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Pahapale GJ, Tao J, Nikolic M, Gao S, Scarcelli G, Sun SX, Romer LH, Gracias DH. Directing Multicellular Organization by Varying the Aspect Ratio of Soft Hydrogel Microwells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104649. [PMID: 35434926 PMCID: PMC9189654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organization with precise spatial definition is essential to various biological processes, including morphogenesis, development, and healing in vascular and other tissues. Gradients and patterns of chemoattractants are well-described guides of multicellular organization, but the influences of 3D geometry of soft hydrogels are less well defined. Here, the discovery of a new mode of endothelial cell self-organization guided by combinatorial effects of stiffness and geometry, independent of protein or chemical patterning, is described. Endothelial cells in 2 kPa microwells are found to be ≈30 times more likely to migrate to the edge to organize in ring-like patterns than in stiff 35 kPa microwells. This organization is independent of curvature and significantly more pronounced in 2 kPa microwells with aspect ratio (perimeter/depth) < 25. Physical factors of cells and substrates that drive this behavior are systematically investigated and a mathematical model that explains the organization by balancing the dynamic interaction between tangential cytoskeletal tension, cell-cell, and cell-substrate adhesion is presented. These findings demonstrate the importance of combinatorial effects of geometry and stiffness in complex cellular organization that can be leveraged to facilitate the engineering of bionics and integrated model organoid systems with customized nutrient vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri J. Pahapale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Jiaxiang Tao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Milos Nikolic
- Maryland Biophysics ProgramInstitute for Physical Science and TechnologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Sammy Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Maryland Biophysics ProgramInstitute for Physical Science and Technology and Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Sean X. Sun
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCell Biologyand Institute of NanoBioTechnology (INBT)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Lewis H. Romer
- Department of Cell BiologyAnesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineBiomedical EngineeringPediatricsand Center for Cell DynamicsJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringMaterials Science and EngineeringChemistry and Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics (LCSR)Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
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Schneider I, Kreis J, Schweickert A, Blum M, Vick P. A dual function of FGF signaling in Xenopus left-right axis formation. Development 2019; 146:dev.173575. [PMID: 31036544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ left-right (LR) asymmetry is a conserved vertebrate feature, which is regulated by left-sided activation of Nodal signaling. Nodal asymmetry is established by a leftward fluid-flow generated at the ciliated LR organizer (LRO). Although the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways during mesoderm development is conserved, diverging results from different model organisms suggest a non-conserved function in LR asymmetry. Here, we demonstrate that FGF is required during gastrulation in a dual function at consecutive stages of Xenopus embryonic development. In the early gastrula, FGF is necessary for LRO precursor induction, acting in parallel with FGF-mediated mesoderm induction. During late gastrulation, the FGF/Ca2+-branch is required for specification of the flow-sensing lateral LRO cells, a function related to FGF-mediated mesoderm morphogenesis. This second function in addition requires input from the calcium channel Polycystin-2. Thus, analogous to mesoderm development, FGF activity is required in a dual role for laterality specification; namely, for generating and sensing leftward flow. Moreover, our findings in Xenopus demonstrate that FGF functions in LR development share more conserved features across vertebrate species than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kreis
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Haas PA, Höhn SSMH, Honerkamp-Smith AR, Kirkegaard JB, Goldstein RE. The noisy basis of morphogenesis: Mechanisms and mechanics of cell sheet folding inferred from developmental variability. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005536. [PMID: 30001335 PMCID: PMC6063725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Variability is emerging as an integral part of development. It is therefore imperative to ask how to access the information contained in this variability. Yet most studies of development average their observations and, discarding the variability, seek to derive models, biological or physical, that explain these average observations. Here, we analyse this variability in a study of cell sheet folding in the green alga Volvox, whose spherical embryos turn themselves inside out in a process sharing invagination, expansion, involution, and peeling of a cell sheet with animal models of morphogenesis. We generalise our earlier, qualitative model of the initial stages of inversion by combining ideas from morphoelasticity and shell theory. Together with three-dimensional visualisations of inversion using light sheet microscopy, this yields a detailed, quantitative model of the entire inversion process. With this model, we show how the variability of inversion reveals that two separate, temporally uncoupled processes drive the initial invagination and subsequent expansion of the cell sheet. This implies a prototypical transition towards higher developmental complexity in the volvocine algae and provides proof of principle of analysing morphogenesis based