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Sun JL, Kim YJ, Cho W, Park SS, Abd El-Aty A, Mobarak EH, Jung TW, Jeong JH. The Extract of Humulus japonicus Inhibits Lipogenesis and Promotes Lipolysis via PKA/p38 Signaling. Obes Facts 2024; 17:513-523. [PMID: 39102791 PMCID: PMC11458159 DOI: 10.1159/000540699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has shown that an aqueous extract of Humulus japonicus (EH) can ameliorate hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and oxidative stress in adipocytes by activating the thermogenic pathway. However, the effects of an ethanol (30%) extract of EH on obesity are unknown. METHODS Various protein expression levels in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were assessed by Western blotting. Lipid deposition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was examined by oil red O staining. The MTT assay was used to evaluate adipocyte viability. Caspase 3 activity and glycerol release were determined using commercial assay kits. RESULTS In this study, we discovered that EH treatment inhibited lipogenesis and promoted lipolysis in both differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet. EH treatment also increased phosphorylated protein kinase A (PKA) levels while reducing p38 phosphorylation. When H89, a PKA inhibitor, was used, the effects of EH on lipogenic lipid accumulation and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were eliminated. Treatment with luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucoside (LU), the major active compound in EH, also suppressed lipid deposition and p38 phosphorylation but enhanced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These changes were abrogated by H89. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that EH containing LU reduces lipogenesis and stimulates lipolysis via the PKA/p38 signaling pathway, leading to an improvement in obesity in mice. Therefore, our study suggested that EH could be a promising therapeutic agent for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaw Long Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Su Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Enas H. Mobarak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Feng F, Ko HA, Truong TMT, Song WJ, Ko EJ, Kang I. Ginsenoside Rg3, enriched in red ginseng extract, improves lipopolysaccharides-induced suppression of brown and beige adipose thermogenesis with mitochondrial activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9157. [PMID: 38644456 PMCID: PMC11033271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Rg3 can protect against the suppression of browning or activation of BAT induced by inflammation. In this study, we conducted a screening of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng extract (RGE) and explored the anti-adipogenic effects of both RGE and Rg3. We observed that RGE (exist 0.25 mg/mL of Rg3) exhibited significant lipid-lowering effects in adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, treatment with Rg3 (60 μM) led to the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation, subsequently promoting enhanced fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by the conversion of radiolabeled 3H-fatty acids into 3H-H2O with mitochondrial activation. Rg3 alleviated the attenuation of browning in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated beige adipocytes and primary brown adipocytes by recovered by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the oxygen consumption rate compared to the LPS-treated group. These protective effects of Rg3 on inflammation-induced inhibition of beige and BAT-derived thermogenesis were confirmed in vivo by treating with CL316,243 (a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) and LPS to induce browning and inflammation, respectively. Consistent with the in vitro data, treatment with Rg3 (2.5 mg/kg, 8 weeks) effectively reversed the LPS-induced inhibition of brown adipocyte features in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings confirm that Rg3-rich foods are potential browning agents that counteract chronic inflammation and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Hyun-A Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Thi My Tien Truong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
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Jeerawattanawart S, Siripurkpong P, Roytrakul S, Angkasekwinai P. IL-25 directly modulates adipocyte function and inflammation through the regulation of adiponectin. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1229-1244. [PMID: 35819460 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the direct role of IL-25 in modulating adipocyte function during homeostasis and low-grade inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS The 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell lines and primary cultures of adipose-derived stromal vascular precursor cells of wild-type and IL-17RB-deficient mice were used to determine the direct function of IL-25. The expression of IL-17RB in differentiating adipocyte was determined using real-time PCR and flow cytometry analysis. The effect of IL-25 on lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, lipolysis, glucose uptake, and adipokine expression in the mature adipocytes was evaluated. IL-25 modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines in adipocytes induced by low dose LPS was determined using real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS The receptor for IL-25 was up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation and IL-25 directly modulated adipocyte function by reducing lipid accumulation and triglyceride concentration and enhancing lipolysis without affecting an insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Interestingly, IL-25 induced adiponectin secretion through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes under low-grade inflammation, IL-25 attenuated the expression of IL-6 and CCL5 through the induction of adiponectin. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that IL-25 directly regulates adipocyte function by maintaining the adiponectin level during homeostasis and by alleviating inflammatory response through the regulation of adiponectin during low-grade inflammation in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pilaiwan Siripurkpong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 Reduces Obesogenic Diet Induced Inflammation in Mice Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071409. [PMID: 35406022 PMCID: PMC9003550 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Excess adipose tissue accumulation and obesity are characterised by chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation. Nestfatin-1 is a neuropeptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), which was initially reported to exert anorexigenic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an obesogenic diet (OD; high-fat, high-sugar) in NUCB2 knockout (KO) mice and of nesfatin-1 treatment in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (Sc-WAT) samples from wild type (WT) and NUCB2 KO mice that were fed a normal diet (ND), or the OD for 12 weeks were used for RNA and protein extraction, as well as immunohistochemistry. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 100 nM nesfatin-1 during differentiation and stimulated with 1 µg/mL LPS for measuring the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators by qPCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, Bioplex, and ELISA. Results: Following the OD, the mRNA, protein and cellular expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (Tnfα, Il-6, Il-1β, Adgre1, Mcp1, TLR4, Hmbgb1 and NF-kB) significantly increased in the ScWAT of NUCB2 KO mice compared to ND controls. Adiponectin and Nrf2 expression significantly decreased in the ScWAT of OD-fed NUCB2 KO, without changes in the OD-fed WT mice. Furthermore, nesfatin-1 treatment in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells significantly reduced the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il-6, Il-1β, Mcp1) and hmgb1. Conclusion: An obesogenic diet can induce significant inflammation in the ScWAT of NUCB2 KO mice, involving the HMGB1, NRF2 and NF-kB pathways, while nesfatin-1 reduces the pro-inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells. These findings provide a novel insight into the metabolic regulation of inflammation in WAT.
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Caldari-Torres C, Beck J. Effects of co-incubation of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages on leptin production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a method for co-incubating distinct adipose tissue cell lines. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:57. [PMID: 35283620 PMCID: PMC8899443 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ capable of releasing inflammatory adipokines that are linked to changes occurring in the overfed state, where tissue remodeling results in hypertrophic adipocytes that recruit monocytes to infiltrate the tissue and take on an inflammatory phenotype. Increases in macrophage-specific inflammatory mediator levels contribute to the inflamed state and worsen the inflammatory loop between the macrophages and adipocytes. Although most inflammatory adipokines are released by macrophages, adipocytes can also release immunomodulatory adipokines, such as leptin. The objective of this research was to determine if co-incubation of activated macrophages with mature adipocytes, using transwell inserts, affected adipocyte leptin release. We also examined if there were differences in levels of cell-secreted products quantified in cell-conditioned media collected from macrophage-containing (transwell insert) and adipocyte-containing (well) compartments. METHODS Mature adipocytes were co-incubated with control and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated (0.01 mg/ml) murine macrophages, and nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and leptin levels were quantified in the cell-conditioned media from both compartments. RESULTS Activation status of the macrophages did not affect leptin release by the adipocytes. We observed higher amounts of leptin in wells compared to transwells. Nitric oxide and interleukin-6 levels were similar between transwells and wells, suggesting that these adipokines travel through the transwell inserts and are reaching equilibrium between the two compartments. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that co-incubating activated macrophages and adipocytes using transwell inserts can result in distinct microenvironments in the different cellular compartments and that separate sampling of these compartments is required to detect the subtle signaling dynamics that exist between these cells. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42269-022-00747-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan Beck
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH USA
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Jack BU, Mamushi M, Viraragavan A, Dias S, Pheiffer C. Comparing the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid on lipid metabolism and inflammation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Life Sci 2022; 297:120422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yadav AK, Jang BC. Inhibition of Lipid Accumulation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Differentiating 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Pazopanib, a Multikinase Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094884. [PMID: 34063048 PMCID: PMC8125232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib is a multikinase inhibitor with anti-tumor activity. As of now, the anti-obesity effect and mode of action of pazopanib are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of pazopanib on lipid accumulation, lipolysis, and expression of inflammatory cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in differentiating and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, a murine preadipocyte. Of note, pazopanib at 10 µM markedly decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation with no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, pazopanib inhibited not only expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and perilipin A but also phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, pazopanib treatment increased phosphorylation of cAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream effector ACC during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. However, in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, pazopanib treatment did not stimulate glycerol release and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation, hallmarks of lipolysis. Moreover, pazopanib could inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression of COX-2 in both 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated cells. In summary, this is the first report that pazopanib has strong anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects in 3T3-L1 cells, which are mediated through regulation of the expression and phosphorylation of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, STAT-3, ACC, perilipin A, AMPK, and COX-2.
