1
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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2
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Tagaeva R, Efimova S, Ischenko A, Zhakhov A, Shevtsov M, Ostroumova O. A new look at Hsp70 activity in phosphatidylserine-enriched membranes: chaperone-induced quasi-interdigitated lipid phase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19233. [PMID: 37932471 PMCID: PMC10628215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
70 kDa heat shock protein Hsp70 (also termed HSP70A1A) is the major stress-inducible member of the HSP70 chaperone family, which is present on the plasma membranes of various tumor cells, but not on the membranes of the corresponding normal cells. The exact mechanisms of Hsp70 anchoring in the membrane and its membrane-related functions are still under debate, since the protein does not contain consensus signal sequence responsible for translocation from the cytosol to the lipid bilayer. The present study was focused on the analysis of the interaction of recombinant human Hsp70 with the model phospholipid membranes. We have confirmed that Hsp70 has strong specificity toward membranes composed of negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS), compared to neutral phosphatidylcholine membranes. Using differential scanning calorimetry, we have shown for the first time that Hsp70 affects the thermotropic behavior of saturated PS and leads to the interdigitation that controls membrane thickness and rigidity. Hsp70-PS interaction depended on the lipid phase state; the protein stabilized ordered domains enriched with high-melting PS, increasing their area, probably due to formation of quasi-interdigitated phase. Moreover, the ability of Hsp70 to form ion-permeable pores in PS membranes may also be determined by the bilayer thickness. These observations contribute to a better understanding of Hsp70-PS interaction and biological functions of membrane-bound Hsp70 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslana Tagaeva
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Svetlana Efimova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alexander Ischenko
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira Str. 14, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Alexander Zhakhov
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira Str. 14, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Olga Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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3
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Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Abraha F, Johannesen H, Oscarson S, Moreno E, Krengel U. Key role of a structural water molecule for the specificity of 14F7-An antitumor antibody targeting the NeuGc GM3 ganglioside. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1500-1509. [PMID: 34735569 PMCID: PMC8684480 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated glycolipids such as NeuGc GM3 are auspicious molecular targets in antineoplastic therapies and vaccine strategies. 14F7 is a monoclonal IgG1 with high clinical potential in cancer immunotherapy as it displays extraordinary specificity for NeuGc GM3, while it does not recognize the very similar, ubiquitous NeuAc GM3. Here we present the 2.3 Å crystal structure of the 14F7 antigen-binding domain (14F7 scFv) in complex with the NeuGc GM3 trisaccharide. Modeling analysis and previous mutagenesis data suggest that 14F7 may also bind to an alternative NeuGc GM3 conformation, not observed in the crystal structure. The most intriguing finding, however, was that a water molecule centrally placed in the complementarity-determining region directly mediates the specificity of 14F7 to NeuGc GM3. This has profound impact on the complexity of engineering in the binding site and provides an excellent example of the importance in understanding the water structure in antibody-antigen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fana Abraha
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Recipharm OT Chemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hedda Johannesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ernesto Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 050026, Colombia
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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4
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Kenworthy AK, Schmieder SS, Raghunathan K, Tiwari A, Wang T, Kelly CV, Lencer WI. Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:543. [PMID: 34437414 PMCID: PMC8402489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (A.T.); (T.W.)
| | - Christopher V. Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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The Protein Toxins Ricin and Shiga Toxin as Tools to Explore Cellular Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Transport. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060377. [PMID: 34070659 PMCID: PMC8227415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein toxins secreted by bacteria and found in plants can be threats to human health. However, their extreme toxicity can also be exploited in different ways, e.g., to produce hybrid toxins directed against cancer cells and to study transport mechanisms in cells. Investigations during the last decades have shown how powerful these molecules are as tools in cell biological research. Here, we first present a partly historical overview, with emphasis on Shiga toxin and ricin, of how such toxins have been used to characterize processes and proteins of importance for their trafficking. In the second half of the article, we describe how one can now use toxins to investigate the role of lipid classes for intracellular transport. In recent years, it has become possible to quantify hundreds of lipid species using mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, it is also now possible to explore the importance of lipid species in intracellular transport. The detailed analyses of changes in lipids seen under conditions of inhibited toxin transport reveal previously unknown connections between syntheses of lipid classes and demonstrate the ability of cells to compensate under given conditions.
