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Magnuson MA, Osipovich AB. Ca 2+ signaling and metabolic stress-induced pancreatic β-cell failure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1412411. [PMID: 39015185 PMCID: PMC11250477 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1412411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Early in the development of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic stress brought on by insulin resistance and nutrient overload causes β-cell hyperstimulation. Herein we summarize recent studies that have explored the premise that an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), brought on by persistent metabolic stimulation of β-cells, causes β-cell dysfunction and failure by adversely affecting β-cell function, structure, and identity. This mini-review builds on several recent reviews that also describe how excess [Ca2+]i impairs β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Qu Y, Wang S, Jiang H, Wang Q, Liao Y, Qiu X, Tan L, Song C, Ding C, Sun Y, Yang Z. The Ca 2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin dephosphorylates TBK1 to suppress antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0001624. [PMID: 38563732 PMCID: PMC11092360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00016-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays a key role in the induction of the type 1 interferon (IFN-I) response, which is an important component of innate antiviral defense. Viruses target calcium (Ca2+) signaling networks, which participate in the regulation of the viral life cycle, as well as mediate the host antiviral response. Although many studies have focused on the role of Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of IFN-I, the relationship between Ca2+ and TBK1 in different infection models requires further elucidation. Here, we examined the effects of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels on the suppression of host antiviral responses. We demonstrated that intracellular Ca2+ increased significantly during NDV infection, leading to impaired IFN-I production and antiviral immunity through the activation of calcineurin (CaN). Depletion of Ca²+ was found to lead to a significant increase in virus-induced IFN-I production resulting in the inhibition of viral replication. Mechanistically, the accumulation of Ca2+ in response to viral infection increases the phosphatase activity of CaN, which in turn dephosphorylates and inactivates TBK1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of CaN on viral replication was counteracted in TBK1 knockout cells. Together, our data demonstrate that NDV hijacks Ca2+ signaling networks to negatively regulate innate immunity via the CaN-TBK1 signaling axis. Thus, our findings not only identify the mechanism by which viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to evade the host antiviral response but also, more importantly, highlight the potential role of Ca2+ homeostasis in the viral innate immune response.IMPORTANCEViral infections disrupt intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, which affects the regulation of various host processes to create conditions that are conducive for their own proliferation, including the host immune response. The mechanism by which viruses trigger TBK1 activation and IFN-I induction through viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns has been well defined. However, the effects of virus-mediated Ca2+ imbalance on the IFN-I pathway requires further elucidation, especially with respect to TBK1 activation. Herein, we report that NDV infection causes an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ that leads to activation of the serine/threonine phosphatase CaN, which subsequently dephosphorylates TBK1 and negatively regulates IFN-I production. Furthermore, depletion of Ca2+ or inhibition of CaN activity exerts antiviral effects by promoting the production of IFN-I and inhibiting viral replication. Thus, our results reveal the potential role of Ca2+ in the innate immune response to viruses and provide a theoretical reference for the treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Kochkina EN, Kopylova EE, Rogachevskaja OA, Kovalenko NP, Kabanova NV, Kotova PD, Bystrova MF, Kolesnikov SS. Agonist-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling in HEK-293-Derived Cells Expressing a Single IP 3 Receptor Isoform. Cells 2024; 13:562. [PMID: 38607001 PMCID: PMC11011116 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, three genes encode IP3 receptors (IP3Rs), which are involved in agonist-induced Ca2+ signaling in cells of apparently all types. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach for disruption of two out of three IP3R genes in HEK-293 cells, we generated three monoclonal cell lines, IP3R1-HEK, IP3R2-HEK, and IP3R3-HEK, with the single functional isoform, IP3R1, IP3R2, and IP3R3, respectively. All engineered cells responded to ACh with Ca2+ transients in an "all-or-nothing" manner, suggesting that each IP3R isotype was capable of mediating CICR. The sensitivity of cells to ACh strongly correlated with the affinity of IP3 binding to an IP3R isoform they expressed. Based on a mathematical model of intracellular Ca2+ signals induced by thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor, we developed an approach for estimating relative Ca2+ permeability of Ca2+ store and showed that all three IP3R isoforms contributed to Ca2+ leakage from ER. The relative Ca2+ permeabilities of Ca2+ stores in IP3R1-HEK, IP3R2-HEK, and IP3R3-HEK cells were evaluated as 1:1.75:0.45. Using the genetically encoded sensor R-CEPIA1er for monitoring Ca2+ signals in ER, engineered cells were ranged by resting levels of stored Ca2+ as IP3R3-HEK ≥ IP3R1-HEK > IP3R2-HEK. The developed cell lines could be helpful for further assaying activity, regulation, and pharmacology of individual IP3R isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stanislav S. Kolesnikov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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4
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Kovaleva V, Yu LY, Ivanova L, Shpironok O, Nam J, Eesmaa A, Kumpula EP, Sakson S, Toots U, Ustav M, Huiskonen JT, Voutilainen MH, Lindholm P, Karelson M, Saarma M. MANF regulates neuronal survival and UPR through its ER-located receptor IRE1α. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112066. [PMID: 36739529 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located protein with cytoprotective effects in neurons and pancreatic β cells in vitro and in models of neurodegeneration and diabetes in vivo. However, the exact mode of MANF action has remained elusive. Here, we show that MANF directly interacts with the ER transmembrane unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor IRE1α, and we identify the binding interface between MANF and IRE1α. The expression of wild-type MANF, but not its IRE1α binding-deficient mutant, attenuates UPR signaling by decreasing IRE1α oligomerization; phosphorylation; splicing of Xbp1, Atf6, and Txnip levels; and protecting neurons from ER stress-induced death. MANF-IRE1α interaction and not MANF-BiP interaction is crucial for MANF pro-survival activity in neurons in vitro and is required to protect dopamine neurons in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Our data show IRE1α as an intracellular receptor for MANF and regulator of neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovaleva
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Li-Ying Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olesya Shpironok
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinhan Nam
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ave Eesmaa
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa-Pekka Kumpula
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven Sakson
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mati Karelson
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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The Influence of Calcium on the Growth, Morphology and Gene Regulation in Gemmatimonas phototrophica. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010027. [PMID: 36677319 PMCID: PMC9862903 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Gemmatimonas phototrophica AP64 isolated from a freshwater lake in the western Gobi Desert represents the first phototrophic member of the bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadota. This strain was originally cultured on agar plates because it did not grow in liquid medium. In contrast, the closely related species G. groenlandica TET16 grows both on solid and in liquid media. Here, we show that the growth of G. phototrophica in liquid medium can be induced by supplementing the medium with 20 mg CaCl2 L-1. When grown at a lower concentration of calcium (2 mg CaCl2 L-1) in the liquid medium, the growth was significantly delayed, cells were elongated and lacked flagella. The elevated requirement for calcium is relatively specific as it can be partially substituted by strontium, but not by magnesium. The transcriptome analysis documented that several groups of genes involved in flagella biosynthesis and transport of transition metals were co-activated after amendment of 20 mg CaCl2 L-1 to the medium. The presented results document that G. phototrophica requires a higher concentration of calcium for its metabolism and growth compared to other Gemmatimonas species.