on its variability. Biological noise is unavoidable in—and even necessary for—development. Here, we ask whether this variability can teach us something about the process that underlies it. We show how to access the information hidden in the variability in an analysis of the variability of cell sheet folding in the green alga Volvox globator. Through a combination of light sheet microscopy and mathematical modelling, we show how the inversion process, by which the spherical embryos of Volvox turn themselves inside out, results from two separate mechanisms of bending and stretching (expansion and subsequent contraction). Our analysis therefore uncovers a prototypical transition of developmental complexity in Volvox and the related volvocine algae, from a morphogenetic process driven by a single mechanism to one driven by two separate mechanisms. This complements the similarly prototypical transition from one cell type to two cell types that has made the volvocine algae a model system for the evolution of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A. Haas
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie S. M. H. Höhn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelia R. Honerkamp-Smith
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julius B. Kirkegaard
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond E. Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Zhang B, Feng L, Guo H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang K, Yu X, Cheng S. Villi-specific Gene Expression Reveals Novel Prognostic Biomarkers in Multiple Human Cancers. J Cancer 2017; 8:2793-2801. [PMID: 28928868 PMCID: PMC5604211 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many striking connections, the biological similarities between embryonic development and tumorigenesis have not been well explored. Development of the placental villi is a crucial process involving many cellular activities, including immunity, proliferation, and cell adhesion. In this study, we designed a strategy to identify the gene expression pattern of villi development and to explore the corresponding features in tumors. We discovered villi-specific genes that are highly expressed in the villus as opposed to the mature placenta and then measured the expression levels of these genes in tumors. We found large changes in the expression of villi-specific genes in multiple types of cancer. These villi-specific genes showed distinct expression patterns and were primarily involved in three biological processes: immune-related (5), proliferation-related (6), and focal adhesion-related (8); these genes were extracted from the corresponding enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms. We observed that these genes were also dysregulated at the transcriptional level across several tumor types. Moreover, the expression of these three gene groups was associated with poor prognosis in a subset of tumors. Based on villi-specific gene expression, this correlation study indicated the existence of common gene expression patterns between embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Therefore, a systematic analysis of villi-specific gene aberrations in various tumors could serve as an indicator for identifying novel prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Honglin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yuanjing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xuexin Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
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Naert T, Van Nieuwenhuysen T, Vleminckx K. TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 fuel genetically engineered clinically relevant Xenopus tropicalis tumor models. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28095622 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The targeted nuclease revolution (TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9) now allows Xenopus researchers to rapidly generate custom on-demand genetic knockout models. These novel methods to perform reverse genetics are unprecedented and are fueling a wide array of human disease models within the aquatic diploid model organism Xenopus tropicalis (X. tropicalis). This emerging technology review focuses on the tools to rapidly generate genetically engineered X. tropicalis models (GEXM), with a focus on establishment of genuine genetic and clinically relevant cancer models. We believe that due to particular advantageous characteristics, outlined within this review, GEXM will become a valuable alternative animal model for modeling human cancer. Furthermore, we provide perspectives of how GEXM will be used as a platform for elucidation of novel therapeutic targets and for preclinical drug validation. Finally, we also discuss some future prospects on how the recent expansions and adaptations of the CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox might influence and push forward X. tropicalis cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naert
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
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Höhn S, Hallmann A. Distinct shape-shifting regimes of bowl-shaped cell sheets - embryonic inversion in the multicellular green alga Pleodorina. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:35. [PMID: 27733125 PMCID: PMC5062935 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multicellular volvocine alga Pleodorina is intermediate in organismal complexity between its unicellular relative, Chlamydomonas, and its multicellular relative, Volvox, which shows complete division of labor between different cell types. The volvocine green microalgae form a group of genera closely related to the genus Volvox within the order Volvocales (Chlorophyta). Embryos of multicellular volvocine algae consist of a cellular monolayer that, depending on the species, is either bowl-shaped or comprises a sphere. During embryogenesis, multicellular volvocine embryos turn their cellular monolayer right-side out to expose their flagella. This process is called 'inversion' and serves as simple model for epithelial folding in metazoa. While the development of spherical Volvox embryos has been the subject of detailed studies, the inversion process of bowl-shaped embryos is less well understood. Therefore, it has been unclear how the inversion of a sphere might have evolved from less complicated processes. RESULTS In this study we characterized the inversion of initially bowl-shaped embryos of the 64- to 128-celled volvocine species Pleodorina californica. We focused on the movement patterns of the cell sheet, cell shape changes and changes in the localization of cytoplasmic bridges (CBs) connecting the cells. The development of living embryos was recorded using time-lapse light microscopy. Moreover, fixed and sectioned embryos throughout inversion and at successive stages of development were analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy. We generated three-dimensional models of the identified cell shapes including the localization of CBs. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to descriptions concerning volvocine embryos with lower cell numbers, the embryonic cells of P. californica undergo non-simultaneous and non-uniform cell shape changes. In P. californica, cell wedging in combination with a relocation of the CBs to the basal cell tips explains the curling of the cell sheet during inversion. In volvocine genera with lower organismal complexity, the cell shape changes and relocation of CBs are less pronounced in comparison to P. californica, while they are more pronounced in all members of the genus Volvox. This finding supports an increasing significance of the temporal and spatial regulation of cell shape changes and CB relocations with both increasing cell number and organismal complexity during evolution of differentiated multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Höhn
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Present address: DAMTP, Biological Physics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Jiang LL, Li K, Lin QH, Ren J, He ZH, Li H, Shen N, Wei P, Feng F, He MF. Gambogic acid causes fin developmental defect in zebrafish embryo partially via retinoic acid signaling. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 63:161-8. [PMID: 27288890 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the major active ingredient of gamboge, has been approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials in cancer patients due to its strong anticancer activity. However, our previous research showed that GA was teratogenic against zebrafish fin development. To explore the teratogenicity and the underlying mechanisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used. The morphological observations revealed that GA caused fin defects in zebrafish embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. The critical exposure time of GA to reveal teratogenicity was before 8 hpf (hours post fertilization). LC/MS/MS analysis revealed that a maximum bioconcentration of GA was occurred at 4 hpf. Q-PCR data showed that GA treatment resulted in significant inactivation of RA signaling which could be partially rescued by the exogenous supply of RA. These results indicate the potential teratogenicity of GA and provide evidence for a caution in its future clinic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Kang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Qing-Hua Lin
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jian Ren
- Jiangsu Simovay Co. Ltd, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Zhi-Heng He
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511,USA
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Ning Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ming-Fang He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
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Brinkmann EM, Mattes B, Kumar R, Hagemann AIH, Gradl D, Scholpp S, Steinbeisser H, Kaufmann LT, Özbek S. Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 2 (sFRP2) Redirects Non-canonical Wnt Signaling from Fz7 to Ror2 during Vertebrate Gastrulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13730-42. [PMID: 27129770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent extension movements during vertebrate gastrulation require a balanced activity of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, but the factors regulating this interplay on the molecular level are poorly characterized. Here we show that sFRP2, a member of the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family, is required for morphogenesis and papc expression during Xenopus gastrulation. We further provide evidence that sFRP2 redirects non-canonical Wnt signaling from Frizzled 7 (Fz7) to the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2). During this process, sFRP2 promotes Ror2 signal transduction by stabilizing Wnt5a-Ror2 complexes at the membrane, whereas it inhibits Fz7 signaling, probably by blocking Fz7 receptor endocytosis. The cysteine-rich domain of sFRP2 is sufficient for Ror2 activation, and related sFRPs can substitute for this function. Notably, direct interaction of the two receptors via their cysteine-rich domains also promotes Ror2-mediated papc expression but inhibits Fz7 signaling. We propose that sFRPs can act as a molecular switch, channeling the signal input for different non-canonical Wnt pathways during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Brinkmann
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mattes
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rahul Kumar
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja I H Hagemann
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dietmar Gradl
- the Zoological Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Herbert Steinbeisser
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian T Kaufmann
- From the Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Developmental Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Suat Özbek
