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Reynolds CJ, Dyer RB, Vizenor BA, Koszewski NJ, Singh RJ, Thacher TD. Analysis of vitamin D 3-sulfate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-sulfate in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123954. [PMID: 38101284 PMCID: PMC10872384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites of vitamin D have been suggested to be in breastmilk, although current methods to measure sulfated vitamin D compounds in breastmilk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have not adequately accounted for increased aqueous solubility of these sulfated metabolites. The purpose of this study was to generate a method of LC-MS/MS for measuring vitamin D3-3-sulfate (VitD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) specifically in human breastmilk. The resulting method uses methanol to precipitate protein and solid phase extraction to prepare the samples for LC-MS/MS. The limits of quantification for analytes in solvent were 0.23 ng/mL VitD3-S and 0.2 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Various experiments observed concentrations ranging 0.53 to 1.7 ng/mL VitD3-S and ≤ 0.29 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Both analytes were present in aqueous skim milk, demonstrating the enhanced aqueous solubility of these vitamin D sulfates. In conclusion, we describe an effective method for measuring VitD3-S and 25OHD3-S in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Reynolds
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Brady A Vizenor
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Ravinder J Singh
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Tom D Thacher
- Mayo Clinic Department of Family Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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2
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Liu A, Zeng F, Wang L, Zhen H, Xia X, Pei H, Dong C, Zhang Y, Ding J. High temperature influences DNA methylation and transcriptional profiles in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:491. [PMID: 37641027 PMCID: PMC10464075 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation plays an important role in life processes by affecting gene expression, but it is still unclear how DNA methylation is controlled and how it regulates gene transcription under high temperature stress conditions in Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The potential link between DNA methylation variation and gene expression changes in response to heat stress in S. intermedius was investigated by MethylRAD-seq and RNA-seq analysis. We screened DNA methylation driver genes in order to comprehensively elucidate the regulatory mechanism of its high temperature adaptation at the DNA/RNA level. RESULTS The results revealed that high temperature stress significantly affected not only the DNA methylation and transcriptome levels of S. intermedius (P < 0.05), but also growth. MethylRAD-seq analysis revealed 12,129 CG differential methylation sites and 966 CWG differential methylation sites, and identified a total of 189 differentially CG methylated genes and 148 differentially CWG methylated genes. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are mostly enriched in energy and cell division, immune, and neurological damage pathways. Further RNA-seq analysis identified a total of 1968 DEGs, of which 813 genes were upregulated and 1155 genes were downregulated. Based on the joint MethylRAD-seq and RNA-seq analysis, metabolic processes such as glycosaminoglycan degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, glutathione metabolism, thermogenesis, and lysosomes are regulated by DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS High temperature affected the DNA methylation and expression levels of genes such as MOAP-1, GGT1 and RDH8, which in turn affects the metabolism of HPSE, Cox, glutathione, and retinol, thereby suppressing the immune, energy metabolism, and antioxidant functions of the organism and finally manifesting as stunted growth. In summary, the observations in the present study improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the response to high temperature stress in sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Fanshuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Hao Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinglong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Honglin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Changkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Xiang MH, Jiang ZY, Zhao WL, Zhang E, Xia L, Kong RM, Zhao Y, Kong W, Liu X, Qu F, Tan W. Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Dual-Modal Probe for Highly Sensitive Imaging of Sulfatase In Vivo. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2021-2029. [PMID: 37167101 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase is an important biomarker closely associated with various diseases. However, the state-of-the-art sulfatase probes are plagued with a short absorption/emission wavelength and limited sensitivity. Developing highly sensitive fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging of sulfatase remains a grand challenge. Herein, for the first time, an activatable near-infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic (NIRF/PA) dual-modal probe (Hcy-SA) for visualizing sulfatase activity in living cells and animals is developed. Hcy-SA is composed of a sulfate ester moiety as the recognition unit and a NIR fluorophore hemicyanine (Hcy-OH) as the NIRF/PA reporter. The designed probe exhibits a rapid response, excellent sensitivity, and high specificity for sulfatase detection in vitro. More importantly, cells and in vivo experiments confirm that Hcy-SA can be successfully applied for PA/NIRF dual-modal imaging of sulfatase activity in living sulfatase-overexpressed tumor cells and tumor-bearing animals. This probe can serve as a promising tool for sulfatase-related pathological research and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hao Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ensheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Mei Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Weiheng Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Fengli Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Ekstrand J, Abrahamsson A, Lundberg P, Dabrosin C. Breast density and estradiol are associated with distinct different expression patterns of metabolic proteins in normal human breast tissue in vivo. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1128318. [PMID: 37064098 PMCID: PMC10090464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1128318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBreast density and exposure to sex steroids are major risk factors for breast cancer. The local microenvironment plays an essential role in progression of breast cancer. Metabolic adaption is a major hallmark of cancer. Whether proteins from the extracellular space regulating metabolism are affected in breast cancer, dense breasts or by estrogen exposure are not yet fully elucidated.MethodsWomen with breast cancer, postmenopausal women with normal breast tissue with varying breast density or premenopausal women with breasts exposed to high levels of estradiol were included in the study. Microdialysis was used to collect proteins from the extracellular space in vivo in 73 women; 12 with breast cancer, 42 healthy postmenopausal women with different breast densities, and 19 healthy premenopausal women. Breast density was determined as lean tissue fraction (LTF) using magnetic resonance imaging. Data were evaluated in a murine breast cancer model. We quantified a panel of 92 key proteins regulating metabolism using proximity extension assay.ResultsWe report that 29 proteins were upregulated in human breast cancer. In dense breasts 37 proteins were upregulated and 17 of these were similarly regulated as in breast cancer. 32 proteins correlated with LTF. In premenopausal breasts 19 proteins were up-regulated and 9 down-regulated. Of these, 27 correlated to estradiol, a result that was confirmed for most proteins in experimental breast cancer. Only two proteins, pro-cathepsin H and galanin peptide, were similarly regulated in breast cancer, dense- and estrogen exposed breasts.ConclusionsMetabolic proteins may be targetable for breast cancer prevention. Depending on risk factor, this may, however, require different approaches as breast density and estradiol induce distinct different expression patterns in the breast. Additionally, metabolic proteins from the extracellular space may indeed be further explored as therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Ekstrand
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annelie Abrahamsson
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundberg
- Department of Radiation Physics and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Charlotta Dabrosin,
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Zhou S, Xu X, Ma N, Jung F, Lendlein A. Influence of sterilization conditions on sulfate-functionalized polyGGE. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 79:597-608. [PMID: 34420943 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated biomolecules are known to influence numerous biological processes in all living organisms. Particularly, they contribute to prevent and inhibit the hypercoagulation condition. The failure of polymeric implants and blood contacting devices is often related to hypercoagulation and microbial contamination. Here, bioactive sulfated biomacromolecules are mimicked by sulfation of poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE) films. Autoclaving, gamma-ray irradiation and ethylene oxide (EtO) gas sterilization techniques were applied to functionalized materials. The sulfate group density and hydrophilicity of sulfated polymers were decreased while chain mobility and thermal degradation were enhanced post autoclaving when compared to those after EtO sterilization. These results suggest that a quality control after sterilization is mandatory to ensure the amount and functionality of functionalized groups are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhou
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Formylglycine-generating enzyme-like proteins constitute a novel family of widespread type VI secretion system immunity proteins. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0028121. [PMID: 34398661 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00281-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition is a critical aspect of bacterial life, as it enables niche establishment and facilitates the acquisition of essential nutrients. Warfare between Gram-negative bacteria is largely mediated by the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a dynamic nanoweapon that delivers toxic effector proteins from an attacking cell to adjacent bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. Effector-encoding bacteria prevent self-intoxication and kin cell killing by the expression of immunity proteins, which prevent effector toxicity by specifically binding their cognate effector and either occluding its active site or preventing structural rearrangements necessary for effector activation. In this study, we investigate Tsi3, a previously uncharacterized T6SS immunity protein present in multiple strains of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. We show that Tsi3 is the cognate