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Kwon HS, Jeong GS, Jang BC. Cudratricusxanthone A Inhibits Lipid Accumulation and Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020505. [PMID: 33419132 PMCID: PMC7825570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA) is a natural bioactive compound extracted from the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and hepatoprotective activities. However, at present, anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of CTXA on adipocytes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of CTXA on lipid accumulation and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, two known inflammatory enzymes, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Strikingly, CTXA at 10 µM markedly inhibited lipid accumulation and reduced triglyceride (TG) content during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation with no cytotoxicity. On mechanistic levels, CTXA at 10 µM suppressed not only expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A, but also phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and STAT-5 during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, CTXA at 10 µM up-regulated phosphorylation levels of cAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) while down-regulating expression and phosphorylation levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Moreover, CTXA at 10 µM greatly attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression of iNOS, but not COX-2, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results collectively demonstrate that CTXA has strong anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on 3T3-L1 cells through control of the expression and phosphorylation levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, ACC, perilipin A, STAT-3/5, AMPK, and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Shin Kwon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-258-7404
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Gomes A, Leite F, Ribeiro L. Adipocytes and macrophages secretomes coregulate catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:582-592. [PMID: 33437193 PMCID: PMC7797554 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity associates with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue where these infiltrating cells interact with adipocytes and contribute to the systemic chronic metabolic inflammation present in immunometabolic diseases. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) are two of the main enzymes of catecholamines (CA) synthesis. Adipocytes and macrophages produce, secrete and respond to CA, but the regulation of their synthesis in the interplay between immune and metabolic systems remains unknown. A model of indirect cell coculture with conditioned medium (CM) from RAW 264.7 macrophages with or without LPS-activation and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and preadipocytes was established to study the effect of cellular secretomes on the expression of the above enzymes. During the adipocyte differentiation process, we found a decrease of TH and PNMT expression. The secretome from LPS-activated macrophages downregulated TH and PNMT expression in preadipocytes, but not in mature adipocytes. Mature adipocytes CM induced a decrease of PNMT levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pre and mature adipocytes showed a similar pattern of TH, PNMT and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression after exposure to pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We evidenced macrophages and adipocytes coregulate the expression of CA synthesis enzymes through secretome, with non-inflammatory signaling networks possibly being involved. Mediators released by macrophages seem to equally affect CA production by adipocytes, while adipocytes secretome preferentially affect AD production by macrophages. CA synthesis seems to be more determinant in early stages of adipogenic differentiation. Our results suggest that CA are key signaling molecules in the regulation of immune-metabolic crosstalk within the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto. Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Leite
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB/ICBAS - Unit for Multidisciplinary Investigation in Biomedicine- Institutode Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto. Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto. Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Lertpatipanpong P, Janpaijit S, Park EY, Kim CT, Baek SJ. Potential Anti-Diabetic Activity of Pueraria lobata Flower (Flos Puerariae) Extracts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173970. [PMID: 32878147 PMCID: PMC7504745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi. (P. lobata) flowers known as ‘Kudzu flower’ contain isoflavonoids and essential oil components. They have a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, including protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperglycemia, and hypolipidemia, anti-mutagenic effects, and benefits for weight loss. However, the molecular mechanism of these effects remains unclear. Our study aimed to systematically examine the effects of flos puerariae crude extract (FPE) as an anti-diabetic agent using in vitro assays. The cytotoxicity of FPE was evaluated using MTS assay in L6 rat myocyte and 3T3-L1 murine fibroblast cell lines. PPARγ binding activity and adipogenesis were examined using dual-luciferase and differentiation assays, respectively. For investigating the anti-diabetic activity, glucose utilization, including GLUT4 protein expression, glucose uptake assay, and GLUT4 translocation using immunofluorescence microscopy were conducted in L6 cells. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of FPE. Our results demonstrated the ability to augment glucose uptake in L6 cells and enhance glucose utilization activity by increasing the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). In summary, our findings suggest that FPE may be a potential anti-diabetic substance for the treatment of diabetic patients and can prevent inflammatory or oxidation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattawika Lertpatipanpong
- Laboratory of Signal transduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (P.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Sakawrat Janpaijit
- Laboratory of Signal transduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (P.L.); (S.J.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eul-Yong Park
- R&D Center, EastHill Co. 33, Omokcheon-ro 132 beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16642, Korea; (E.-Y.P.); (C.-T.K.)
| | - Chong-Tai Kim
- R&D Center, EastHill Co. 33, Omokcheon-ro 132 beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16642, Korea; (E.-Y.P.); (C.-T.K.)
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal transduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (P.L.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-1195
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Jakkawanpitak C, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Sermwittayawong D. Fungal-like particles and macrophage-conditioned medium are inflammatory elicitors for 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9437. [PMID: 32523023 PMCID: PMC7287055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes from white-adipose tissue are known to produce inflammatory cytokines, which play a major role in energy balance and metabolism. While they can respond to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria, it is not known whether adipocytes can be stimulated by fungal cells. Previously, adipocytes were shown to produce toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a β-glucan receptor, suggesting that they could respond to β-glucan on the fungal cell wall. In this study, we show that heat-killed yeast induce an inflammatory response in adipocytes. Using fungal-like particles, namely laminarin-coated beads (LCB), we find that these particles trigger the expression of many key inflammatory genes in dose- and time-dependent fashions in adipocytes. These results suggest that β-glucan on the fungal cell wall is sufficient to elicit an inflammatory response in adipocytes. In addition, we show that both LCB and LCB-treated conditioned medium from RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (LCB-RM) induce the expression of those inflammatory genes through IKKβ-IκBα proteins. Together, we conclude that the fungal-like particles and the conditioned medium elicit an inflammatory response in adipocytes through the canonical or classical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanawee Jakkawanpitak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Decha Sermwittayawong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand.
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Integrated Immunomodulatory Mechanisms through which Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Obese Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121289. [PMID: 29186929 PMCID: PMC5748740 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern with rising prevalence that increases the risk of developing other chronic diseases. A causal link connecting overnutrition, the development of obesity and obesity-associated co-morbidities is visceral adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, characterized by changes in the cellularity of various immune cell populations, altered production of inflammatory adipokines that sustain a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and, ultimately, dysregulated AT metabolic function. Therefore, dietary intervention strategies aimed to halt the progression of obese AT dysfunction through any of the aforementioned processes represent an important active area of research. In this connection, fish oil-derived dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been demonstrated to attenuate obese AT dysfunction through multiple mechanisms, ultimately affecting AT immune cellularity and function, adipokine production, and metabolic signaling pathways, all of which will be discussed herein.