- the Centre of Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Lee H, Lee SJ, Kim GH, Yeo I, Han JK. PLD1 regulates Xenopus convergent extension movements by mediating Frizzled7 endocytosis for Wnt/PCP signal activation. Dev Biol 2016; 411:38-49. [PMID: 26806705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in the regulation of receptor-associated signaling, cell movement, cell adhesion and endocytosis. However, its physiological role in vertebrate development remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that PLD1 is required for the convergent extension (CE) movements during Xenopus gastrulation by activating Wnt/PCP signaling. Xenopus PLD1 protein is specifically enriched in the dorsal region of Xenopus gastrula embryo and loss or gain-of-function of PLD1 induce defects in gastrulation and CE movements. These defective phenotypes are due to impaired regulation of Wnt/PCP signaling pathway. Biochemical and imaging analysis using Xenopus tissues reveal that PLD1 is required for Fz7 receptor endocytosis upon Wnt11 stimulation. Moreover, we show that Fz7 endocytosis depends on dynamin and regulation of GAP activity of dynamin by PLD1 via its PX domain is crucial for this process. Taken together, our results suggest that PLD1 acts as a new positive mediator of Wnt/PCP signaling by promoting Wnt11-induced Fz7 endocytosis for precise regulation of Xenopus CE movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hwa Kim
- Division of Life Science and Pioneer Research Center for Protein Network Exploration, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Yeo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Xu T, Zhao J, Hu P, Dong Z, Li J, Zhang H, Yin D, Zhao Q. Pentachlorophenol exposure causes Warburg-like effects in zebrafish embryos at gastrulation stage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:183-91. [PMID: 24642059 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a prevalent pollutant in the environment and has been demonstrated to be a serious toxicant to humans and animals. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism underlying its toxic effects on vertebrate early development. To explore the impacts and underlying mechanisms of PCP on early development, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to PCP at concentrations of 0, 20 and 50 μg/L, and microscopic observation and cDNA microarray analysis were subsequently conducted at gastrulation stage. The morphological observations revealed that PCP caused a developmental delay of zebrafish embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptomic data showed that 50 μg/L PCP treatment resulted in significant changes in gene expression level, and the genes involved in energy metabolism and cell behavior were identified based on gene functional enrichment analysis. The energy production of embryos was influenced by PCP via the activation of glycolysis along with the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The results suggested that PCP acts as an inhibitor of OXPHOS at 8 hpf (hours postfertilization). Consistent with the activated glycolysis, the cell cycle activity of PCP-treated embryos was higher than the controls. These characteristics are similar to the Warburg effect, which occurs in human tumors. The microinjection of exogenous ATP confirmed that an additional energy supply could rescue PCP-treated embryos from the developmental delay due to the energy deficit. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PCP causes a Warburg-like effect on zebrafish embryos during gastrulation, and the affected embryos had the phenotype of developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
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Choi VWY, Yu KN. Embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio in studies of non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:91-104. [PMID: 24176822 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio as an in vivo tumor model for studying non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation was reviewed. The zebrafish embryo is an animal model, which enables convenient studies on non-targeted effects of both high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) and low-LET radiation by making use of both broad-beam and microbeam radiation. Zebrafish is also a convenient embryo model for studying radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation on tumors. The embryonic origin of tumors has been gaining ground in the past decades, and efforts to fight cancer from the perspective of developmental biology are underway. Evidence for the involvement of radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) and the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in zebrafish embryos were subsequently given. The results of RIGI were obtained for the irradiation of all two-cell stage cells, as well as 1.5 hpf zebrafish embryos by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. In contrast, the RIBE was observed through the radioadaptive response (RAR), which was developed against a subsequent challenging dose that was applied at 10 hpf when <0.2% and <0.3% of the cells of 5 hpf zebrafish embryos were exposed to a priming dose, which was provided by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. Finally, a perspective on the field, the need for future studies and the significance of such studies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Y Choi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - K N Yu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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13