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Arnst N, Redolfi N, Lia A, Bedetta M, Greotti E, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3025. [PMID: 36551781 PMCID: PMC9775979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Current progress puts at the forefront the "calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis" as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in AD, their causes and bioenergetic consequences in neuronal and glial cells, summarizing the possible mechanisms linking detrimental mitochondrial Ca2+ signals to neuronal death in different experimental AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Bedetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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7
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Qu Y, Sun Y, Yang Z, Ding C. Calcium Ions Signaling: Targets for Attack and Utilization by Viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889374. [PMID: 35859744 PMCID: PMC9289559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium, as a second intracellular messenger, participate in various physiological and biochemical processes, including cell growth and proliferation, energy metabolism, information transfer, cell death, and immune response. Ca2+ channels or pumps in plasma and organelle membranes and Ca2+-related proteins maintain Ca2+ homeostasis by regulating Ca2+ inflow, outflow and buffering to avoid any adverse effects caused by Ca2+ overload or depletion. Thus, Ca2+ signaling also provides a target for virus invasion, replication, proliferation and release. After hijacking the host cell, viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to regulate apoptosis and resist host immunity to establish persistent infection. In this review, we discuss cellular Ca2+ signaling and channels, interaction of calcium-associated proteins with viruses, and host cell fate, as well as the role of Ca2+ in cell death and antiviral response during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Zengqi Yang,
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chan Ding,
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Wang LY, Zhang YF, Yang DY, Zhang SJ, Han DD, Luo YP. Aureoverticillactam, a Potent Antifungal Macrocyclic Lactam from Streptomyces aureoverticillatus HN6, Generates Calcium Dyshomeostasis-Induced Cell Apoptosis via the Phospholipase C Pathway in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2010-2022. [PMID: 33900117 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0543-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made to discover new biofungicides of high efficiency for control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, a catastrophic soilborne phytopathogen causing banana Fusarium wilt worldwide. We confirmed for the first time that aureoverticillactam (YY3) has potent antifungal activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, with effective dose for 50% inhibition (EC50) of 20.80 μg/ml against hyphal growth and 12.62 μg/ml against spore germination. To investigate its mechanism of action, we observed the cellular ultrastructures of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 with YY3 treatment and found that YY3 led to cell wall thinning, mitochondrial deformities, apoptotic degradation of the subcellular fractions, and entocyte leakage. Consistent with these variations, increased permeability of cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane also occurred after YY3 treatment. On the enzymatic level, the activity of mitochondrial complex III, as well as the ATP synthase, was significantly suppressed by YY3 at a concentration >12.50 μg/ml. Moreover, YY3 elevated the cytosolic Ca2+ level to promote mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cell apoptosis also occurred as expected. On the transcriptome level, key genes involved in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway were significantly affected, with the expression level of Plc1 increased approximately fourfold. The expression levels of two apoptotic genes, casA1 and casA2, were also significantly increased by YY3. Of note, phospholipase C activation was observed with YY3 treatment in F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. These findings indicate that YY3 exerts its antifungal activity by activating the phospholipase C calcium-dependent ROS signaling pathway, which makes it a promising biofungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - De-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shu-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan-Dan Han
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yan-Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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9
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Ichimura A. Elucidation of the Physiological Functions of Membrane Proteins as Novel Drug Target Candidate Molecules. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1167-1173. [PMID: 34471043 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For pharmaceutical research focused on identifying novel drug target candidate molecules, it is essential to explore unknown biological phenomena, elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms and regulate biological processes based on these findings. Proteins expressed on the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane play important roles in linking extracellular environmental information to intracellular processes. Stimulating membranous proteins induces various kinds of changes in cells, such as alterations in gene expression levels and enzymatic activities. However, the physiological functions and endogenous ligands of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have not been determined, although GPCRs already constitute a large class of drug-target membrane proteins. Furthermore, the precise physiological roles played by many ER membrane proteins have not been elucidated to date. In this review article, I summarize the results of our recent studies, including the observations that the lipid sensor FFAR4/GPR120 controlled systemic energy homeostasis and that the ER membrane monovalent cation channel trimeric intracellular cation (TRIC)-B and the plasma membrane divalent cation channel transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) regulated bone formation. I further describe the therapeutic significance of these membranous protein-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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10
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Redolfi N, García-Casas P, Fornetto C, Sonda S, Pizzo P, Pendin D. Lighting Up Ca 2+ Dynamics in Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:2133. [PMID: 34440902 PMCID: PMC8392631 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling coordinates are crucial processes in brain physiology. Particularly, fundamental aspects of neuronal function such as synaptic transmission and neuronal plasticity are regulated by Ca2+, and neuronal survival itself relies on Ca2+-dependent cascades. Indeed, impaired Ca2+ homeostasis has been reported in aging as well as in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Understanding the physiology of brain function and the key processes leading to its derangement is a core challenge for neuroscience. In this context, Ca2+ imaging represents a powerful tool, effectively fostered by the continuous amelioration of Ca2+ sensors in parallel with the improvement of imaging instrumentation. In this review, we explore the potentiality of the most used animal models employed for Ca2+ imaging, highlighting their application in brain research to explore the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Paloma García-Casas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Chiara Fornetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Sonia Sonda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (N.R.); (P.G.-C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (P.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
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11
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Cascella R, Cecchi C. Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094914. [PMID: 34066371 PMCID: PMC8124842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid β-protein deposition in senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles consisting of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, and neuronal loss leading to cognitive decline and dementia. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms underlying AD remain unknown and effective treatment is not available. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain AD pathophysiology; however, there is general consensus that the abnormal aggregation of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is the initial event triggering a pathogenic cascade of degenerating events in cholinergic neurons. The dysregulation of calcium homeostasis has been studied considerably to clarify the mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by Aβ. Intracellular calcium acts as a second messenger and plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal functions, such as neural growth and differentiation, action potential, and synaptic plasticity. The calcium hypothesis of AD posits that activation of the amyloidogenic pathway affects neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and the mechanisms responsible for learning and memory. Aβ can disrupt Ca2+ signaling through several mechanisms, by increasing the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space and by activating its release from intracellular stores. Here, we review the different molecular mechanisms and receptors involved in calcium dysregulation in AD and possible therapeutic strategies for improving the treatment.
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12
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Panda S, Behera S, Alam MF, Syed GH. Endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondrial calcium homeostasis: The interplay with viruses. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:227-242. [PMID: 33775873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as secondary messengers in a plethora of cellular processes and play crucial role in cellular organelle function and homeostasis. The average resting concentration of Ca2+ is nearly 100 nM and in certain cells it can reach up to 1 µM. The high range of Ca2+ concentration across the plasma membrane and intracellular Ca2+ stores demands a well-coordinated maintenance of free Ca2+ via influx, efflux, buffering and storage. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondria depend on Ca2+ for their function and also serve as major players in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The ER-mitochondria interplay helps in orchestrating cellular calcium homeostasis to avoid any detrimental effect resulting from Ca2+ overload or depletion. Since Ca2+ plays a central role in many biological processes it is an essential component of the virus-host interactions. The large gradient across membranes enable the viruses to easily modulate this buffered environment to meet their needs. Viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to establish productive infection and evade the host immune defense. In this review we will detail the interplay between the viruses and cellular & ER-mitochondrial calcium signaling and the significance of these events on viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Suchismita Behera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mohd Faraz Alam
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
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13
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Rossi A, Rigotto G, Valente G, Giorgio V, Basso E, Filadi R, Pizzo P. Defective Mitochondrial Pyruvate Flux Affects Cell Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease-Related Models. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2332-2348.e10. [PMID: 32075767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles for brain health. Mitochondrial alterations have been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms appears crucial to understand their relationship with the pathology. Using multiple genetic, pharmacological, imaging, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that, in different familial AD cell models, mitochondrial ATP synthesis is affected. The defect depends on reduced mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, due to both lower Ca2+-mediated stimulation of the Krebs cycle and dampened mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. Importantly, this latter event is linked to glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK-3β) hyper-activation, leading, in turn, to impaired recruitment of hexokinase 1 (HK1) to mitochondria, destabilization of mitochondrial-pyruvate-carrier (MPC) complexes, and decreased MPC2 protein levels. Remarkably, pharmacological GSK-3β inhibition in AD cells rescues MPC2 expression and improves mitochondrial ATP synthesis and respiration. The defective mitochondrial bioenergetics influences glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, thus representing a possible target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Rigotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Valente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy.