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Liang YC, Hu JC, Li PY, Huang GJ, Kuo YH, Chao CY. Torenia concolor Lindley var. formosana Yamazaki extracts improve inflammatory response and lipid accumulation via PPARs activation. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:18. [PMID: 28840832 PMCID: PMC5571661 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction: At present, human diet is replete with sugar and fat. Abnormal metabolism and hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia in the body induces the development of an overactive and continuous inflammatory response, resulting in obesity and metabolic syndromes, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Torenia concolor Lindley var. formosana Yamazaki (TC), a perennial creeping herbaceous plant, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used for the treatment of heat stroke, aching muscles and bones, cold, dysentery, and ambustion. Purpose: This study evaluated the influence of TC on inflammation responses and lipid metabolism. Methods: In this study, ground TC powder was extracted with 95% ethanol. The ethanol was removed by vacuum concentration, and the resulting extract was further extracted with a number of solvents of different polarity to produce four final extracts: an ethanol extract (TCEE), an ethyl acetate extract (TCEAE), an n-butanol extract (TCBUE), and a water extract (TCWE). The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the extracts and their capability for lipid metabolism regulation was then explored. Results: TCEE, TCEAE, and TCBUE exhibited good anti-inflammatory efficacy; TCEAE also simultaneously regulated lipid metabolism. In RAW264.7 cells, these three extracts suppressed the expression of iNOS and IL-6 via the signaling pathway activation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and thereby showed anti-inflammatory efficacy. In 3T3-L1 cells, these three extracts promoted lipid metabolism and reduced lipid accumulation through the activation of PPARα and the increased expression of adiponectin, thus demonstrating regulation of lipid metabolism. Conclusion: These results indicate that TC possesses anti-inflammatory efficacy and can regulate lipid metabolism through the activation of transcription factor PPARs. We speculate that these nutraceutical effects are attributable to betulin, an active ingredient in this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Liang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Cheng Hu
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan - Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan - Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Inflammation Downregulates UCP1 Expression in Brown Adipocytes Potentially via SIRT1 and DBC1 Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051006. [PMID: 28481291 PMCID: PMC5454919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis at the cost of energy is not only important for the development of obesity, but also possesses great promise in anti-obesity treatment. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression has been reported to be under control of the intracellular deacetylase SIRT1. Here, we investigated the effect and mechanism of inflammation and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) activation on the induction of thermogenic genes in immortalized brown adipocytes incubated with LPS or IL1β and mice with elevated inflammatory tone. In vitro stimulation of brown adipocytes with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosthate (dbcAMP) reduced the expression of deleted in breast cancer-1 (Dbc1) (SIRT1 inhibitor) and increased the Ucp1 expression. Silencing of SIRT1 attenuated dbcAMP induction of Ucp1. In contrast, IL1β increased the expression of Dbc1 and greatly reduced the induction of Ucp1. Similarly, in vivo studies revealed decreased expression of Ucp1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice chronically infused with LPS. Resveratrol, a known SIRT1 activator, partly rescued the Ucp1 downregulation by inflammation in both the cell cultures and mice. Here, we describe how the expression of Ucp1 in BAT is controlled via SIRT1 and is reduced under inflammation and can be rescued by SIRT1 activation by resveratrol. We suggest the reduced UCP1 expression under inflammation is mediated by the increased expression of DBC1, which inhibits SIRT1 activity.
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Le Sage F, Meilhac O, Gonthier MP. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces pro-inflammatory adipokine secretion and oxidative stress by regulating Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling pathways and redox enzymes in adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 446:102-110. [PMID: 28216438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota LPS contributes to obesity-related chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, promoting insulin resistance. Periodontal disease also represents a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and is associated with obesity. This study compared the effect of LPS from P. gingivalis periodontopathogen and E. coli enterobacteria on inflammatory adipokine secretion and redox status of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that both LPS activated TLR2- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways involving MyD88 adaptor and NFκB transcription factor, leading to an increased secretion of leptin, resistin, IL-6 and MCP-1. These effects were partly blocked by inhibitors targeting p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK. Moreover, P. gingivalis LPS reduced adiponectin secretion. Both LPS also enhanced ROS production and the expression of NOX2, NOX4 and iNOS genes. P. gingivalis LPS altered catalase gene expression. Collectively, these results showed that LPS of periodontal bacteria induced pro-inflammatory adipokine secretory profile and oxidative stress in adipocytes which may participate to obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Le Sage
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France; Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France; Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France; CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, F-97400, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France; Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490, France.
