and periostal and endochondral ossification. In comparison, MTX did not significantly improve any histopathology parameters and Enbrel only improved ossification. Finally, as a biomarker of inflammation and as an indication that AVX001 and AVX002 blocked the cPLA2α target, we determined that plasma levels of PGE2 were significantly reduced in response to the AVX inhibitors and MTX, but not Enbrel. Conclusions AVX001 and AVX002 display potent anti-inflammatory activity and disease-modifying properties in cellular and in vivo models. The in vivo effects of AVX001 and AVX002 were comparable to, or superior, to those of MTX and Enbrel. Taken together, this study suggests that cPLA2α inhibitors AVX001 and AVX002 are promising small molecule disease-modifying anti-rheumatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Feuerherm
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0601, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0601, USA
| | - B Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Alimohamadi H, Rangamani P. Modeling Membrane Curvature Generation due to Membrane⁻Protein Interactions. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E120. [PMID: 30360496 PMCID: PMC6316661 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To alter and adjust the shape of the plasma membrane, cells harness various mechanisms of curvature generation. Many of these curvature generation mechanisms rely on the interactions between peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins, and lipids in the bilayer membrane. Mathematical and computational modeling of membrane curvature generation has provided great insights into the physics underlying these processes. However, one of the challenges in modeling these processes is identifying the suitable constitutive relationships that describe the membrane free energy including protein distribution and curvature generation capability. Here, we review some of the commonly used continuum elastic membrane models that have been developed for this purpose and discuss their applications. Finally, we address some fundamental challenges that future theoretical methods need to overcome to push the boundaries of current model applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Wan M, Tang X, Stsiapanava A, Haeggström JZ. Biosynthesis of leukotriene B 4. Semin Immunol 2017; 33:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dias RG, Sampaio SC, Sant'Anna MB, Cunha FQ, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Cury Y, Picolo G. Articular inflammation induced by an enzymatically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A 2: activation of endogenous phospholipases contributes to the pronociceptive effect. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:18. [PMID: 28344594 PMCID: PMC5364601 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthritis is a set of inflammatory conditions that induce aching, stiffness, swelling, pain and may cause functional disability with severe consequences to the patient's lives. These are multi-mediated pathologies that cannot be effectively protected and/or treated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of acute arthritis, using a Lys49-PLA2 (Bothrops asper myotoxin II; MT-II) to induce articular inflammation. METHODS The articular inflammation was induced by MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection into the left tibio-tarsal or femoral-tibial-patellar joints. Cellular influx was evaluated counting total and differential cells that migrated to the joint. The plasma extravasation was determined using Evans blue dye. The edematogenic response was evaluated measuring the joint thickness using a caliper. The articular hypernociception was determined by a dorsal flexion of the tibio-tarsal joint using an electronic pressure-meter test. The mediators involved in the articular hypernociception were evaluated using receptor antagonists and enzymatic inhibitors. RESULTS Plasma extravasation in the knee joints was observed 5 and 15 min after MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection. MT-II also induced a polymorphonuclear cell influx into the femoral-tibial-patellar joints observed 8 h after its injection, a period that coincided with the peak of the hyperalgesic effect. Hyperalgesia was inhibited by the pretreatment of the animals with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, with type-2 cyclooxygenase inhibitor celecoxib, with AACOCF3 and PACOCF3, inhibitors of cytosolic and Ca2+-independent PLA2s, respectively, with bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140, with antibodies against TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and CINC-1 and with selective ET-A (BQ-123) and ET-B (BQ-788) endothelin receptors antagonists. The MT-II-induced hyperalgesia was not altered by the lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, by the bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist Lys-(Des-Arg9,Leu8)-bradykinin, by the histamine and serotonin antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the nitric oxide inhibitor LNMMA and by the inhibitor of matrix 1-, 2-, 3-, 8- and 9- metalloproteinases GM6001 (Ilomastat). CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the multi-mediated characteristic of the articular inflammation induced by MT-II, which demonstrates its relevance as a model for arthritis mechanisms and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gonçalves Dias
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil.,Healthy Sciences Institute, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Morena Brazil Sant'Anna
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Clodomiro Picado Institute, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Yara Cury
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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Antonopoulou G, Magrioti V, Kokotou MG, Nikolaou A, Barbayianni E, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 with reduced lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4544-4554. [PMID: 27522578 PMCID: PMC5014611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic GIVA phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) initiates the eicosanoid pathway of inflammation and thus inhibitors of this enzyme constitute novel potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Traditionally, GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors have suffered systemically from high lipophilicity. We have developed a variety of long chain 2-oxoamides as inhibitors of GIVA PLA2. Among them, AX048 was found to produce a potent analgesic effect. We have now reduced the lipophilicity of AX048 by replacing the long aliphatic chain with a chain containing an ether linked aromatic ring with in vitro inhibitory activities similar to AX048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA.