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6
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Valsalakumari R, Yadava SK, Szwed M, Pandya AD, Mælandsmo GM, Torgersen ML, Iversen TG, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Giri J. Mechanism of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of paclitaxel loaded lipid nanocapsules in breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120217. [PMID: 33486035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) have proven their efficacy in delivering different drugs to various cancers, but no studies have yet described their uptake mechanisms, paclitaxel (PTX) delivery or resulting cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells. Herein, we report results concerning cellular uptake of LNCs and cytotoxicity studies of PTX-loaded LNCs (LNCs-PTX) on the three breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. LNCs-PTX of sizes 50 ± 2 nm, 90 ± 3 nm and 120 ± 4 nm were developed by the phase inversion method. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to observe the uptake of fluorescently labeled LNCs and cellular uptake of LNCs-PTX was measured using HPLC analyses of cell samples. These studies revealed a higher uptake of LNCs-PTX in MDA-MB-468 cells than in the other two cell lines. Moreover, free PTX and LNCs-PTX exhibited a similar pattern of toxicity towards each cell line, but MDA-MB-468 cells appeared to be more sensitive than the other two cell lines, as evaluated by the MTT cytotoxicity assay and a cell proliferation assay based upon [3H]thymidine incorporation. Studies with inhibitors of endocytosis indicate that the cellular uptake is mainly via the Cdc42/GRAF-dependent endocytosis as well as by macropinocytosis, whereas dynamin-dependent processes are not required. Furthermore, our results indicate that endocytosis of LNCs-PTX is important for the toxic effect on cells. Western blot analysis revealed that LNCs-PTX induce cytotoxicity by means of apoptosis in all the three cell lines. Altogether, the results demonstrate that LNCs-PTX exploit different mechanisms of endocytosis in a cell-type dependent manner, and subsequently induce apoptotic cell death in the breast cancer cells here studied. The article also describes biodistribution studies following intravenous injection of fluorescently labeled LNCs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Valsalakumari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Abhilash D Pandya
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Lyngaas Torgersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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7
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Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Giorgi FM. Transcriptional network inference and master regulator analysis of the response to ribosome-inactivating proteins in leukemia cells. Toxicology 2020; 441:152531. [PMID: 32593706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene-regulatory networks reconstruction has become a very popular approach in applied biology to infer and dissect functional interactions of Transcription Factors (TFs) driving a defined phenotypic state, termed as Master Regulators (MRs). In the present work, cutting-edge bioinformatic methods were applied to re-analyze experimental data on leukemia cells (human myelogenous leukemia cell line THP-1 and acute myeloid leukemia MOLM-13 cells) treated for 6 h with two different Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), namely Shiga toxin type 1 (400 ng/mL) produced by Escherichia coli strains and the plant toxin stenodactylin (60 ng/mL), purified from the caudex of Adenia stenodactyla Harms. This analysis allowed us to identify the common early transcriptional response to 28S rRNA damage based on gene-regulatory network inference and Master Regulator Analysis (MRA). Both toxins induce a common response at 6 h which involves inflammatory mediators triggered by AP-1 family transcriptional factors and ATF3 in leukemia cells. We describe for the first time the involvement of MAFF, KLF2 and KLF6 in regulating RIP-induced apoptotic cell death, while receptor-mediated downstream signaling through ANXA1 and TLR4 is suggested for both toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated interactions between the two leaflets in membrane bilayers and the importance of specific lipid species for such interaction and membrane function. We here discuss these investigations with a focus on the sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich lipid membrane domains called lipid rafts, including the small flask-shaped invaginations called caveolae, and the importance of such membrane structures in cell biology and cancer. We discuss the possible interactions between the very long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and the phosphatidylserine species PS 18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet and the importance of cholesterol for such interactions. We challenge the view that lipid rafts contain a large fraction of lipids with two saturated fatty acyl groups and argue that it is important in future studies of membrane models to use asymmetric membrane bilayers with lipid species commonly found in cellular membranes. We also discuss the need for more quantitative lipidomic studies in order to understand membrane function and structure in general, and the importance of lipid rafts in biological systems. Finally, we discuss cancer-related changes in lipid rafts and lipid composition, with a special focus on changes in glycosphingolipids and the possibility of using lipid therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Lingelem ABD, Kavaliauskiene S, Halsne R, Klokk TI, Surma MA, Klose C, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Diacylglycerol kinase and phospholipase D inhibitors alter the cellular lipidome and endosomal sorting towards the Golgi apparatus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:985-1009. [PMID: 32447426 PMCID: PMC7897626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membrane lipids diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are important second messengers that can regulate membrane transport by recruiting proteins to the membrane and by altering biophysical membrane properties. DAG and PA are