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. The sesquiterpene α-bisabolol in the adipocyte-cancer desmoplastic crosstalk: does it have an action on epithelial-mesenchymal transition mechanisms? Int J Clin Oncol 2017; 22:222-228. [PMID: 27942879 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-bisabolol is a plant-derived sesquiterpene alcohol recently associated with a supposed anti-cancer action due to its ability to induce BID-related apoptosis. The molecule, which enters the cell through lipid rafts, may also interact with kisspeptin receptor 1, which has recently been associated with tumor mobility and invasiveness. This evidence suggests the possibility that α-bisabolol might act on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition mechanism, closely associated with the desmoplastic reaction of adipose tissue surrounding a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This review addresses the issue on the basis of the most recent reported literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 9, Verona, Italy.
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
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17
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Li Z, Jin H, Oh SY, Ji GE. Anti-obese effects of two Lactobacilli and two Bifidobacteria on ICR mice fed on a high fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:222-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in daily nutrition and human health. Nutrition 2016; 33:311-321. [PMID: 27746034 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet may be defined as a complex process that should involve a deeper comprehension of metabolism, energy balance, and the molecular pathways involved in cellular stress response and survival, gut microflora genetics, enzymatic polymorphism within the human population, and the role of plant-derived polyphenols in this context. Metabolic syndrome, encompassing pathologies with a relatively high morbidity, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, is a bullet point of the big concern about how daily dietary habits should promote health and prevent metabolic impairments to prevent hospitalization and the need for health care. From a clinical point of view, very few papers deal with this concern, whereas most of the evidence reported focuses on in vitro and animal models, which study the activity of phytochemicals contained in the daily diet. A fundamental issue addressed by dietitians deals with the role exerted by redox-derived reactive species. Most plant polyphenols act as antioxidants, but recent evidence supports the idea that these compounds primarily activate a mild oxidative stress to elicit a positive, beneficial response from cells. How these compounds may act upon the detoxifying system exerting a scavenging role from reactive oxygen or nitrogen species is still a matter of debate; however, it can be argued that their role is even more complex than expected, acting as signaling molecules in the cross-talk mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum and in enzymatic pathways involved in the energetic balance. In this relationship, a fundamental role is played by the brain-adipose tissue-gut axis. The aim of this review was to elucidate this topic and the state of art about the role of reactive species in cell signaling and the function of metabolism and survival to reappraise the role of plant-derived chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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19
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Human adenovirus Ad36 and its E4orf1 gene enhance cellular glucose uptake even in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Biochimie 2016; 124:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Yadav S, Gandham SK, Panicucci R, Amiji MM. Intranasal brain delivery of cationic nanoemulsion-encapsulated TNFα siRNA in prevention of experimental neuroinflammation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:987-1002. [PMID: 26767514 PMCID: PMC4837036 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intranasal cationic nanoemulsion encapsulating an anti-TNFα siRNA, for potential anti-inflammatory therapy. TNFα siRNA nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized for particle size, surface charge, morphology, and stability and encapsulation efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative intracellular uptake studies by confocal imaging and flow cytometry, respectively, showed higher uptake compared to Lipofectamine® transfected siRNA. Nanoemulsion significantly lowered TNFα levels in LPS-stimulated cells. Upon intranasal delivery of cationic nanoemulsions almost 5 fold higher uptake was observed in the rat brain compared to non-encapsulated siRNA. More importantly, intranasal delivery of TNFα siRNA nanoemulsions in vivo markedly reduced the unregulated levels of TNFα in an LPS-induced model of neuroinflammation. These results indicate that intranasal delivery of cationic nanoemulsions encapsulating TNFα siRNA offered an efficient means of gene knockdown and this approach has significant potential in prevention of