immunity protein of the antibacterial effector of unknown function Tse3. Our bioinformatic analyses indicate that Tsi3 homologs are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria, often encoded within T6SS effector-immunity modules. Surprisingly, we found that Tsi3 homologs are predicted to possess a characteristic formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) domain, which is present in various enzymatic proteins. Our data shows that Tsi3-mediated immunity is dependent on Tse3-Tsi3 protein-protein interactions and that Tsi3 homologs from various bacteria do not provide immunity against non-kin Tse3. Thus, we conclude that Tsi3 homologs are unlikely to be functional enzymes. Collectively, our work identifies FGE domain-containing proteins as important mediators of immunity against T6SS attacks and indicates that the FGE domain can be co-opted as a scaffold in multiple proteins to carry out diverse functions. Importance Despite the wealth of knowledge on the diversity of biochemical activities carried out by T6SS effectors, comparably little is known about the various strategies bacteria employ to prevent susceptibility to T6SS-dependent bacterial killing. Our work establishes a novel family of T6SS immunity proteins with a characteristic FGE domain. This domain is present in enzymatic proteins with various catalytic activities. Our characterization of Tsi3 expands the known functions carried out by FGE-like proteins to include defense during T6SS-mediated bacterial warfare. Moreover, it highlights the evolution of FGE domain-containing proteins to carry out diverse biological functions.
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7
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Kim HY, Kim HS. Sulfatase 1 mediates IL-10-induced dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 expression and antiproliferative effects in vascular smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cytokine 2021; 137:155344. [PMID: 33128921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular sulfatases (exSulfs) sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2) are well-known regulators of cell signaling and metabolism. In addition, exSulfs mediate the up- or downregulatory effects of cytokines on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced expression of hypertensive mediators in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Previously, we demonstrated that interleukin-10 (IL-10)-induced dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) expression was mediated by Ang II subtype 2 receptor (AT2 R) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and that IL-10-mediated inhibition of Ang II-induced proliferation of SHRs VSMC was partially associated with DDAH-1. In this study, we examined the effects of exSulfs on IL-10-induced DDAH-1 expression, abrogation of Ang II-induced DDAH-1 downregulation, and inhibition of Ang II-induced proliferation of SHRs VSMC. IL-10-induced DDAH-1 expression and abrogation of Ang II-induced DDAH-1 downregulation were attenuated in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHRs VSMC. However, Sulf2 did not affect IL-10-induced DDAH-1 expression and abrogation of Ang II-induced DDAH-1 downregulation. Downregulation of Sulf1 inhibited IL-10-induced AT2 R expression and the synergistic effects of IL-10 on Ang II-induced AT2 R expression. Additionally, Sulf1 downregulation inhibited IL-10-induced AMPK activity and abrogation of Ang II-induced decrease in AMPK activity. Moreover, the IL-10-mediated inhibition of Ang II-induced proliferation was not detected in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHRs VSMC; IL-10-mediated inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation was mediated via the AT2 R pathway and AMPK activation. Specifically, IL-10-induced DDAH-1 expression, abrogation of Ang II-induced DDAH-1 downregulation, and inhibition of Ang II-induced proliferation, which is mediated by the AT2 R pathway and AMPK activation, are mainly mediated by Sulf1 activity in SHRs VSMC. These results suggest that Sulf1, and not Sulf2, mediates the IL-10-induced inhibition of Ang II-induced hypertensive effects in SHRs VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- RNA Interference
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Liyanage D, Omeka W, Lee J. Molecular characterization, host defense mechanisms, and functional analysis of ERp44 from big-belly seahorse: A novel member of the teleost thioredoxin family present in the endoplasmic reticulum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 232:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Expression, activity and localization of lysosomal sulfatases in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1991. [PMID: 30760748 PMCID: PMC6374378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death world-wide. Recently, we showed that COPD is associated with gene polymorphisms in SUMF1, a master regulator of sulfatases. Sulfatases are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and activated by SUMF1, but their role in the lung is poorly described. We aimed to examine how sulfatases are affected in the airways of patients with COPD compared to ever smokers and never smokers. We observed that mRNA expression of the sulfatases GALNS, GNS and IDS was increased, while protein expression of many sulfatases was decreased in COPD fibroblasts. Several sulfatases, including GALNS, IDS, and SGSH, showed increased activity in COPD fibroblasts. Examination of different sulfatases by immunofluorescence showed that IDS, ARSB, GNS and SGSH in fibroblasts were localized to sites other than their reported destination. Using a master panel from different organs, RNA expression of all sulfatases could be observed in lung tissue. Additionally, immunohistochemistry on lung biopsies indicated differing expression of sulfatases in COPD patients. In conclusion, mRNA, protein expression, sulfatase activity levels, and localization of sulfatases are altered in lung fibroblasts and lung tissue from COPD patients and may be mechanistically important in COPD pathogenesis. This could contribute to the understanding of the disease mechanism in COPD and in the long run, to lead to more individualized therapies.