involved in the transport from the Golgi apparatus to endosomes, and we have here investigated whether changes in these lipids might be important for regulation of transport to the Golgi using the protein toxin ricin. Modulation of DAG and PA levels using DAG kinase (DGK) and phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitors gave a strong increase in retrograde ricin transport, but had little impact on ricin recycling or degradation. Inhibitor treatment strongly affected the endosome morphology, increasing endosomal tubulation and size. Furthermore, ricin was present in these tubular structures together with proteins known to regulate retrograde transport. Using siRNA to knock down different isoforms of PLD and DGK, we found that several isoforms of PLD and DGK are involved in regulating ricin transport to the Golgi. Finally, by performing lipidomic analysis we found that the DGK inhibitor gave a weak, but expected, increase in DAG levels, while the PLD inhibitor gave a strong and unexpected increase in DAG levels, showing that it is important to perform lipidomic analysis when using inhibitors of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruth Halsne
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Irene Klokk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Sarmento MJ, Hof M, Šachl R. Interleaflet Coupling of Lipid Nanodomains - Insights From in vitro Systems. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:284. [PMID: 32411705 PMCID: PMC7198703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a complex system, consisting of two layers of lipids and proteins compartmentalized into small structures called nanodomains. Despite the asymmetric composition of both leaflets, coupling between the layers is surprisingly strong. This can be evidenced, for example, by recent experimental studies performed on phospholipid giant unilamellar vesicles showing that nanodomains formed in the outer layer are perfectly registered with those in the inner leaflet. Similarly, microscopic phase separation in one leaflet can induce phase separation in the opposing leaflet that would otherwise be homogeneous. In this review, we summarize the current theoretical and experimental knowledge that led to the current view that domains are – irrespective of their size – commonly registered across the bilayer. Mechanisms inducing registration of nanodomains suggested by theory and calculations are discussed. Furthermore, domain coupling is evidenced by experimental studies based on the sparse number of methods that can resolve registered from independent nanodomains. Finally, implications that those findings using model membrane studies might have for cellular membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sarmento
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Šachl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova, Prague, Czechia
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11
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Aerts JMFG, Artola M, van Eijk M, Ferraz MJ, Boot RG. Glycosphingolipids and Infection. Potential New Therapeutic Avenues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:324. [PMID: 31867330 PMCID: PMC6908816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), the main topic of this review, are a subclass of sphingolipids. With their glycans exposed to the extracellular space, glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane of cells. GSLs are implicated in a variety of biological processes including specific infections. Several pathogens use GSLs at the surface of host cells as binding receptors. In addition, lipid-rafts in the plasma membrane of host cells may act as platform for signaling the presence of pathogens. Relatively common in man are inherited deficiencies in lysosomal glycosidases involved in the turnover of GSLs. The associated storage disorders (glycosphingolipidoses) show lysosomal accumulation of substrate(s) of the deficient enzyme. In recent years compounds have been identified that allow modulation of GSLs levels in cells. Some of these agents are well tolerated and already used to treat lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses. This review summarizes present knowledge on the role of GSLs in infection and subsequent immune response. It concludes with the thought to apply glycosphingolipid-lowering agents to prevent and/or combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M J Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R G Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Johansson KE, Ståhl AL, Arvidsson I, Loos S, Tontanahal A, Rebetz J, Chromek M, Kristoffersson AC, Johannes L, Karpman D. Shiga toxin signals via ATP and its effect is blocked by purinergic receptor antagonism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14362. [PMID: 31591425 PMCID: PMC6779916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), that cause gastrointestinal infection leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate if Stx signals via ATP and if blockade of purinergic receptors could be protective. Stx induced ATP release from HeLa cells and in a mouse model. Toxin induced rapid calcium influx into HeLa cells, as well as platelets, and a P2X1 receptor antagonist, NF449, abolished this effect. Likewise, the P2X antagonist suramin blocked calcium influx in Hela cells. NF449 did not affect toxin intracellular retrograde transport, however, cells pre-treated with NF449 exhibited significantly higher viability after exposure to Stx for 24 hours, compared to untreated cells. NF449 protected HeLa cells from protein synthesis inhibition and from Stx-induced apoptosis, assayed by caspase 3/7 activity. The latter effect was confirmed by P2X1 receptor silencing. Stx induced the release of toxin-positive HeLa cell- and platelet-derived microvesicles, detected by flow cytometry, an effect significantly reduced by NF449 or suramin. Suramin decreased microvesicle levels in mice injected with Stx or inoculated with Stx-producing EHEC. Taken together, we describe a novel mechanism of Stx-mediated cellular injury associated with ATP signaling and inhibited by P2X receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rebetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Milan Chromek
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, Paris, France