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Hara Y, Nagayama K, Yamamoto TS, Matsumoto T, Suzuki M, Ueno N. Directional migration of leading-edge mesoderm generates physical forces: Implication in Xenopus notochord formation during gastrulation. Dev Biol 2013; 382:482-95. [PMID: 23933171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a dynamic tissue-remodeling process occurring during early development and fundamental to the later organogenesis. It involves both chemical signals and physical factors. Although much is known about the molecular pathways involved, the roles of physical forces in regulating cellular behavior and tissue remodeling during gastrulation have just begun to be explored. Here, we characterized the force generated by the leading edge mesoderm (LEM) that migrates preceding axial mesoderm (AM), and investigated the contribution of LEM during Xenopus gastrulation. First, we constructed an assay system using micro-needle which could measure physical forces generated by the anterior migration of LEM, and estimated the absolute magnitude of the force to be 20-80nN. Second, laser ablation experiments showed that LEM could affect the force distribution in the AM (i.e. LEM adds stretch force on axial mesoderm along anterior-posterior axis). Third, migrating LEM was found to be necessary for the proper gastrulation cell movements and the establishment of organized notochord structure; a reduction of LEM migratory activity resulted in the disruption of mediolateral cell orientation and convergence in AM. Finally, we found that LEM migration cooperates with Wnt/PCP to form proper notochord. These results suggest that the force generated by the directional migration of LEM is transmitted to AM and assists the tissue organization of notochord in vivo independently of the regulation by Wnt/PCP. We propose that the LEM may have a mechanical role in aiding the AM elongation through the rearrangement of force distribution in the dorsal marginal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Division for Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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14
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Hedgehog signalling pathway in adult liver: a major new player in hepatocyte metabolism and zonation? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:589-94. [PMID: 23433827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Zonation, i.e. the heterogeneous distribution of different metabolic pathways in different zones of the lobules, forms the basis of proper function of the liver in metabolic homeostasis and its regulation. According to recent results, Metabolic Zonation is controlled by the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Here, we hypothesize that hedgehog signalling via Indian hedgehog ligands plays an equal share in this control although, up to now, hedgehog signalling is considered not to be active in healthy adult hepatocytes. We provide broad evidence taken mainly by analogy from other mature organs that hedgehog signalling in adult hepatocytes may particularly control liver lipid and cholesterol metabolism as well as certain aspects of hormone biosynthesis. Like Wnt/β-catenin signalling, it seems to act on a very low level forming a porto-central gradient in the lobules opposite to that of Wnt/β-catenin signalling with which it is interacting by mutual inhibition. Consequently, modulation of hedgehog signalling by endogenous and exogenous agents may considerably impact on liver lipid metabolism and beyond. If functioning improperly, it may possibly contribute to diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other diseases such as lipodystrophy.
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15
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Leightner AC, Hommerding CJ, Peng Y, Salisbury JL, Gainullin VG, Czarnecki PG, Sussman CR, Harris PC. The Meckel syndrome protein meckelin (TMEM67) is a key regulator of cilia function but is not required for tissue planar polarity. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2024-40. [PMID: 23393159 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a lethal disorder associated with renal cystic disease, encephalocele, ductal plate malformation and polydactyly. MKS is genetically heterogeneous and part of a growing list of syndromes called ciliopathies, disorders resulting from defective cilia. TMEM67 mutation (MKS3) is a major cause of MKS and the related ciliopathy Joubert syndrome, although the complete etiology of the disease is not well understood. To further investigate MKS3, we analyzed phenotypes in the Tmem67 null mouse (bpck) and in zebrafish tmem67 morphants. Phenotypes similar to those in human MKS and other ciliopathy models were observed, with additional eye, skeletal and inner ear abnormalities characterized in the bpck mouse. The observed disorganized stereociliary bundles in the bpck inner ear and the convergent extension defects in zebrafish morphants are similar to those found in planar cell polarity (PCP) mutants, a pathway suggested to be defective in ciliopathies. However, analysis of classical vertebrate PCP readouts in the bpck mouse and ciliary organization analysis in tmem67 morphants did not support a global loss of planar polarity. Canonical Wnt signaling was upregulated in cyst linings and isolated fibroblasts from the bpck mouse, but was unchanged in the retina and cochlea tissue, suggesting that increased Wnt signaling may only be linked to MKS3 phenotypes associated with elevated proliferation. Together, these data suggest that defective cilia loading, but not a global loss of ciliogenesis, basal body docking or PCP signaling leads to dysfunctional cilia in MKS3 tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Leightner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Joshi SD, Davidson LA. Epithelial machines of morphogenesis and their potential application in organ assembly and tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 11:1109-21. [PMID: 22854913 PMCID: PMC3664917 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sheets of embryonic epithelial cells coordinate their efforts to create diverse tissue structures such as pits, grooves, tubes, and capsules that lead to organ formation. Such cells can use a number of cell behaviors including contractility, proliferation, and directed movement to create these structures. By contrast, tissue engineers and researchers in regenerative medicine seeking to produce organs for repair or replacement therapy can combine cells with synthetic polymeric scaffolds. Tissue engineers try to achieve these goals by shaping scaffold geometry in such a way that cells embedded within these scaffold self-assemble to form a tissue, for instance aligning to synthetic fibers, and assembling native extracellular matrix to form the desired tissue-like structure. Although self-assembly is a dominant process that guides tissue assembly both within the embryo and within artificial tissue constructs, we know little about these critical processes. Here, we compare and contrast strategies of tissue assembly used by embryos to those used by engineers during epithelial morphogenesis and highlight opportunities for future applications of developmental biology in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar D. Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Departments of Bioengineering and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh PA 15213
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17
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Analysis of the expression of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2012; 12:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a β-catenin-independent branch of the Wnt signaling cascade. In vertebrate embryos PCP signaling regulates morphogenetic events including convergent extension (CE) movements during gastrualtion. Xenopus embryo has been established as an excellent model system to dissect PCP signaling in vertebrates because morphogenetic cell behaviors including CE can easily be monitored in vivo. Xenopus Paraxial protocadherin (xPAPC) is a transmembrane protein which serves as a link between patterning factors in the Spemann's organizer and regulators of the morphogenetic movements. xPAPC regulates morphogenesis in part by modulating cell adhesion and PCP signaling. Here two methods, GST pull-down assay and yeast two-hybrid assay, are described for the identification of xPAPC interacting proteins to elucidate the mechanism by which xPAPC regulates PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Höhn S, Hallmann A. There is more than one way to turn a spherical cellular monolayer inside out: type B embryo inversion in Volvox globator. BMC Biol 2011; 9:89. [PMID: 22206406 PMCID: PMC3324393 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial folding is a common morphogenetic process during the development of multicellular organisms. In metazoans, the biological and biomechanical processes that underlie such three-dimensional (3D) developmental events are usually complex and difficult to investigate. Spheroidal green algae of the genus Volvox are uniquely suited as model systems for studying the basic principles of epithelial folding. Volvox embryos begin life inside out and then must turn their spherical cell monolayer outside in to achieve their adult configuration; this process is called 'inversion.' There are two fundamentally different sequences of inversion processes in Volvocaceae: type A and type B. Type A inversion is well studied, but not much is known about type B inversion. How does the embryo of a typical type B inverter, V. globator, turn itself inside out? RESULTS In this study, we investigated the type B inversion of V. globator embryos and focused on the major movement patterns of the cellular monolayer, cell shape changes and changes in the localization of cytoplasmic bridges (CBs) connecting the cells. Isolated intact, sectioned and fragmented embryos were analyzed throughout the inversion process using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. We generated 3D models of the identified cell shapes, including the localizations of CBs. We show how concerted cell-shape changes and concerted changes in the position of cells relative to the CB system cause cell layer movements and turn the spherical cell monolayer inside out. The type B inversion of V. globator is compared to the type A inversion in V. carteri. CONCLUSIONS Concerted, spatially and temporally coordinated changes in cellular shapes in conjunction with concerted migration of cells relative to the CB system are the causes of type B inversion in V. globator. Despite significant similarities between type A and type B inverters, differences exist in almost all details of the inversion process, suggesting analogous inversion processes that arose through parallel evolution. Based on our results and due to the cellular biomechanical implications of the involved tensile and compressive forces, we developed a global mechanistic scenario that predicts epithelial folding during embryonic inversion in V. globator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Höhn
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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The Amazing Power of Cancer Cells to Recapitulate Extraembryonic Functions: The Cuckoo's Tricks. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:521284. [PMID: 21969829 PMCID: PMC3182376 DOI: 10.1155/2012/521284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Hence, it has been suggested that common cellular and molecular mechanisms are activated in wound repair and in cancer development. In addition, it has been previously proposed that the inflammatory response, which is associated with the wound healing process, could recapitulate ontogeny through the reexpression of the extraembryonic, that is, amniotic and vitelline, functions in the interstitial space of the injured tissue. If so, the use of inflammation by the cancer-initiating cell can also be supported in the ability to reacquire extraembryonic functional axes for tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, the diverse components of the tumor microenvironment could represent the overlapping reexpression of amniotic and vitelline functions. These functions would favor a gastrulation-like process, that is, the creation of a reactive stroma in which fibrogenesis and angiogenesis stand out.