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Chuang DY, Simonyi A, Kotzbauer PT, Gu Z, Sun GY. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 plays a crucial role in ROS/NO signaling during microglial activation through the lipoxygenase pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:199. [PMID: 26520095 PMCID: PMC4628268 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and inflammation are important factors contributing to the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, acute stroke, and infections of the brain. There is well-established evidence that proinflammatory cytokines and glutamate, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), are produced upon microglia activation, and these are important factors contributing to inflammatory responses and cytotoxic damage to surrounding neurons and neighboring cells. Microglial cells express relatively high levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme known to regulate membrane phospholipid homeostasis and release of arachidonic acid (AA) for synthesis of eicosanoids. The goal for this study is to elucidate the role of cPLA2IV in mediating the oxidative and inflammatory responses in microglial cells. Methods Experiments involved primary microglia cells isolated from transgenic mice deficient in cPLA2α or iPLA2β, as well as murine immortalized BV-2 microglial cells. Inhibitors of cPLA2/iPLA2/cyclooxygenase (COX)/lipoxygenase (LOX) were used in BV-2 microglial cell line. siRNA transfection was employed to knockdown cPLA2 expression in BV-2 cells. Griess reaction protocol was used to determine NO concentration, and CM-H2DCF-DA was used to detect ROS production in primary microglia and BV-2 cells. WST-1 assay was used to assess cell viability. Western blotting was used to assess protein expression levels. Immunocytochemical staining for phalloidin against F-actin was used to demonstrate cell morphology. Results In both primary and BV-2 microglial cells, stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon gamma (IFNγ) resulted in a time-dependent increase in phosphorylation of cPLA2 together with ERK1/2. In BV-2 cells, LPS- and IFNγ-induced ROS and NO production was inhibited by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) and pyrrophenone as well as RNA interference, but not BEL, suggesting a link between cPLA2, and not iPLA2, on LPS/IFNγ-induced nitrosative and oxidative stress in microglial cells. Primary microglial cells isolated from cPLA2α-deficient mice generated significantly less NO and ROS as compared with the wild-type mice. Microglia isolated from iPLA2β-deficient mice did not show a decrease in LPS-induced NO and ROS production. LPS/IFNγ induced morphological changes in primary microglia, and these changes were mitigated by AACOCF3. Interestingly, despite that LPS and IFNγ induced an increase in phospho-cPLA2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, LPS- and IFNγ-induced NO and ROS production were not altered by the COX-1/2 inhibitor but were suppressed by the LOX-12 and LOX-15 inhibitors instead. Conclusions In summary, the results in this study demonstrated the role of cPLA2 in microglial activation with metabolic links to oxidative and inflammatory responses, and this was in part regulated by the AA metabolic pathways, namely the LOXs. Further studies with targeted inhibition of cPLA2/LOX in microglia during neuroinflammatory conditions can be valuable to investigate the therapeutic potential in ameliorating neurological disease pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0419-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Paul T Kotzbauer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Ong WY, Farooqui T, Kokotos G, Farooqui AA. Synthetic and natural inhibitors of phospholipases A2: their importance for understanding and treatment of neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:814-31. [PMID: 25891385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA2, including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA2 as well as several PLA2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department
of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Cytosolic phospholipase A2 modulates TLR2 signaling in synoviocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119088. [PMID: 25893499 PMCID: PMC4404349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis leading to destruction of cartilage and bone. PLA2 enzymes are key players in inflammation regulating the release of unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Several lines of evidence point to toll-like receptors (TLRs) as drivers of synovitis and joint destruction in RA. However, few studies have addressed the implication of PLA2 activity downstream TLR activation in the synovium. Here, we aimed to characterize PLA2 enzyme involvement in TLR2-induced signaling in synovial fibroblast-like cells. TLRs1-7 and a range of sPLA2, iPLA2 and cPLA2 enzymes were found to be transcriptionally expressed in cultured synoviocytes. Activation of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 led to phosphorylation of cPLA2α at Ser505, and induced AA release and PGE2 production; effects that were attenuated by cPLA2α inhibitors. In contrast, sPLA2 inhibitors did not affect AA or PGE2 release. cPLA2α inhibitors furthermore attenuated TLR-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8 and COX2. COX1/2 inhibitors attenuated TLR2/6-induced IL-6 transcription and protein production comparable to cPLA2α inhibition. Moreover, exogenously PGE2 added alone induced IL-6 production and completely rescued IL-6 transcription when added simultaneously with FSL-1 in the presence of a cPLA2α inhibitor. Our results demonstrate for the first time that cPLA2α is involved in TLR2/1- and TLR2/6-induced AA release, PGE2 production and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in synoviocytes, possibly through COX/PGE2-dependent pathways. These findings expand our understanding of cPLA2α as a modulator of inflammatory molecular mechanisms in chronic diseases such as RA.