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14
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Redolfi N, Greotti E, Zanetti G, Hochepied T, Fasolato C, Pendin D, Pozzan T. A New Transgenic Mouse Line for Imaging Mitochondrial Calcium Signals. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab012. [PMID: 35330679 PMCID: PMC8788866 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Dysfunction in the organelle Ca2+ handling appears to be involved in several pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac failure and malignant transformation. In the past years, several targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have been developed to study Ca2+ dynamics inside mitochondria of living cells. Surprisingly, while there is a number of transgenic mice expressing different types of cytosolic GECIs, few examples are available expressing mitochondria-localized GECIs, and none of them exhibits adequate spatial resolution. Here we report the generation and characterization of a transgenic mouse line (hereafter called mt-Cam) for the controlled expression of a mitochondria-targeted, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Cameleon, 4mtD3cpv. To achieve this goal, we engineered the mouse ROSA26 genomic locus by inserting the optimized sequence of 4mtD3cpv, preceded by a loxP-STOP-loxP sequence. The probe can be readily expressed in a tissue-specific manner upon Cre recombinase-mediated excision, obtainable with a single cross. Upon ubiquitous Cre expression, the Cameleon is specifically localized in the mitochondrial matrix of cells in all the organs and tissues analyzed, from embryos to aged animals. Ca2+ imaging experiments performed in vitro and ex vivo in brain slices confirmed the functionality of the probe in isolated cells and live tissues. This new transgenic mouse line allows the study of mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics in different tissues with no invasive intervention (such as viral infection or electroporation), potentially allowing simple calibration of the fluorescent signals in terms of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
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15
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Nava AR, Mauricio N, Sanca AJ, Domínguez DC. Evidence of Calcium Signaling and Modulation of the LmrS Multidrug Resistant Efflux Pump Activity by Ca 2 + Ions in S. aureus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573388. [PMID: 33193178 PMCID: PMC7642317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a pivotal role in eukaryote cell signaling and regulate many physiological functions. Although a similar role for Ca2+ in prokaryotes has been difficult to demonstrate, there is increasing evidence for Ca2+ as a cell regulator in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate Ca2+ signaling and the effect of Ca2+ on the Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistant efflux pump LmrS. We hypothesized that antibiotics act by increasing Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn enhance the efflux activity of LmrS. These Ca2+ transients were measured by luminometry in response to various antibiotics by using the photoprotein aequorin reconstituted within live bacterial cells. Efflux associated with LmrS was measured by the increase in fluorescence due to the loss of ethidium bromide (EtBr) from both S. aureus cells and from E. coli cells in which the lmrs gene of S. aureus was expressed. We found that addition of antibiotics to cells generated unique cytosolic Ca2+ transients and that addition of CaCl2 to cells enhanced EtBr efflux whereas addition of Ca2+ chelators or efflux pump inhibitors significantly decreased EtBr efflux from cells. We conclude that antibiotics induce a Ca2+ mediated response through transients in cytosolic Ca2+, which then stimulates LmrS efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nava
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Mauricio
- Biology Department, El Paso Community College, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Angel J Sanca
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Delfina C Domínguez
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Clinical Laboratory Science Program/Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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16
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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17
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Vais H, Wang M, Mallilankaraman K, Payne R, McKennan C, Lock JT, Spruce LA, Fiest C, Chan MYL, Parker I, Seeholzer SH, Foskett JK, Mak DOD. ER-luminal [Ca 2+] regulation of InsP 3 receptor gating mediated by an ER-luminal peripheral Ca 2+-binding protein. eLife 2020; 9:53531. [PMID: 32420875 PMCID: PMC7259957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+-release channels is a universal signaling pathway that regulates numerous cell-physiological processes. Whereas much is known regarding regulation of InsP3R activity by cytoplasmic ligands and processes, its regulation by ER-luminal Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]ER) is poorly understood and controversial. We discovered that the InsP3R is regulated by a peripheral membrane-associated ER-luminal protein that strongly inhibits the channel in the presence of high, physiological [Ca2+]ER. The widely-expressed Ca2+-binding protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) is present in the nuclear envelope lumen and, through interaction with a luminal region of the channel, can modify high-[Ca2+]ER inhibition of InsP3R activity. Genetic knockdown of ANXA1 expression enhanced global and local elementary InsP3-mediated Ca2+ signaling events. Thus, [Ca2+]ER is a major regulator of InsP3R channel activity and InsP3R-mediated [Ca2+]i signaling in cells by controlling an interaction of the channel with a peripheral membrane-associated Ca2+-binding protein, likely ANXA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horia Vais
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Chris McKennan
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Lock
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- Proteomics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Carly Fiest
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Matthew Yan-Lok Chan
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- Proteomics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Don-On Daniel Mak
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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18
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MGP Promotes Colon Cancer Proliferation by Activating the NF-κB Pathway through Upregulation of the Calcium Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:371-383. [PMID: 32405535 PMCID: PMC7210384 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP), an extracellular matrix protein, is mainly associated with the inhibition of calcification in skeleton, coronary artery, and kidney, and more recently it has also been implicated in cancer. However, the biological function of MGP inside cancer cells and its role in colon cancer (CC) remain largely unknown. MGP expression and its association with clinicopathologic characteristics in CC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and verified by Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. The effects of MGP on CC cell proliferation were evaluated via knockdown and overexpression experiments in vitro. Mechanisms of MGP in CC were explored by western blots, quantitative real-time PCR, Fluo-3 AM staining, Rhod-2 AM staining, immunofluorescence, and other techniques. Our study confirmed that MGP was upregulated in different stages of CC and associated with a worse prognosis. MGP could enrich intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and promote nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/p65 phosphorylation, activating the expression of c-MYC, ICAM-1, and VEGFA. Furthermore, the reduction of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and the subsequent growth inhibition effect on CC cells induced by small interfering RNA targeting MGP (siMGP) could be rescued by a higher calcium concentration environment. Therefore, MGP promotes the growth and proliferation of CC cells by enriching intracellular calcium concentration and activating the NF-κB pathway, and it could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in CC patients.