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21
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Ott LE, McDowell ZT, Turner PM, Law JM, Adler KB, Yoder JA, Jones SL. Two myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) paralogs are required for normal development in zebrafish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1511-24. [PMID: 21809467 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is an actin binding protein substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) and critical for mouse and Xenopus development. Herein two MARCKS paralogs, marcksa and marcksb, are identified in zebrafish and the role of these genes in zebrafish development is evaluated. Morpholino-based targeting of either MARCKS protein resulted in increased mortality and a range of gross phenotypic abnormalities. Phenotypic abnormalities were classified as mild, moderate or severe, which is characterized by a slight curve of a full-length tail, a severe curve or twist of a full-length tail and a truncated tail, respectively. All three phenotypes displayed abnormal neural architecture. Histopathology of Marcks targeted embryos revealed abnormalities in retinal layering, gill formation and skeletal muscle morphology. These results demonstrate that Marcksa and Marcksb are required for normal zebrafish development and suggest that zebrafish are a suitable model to further study MARCKS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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22
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F, Yang J, Yang Z, Qin H. The relationship between early embryo development and tumourigenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2697-701. [PMID: 21029369 PMCID: PMC3822720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent substantial progress in developmental biology and cancer biology, the similarities between early embryo development and tumourigenesis, as well as the important interaction between tumours and embryos become better appreciated. In this paper, we review in detail the embryonic origin of tumour, and the similarities between early embryo development and tumourigenesis with respect to cell invasive behaviours, epigenetic regulation, gene expression, protein profiling and other important biological behaviours. Given an improved understanding of the relationship between early embryo development and tumourigenesis, now we have better and broader resources to attack cancer from the perspective of developmental biology and develop next generation of prognostic and therapeutic approaches for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Ohtsuka H, Oikawa M, Ariake K, Rikiyama T, Motoi F, Katayose Y, Unno M, Johnson AC. GC-binding factor 2 interacts with dishevelled and regulates Wnt signaling pathways in human carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1599-610. [PMID: 21140450 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GC-binding factor 2 (GCF2), a transcriptional repressor that decreases the activity of several genes is capable of binding directly to the GC-rich sequence of the EGFR promoter and repressing the transcriptional activity of EGFR. In addition to its function as a transcriptional repressor, GCF2 can directly interact with other proteins such as flightless-1 (Fli-1). Many previous findings pertaining to the function of Fli-1 have suggested a role for fli-1 in providing a direct link between molecules involved in signal transduction pathways and the actin cytoskeleton. We hypothesized that GCF2, together with Fli-1, plays a role in regulating cytoskeleton function, cell migration, and/or morphology. In our study, we observed that GCF2 is crucial for the activation of RhoA, a small GTPase that plays a key role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. RhoA was markedly inactivated as a result of the decreased expression of GCF2. Co-immunoprecipitations were subsequently performed to further investigate the mechanism for the repressive function. We identified dishevelled (Dvl), which is the key mediator for the Wnt pathway, as a binding partner with GCF2. These results strongly suggest that GCF2 plays a role in the Wnt-noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. Consequently, GCF2 may regulate the cytoskeleton or migration via Dvls and RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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The involvement of Eph–Ephrin signaling in tissue separation and convergence during Xenopus gastrulation movements. Dev Biol 2011; 350:441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aller MA, Arias JI, Arias J. Pathological axes of wound repair: gastrulation revisited. Theor Biol Med Model 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20840764 PMCID: PMC2945962 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic inflammation is formed by molecular and cellular complex mechanisms whose final goal seems to be injured tissue regeneration. In the skin -an exterior organ of the body- mechanical or thermal injury induces the expression of different inflammatory phenotypes that resemble similar phenotypes expressed during embryo development. Particularly, molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in gastrulation return. This is a developmental phase that delineates the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Consequently, in the post-natal wounded skin, primitive functions related with the embryonic mesoderm, i.e. amniotic and yolk sac-derived, are expressed. Neurogenesis and hematogenesis stand out among the primitive function mechanisms involved. Interestingly, in these phases of the inflammatory response, whose molecular and cellular mechanisms are considered as traces of the early phases of the embryonic development, the mast cell, a cell that is supposedly inflammatory, plays a key role. The correlation that can be established between the embryonic and the inflammatory events suggests that the results obtained from the research regarding both great fields of knowledge must be interchangeable to obtain the maximum advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved and developmentally important Wnt signaling pathway has traditionally been regarded as a critical player in tumorigenesis through the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin cascade. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence based on recent research has revealed the previously unacknowledged role of noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in cancer progression, invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review describes the PCP signaling pathway and its ever-expanding components and modulators, highlights the most recent studies that provide insight into the link between PCP signaling and cancer, and, finally, proposes a model by which PCP signaling may promote cancer development. This review underscores the emerging theme that deregulated PCP signaling contributes to tumorigenesis, providing new potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqun Wang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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