neuroinflammation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Neuroinflammation is often seen in patients with neurodegenerative disorders and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) plays a significant role in contributing to neuronal dysfunction. As a result, inhibition of TNFα may alleviate disease severity. In this article, the authors investigated using a cationic nanoemulsion system carrying TNFα siRNA intra-nasally to protect against neuroinflammation. This new method may provide a future approach in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA; Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Srujan K Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron participates in several mechanisms involving inflammation and innate immunity, yet the dysregulation of its homeostasis is a major cause of metabolic syndrome. Adipocytes should play a major role in iron metabolism, as an impairment in iron turnover is closely related to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of iron in an in vitro-inflamed adipocyte model. METHODS Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inflammatory chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL12), and molecules involved in iron metabolism were evaluated in an in vitro mouse 3T3-L1 cell model. Cells underwent treatment with FeSO4 heptahydrate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) membrane expression, lipid droplet immunohystochemistry, and lipolysis were also evaluated. RESULTS Iron sulphate heptahydrate elicited gene expression of hepcidin, hemojuvelin, and ferroportin at different time courses. Additionally, it activated lipolysis but did not trigger any adipokine gene expression. When cells treated with physiological doses of iron were also stimulated with LPS, an enhancement in the LPS-induced gene expression of cytokines and chemokines was observed. The enhancement occurred with different patterns depending on different time courses and investigated genes, showing its maximal effect for IL-6 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS FeSO4 heptahydrate at a relatively physiological dose, induced gene expression of iron modulatory proteins and also enhanced RNA transcripts of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines through a priming/synergistic mechanism involving membrane TLR4.
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Marimoutou M, Le Sage F, Smadja J, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Gonthier MP, Robert-Da Silva C. Antioxidant polyphenol-rich extracts from the medicinal plants Antirhea borbonica, Doratoxylon apetalum and Gouania mauritiana protect 3T3-L1 preadipocytes against H2O2, TNFα and LPS inflammatory mediators by regulating the expression of superoxide dismutase and NF-κB genes. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:10. [PMID: 25685071 PMCID: PMC4329220 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Adipose cells responsible for fat storage are the targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like H2O2 and pro-inflammatory agents including TNFα and LPS. Such mediators contribute to oxidative stress and alter inflammatory processes in adipose tissue, leading to insulin resistance during obesity. Thus, the identification of natural compounds such as plant polyphenols able to increase the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the body is of high interest. We aimed to evaluate the biological properties of polyphenol-rich extracts from the medicinal plants A. borbonica, D. apetalum and G. mauritiana on preadipocytes exposed to H2O2, TNFα or LPS mediators. Methods Medicinal plant extracts were analysed for their polyphenol contents by Folin-Ciocalteu and UPLC-ESI-MS methods as well as for their free radical-scavenging activities by DPPH and ORAC assays. To assess the ability of polyphenol-rich extracts to protect 3T3-L1 preadipocytes against H2O2, TNFα or LPS mediators, several parameters including cell viability (MTT and LDH assays), ROS production (DCFH-DA test), IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion (ELISA) were evaluated. Moreover, the expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and NF-κB genes was explored (RT-QPCR). Results All medicinal plants exhibited high levels of polyphenols with free radical-scavenging capacities. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, epicatechin and procyanidins, and phenolic acids derived from caffeic acid including chlorogenic acid, were detected. Polyphenol-rich plant extracts did not exert a cytotoxic effect on preadipocytes but protected them against H2O2 anti-proliferative action. Importantly, they down-regulated ROS production and the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1 pro-inflammatory markers induced by H2O2, TNFα and LPS mediators. Such a protective action was associated with an increase in superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme gene expression and a decrease in mRNA levels of NF-κB pro-inflammatory transcription factor. Conclusion This study highlights that antioxidant strategies based on polyphenols derived from medicinal plants tested could contribute to regulate adipose tissue redox status and immune process, and thus participate to the improvement of obesity-related oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méry Marimoutou