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19
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Greotti E, Pozzan T. Live Mitochondrial or Cytosolic Calcium Imaging Using Genetically-encoded Cameleon Indicator in Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3504. [PMID: 33654731 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) imaging aims at investigating the dynamic changes in live cells of its concentration ([Ca2+]) in different pathophysiological conditions. Ca2+ is an ubiquitous and versatile intracellular signal that modulates a large variety of cellular functions thanks to a cell type-specific toolkit and a complex subcellular compartmentalization. Many Ca2+ sensors are presently available (chemical and genetically encoded) that can be specifically targeted to different cellular compartments. Using these probes, it is now possible to monitor Ca2+ dynamics of living cells not only in the cytosol but also within specific organelles. The choice of a specific sensor depends on the experimental design and the spatial and temporal resolution required. Here we describe the use of novel Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based fluorescent Ca2+ probes to dynamically and quantitatively monitor the changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] in a variety of cell types and experimental conditions. FRET-based sensors have the enormous advantage of being ratiometric, a feature that makes them particularly suitable for quantitative and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Greotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padua, Italy
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20
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Galla L, Redolfi N, Pozzan T, Pizzo P, Greotti E. Intracellular Calcium Dysregulation by the Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Protein Presenilin 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E770. [PMID: 31991578 PMCID: PMC7037278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Even though most AD cases are sporadic, a small percentage is familial due to autosomal dominant mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes. AD mutations contribute to the generation of toxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and the formation of cerebral plaques, leading to the formulation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD pathogenesis. Many drugs have been developed to inhibit this pathway but all these approaches currently failed, raising the need to find additional pathogenic mechanisms. Alterations in cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling have also been reported as causative of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, Aβ peptides, mutated presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2 (PS2) variously lead to modifications in Ca2+ homeostasis. In this contribution, we focus on PS2, summarizing how AD-linked PS2 mutants alter multiple Ca2+ pathways and the functional consequences of this Ca2+ dysregulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Galla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Maintenance of the main Golgi functions, glycosylation and sorting, is dependent on the unique Golgi pH microenvironment that is thought to be set by the balance between the rates of V-ATPase-mediated proton pumping and its leakage back to the cytoplasm via an unknown pathway. The concentration of other ions, such as chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, is also important for Golgi homeostasis and dependent on the transport activity of other ion transporters present in the Golgi membranes. During the last decade, several new disorders have been identified that are caused by, or are associated with, dysregulated Golgi pH and ion homeostasis. Here, we will provide an updated overview on these disorders and the proteins involved. We will also discuss other disorders for which the molecular defects remain currently uncertain but which potentially involve proteins that regulate Golgi pH or ion homeostasis.
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22
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Schoijet AC, Sternlieb T, Alonso GD. Signal Transduction Pathways as Therapeutic Target for Chagas Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6572-6589. [PMID: 31218950 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620093029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a group of flagellated unicellular eukaryotes, causing serious human diseases including Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.) and Leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.). The second messenger cAMP is involved in numerous and fundamental processes in these parasites including differentiation between stages, proliferation, osmoregulation, oxidative stress and quorum sensing. Interestingly, its signaling pathway is quite different from that of mammals, including structurally different adenylyl cyclases, the shortage of orthologous effector proteins and the absence of G-protein-coupled-receptors, among others. These characteristics make the proteins involved in these transduction pathways good candidates for therapeutic targets. However, the identification of new unknown druggable targets involves extensive research time and is economically very expensive, making difficult the transition from basic research to the clinical phase. Trypanosomatid PDEs have characteristic binding pockets that allow for a differential inhibition from their human orthologs. Modification in the approved drugs for human to convert them into trypanocidal treatments could lead to more effective therapies, shorter lab time and lower costs. In view of the fact that kinetoplastid PDEs are highly conserved with their mammalian counterparts, and since there are already numerous drugs on the market against human PDEs, the drug repositioning approach is highly promising. The development of new technologies, higher government and industrial involvement and more scientists committed to basic investigation, are the key to ultimately find an effective treatment and cure for the neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cecilia Schoijet
- Laboratorio de Senalizacion y Mecanismos Adaptativos en Tripanosomatidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Molecular "Dr. Hector N. Torres"; Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Sternlieb
- Laboratorio de Senalizacion y Mecanismos Adaptativos en Tripanosomatidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Molecular "Dr. Hector N. Torres"; Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Daniel Alonso
- Laboratorio de Senalizacion y Mecanismos Adaptativos en Tripanosomatidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Molecular "Dr. Hector N. Torres"; Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Vajente N, Norante R, Redolfi N, Daga A, Pizzo P, Pendin D. Microtubules Stabilization by Mutant Spastin Affects ER Morphology and Ca 2+ Handling. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1544. [PMID: 31920731 PMCID: PMC6933510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends as a network of interconnected tubules and sheet-like structures in eukaryotic cells. ER tubules dynamically change their morphology and position within the cells in response to physiological stimuli and these network rearrangements depend on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) relies on the repositioning of ER tubules to form specific ER-plasma membrane junctions. Indeed, the tips of polymerizing MTs are supposed to provide the anchor for ER tubules to move toward the plasma membrane, however the precise role of the cytoskeleton during SOCE has not been conclusively clarified. Here we exploit an in vivo approach involving the manipulation of MT dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster by neuronal expression of a dominant-negative variant of the MT-severing protein spastin to induce MT hyper-stabilization. We show that MT stabilization alters ER morphology, favoring an enrichment in ER sheets at the expense of tubules. Stabilizing MTs has a negative impact on the process of SOCE and results in a reduced ER Ca2+ content, affecting the flight ability of the flies. Restoring proper MT organization by administering the MT-destabilizing drug vinblastine, chronically or acutely, rescues ER morphology, SOCE and flight ability, indicating that MT dynamics impairment is responsible for all the phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vajente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosa Norante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Daga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Lecco, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute-Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute-Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
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24
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Kellokumpu S. Golgi pH, Ion and Redox Homeostasis: How Much Do They Really Matter? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:93. [PMID: 31263697 PMCID: PMC6584808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytic and endocytic compartments each have their own unique luminal ion and pH environment that is important for their normal functioning. A failure to maintain this environment - the loss of homeostasis - is not uncommon. In the worst case, all the main Golgi functions, including glycosylation, membrane trafficking and protein sorting, can be perturbed. Several factors contribute to Golgi homeostasis. These include not only ions such as H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, but also Golgi redox state and nitric oxide (NO) levels, both of which are dependent on the oxygen levels in the cells. Changes to any one of these factors have consequences on Golgi functions, the nature of which can be dissimilar or similar depending upon the defects themselves. For example, altered Golgi pH homeostasis gives rise to Cutis laxa disease, in which glycosylation and membrane trafficking are both affected, while altered Ca2+ homeostasis due to the mutated SCPA1 gene in Hailey-Hailey disease, perturbs various protein sorting, proteolytic cleavage and membrane trafficking events in the Golgi. This review gives an overview of the molecular machineries involved in the maintenance of Golgi ion, pH and redox homeostasis, followed by a discussion of the organelle dysfunction and disease that frequently result from their breakdown. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are discussed only when they contribute directly to Golgi pH, ion or redox homeostasis. Current evidence emphasizes that, rather than being mere supporting factors, Golgi pH, ion and redox homeostasis are in fact key players that orchestrate and maintain all Golgi functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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25
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Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin mutants and intracellular Ca 2+ handling: A single-organelle, FRET-based analysis. Cell Calcium 2019; 79:44-56. [PMID: 30822648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in Ca2+ homeostasis represents an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin-1 and -2 (PS1 and PS2) mutations, the major cause of familial AD (FAD), have been extensively associated with alterations in different Ca2+ signaling pathways, in particular those handled by storage compartments. However, FAD-PSs effect on organelles Ca2+ content is still debated and the mechanism of action of mutant proteins is unclear. To fulfil the need of a direct investigation of intracellular stores Ca2+ dynamics, we here present a detailed and quantitative single-cell analysis of FAD-PSs effects on organelle Ca2+ handling using specifically targeted, FRET (Fluorescence/Förster Resonance Energy Transfer)-based Ca2+ indicators. In SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and in patient-derived fibroblasts expressing different FAD-PSs mutations, we directly measured Ca2+ concentration within the main intracellular Ca2+ stores, e.g., Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Golgi Apparatus (GA) medial- and trans-compartment. We unambiguously demonstrate that the expression of FAD-PS2 mutants, but not FAD-PS1, in either SH-SY5Y cells or FAD patient-derived fibroblasts, is able to alter Ca2+ handling of ER and medial-GA, but not trans-GA, reducing, compared to control cells, the Ca2+ content within these organelles by partially blocking SERCA (Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) activity. Moreover, by using a cytosolic Ca2+ probe, we show that the expression of both FAD-PS1 and -PS2 reduces the Ca2+ influx activated by stores depletion (Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry; SOCE), by decreasing the expression levels of one of the key molecules, STIM1 (STromal Interaction Molecule 1), controlling this pathway. Our data indicate that FAD-linked PSs mutants differentially modulate the Ca2+ content of intracellular stores yet leading to a complex dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, which represents a common disease phenotype of AD.