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10
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Kim HY, Jeong DW, Kim HS. Sulfatase 2 mediates, partially, the expression of endothelin-1 and the additive effect of Ang II-induced endothelin-1 expression by CXCL8 in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cytokine 2019; 114:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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van Loo B, Bayer CD, Fischer G, Jonas S, Valkov E, Mohamed MF, Vorobieva A, Dutruel C, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Balancing Specificity and Promiscuity in Enzyme Evolution: Multidimensional Activity Transitions in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:370-387. [PMID: 30497259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly proficient, promiscuous enzymes can be springboards for functional evolution, able to avoid loss of function during adaptation by their capacity to promote multiple reactions. We employ a systematic comparative study of structure, sequence, and substrate specificity to track the evolution of specificity and reactivity between promiscuous members of clades of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily. Construction of a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences maps out the likely transition zone between arylsulfatases (ASs) and phosphonate monoester hydrolases (PMHs). Kinetic analysis shows that all enzymes characterized have four chemically distinct phospho- and sulfoesterase activities, with rate accelerations ranging from 1011- to 1017-fold for their primary and 109- to 1012-fold for their promiscuous reactions, suggesting that catalytic promiscuity is widespread in the AP-superfamily. This functional characterization and crystallography reveal a novel class of ASs that is so similar in sequence to known PMHs that it had not been recognized as having diverged in function. Based on analysis of snapshots of catalytic promiscuity "in transition", we develop possible models that would allow functional evolution and determine scenarios for trade-off between multiple activities. For the new ASs, we observe largely invariant substrate specificity that would facilitate the transition from ASs to PMHs via trade-off-free molecular exaptation, that is, evolution without initial loss of primary activity and specificity toward the original substrate. This ability to bypass low activity generalists provides a molecular solution to avoid adaptive conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Anastassia Vorobieva
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Celine Dutruel
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
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12
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Cha HJ, Kim HY, Kim HS. Sulfatase 1 mediates the attenuation of Ang II-induced hypertensive effects by CCL5 in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cytokine 2018; 110:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Yoon HY, Hong JI. Sulfatase activity assay using an activity-based probe by generation of N -methyl isoindole under reducing conditions. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Weidner J, Jarenbäck L, de Jong K, Vonk JM, van den Berge M, Brandsma CA, Boezen HM, Sin D, Bossé Y, Nickle D, Ankerst J, Bjermer L, Postma DS, Faiz A, Tufvesson E. Sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respir Res 2017; 18:77. [PMID: 28464818 PMCID: PMC5414362 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been observed that mice lacking the sulfatase modifying factor (Sumf1) developed an emphysema-like phenotype. However, it is unknown if SUMF1 may play a role in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in humans. The aim was to investigate if the expression and genetic regulation of SUMF1 differs between smokers with and without COPD. Methods SUMF1 mRNA was investigated in sputum cells and whole blood from controls and COPD patients (all current or former smokers). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was used to investigate if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SUMF1 were significantly associated with SUMF1 expression. The association of SUMF1 SNPs with COPD was examined in a population based cohort, Lifelines. SUMF1 mRNA from sputum cells, lung tissue, and lung fibroblasts, as well as lung function parameters, were investigated in relation to genotype. Results Certain splice variants of SUMF1 showed a relatively high expression in lung tissue compared to many other tissues. SUMF1 Splice variant 2 and 3 showed lower levels in sputum cells from COPD patients as compared to controls. Twelve SNPs were found significant by eQTL analysis and overlapped with the array used for genotyping of Lifelines. We found alterations in mRNA expression in sputum cells and lung fibroblasts associated with SNP rs11915920 (top hit in eQTL), which validated the results of the lung tissue eQTL analysis. Of the twelve SNPs, two SNPs, rs793391 and rs308739, were found to be associated with COPD in Lifelines. The SNP rs793391 was also confirmed to be associated with lung function changes. Conclusions We show that SUMF1 expression is affected in COPD patients compared to controls, and that SNPs in SUMF1 are associated with an increased risk of COPD. Certain COPD-associated SNPs have effects on either SUMF1 gene expression or on lung function. Collectively, this study shows that SUMF1 is associated with an increased risk of developing COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0562-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Weidner
