Anti-complement activities of human breast-milk

Rare mutations in the complement regulatory gene CSMD1 are associated with male and female infertility

Infertility in men and women is a complex genetic trait with shared biological bases between the sexes. Here, we perform a series of rare variant analyses across 73,185 women and men to identify genes that contribute to primary gonadal dysfunction. We report CSMD1, a complement regulatory protein on chromosome 8p23, as a strong candidate locus in both sexes. We show that CSMD1 is enriched at the germ-cell/somatic-cell interface in both male and female gonads. Csmd1-knockout males show increased rates of infertility with significantly increased complement C3 protein deposition in the testes, accompanied by severe histological degeneration. Knockout females show significant reduction in ovarian quality and breeding success, as well as mammary branching impairment. Double knockout of Csmd1 and C3 causes non-additive reduction in breeding success, suggesting that CSMD1 and the complement pathway play an important role in the normal postnatal development of the gonads in both sexes.

Anticomplement and Antimicrobial Activities of Flavonoids from Entada phaseoloides

Seventeen flavonoids isolated from the extracts of the stem of Entada phaseoloides were investigated for their anticomplement (both classic and alternative pathways) and antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MRSA, MSSA, Standard Enterococcus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa) and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The anticomplement studies revealed a dose-dependent activity among isolated quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, galangin, 5,2′,5′-trihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone-2′-O-β-D-glucoside (+)-3,3′,5′,5,7-pentahydroflavanone, (+)-dihydrokaempferol, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, naringenin, and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone, and the antimicrobial results indicated that quercetin, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavonol and galangin produced the inhibitory activities against MRSA, MSSA, and Standard Enterococcus, while luteolin and rhamnocitrin displayed inhibition against only MRSA and MSSA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the anticomplement and antimicrobial activities of the stem of E. phaseoloides.

Inhibition effects of isolated compounds from Artemisia rubripes Nakai of the classical pathway on the complement system

The study evaluated the anticomplement activity from isolated compounds from Artemisia rubripes Nakai from South Korea on the classical pathway. In the previous works, Artemisia rubripes chloroform extracts showed inhibitory activity against complement system. The chromatographic separation of a chloroform chloride extract of Artemisia rubripes led to the isolation of three compounds. Their structures were characterized to be scopoletin (1), 11,(13)-triene-6,12-olide (2), and 1β,6α-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmene (3) by spectroscopic data. This is the first report of anticomplement activity of isolated compounds from Artemisia rubripes.

Isolated compounds from Sorghum bicolor L. inhibit the classical pathway of the complement

The present study evaluated the anticomplement effects from isolated compounds of Sorghum bicolor in classical pathway complement system. Using column chromatograph, three compounds; Sorgoleone-362 (1), Sorgoleone-360 (2) and Sorgoleone-386 (3) were isolated and evaluated for in vitro anticomplement activity. Sorgoleone-386 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) values of 148.3μg/ml. This is the first report of anticomplement activity of isolated compounds from Sorghum bicolor.

Isolated compounds from black bean inhibit the classical pathway of the complement

The present study evaluated the anticomplement effects from isolated compounds of black bean in classical pathway complement system. Using column chromatograph, four compounds kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]olean-12-en-3β,22β,24-triol (3) and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1-2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]olean-12-en-3β,22β,24-triol (4) were isolated and evaluated for in vitro anticomplement activity. 3 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) values of 98.2 μg/ml. This is the first report of anticomplement activity of isolated compounds from black bean.

Anticomplement activity of various solvent extracts from Korea local Artemisia spp

The study evaluated the anticomplement activity from various solvent extracts of eight Artemisia plants (Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Artemisia fukudo Makino., Artemisia japonica Thunb., Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp., Artemisia keiskeana Miq., Artemisia rubripes Nakai., Artemisia stolonifera (Maxim.) Kom., and Artemisia sylvatica Max.) from South Korea on the classical pathway (CP). We have evaluated various organic solvent extract from eight Artemisia plants with regard to its anticomplement activity on the CP. A. rubripes and A. montana chloroform extracts showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) values of 54.3 and 64.2 μg/mL. This is the first report of anticomplement activity from Artemisia plants.

Anticomplement activity of polyacetylenes from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille

The present study evaluated the anticomplement effect of polyacetylenes from Dendropanax morbifera (Araliaceae) in the classical pathway complement system. The leaves of D. morbifera were evaluated with regard to its anticomplement activity, and its active principles identified following activity-guided isolation. An aqueous CCl(4) fraction of the leaves of D. morbifera exhibited significant anticomplement activity on the classical pathway complement system, which was expressed as total hemolytic activity. Three polyacetylenes isolated from the leaves of D. morbifera, namely (3S)-falcarinol (1), (3S,8S)-falcarindiol (2) and (3S)-diynene (3). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) values of 87.3 µM, 15.2 µM and 39.8 µM. Among the compounds tested, 2 showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC(50), 15.2 µM).

Inhibitory effects of organic solvent extracts from Korean local plants on the complement classical pathway

The study evaluated the anticomplement effects from organic solvent extracts of five Compositae plants (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turez, Ligularia taquetii (H.Lev. & Vaniot) Nakai, Ainsliaea acerifolia Sch.Bip, Aster scaber Thunb, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Synurus deltoides Aiton) from South Korea on the classical pathway complement system. We have evaluated organic solvent extracts from five Compositae with regard to its anticomplement activity. Chloroform extracts from L. taquetii showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) values of 73.2 μg/mL. This is the first report of anticomplement activity from L. taquetii.

Inhibition effects of the classical pathway complement of isolated compounds from Quercus glauca

Species of the Quercus species is an evergreen broadleaf tree found not only in Korea but also in China, Taiwan, and Japan. Quercus species is the most commonly occurring plant among the 50 native species of the family Fagaceae in Korea, China, and Taiwan. Quercus species have been used for diarrhea, dysentery, dermatitis, and hemorrhagia in Korean folk medicine. The present study evaluated the anticomplement effect of constituents from Quercus species (Fagaceae) in classical pathway complement system. We have evaluated leaves of five species of the Quercus genus with regard to its anticomplement activity and have identified its active principles following activity-guided isolation. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the 80% methanol extracts of the stem barks of Quercus glauca Thunberg has led to the isolation of galloyl derivatives, displaying high anticomplement activity. Four galloyl derivatives isolated from the leaves of Q. glauca, namely 6'-O-galloyl salidroside (1), methyl gallate (2), 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (3), and 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (4). 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) values of 224 μM, 362.4 μM, 32.3 μM, and 138.3 μM. Among the compounds tested, 3 showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC(50), 32.3 μM). This is the first report of the isolation and anticomplement activity from Q. glauca.