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Meena LS. Interrelation of Ca2+ and PE_PGRS proteins during Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Kietzmann T. Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species as Modulators of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:113-137. [PMID: 29717631 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Eukaryotic cells execute various functions in subcellular compartments or organelles for which cellular redox homeostasis is of importance. Apart from mitochondria, hypoxia and stress-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to modulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) functions. Recent Advances: Research during the last decade has improved our understanding of disulfide bond formation, protein glycosylation and secretion, as well as pH and redox homeostasis in the ER and GA. Thus, oxygen (O2) itself, NADPH oxidase (NOX) formed ROS, and pH changes appear to be of importance and indicate the intricate balance of intercompartmental communication. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the interplay between hypoxia, ER stress, and Golgi function is evident, the existence of more than 20 protein disulfide isomerase family members and the relative mild phenotypes of, for example, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1)- and NOX4-knockout mice clearly suggest the existence of redundant and alternative pathways, which remain largely elusive. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of these pathways and the key players involved in intercompartmental communication needs suitable animal models, genome-wide association, as well as proteomic studies in humans. The results of those studies will be beneficial for the understanding of the etiology of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, which are associated with ROS, protein aggregation, and glycosylation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland
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Rossi A, Pizzo P, Filadi R. Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: A functional triangle in bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:1068-1078. [PMID: 30982525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of mitochondrial metabolism and its fine adjustments to specific physiological or pathological conditions regulate fundamental cell pathways, ranging from proliferation to apoptosis. In particular, Ca2+ signalling has emerged as a key player exploited by mitochondria to tune their activity according with cell demand. The functional interaction between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) deeply impacts on the correct mitochondrial Ca2+ signal, thus modulating cell bioenergetics and functionality. Indeed, Ca2+ released by the ER is taken up by mitochondria where, both in the intermembrane space and in the matrix, it regulates the activity of transporters, enzymes and proteins involved in organelles' metabolism. In this review, we will briefly summarize Ca2+-dependent mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial activity. Moreover, we will discuss some recent reports, in which alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ signalling have been associated with specific pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Norante RP, Massimino ML, Lorenzon P, De Mario A, Peggion C, Vicario M, Albiero M, Sorgato MC, Lopreiato R, Bertoli A. Generation and validation of novel adeno-associated viral vectors for the analysis of Ca 2+ homeostasis in motor neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6521. [PMID: 28747684 PMCID: PMC5529510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A finely tuned Ca2+ homeostasis in restricted cell domains is of fundamental importance for neurons, where transient Ca2+ oscillations direct the proper coordination of electro-chemical signals and overall neuronal metabolism. Once such a precise regulation is unbalanced, however, neuronal functions and viability are severely compromised. Accordingly, disturbed Ca2+ metabolism has often been claimed as a major contributor to different neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that is characterised by selective motor neuron (MN) damage. This notion highlights the need for probes for the specific and precise analysis of local Ca2+ dynamics in MNs. Here, we generated and functionally validated adeno-associated viral vectors for the expression of gene-encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicators targeted to different cell domains, under the transcriptional control of a MN-specific promoter. We demonstrated that the probes are specifically expressed, and allow reliable local Ca2+ measurements, in MNs from murine primary spinal cord cultures, and can also be expressed in spinal cord MNs in vivo, upon systemic administration to newborn mice. Preliminary analyses using these novel vectors have shown larger cytosolic Ca2+ responses following stimulation of AMPA receptors in the cytosol of primary cultured MNs from a murine genetic model of ALS compared to the healthy counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pia Norante
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Lorenzon
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå Universitet, 901 87, Umeå, SE, Sweden
| | - Agnese De Mario
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Vicario
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
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Jiang LH, Mousawi F, Yang X, Roger S. ATP-induced Ca 2+-signalling mechanisms in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3697-3710. [PMID: 28534085 PMCID: PMC5597679 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to migrate to the destined tissues or lesions is crucial for physiological processes from tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and immune responses, and also for stem cell-based regenerative medicines. Cytosolic Ca2+ is a primary second messenger in the control and regulation of a wide range of cell functions including cell migration. Extracellular ATP, together with the cognate receptors on the cell surface, ligand-gated ion channel P2X receptors and a subset of G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors, represents common autocrine and/or paracrine Ca2+ signalling mechanisms. The P2X receptor ion channels mediate extracellular Ca2+ influx, whereas stimulation of the P2Y receptors triggers intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and activation of both type of receptors thus can elevate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), albeit with different kinetics and capacity. Reduction in the ER Ca2+ level following the P2Y receptor activation can further induce store-operated Ca2+ entry as a distinct Ca2+ influx pathway that contributes in ATP-induced increase in the [Ca2+]c. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a group of multipotent stem cells that grow from adult tissues and hold promising applications in tissue engineering and cell-based therapies treating a great and diverse number of diseases. There is increasing evidence to show constitutive or evoked ATP release from stem cells themselves or mature cells in the close vicinity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms for ATP release and clearance, the receptors and ion channels participating in ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling and the roles of such signalling mechanisms in mediating ATP-induced regulation of MSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37032, Tours, France.
| | - Fatema Mousawi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xuebin Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, WTBB, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Sėbastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
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From Stores to Sinks: Structural Mechanisms of Cytosolic Calcium Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:215-251. [PMID: 29594864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells have adapted the use of the calcium ion (Ca2+) as a universal signaling element through the evolution of a toolkit of Ca2+ sensor, buffer and effector proteins. Among these toolkit components, integral and peripheral proteins decorate biomembranes and coordinate the movement of Ca2+ between compartments, sense these concentration changes and elicit physiological signals. These changes in compartmentalized Ca2+ levels are not mutually exclusive as signals propagate between compartments. For example, agonist induced surface receptor stimulation can lead to transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ sourced from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores; the decrease in ER luminal Ca2+ can subsequently signal the opening surface channels which permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Remarkably, the minuscule compartments of mitochondria can function as significant cytosolic Ca2+ sinks by taking up Ca2+ in a coordinated manner. In non-excitable cells, inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) on the ER respond to surface receptor stimulation; stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) sense the ER luminal Ca2+ depletion and activate surface Orai1 channels; surface Orai1 channels selectively permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol; uptake of Ca2+ into the matrix through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) further shapes the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Recent structural elucidations of these key Ca2+ toolkit components have improved our understanding of how they function to orchestrate precise cytosolic Ca2+ levels for specific physiological responses. This chapter reviews the atomic-resolution structures of IP3R, STIM1, Orai1 and MCU elucidated by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy and NMR and discusses the mechanisms underlying their biological functions in their respective compartments within the cell.