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Kokotos G, Feuerherm AJ, Barbayianni E, Shah I, Sæther M, Magrioti V, Nguyen T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Johansen B. Inhibition of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 by thiazolyl ketones in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7523-35. [PMID: 25152071 DOI: 10.1021/jm500192s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the rate-limiting provider of pro-inflammatory mediators in many tissues and is thus an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, we present the synthesis of new thiazolyl ketones and the study of their activities in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. Within this series of compounds, methyl 2-(2-(4-octylphenoxy)acetyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (GK470) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of GIVA cPLA2, exhibiting an XI(50) value of 0.011 mole fraction in a mixed micelle assay and an IC50 of 300 nM in a vesicle assay. In a cellular assay using SW982 fibroblast-like synoviocytes, it suppressed the release of arachidonic acid with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. In a prophylactic collagen-induced arthritis model, it exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to the reference drug methotrexate, whereas in a therapeutic model, it showed results comparable to those of the reference drug Enbrel. In both models, it significantly reduced plasma PGE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771, Greece
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Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Persisting eicosanoid pathways in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:229-41. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Sommerfelt RM, Feuerherm AJ, Jones K, Johansen B. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 regulates TNF-induced production of joint destructive effectors in synoviocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83555. [PMID: 24349530 PMCID: PMC3861525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease of the joint characterized by chronic synovitis causing pain, swelling and loss of function due to destruction of cartilage and bone. The complex series of pathological events occurring in RA is largely regulated via excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the most prominent being tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The objective of this work was to elucidate possible involvement of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) in TNF-induced regulation of synovitis and joint destructive effectors in RA, to evaluate the potential of cPLA2α as a future therapeutic target. METHODS The involvement of cPLA2α in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced intracellular signaling cascades in synoviocytes (synovial fibroblast-like cells) was analyzed by arachidonic acid (AA) release assay, synoviocyte enzyme activity assay, gene expression analysis by real-time PCR and ELISA immunoassay for the detection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin 8 (IL8) and stromelysin-1 (MMP3), respectively. RESULTS Inhibitors of cPLA2α enzyme activity (AVX002, ATK) significantly reduced TNF-induced cellular release of AA, PGE2, IL8 and MMP3. This reduction was evident both at transcriptional, protein or metabolite levels. Interestingly, cPLA2α inhibition affected several key points of the arachidonyl cascade; AA-release, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression and PGE2 production. Furthermore, the results suggest that cPLA2α is subject to transcriptional auto-regulation as inhibition of cPLA2α resulted in reduced PLA2G4A gene expression in TNF-stimulated synoviocytes. CONCLUSIONS cPLA2α appears to be an important regulator of central effectors of inflammation and joint destruction, namely MMP3, IL8, COX2, and PGE2. Decreased transcription of the PLA2G4A and COX2 genes in response to cPLA2α enzyme inhibition further suggest a self-reinforcing effect of cPLA2α inhibition in response to TNF. Collectively, these results support that cPLA2α is an attractive therapeutic target candidate as its inhibition reduces the production of multiple key pro-inflammatory factors involved in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi M. Sommerfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid J. Feuerherm
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kymry Jones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. Targeting leukotriene B4 in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:79-93. [PMID: 24090264 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukotriene (LT) B(4) is a powerful proinflammatory lipid mediator and triggers adherence to the endothelium, activates and recruits leukocytes to the site of injury. When formed in excess, LTB(4) plays a pathogenic role and may sustain chronic inflammation in diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent investigations have also indicated that LTB(4) is involved in cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED As the 5-lipoxygenase pathway involves several discrete, tightly coupled, enzymes, which convert the substrate, 'step by step', into bioactive products, several different strategies have been used to target LTB(4) as a means to treat inflammation. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the development of selective enzyme inhibitors and antagonists for LTB(4) receptors, as well as their application in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Components of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway have received considerable attention as candidate drug targets resulting in one new class of medications against asthma, that is, the antileukotrienes. However, efforts to specifically target LTB(4) have not yet been fruitful in the clinical setting, in spite of very promising preclinical data. Recently, crystal structures along with hitherto unknown functions of key enzymes in the leukotriene cascade have emerged, offering new opportunities for drug development and, with time, pharmacological intervention in LTB(4)-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2 , Scheeles väg 2, Stockholm, S-171 77 , Sweden