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC, D12, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linnea Jarenbäck
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC, D12, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kim de Jong
- University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Don Sin
- Department of Medicine (Respirology), University of British Columbia, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - David Nickle
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (GpGx), Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaro Ankerst
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC, D12, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC, D12, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alen Faiz
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, BMC, D12, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Wang S, Sugahara K, Li F. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate sulfatases from mammals and bacteria. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:841-851. [PMID: 27526113 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of the sulfate groups on chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) poly- and oligosaccharides belong to the formylglycine-dependent family of sulfatases and have been widely found in various mammalian and bacterial organisms. However, only a few types of CS/DS sulfatase have been identified so far. Recently, several novel CS/DS sulfatases have been cloned and characterized. Advanced studies have provided significant insight into the biological function and mechanism of action of CS/DS sulfatases. Moreover, further studies will provide powerful tools for structural and functional studies of CS/DS as well as related applications. This article reviews the recent progress in CS/DS sulfatase research and is expected to initiate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China.
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16
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Zhao M, Wang S, Li F, Dong D, Wu B. Arylsulfatase B Mediates the Sulfonation-Transport Interplay in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells Overexpressing Sulfotransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1441-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Anelli T, Sannino S, Sitia R. Proteostasis and "redoxtasis" in the secretory pathway: Tales of tails from ERp44 and immunoglobulins. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:323-30. [PMID: 25744412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, some cells are given the task of secreting huge quantities of proteins. To comply with their duty, they generally equip themselves with a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and downstream organelles in the secretory pathway. These professional secretors face paramount proteostatic challenges in that they need to couple efficiency and fidelity in their secretory processes. On one hand, stringent quality control (QC) mechanisms operate from the ER onward to check the integrity of the secretome. On the other, the pressure to secrete can be overwhelming, as for instance on antibody-producing cells during infection. Maintaining homeostasis is particularly hard when the products to be released contain disulfide bonds, because oxidative folding entails production of reactive oxygen species. How are redox homeostasis ("redoxtasis") and proteostasis maintained despite the massive fluxes of cargo proteins traversing the pathway? Here we describe recent findings on how ERp44, a multifunctional chaperone of the secretory pathway, can modulate these processes integrating protein QC, redoxtasis, and calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Anelli
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sannino
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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18
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A non-conserved miRNA regulates lysosomal function and impacts on a human lysosomal storage disorder. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5840. [PMID: 25524633 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are key enzymatic regulators of sulfate homeostasis with several biological functions including degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other macromolecules in lysosomes. In a severe lysosomal storage disorder, multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), global sulfatase activity is deficient due to mutations in the sulfatase-modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) gene, encoding the essential activator of all sulfatases. We identify a novel regulatory layer of sulfate metabolism mediated by a microRNA. miR-95 depletes SUMF1 protein levels and suppresses sulfatase activity, causing the disruption of proteoglycan catabolism and lysosomal function. This blocks autophagy-mediated degradation, causing cytoplasmic accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagic substrates. By targeting miR-95 in cells from MSD patients, we can effectively increase residual SUMF1 expression, allowing for reactivation of sulfatase activity and increased clearance of sulfated GAGs. The identification of this regulatory mechanism opens the opportunity for a unique therapeutic approach in MSD patients where the need for exogenous enzyme replacement is circumvented.