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Urafuji K, Arioka M. Yor022c protein is a phospholipase A1 that localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kotani S, Izawa S, Komai N, Takayanagi A, Arioka M. Mitochondria-localized phospholipase A 2, AoPlaA, in Aspergillus oryzae displays phosphatidylethanolamine-specific activity and is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial phospholipid composition. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 96:1-11. [PMID: 27634187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2s) play important physiological roles by releasing arachidonic acid, a precursor for bioactive lipid mediators, from the biological membranes. In contrast, fungal cPLA2-like proteins are much less characterized and their roles have remained elusive. AoPlaA is a cPLA2-like protein in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae which, unlike mammalian cPLA2, localizes to mitochondria. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and physiological functions of AoPlaA. Recombinant AoPlaA produced in E. coli displayed Ca2+-independent lipolytic activity. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that AoPlaA displayed PLA2 activity to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but not to other phospholipids, and generated 1-acylated lysoPE. Catalytic site mutants of AoPlaA displayed almost no or largely reduced activity to PE. Consistent with PE-specific activity of AoPlaA, AoplaA-overexpressing strain showed decreased PE content in the mitochondrial fraction. In contrast, AoplaA-disruption strain displayed increased content of cardiolipin. AoplaA-overexpressing strain, but not its counterparts overexpressing the catalytic site mutants, exhibited retarded growth at low temperature, possibly because of the impairment of the mitochondrial function caused by excess degradation of PE. These results suggest that AoPlaA is a novel PE-specific PLA2 that plays a regulatory role in the maintenance of mitochondrial phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kotani
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sho Izawa
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Komai
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takayanagi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Manabu Arioka
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Characterization of the ER-Targeted Low Affinity Ca(2+) Probe D4ER. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091419. [PMID: 27598166 PMCID: PMC5038697 DOI: 10.3390/s16091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger and changes in its concentration impact on nearly every aspect of cell life. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents the major intracellular Ca2+ store and the free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) within its lumen ([Ca2+]ER) can reach levels higher than 1 mM. Several genetically-encoded ER-targeted Ca2+ sensors have been developed over the last years. However, most of them are non-ratiometric and, thus, their signal is difficult to calibrate in live cells and is affected by shifts in the focal plane and artifactual movements of the sample. On the other hand, existing ratiometric Ca2+ probes are plagued by different drawbacks, such as a double dissociation constant (Kd) for Ca2+, low dynamic range, and an affinity for the cation that is too high for the levels of [Ca2+] in the ER lumen. Here, we report the characterization of a recently generated ER-targeted, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based, Cameleon probe, named D4ER, characterized by suitable Ca2+ affinity and dynamic range for monitoring [Ca2+] variations within the ER. As an example, resting [Ca2+]ER have been evaluated in a known paradigm of altered ER Ca2+ homeostasis, i.e., in cells expressing a mutated form of the familial Alzheimer’s Disease-linked protein Presenilin 2 (PS2). The lower Ca2+ affinity of the D4ER probe, compared to that of the previously generated D1ER, allowed the detection of a conspicuous, more clear-cut, reduction in ER Ca2+ content in cells expressing mutated PS2, compared to controls.
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35
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Giacomello M, Pellegrini L. The coming of age of the mitochondria-ER contact: a matter of thickness. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1417-27. [PMID: 27341186 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sites of near-contact between the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have earned a lot of attention due to their key role in the maintenance of lipid and calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis, in the initiation of autophagy and mitochondrial division, and in sensing metabolic shifts. At these sites, typically called MAMs (mitochondria-associated ER membranes) or MERCs (mitochondria-ER contacts), the organelles juxtapose at a distance that can range from ~10 to ~50 nm. The multifunctional role of this subcellular compartment is puzzling; further, recent studies have shown that mitochondria-ER contacts are highly plastic structures that remodel upon metabolic transitions and that their activity in controlling lipid homeostasis could be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. This review aims at integrating the functions of this subcellular compartment to its most characterizing and unexplored structural parameter, their 'thickness': that is, the width of the cleft that separates the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane from that of the ER. We describe and discuss the reasons why the thickness of a MERC should be considered a regulated structural parameter of the cell that defines and controls its function. Further, we propose a MERC classification that will help organize the expanding field of MERCs biology and of their role in cell physiology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giacomello
- Department of Biology, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - L Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitè Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada.,Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, CRIUSMQ, Quebec, Québec, Canada
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36
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Zhang DX, Zhang JP, Hu JY, Huang YS. The potential regulatory roles of NAD(+) and its metabolism in autophagy. Metabolism 2016; 65:454-62. [PMID: 26975537 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
(Macro)autophagy mediates the bulk degradation of defective organelles, long-lived proteins and protein aggregates in lysosomes and plays a critical role in cellular and tissue homeostasis. Defective autophagy processes have been found to contribute to a variety of metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy are not fully understood. Increasing data indicate that nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD(+)) homeostasis correlates intimately with autophagy. NAD(+) is a ubiquitous coenzyme that functions primarily as an electron carrier of oxidoreductase in multiple redox reactions. Both NAD(+) homeostasis and its metabolism are thought to play critical roles in regulating autophagy. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of NAD(+) and its metabolism can influence autophagy. We focus on the regulation of NAD(+)/NADH homeostasis and the effects of NAD(+) consumption by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), NAD(+)-dependent deacetylation by sirtuins and NAD(+) metabolites on autophagy processes and the underlying mechanisms. Future studies should provide more direct evidence for the regulation of autophagy processes by NAD(+). A better understanding of the critical roles of NAD(+) and its metabolites on autophagy will shed light on the complexity of autophagy regulation, which is essential for the discovery of new therapeutic tools for autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Jia-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Jiong-Yu Hu
- Endocrinology Department, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Yue-Sheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038.
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Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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38
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Filadi R, Pozzan T. Generation and functions of second messengers microdomains. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:405-14. [PMID: 25861743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A compelling example of the mechanisms by which the cells can organize and decipher complex and different functional activities is the convergence of a multitude of stimuli into signalling cascades, involving only few intracellular second messengers. The possibility of restricting these signalling events in distinct microdomains allows a fine and selective tuning of very different tasks. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that control the formation and the spatial distribution of Ca(2+) and cAMP microdomains, providing some examples of their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.