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21
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Biological activities of phosphocitrate: a potential meniscal protective agent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:726581. [PMID: 23936839 PMCID: PMC3726015 DOI: 10.1155/2013/726581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphocitrate (PC) inhibited meniscal calcification and the development of calcium crystal-associated osteoarthritis (OA) in Hartley guinea pigs. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. This study sought to examine the biological activities of PC in the absence of calcium crystals and test the hypothesis that PC is potentially a meniscal protective agent. We found that PC downregulated the expression of many genes classified in cell proliferation, ossification, prostaglandin metabolic process, and wound healing, including bloom syndrome RecQ helicase-like, cell division cycle 7 homolog, cell division cycle 25 homolog C, ankylosis progressive homolog, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases-1/cyclooxygenase-1, and plasminogen activator urokinase receptor. In contrast, PC stimulated the expression of many genes classified in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway, collagen fibril organization, and extracellular structure organization, including fibroblast growth factor 7, collagen type I, alpha 1, and collagen type XI, alpha 1. Consistent with its effect on the expression of genes classified in cell proliferation, collagen fibril organization, and ossification, PC inhibited the proliferation of OA meniscal cells and meniscal cell-mediated calcification while stimulating the production of collagens. These findings indicate that PC is potentially a meniscal-protective agent and a disease-modifying drug for arthritis associated with severe meniscal degeneration.
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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Ward KE, Bhardwaj N, Vora M, Chalfant CE, Lu H, Stahelin RV. The molecular basis of ceramide-1-phosphate recognition by C2 domains. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:636-648. [PMID: 23277511 PMCID: PMC3617939 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂α), which harbors an N-terminal lipid binding C2 domain and a C-terminal lipase domain, produces arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of zwitterionic lipids such as phosphatidylcholine. The C2 domain has been shown to bind zwitterionic lipids, but more recently, the anionic phosphomonoester sphingolipid metabolite ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) has emerged as a potent bioactive lipid with high affinity for a cationic patch in the C2 domain β-groove. To systematically analyze the role that C1P plays in promoting the binding of cPLA₂α-C2 to biological membranes, we employed biophysical measurements and cellular translocation studies along with mutagenesis. Biophysical and cellular translocation studies demonstrate that C1P specificity is mediated by Arg⁵⁹, Arg⁶¹, and His⁶² (an RxRH sequence) in the C2 domain. Computational studies using molecular dynamics simulations confirm the origin of C1P specificity, which results in a spatial shift of the C2 domain upon membrane docking to coordinate the small C1P headgroup. Additionally, the hydroxyl group on the sphingosine backbone plays an important role in the interaction with the C2 domain, further demonstrating the selectivity of the C2 domain for C1P over phosphatidic acid. Taken together, this is the first study demonstrating the molecular origin of C1P recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Mike and Josie Harper Center for Cancer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Bioinformatics Program, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohsin Vora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, the Massey Cancer Center, and Research and Development, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Hui Lu
- Bioinformatics Program, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Mike and Josie Harper Center for Cancer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN
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Davignon JL, Hayder M, Baron M, Boyer JF, Constantin A, Apparailly F, Poupot R, Cantagrel A. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012. [PMID: 23204551 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of RA. However, much work is needed to understand all the mechanisms of these biotherapies, and alternatives are needed to circumvent adverse effects and the high cost of these long-lasting treatments. In this article we outline some of the approaches we have used to target monocytes/macrophages as major components of inflammation and bone homeostasis. We also discuss how anti-TNF-α antibodies target monocytes/macrophages in the complex mechanisms contributing to inhibition of inflammation.