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19
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Genicot SM, Groisillier A, Rogniaux H, Meslet-Cladière L, Barbeyron T, Helbert W. Discovery of a novel iota carrageenan sulfatase isolated from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora. Front Chem 2014; 2:67. [PMID: 25207269 PMCID: PMC4144425 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrageenans are sulfated polysaccharides extracted from the cell wall of some marine red algae. These polysaccharides are widely used as gelling, stabilizing, and viscosifying agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Since the rheological properties of these polysaccharides depend on their sulfate content, we screened several isolated marine bacteria for carrageenan specific sulfatase activity, in the aim of developing enzymatic bioconversion of carrageenans. As a result of the screening, an iota-carrageenan sulfatase was detected in the cell-free lysate of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora strain PscT. It was purified through Phenyl Sepharose and Diethylaminoethyl Sepharose chromatography. The pure enzyme, Psc ι-CgsA, was characterized. It had a molecular weight of 115.9 kDaltons and exhibited an optimal activity/stability at pH ~8.3 and at 40 ± 5°C. It was inactivated by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride but not by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. Psc ι-CgsA specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-S sulfate of iota-carrageenan. The purified enzyme could transform iota-carrageenan into hybrid iota-/alpha- or pure alpha-carrageenan under controlled conditions. The gene encoding Psc ι-CgsA, a protein of 1038 amino acids, was cloned into Escherichia coli, and the sequence analysis revealed that Psc ι-CgsA has more than 90% sequence identity with a putative uncharacterized protein Q3IKL4 from the marine strain Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125, but besides this did not share any homology to characterized sulfatases. Phylogenetic studies show that P. carrageenovora sulfatase thus represents the first characterized member of a new sulfatase family, with a C-terminal domain having strong similarity with the superfamily of amidohydrolases, highlighting the still unexplored diversity of marine polysaccharide modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Genicot
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 Roscoff, France ; UMR 8227, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff, France
| | - Agnès Groisillier
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 Roscoff, France ; UMR 8227, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Meslet-Cladière
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 Roscoff, France ; UMR 8227, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff, France ; EA3882, LUBEM, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Université de Bretagne Occidentale Plouzané, France
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 Roscoff, France ; UMR 8227, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff, France
| | - William Helbert
- UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 Roscoff, France ; UMR 8227, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff, France ; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV, UPR-CNRS 5301), Université Joseph Fourier, and Member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble (ICMG, FR-CNRS 2607) Grenoble, France
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20
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You M, Yue Z, He W, Yang X, Yang G, Xie M, Zhan D, Baxter SW, Vasseur L, Gurr GM, Douglas CJ, Bai J, Wang P, Cui K, Huang S, Li X, Zhou Q, Wu Z, Chen Q, Liu C, Wang B, Li X, Xu X, Lu C, Hu M, Davey JW, Smith SM, Chen M, Xia X, Tang W, Ke F, Zheng D, Hu Y, Song F, You Y, Ma X, Peng L, Zheng Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Fang L, Li J, Zhou X, Luo Y, Gou C, Wang J, Wang J, Yang H, Wang J. A heterozygous moth genome provides insights into herbivory and detoxification. Nat Genet 2013; 45:220-5. [PMID: 23313953 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How an insect evolves to become a successful herbivore is of profound biological and practical importance. Herbivores are often adapted to feed on a specific group of evolutionarily and biochemically related host plants, but the genetic and molecular bases for adaptation to plant defense compounds remain poorly understood. We report the first whole-genome sequence of a basal lepidopteran species, Plutella xylostella, which contains 18,071 protein-coding and 1,412 unique genes with an expansion of gene families associated with perception and the detoxification of plant defense compounds. A recent expansion of retrotransposons near detoxification-related genes and a wider system used in the metabolism of plant defense compounds are shown to also be involved in the development of insecticide resistance. This work shows the genetic and molecular bases for the evolutionary success of this worldwide herbivore and offers wider insights into insect adaptation to plant feeding, as well as opening avenues for more sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsheng You