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Xu H, Martinoia E, Szabo I. Organellar channels and transporters. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:1-10. [PMID: 25795199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of intensive research have led to the discovery of most plasma membrane ion channels and transporters and the characterization of their physiological functions. In contrast, although over 80% of transport processes occur inside the cells, the ion flux mechanisms across intracellular membranes (the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles) are difficult to investigate and remain poorly understood. Recent technical advances in super-resolution microscopy, organellar electrophysiology, organelle-targeted fluorescence imaging, and organelle proteomics have pushed a large step forward in the research of intracellular ion transport. Many new organellar channels are molecularly identified and electrophysiologically characterized. Additionally, molecular identification of many of these ion channels/transporters has made it possible to study their physiological functions by genetic and pharmacological means. For example, organellar channels have been shown to regulate important cellular processes such as programmed cell death and photosynthesis, and are involved in many different pathologies. This special issue (SI) on organellar channels and transporters aims to provide a forum to discuss the recent advances and to define the standard and open questions in this exciting and rapidly developing field. Along this line, a new Gordon Research Conference dedicated to the multidisciplinary study of intracellular membrane transport proteins will be launched this coming summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Albrecht T, Zhao Y, Nguyen TH, Campbell RE, Johnson JD. Fluorescent biosensors illuminate calcium levels within defined beta-cell endosome subpopulations. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:263-74. [PMID: 25682167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Live cell imaging has revealed that calcium ions (Ca(2+)) pass in and out of many cellular organelles. However, technical hurdles have limited measurements of Ca(2+) in acidic organelles, such as endosomes. Although evidence hints that endosomes play a role in Ca(2+) signaling, direct measurements within endosomal lumina represent one of the final frontiers in organelle imaging. To measure Ca(2+) in a TiVAMP-positive endosome sub-population, the pH-resistant ratiometric Ca(2+) biosensor GEM-GECO1 and the ratiometric pH biosensor mKeima were used. A positive correlation between acidic endosomal pH and higher Ca(2+) was observed within these Rab5a- and Rab7-positive compartments. Ca(2+) concentration in most endosomes was estimated to be below 2μM, lower than Ca(2+) levels in several other intracellular stores, indicating that endosomes may take up Ca(2+) during physiological stimulation. Indeed, endosomes accumulated Ca(2+) during glucose-stimulation, a condition where endosomal pH did not change. Our biosensors permitted the first measurements revealing a role for endosomes in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis during physiological stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Albrecht
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Trang Hai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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41
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Calcium binding proteins and calcium signaling in prokaryotes. Cell Calcium 2014; 57:151-65. [PMID: 25555683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the continued increase of genomic information and computational analyses during the recent years, the number of newly discovered calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) in prokaryotic organisms has increased dramatically. These proteins contain sequences that closely resemble a variety of eukaryotic calcium (Ca(2+)) binding motifs including the canonical and pseudo EF-hand motifs, Ca(2+)-binding β-roll, Greek key motif and a novel putative Ca(2+)-binding domain, called the Big domain. Prokaryotic CaBPs have been implicated in diverse cellular activities such as division, development, motility, homeostasis, stress response, secretion, transport, signaling and host-pathogen interactions. However, the majority of these proteins are hypothetical, and only few of them have been studied functionally. The finding of many diverse CaBPs in prokaryotic genomes opens an exciting area of research to explore and define the role of Ca(2+) in organisms other than eukaryotes. This review presents the most recent developments in the field of CaBPs and novel advancements in the role of Ca(2+) in prokaryotes.
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42
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Chaigne-Delalande B, Lenardo MJ. Divalent cation signaling in immune cells. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:332-44. [PMID: 24932518 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Divalent cations of two alkaline earth metals Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) and the transition metal Zn(2+) play vital roles in the immune system, and several immune disorders are associated with disturbances of their function. Until recently only Ca(2+) was considered to serve as a second messenger. However, signaling roles for Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) have been recently described, leading to a reevaluation of their role as potential second messengers. We review here the roles of these cations as second messengers in light of recent advances in Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+) signaling in the immune system. Developing a better understanding of these signaling cations may lead to new therapeutic strategies for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Wong AKC, Capitanio P, Lissandron V, Bortolozzi M, Pozzan T, Pizzo P. Heterogeneity of Ca2+ handling among and within Golgi compartments. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 5:266-76. [PMID: 23918284 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a dynamic intracellular Ca(2+) store endowed with complex Ca(2+) homeostatic mechanisms in part distinct from those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We describe the generation of a novel fluorescent Ca(2+) probe selectively targeted to the medial-Golgi. We demonstrate that in the medial-Golgi: (i) Ca(2+) accumulation takes advantage of two distinct pumps, the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase and the secretory pathway Ca(2+) ATPase1; (ii) activation of IP3 or ryanodine receptors causes Ca(2+) release, while no functional two-pore channel was found; (iii) luminal Ca(2+) concentration appears higher than that of the trans-Golgi, but lower than that of the ER, suggesting the existence of a cis- to trans-Golgi Ca(2+) concentration gradient. Thus, the GA represents a Ca(2+) store of high complexity where, despite the continuous flow of membranes and luminal contents, each sub-compartment maintains its Ca(2+) identity with specific Ca(2+) homeostatic characteristics. The functional role of such micro-heterogeneity in GA Ca(2+) handling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K C Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
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44
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Abstract
Ca(2+)-signaling pathways and intracellular Ca(2+) channels are present in protozoa. Ancient origin of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and other intracellular channels predates the divergence of animals and fungi as evidenced by their presence in the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, the closest known relative to metazoans. The first protozoan IP3R cloned, from the ciliate Paramecium, displays strong sequence similarity to the rat type 3 IP3R. This ciliate has a large number of IP3- and ryanodine(Ry)-like receptors in six subfamilies suggesting the evolutionary adaptation to local requirements for an expanding diversification of vesicle trafficking. IP3Rs have also been functionally characterized in trypanosomatids, where they are essential for growth, differentiation, and establishment of infection. The presence of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in a number of protozoa indicates that mitochondrial regulation of Ca(2+) signaling is also an early appearance in evolution, and contributed to the discovery of the molecular nature of this channel in mammalian cells. There is only sequence evidence for the occurrence of two-pore channels (TPCs), transient receptor potential Ca(2+) channels (TRPCs) and intracellular mechanosensitive Ca(2+)-channels in Paramecium and in parasitic protozoa.