- UMR Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Inserm U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
| | - Fanny Le Sage
- UMR Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Inserm U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
| | - Jacqueline Smadja
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, EA 2212, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- UMR Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Inserm U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- UMR Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Inserm U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
| | - Christine Robert-Da Silva
- UMR Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Inserm U1188 - Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Saint-Denis, La Réunion France
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Palmieri EM, Spera I, Menga A, Infantino V, Iacobazzi V, Castegna A. Glutamine synthetase desensitizes differentiated adipocytes to proinflammatory stimuli by raising intracellular glutamine levels. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4807-14. [PMID: 25451225 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutamine synthetase (GS) during adipocyte differentiation is unclear. Here, we assess the impact of GS on the adipocytic response to a proinflammatory challenge at different differentiation stages. GS expression at the late stages of differentiation desensitized mature adipocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by increasing intracellular glutamine levels. Furthermore, LPS-activated mature adipocytes were unable to produce inflammatory mediators; LPS sensitivity was rescued following GS inhibition and the associated drop in intracellular glutamine levels. The ability of adipocytes to differentially respond to LPS during differentiation negatively correlates to GS expression and intracellular glutamine levels. Hence, modulation of intracellular glutamine levels by GS expression represents an endogenous mechanism through which mature adipocytes control the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mariana Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Iolanda Spera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Vito Iacobazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Pérez-Hernández AI, Gurbindo J, Ramírez B, Méndez-Giménez L, Rotellar F, Valentí V, Moncada R, Martí P, Sola I, Silva C, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Activation of noncanonical Wnt signaling through WNT5A in visceral adipose tissue of obese subjects is related to inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1407-17. [PMID: 24840810 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (WNT)-5A is a glycoprotein involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response by activating the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway. Secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP)-5 acts as a decoy receptor that binds and sequesters WNT5A, preventing activation of frizzled receptors and attenuating the noncanonical Wnt signaling. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the involvement of WNT5A and SFRP5 in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities as well as to explore their effect in visceral adipose tissue inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Samples obtained from 90 subjects were used. Circulating and gene expression levels of WNT5A and SFRP5 were analyzed in different metabolic tissues. The effect of TNF-α and lipopolysaccharide on the transcript levels of WNT5A and SFRP5 in adipocytes was explored. We also investigated whether WNT5A itself can activate an inflammatory response. RESULTS Increased circulating levels of WNT5A in obese patients (P < .05) were decreased (P < .001) after gastric bypass. In this line, WNT5A mRNA in visceral adipose tissue was increased (P < .05) in obese patients with gene expression levels of SFRP5 being down-regulated (P < .05). WNT5A mRNA expression was significantly enhanced (P < .01) by lipopolysaccharide and TNF-α treatment, whereas no effects were found in SFRP5 gene expression levels. Furthermore, exogenous WNT5A induced (P < .05) IL-6, IL1B, MMP2, MMP9, and SSP1 mRNA expression in human adipocyte cultures. CONCLUSIONS Activation of noncanonical Wnt signaling through the up-regulation of WNT5A and down-regulation of SFRP5 may promote a proinflammatory state in visceral adipose tissue contributing to the development of obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory (V.C., J.G.-A., A.R., A.I.P.-H., J.G., B.R., L.M.-G., G.F.) and Departments of Surgery (F.R., V.V., P.M.), Anesthesia (R.M.), Pathology (I.S.), and Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.S., J.S., G.F.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; and CIBER de la Obesidad y Nutrición (V.C., J.G.-A., A.R., B.R., F.R., V.V., C.S., J.S., G.F.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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