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Ward KE, Ropa JP, Adu-Gyamfi E, Stahelin RV. C2 domain membrane penetration by group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A₂ induces membrane curvature changes. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2656-66. [PMID: 22991194 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)α) is an 85 kDa enzyme that regulates the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. It is well established that cPLA(2)α binds zwitterionic lipids such as phosphatidylcholine in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner through its N-terminal C2 domain, which regulates its translocation to cellular membranes. In addition to its role in AA synthesis, it has been shown that cPLA(2)α promotes tubulation and vesiculation of the Golgi and regulates trafficking of endosomes. Additionally, the isolated C2 domain of cPLA(2)α is able to reconstitute Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, suggesting that C2 domain membrane binding is sufficient for phagosome formation. These reported activities of cPLA(2)α and its C2 domain require changes in membrane structure, but the ability of the C2 domain to promote changes in membrane shape has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that the C2 domain of cPLA(2)α is able to induce membrane curvature changes to lipid vesicles, giant unilamellar vesicles, and membrane sheets. Biophysical assays combined with mutagenesis of C2 domain residues involved in membrane penetration demonstrate that membrane insertion by the C2 domain is required for membrane deformation, suggesting that C2 domain-induced membrane structural changes may be an important step in signaling pathways mediated by cPLA(2)α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
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Chi PL, Chen YW, Hsiao LD, Chen YL, Yang CM. Heme oxygenase 1 attenuates interleukin-1β-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via a decrease in NADPH oxidase/reactive oxygen species/activator protein 1 activation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2114-25. [PMID: 22231145 DOI: 10.1002/art.34371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cytokines induce the expression of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) exerts an antiinflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms underlying interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) expression through ROS generation as modulated by HO-1 in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). METHODS IL-1β-induced ROS generation was determined by flow cytometry. The involvement of MAPKs and NADPH oxidase (NOX)/ROS in IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was investigated using pharmacologic inhibitors and transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and was analyzed by Western blotting and promoter assay. Overexpression of HO-1 was performed by transfection of RASFs with a recombinant adenovirus containing human HO-1 plasmid. SCID mice with inflammation caused by IL-1β were infected with adenovirus containing HO-1. Histologic characterization of joint inflammation and local expression of cPLA2 were evaluated after treatment. RESULTS IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through NOX activation/ROS production, which was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC; a scavenger of ROS), the inhibitors of NOX (diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin), MEK-1/2 (U0126), and JNK-1/2 (SP600125), transfection with the respective siRNAs, and the overexpression of HO-1 in RASFs. IL-1β-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through recruitment of activator protein 1 (AP-1) to the cPLA2 promoter region, which was attenuated by NAC and overexpression of HO-1. Furthermore, HO-1 overexpression inhibited IL-1β-mediated cPLA2 expression in SCID mice. CONCLUSION In RASFs, IL-1β induced cPLA2 expression via activation of p42/p44 MAPK and JNK-1/2, leading to p47phox phosphorylation, ROS production, and AP-1 activation. The induction of HO-1 exerted protective effects on the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Chi
- Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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A novel C(28)-hydroxylated lupeolic acid suppresses the biosynthesis of eicosanoids through inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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LEHR MATTHIAS. Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 α as Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid derivatives, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Elevated levels of these lipid mediators in response to a variety of stimuli have been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases. The rate-limiting step in the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF, respectively, is the cleavage of the sn-2-ester of membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among the superfamily of PLA2 enzymes, cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α, also referred to as group IVA PLA2) is thought to play the primary role in this biochemical reaction. Therefore, inhibition of cPLA2α activity is an attractive approach to the control of inflammatory disorders.