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45
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Visvanathan A, Ahmed K, Even-Faitelson L, Lleres D, Bazett-Jones DP, Lamond AI. Modulation of Higher Order Chromatin Conformation in Mammalian Cell Nuclei Can Be Mediated by Polyamines and Divalent Cations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67689. [PMID: 23840764 PMCID: PMC3694102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organisation of the large volume of mammalian genomic DNA within cell nuclei requires mechanisms to regulate chromatin compaction involving the reversible formation of higher order structures. The compaction state of chromatin varies between interphase and mitosis and is also subject to rapid and reversible change upon ATP depletion/repletion. In this study we have investigated mechanisms that may be involved in promoting the hyper-condensation of chromatin when ATP levels are depleted by treating cells with sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose. Chromatin conformation was analysed in both live and permeabilised HeLa cells using FLIM-FRET, high resolution fluorescence microscopy and by electron spectroscopic imaging microscopy. We show that chromatin compaction following ATP depletion is not caused by loss of transcription activity and that it can occur at a similar level in both interphase and mitotic cells. Analysis of both live and permeabilised HeLa cells shows that chromatin conformation within nuclei is strongly influenced by the levels of divalent cations, including calcium and magnesium. While ATP depletion results in an increase in the level of unbound calcium, chromatin condensation still occurs even in the presence of a calcium chelator. Chromatin compaction is shown to be strongly affected by small changes in the levels of polyamines, including spermine and spermidine. The data are consistent with a model in which the increased intracellular pool of polyamines and divalent cations, resulting from depletion of ATP, bind to DNA and contribute to the large scale hyper-compaction of chromatin by a charge neutralisation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwat Visvanathan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kashif Ahmed
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liron Even-Faitelson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Lleres
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Bazett-Jones
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angus I. Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
Early in evolution, Ca(2+) emerged as the most important second messenger for regulating widely different cellular functions. In eukaryotic cells Ca(2+) signals originate from several sources, i.e. influx from the outside medium, release from internal stores or from both. In mammalian cells, Ca(2+)-release channels represented by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors (InsP3R and RyR, respectively) are the most important. In unicellular organisms and plants, these channels are characterised with much less precision. In the ciliated protozoan, Paramecium tetraurelia, 34 molecularly distinct Ca(2+)-release channels that can be grouped in six subfamilies, based on criteria such as domain structure, pore, selectivity filter and activation mechanism have been identified. Some of these channels are genuine InsP3Rs and some are related to RyRs. Others show some--but not all--features that are characteristic for one or the other type of release channel. Localisation and gene silencing experiments revealed widely different--yet distinct--localisation, activation and functional engagement of the different Ca(2+)-release channels. Here, we shall discuss early evolutionary routes of Ca(2+)-release machinery in protozoa and demonstrate that detailed domain analyses and scrutinised functional analyses are instrumental for in-depth evolutionary mapping of Ca(2+)-release channels in unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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47
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Praitis V, Simske J, Kniss S, Mandt R, Imlay L, Feddersen C, Miller MB, Mushi J, Liszewski W, Weinstein R, Chakravorty A, Ha DG, Schacht Farrell A, Sullivan-Wilson A, Stock T. The secretory pathway calcium ATPase PMR-1/SPCA1 has essential roles in cell migration during Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic development. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003506. [PMID: 23696750 PMCID: PMC3656159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining levels of calcium in the cytosol is important for many cellular events, including cell migration, where localized regions of high calcium are required to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility, and adhesion. Studies show inositol-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR), which release calcium into the cytosol, are important regulators of cell migration. Similarly, proteins that return calcium to secretory stores are likely to be important for cell migration. The secretory protein calcium ATPase (SPCA) is a Golgi-localized protein that transports calcium from the cytosol into secretory stores. SPCA has established roles in protein processing, metal homeostasis, and inositol-trisphosphate signaling. Defects in the human SPCA1/ATP2C1 gene cause Hailey-Hailey disease (MIM# 169600), a genodermatosis characterized by cutaneous blisters and fissures as well as keratinocyte cell adhesion defects. We have determined that PMR-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of SPCA1, plays an essential role in embryogenesis. Pmr-1 strains isolated from genetic screens show terminal phenotypes, such as ventral and anterior enclosure failures, body morphogenesis defects, and an unattached pharynx, which are caused by earlier defects during gastrulation. In Pmr-1 embryos, migration rates are significantly reduced for cells moving along the embryo surface, such as ventral neuroblasts, C-derived, and anterior-most blastomeres. Gene interaction experiments show changing the activity of itr-1/IP3R and unc-68/RyR modulates levels of embryonic lethality in Pmr-1 strains, indicating pmr-1 acts with these calcium channels to regulate cell migration. This analysis reveals novel genes involved in C. elegans cell migration, as well as a new role in cell migration for the highly conserved SPCA gene family. During growth or regeneration after damage, skin cells migrate from basal to superficial layers, forming tight attachments that protect an individual from environmental assaults. Proteins that remove calcium from the cell cytosol into secretory stores, where it is available for future release, play a key role in skin cell integrity. Defects in these secretory pathway calcium ATPase (SPCA) channels in humans cause Hailey-Hailey disease, a chronic disorder marked by skin lesions in areas of high-stress. Our study of the SPCA gene pmr-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans indicates the gene is essential for viability. Embryos with defective PMR-1 die with cell attachment defects superficially similar to those of Hailey-Hailey disease patients. To better understand this phenotype, we tracked the position of individual cells during development of pmr-1 mutant embryos. This analysis revealed that the cell attachment defects are caused by primary failures in cell migration. We also identified other calcium channel proteins involved in this process, indicating proper regulation of calcium is crucial for cell migration in C. elegans. If SPCA proteins act similarly in humans, this research will lead to better understanding of the molecules important for skin cell regeneration, as well as help to explain the defects observed in Hailey-Hailey disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Praitis
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, USA.
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48
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Amaral SS, Oliveira AG, Marques PE, Quintão JLD, Pires DA, Resende RR, Sousa BR, Melgaço JG, Pinto MA, Russo RC, Gomes AKC, Andrade LM, Zanin RF, Pereira RVS, Bonorino C, Soriani FM, Lima CX, Cara DC, Teixeira MM, Leite MF, Menezes GB. Altered responsiveness to extracellular ATP enhances acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:10. [PMID: 23384127 PMCID: PMC3608937 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is secreted from hepatocytes under physiological conditions and plays an important role in liver biology through the activation of P2 receptors. Conversely, higher extracellular ATP concentrations, as observed during necrosis, trigger inflammatory responses that contribute to the progression of liver injury. Impaired calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is a hallmark of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, and since ATP induces mobilization of the intracellular Ca2+ stocks, we evaluated if the release of ATP during APAP-induced necrosis could directly contribute to hepatocyte death. RESULTS APAP overdose resulted in liver necrosis, massive neutrophil infiltration and large non-perfused areas, as well as remote lung inflammation. In the liver, these effects were significantly abrogated after ATP metabolism by apyrase or P2X receptors blockage, but none of the treatments prevented remote lung inflammation, suggesting a confined local contribution of purinergic signaling into liver environment. In vitro, APAP administration to primary mouse hepatocytes and also HepG2 cells caused cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, exposure of HepG2 cells to APAP elicited significant release of ATP to the supernatant in levels that were high enough to promote direct cytotoxicity to healthy primary hepatocytes or HepG2 cells. In agreement to our in vivo results, apyrase treatment or blockage of P2 receptors reduced APAP cytotoxicity. Likewise, ATP exposure caused significant higher intracellular Ca2+ signal in APAP-treated primary hepatocytes, which was reproduced in HepG2 cells. Quantitative real time PCR showed that APAP-challenged HepG2 cells expressed higher levels of several purinergic receptors, which may explain the hypersensitivity to extracellular ATP. This phenotype was confirmed in humans analyzing liver biopsies from patients diagnosed with acute hepatic failure. CONCLUSION We suggest that under pathological conditions, ATP may act not only an immune system activator, but also as a paracrine direct cytotoxic DAMP through the dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia S Amaral
- Laboratório de Imunobiofotônica, Departamento de Morfologia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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