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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21
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Purohit A, Woo LWL, Potter BVL. Steroid sulfatase: a pivotal player in estrogen synthesis and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:154-60. [PMID: 21693170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase plays a pivotal role in regulating the formation of biologically active steroids from inactive steroid sulfates. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrone and dehydroepiandrosterone, respectively, both of which can be subsequently reduced to steroids with estrogenic properties (i.e. estradiol and androstenediol) that can stimulate the growth of tumors in hormone-responsive tissues of the breast, endometrium and prostate. Hence, the action of steroid sulfatase is implicated in physiological processes and pathological conditions. It has been five years since our group last reviewed the important role of this enzyme in steroid synthesis and the progress made in the development of potent inhibitors of this important enzyme target. This timely review therefore concentrates on recent advances in steroid sulfatase research, and summarises the findings of clinical trials with Irosustat (BN83495), the only steroid sulfatase inhibitor that is being trialed in postmenopausal women with breast or endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Purohit
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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HpSumf1 is involved in the activation of sulfatases responsible for regulation of skeletogenesis during sea urchin development. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:157-66. [PMID: 21706447 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases such as arylsulfatase and heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase play important roles in morphogenesis during sea urchin development. For the activation of these sulfatases, Cα-formylglycine formation by sulfatase modifying factor (Sumf) is required. In this study, to clarify the regulatory mechanisms for the activation of sulfatases during sea urchin development, we examined the expression and function of the Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus homologs of Sumf1 and Sumf2 (HpSumf1 and HpSumf2, respectively). Expression of HpSumf1 but not HpSumf2 mRNA was dynamically changed during early development. Functional analyses of recombinant HpSumf1 and HpSumf2 using HEK293T cells expressing mouse arylsulfatase A (ArsA) indicated that HpSumf1 and HpSumf2 were both able to activate mammalian ArsA. Knockdown of HpSumf1 using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides caused abnormal spicule formation in the sea urchin embryo. Injection of HpSumf2 mRNA had no effect on skeletogenesis, while injection of HpSumf1 mRNA induced severe supernumerary spicule formation. Taken together, these findings suggest that HpSumf1 is involved in the activation of sulfatases required for control of skeletogenesis.
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Whitelock J, Melrose J. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in healthy and diseased systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:739-51. [PMID: 21462353 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are synthesized in the tissues and organs of mammals. They are synthesized and attached to a core protein as proteoglycans through serine-glycine concensus motifs along the core protein. These GAGs are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide saccharide units that are variously modified along their length. As a consequence of these modifications naturally occurring heparin and HS are extremely heterogeneous in their structures. A diverse range of proteins bind heparin and HS. The types of proteins that bind are dictated by the structure of the HS or heparin chains with which they are interacting. Heparan sulfates play major roles in tissue development and in maintaining homeostasis within healthy individuals. Recent genetic studies illustrate that alterations in their structural organization can have important consequences often giving rise to, or directly causing, a disease situation. A greater understanding of the repertoire of proteins with which heparin and HS interact and the diseases that can be caused by perturbations in the structures of heparin and HS proteoglycan may provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions. These issues are discussed with a focus on musculoskeletal phenotypes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
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