In this chapter the main groups of cPLA2α inhibitors are described and the problems associated with the development of clinical active drug candidates are discussed. Furthermore, in-vivo data obtained with such compounds in pre-clinical animal models of inflammation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHIAS LEHR
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Hittorfstrasse 58–62, 48149 Münster Germany
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Majed BH, Khalil RA. Molecular mechanisms regulating the vascular prostacyclin pathways and their adaptation during pregnancy and in the newborn. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:540-82. [PMID: 22679221 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is a member of the prostanoid group of eicosanoids that regulate homeostasis, hemostasis, smooth muscle function and inflammation. Prostanoids are derived from arachidonic acid by the sequential actions of phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenase (COX), and specific prostaglandin (PG) synthases. There are two major COX enzymes, COX1 and COX2, that differ in structure, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. COX1 is largely constitutively expressed, whereas COX2 is induced at sites of inflammation and vascular injury. PGI(2) is produced by endothelial cells and influences many cardiovascular processes. PGI(2) acts mainly on the prostacyclin (IP) receptor, but because of receptor homology, PGI(2) analogs such as iloprost may act on other prostanoid receptors with variable affinities. PGI(2)/IP interaction stimulates G protein-coupled increase in cAMP and protein kinase A, resulting in decreased [Ca(2+)](i), and could also cause inhibition of Rho kinase, leading to vascular smooth muscle relaxation. In addition, PGI(2) intracrine signaling may target nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and regulate gene transcription. PGI(2) counteracts the vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregation effects of thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), and both prostanoids create an important balance in cardiovascular homeostasis. The PGI(2)/TXA(2) balance is particularly critical in the regulation of maternal and fetal vascular function during pregnancy and in the newborn. A decrease in PGI(2)/TXA(2) ratio in the maternal, fetal, and neonatal circulation may contribute to preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), respectively. On the other hand, increased PGI(2) activity may contribute to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns. These observations have raised interest in the use of COX inhibitors and PGI(2) analogs in the management of pregnancy-associated and neonatal vascular disorders. The use of aspirin to decrease TXA(2) synthesis has shown little benefit in preeclampsia, whereas indomethacin and ibuprofen are used effectively to close PDA in the premature newborn. PGI(2) analogs have been used effectively in primary pulmonary hypertension in adults and have shown promise in PPHN. Careful examination of PGI(2) metabolism and the complex interplay with other prostanoids will help design specific modulators of the PGI(2)-dependent pathways for the management of pregnancy-related and neonatal vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoule H Majed
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Vascular Surgery, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Noha SM, Jazzar B, Kuehnl S, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Schaible AM, Werz O, Wolber G, Schuster D. Pharmacophore-based discovery of a novel cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1202-7. [PMID: 22192589 PMCID: PMC3268354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The release of arachidonic acid, a precursor in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, is achieved by activity of the cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α (cPLA(2)α). Signaling mediated by this class of bioactive lipids, which are collectively referred to as eicosanoids, has numerous effects in physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we report the development of a ligand-based pharmacophore model and pharmacophore-based virtual screening of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, leading to the identification of 4-(hexadecyloxy)-3-(2-(hydroxyimino)-3-oxobutanamido)benzoic acid (NSC 119957) as cPLA(2)α inhibitor in cell-free and cell-based in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Noha
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Jazzar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kuehnl
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja M. Schaible
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, DE-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, DE-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Roebrock K, Wolf M, Bovens S, Lehr M, Sunderkötter C. Inhibition of benzalkonium chloride-induced skin inflammation in mice by an indol-1-ylpropan-2-one inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:306-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 820] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Leistad L, Feuerherm AJ, Faxvaag A, Johansen B. Multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes participate in the inflammatory process in osteoarthritic cartilage. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:308-16. [PMID: 21417548 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2010.547872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes in human chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS PLA2 involvement in OA chondrocytes was analysed by (a) arachidonic acid (AA) and oleic acid release, (b) PLA2 mRNA analysis, and (c) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in cultured OA chondrocytes in response to various cytokines and platelet activating factor (PAF). RESULTS Pro-inflammatory cytokines and PAF stimulation led to increased AA release, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) being the strongest inducers. The pattern of oleic acid release was similar to but less prominent than AA release, suggesting that predominantly arachidonyl selective enzymes were activated. IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 upregulated secretory group IIA, IID, and V phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA, -IID, -V) and cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-IVA) expression, where induction of chondrocyte sPLA2-IID is a novel finding. Furthermore, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 also induced COX2 expression. PAF induced expression of group IIA, IID and IVA PLA2, and COX2. In line with its anti-inflammatory properties, IL-4 was unable to induce either AA release or expression of PLA2s or COX2. IL-1β and TNF strongly increased PGE2 production, with IL-1β as the most prominent inducer. CONCLUSION Multiple PLA2 isoforms are expressed and influenced by pro-inflammatory stimuli in OA chondrocytes. Hence, several PLA2 enzymes may contribute to chondrocyte function by their upregulation and activation, and increased AA release and PGE2 production may therefore be important effectors in OA pathophysiology. PLA2 enzymes and cPLA2-IVA in particular are thus possible therapeutic targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leistad
- SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Courties G, Baron M, Presumey J, Escriou V, van Lent P, Scherman D, Cantagrel A, van den Berg WB, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F, Davignon JL. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α gene silencing in the myeloid lineage alters development of Th1 responses and reduces disease severity in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:681-90. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Microsomal prostaglandin e synthase-1 in rheumatic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2011; 1:146. [PMID: 21927605 PMCID: PMC3174088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a well-recognized target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs that can reduce symptoms of inflammation in rheumatic diseases and other inflammatory conditions. In this review, we focus on mPGES-1 in rheumatic diseases with the aim to cover the most recent advances in the understanding of mPGES-1 in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory myopathies. Novel findings regarding regulation of mPGES-1 cell expression as well as enzyme inhibitors are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Drews A, Bovens S, Roebrock K, Sunderkötter C, Reinhardt D, Schäfers M, van der Velde A, Schulze Elfringhoff A, Fabian J, Lehr M. 1-(5-Carboxyindol-1-yl)propan-2-one Inhibitors of Human Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α with Reduced Lipophilicity: Synthesis, Biological Activity, Metabolic Stability, Solubility, Bioavailability, And Topical in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5165-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Drews
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bovens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Roebrock
- Institute of Immunology, Münster University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology, Münster University Hospital, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Mendelstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea van der Velde
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alwine Schulze Elfringhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Fabian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Leslie CC, Gangelhoff TA, Gelb MH. Localization and function of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha at the Golgi. Biochimie 2010; 92:620-6. [PMID: 20226226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha, Group IVA phospholipase A(2)) is a central mediator of arachidonate release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids. cPLA(2)alpha translocates to intracellular membranes including the Golgi in response to a rise in intracellular calcium level. The enzyme's calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain provides the targeting specificity for cPLA(2)alpha translocation to the Golgi. However, other features of cPLA(2)alpha regulation are incompletely understood such as the role of phosphorylation of serine residues in the catalytic domain and the function of basic residues in the cPLA(2)alpha C2 and catalytic domains that are proposed to interact with anionic phospholipids in the membrane to which cPLA(2)alpha is targeted. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that cPLA(2)alpha plays a role in regulating Golgi structure, tubule formation and intra-Golgi transport. For example, recent data suggests that cPLA(2)alpha regulates the transport of tight junction and adherens junction proteins through the Golgi to cell-cell contacts in confluent endothelial cells. However, there are now examples where data based on knockdown using siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of enzymatic activity of cPLA(2)alpha affects fundamental cellular processes yet these phenotypes are not observed in cells from cPLA(2)alpha deficient mice. These results suggest that in some cases there may be compensation for the lack of cPLA(2)alpha. Thus, there is continued need for studies employing highly specific cPLA(2)alpha antagonists in addition to genetic deletion of cPLA(2)alpha in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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