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Skotland T, Sandvig K. The role of PS 18:0/18:1 in membrane function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2752. [PMID: 31227693 PMCID: PMC6588574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the two leaflets of cellular membranes interact, potentially through so-called interdigitation between the fatty acyl groups. While the molecular mechanism underlying interleaflet coupling remains to be fully understood, recent results suggest interactions between the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet, and phosphatidylserine PS18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet, and an important role for cholesterol for these interactions. Here we review the evidence that cross-linking of sphingolipids may result in clustering of phosphatidylserine and transfer of signals to the cytosol. Although much remains to be uncovered, the molecular properties and abundance of PS 18:0/18:1 suggest a unique role for this lipid. There are several lines of evidence for interactions between the two membrane leaflets in cells. In this review the authors discuss the transmembrane coupling of lipids, the involvement of phosphatidyl serine species PS 18:0/18:1, and their importance for various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Zhang T, de Waard AA, Wuhrer M, Spaapen RM. The Role of Glycosphingolipids in Immune Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:90. [PMID: 30761148 PMCID: PMC6361815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) exhibit a variety of functions in cellular differentiation and interaction. Also, they are known to play a role as receptors in pathogen invasion. A less well-explored feature is the role of GSLs in immune cell function which is the subject of this review article. Here we summarize knowledge on GSL expression patterns in different immune cells. We review the changes in GSL expression during immune cell development and differentiation, maturation, and activation. Furthermore, we review how immune cell GSLs impact membrane organization, molecular signaling, and trans-interactions in cellular cross-talk. Another aspect covered is the role of GSLs as targets of antibody-based immunity in cancer. We expect that recent advances in analytical and genome editing technologies will help in the coming years to further our knowledge on the role of GSLs as modulators of immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonius A de Waard
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Konopka-Postupolska D, Clark G. Annexins as Overlooked Regulators of Membrane Trafficking in Plant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E863. [PMID: 28422051 PMCID: PMC5412444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are an evolutionary conserved superfamily of proteins able to bind membrane phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. Their physiological roles are still being intensively examined and it seems that, despite their general structural similarity, individual proteins are specialized toward specific functions. However, due to their general ability to coordinate membranes in a calcium-sensitive fashion they are thought to participate in membrane flow. In this review, we present a summary of the current understanding of cellular transport in plant cells and consider the possible roles of annexins in different stages of vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Konopka-Postupolska
- Plant Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.
| | - Greg Clark
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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16
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Kavaliauskiene S, Dyve Lingelem AB, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Protection against Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E44. [PMID: 28165371 PMCID: PMC5331424 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins consist of an A-moiety and five B-moieties able to bind the neutral glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. To intoxicate cells efficiently, the toxin A-moiety has to be cleaved by furin and transported retrogradely to the Golgi apparatus and to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymatically active part of the A-moiety is then translocated to the cytosol, where it inhibits protein synthesis and in some cell types induces apoptosis. Protection of cells can be provided either by inhibiting binding of the toxin to cells or by interfering with any of the subsequent steps required for its toxic effect. In this article we provide a brief overview of the interaction of Shiga toxins with cells, describe some compounds and conditions found to protect cells against Shiga toxins, and discuss whether they might also provide protection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Herrera C, Klokk TI, Cole R, Sandvig K, Mantis NJ. A Bispecific Antibody Promotes Aggregation of Ricin Toxin on Cell Surfaces and Alters Dynamics of Toxin Internalization and Trafficking. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156893. [PMID: 27300140 PMCID: PMC4907443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
JJX12 is an engineered bispecific antibody against ricin, a member of the medically important A-B family of toxins that exploits retrograde transport as means to gain entry into the cytosol of target cells. JJX12 consists of RTA-D10, a camelid single variable domain (VHH) antibody directed against an epitope on ricin's enzymatic subunit (RTA), linked via a 15-mer peptide to RTB-B7, a VHH against ricin's bivalent galactose binding subunit (RTB). We previously reported that JJX12, but not an equimolar mixture of RTA-D10 and RTB-B7 monomers, was able to passively protect mice against a lethal dose ricin challenge, demonstrating that physically linking RTB-B7 and RTA-D10 is critical for toxin-neutralizing activity in vivo. We also reported that JJX12 promotes aggregation of ricin in solution, presumably through the formation of intermolecular crosslinking. In the current study, we now present evidence that JJX12 affects the dynamics of ricin uptake and trafficking in human epithelial cells. Confocal microscopy, as well as live cell imaging coupled with endocytosis pathway-specific inhibitors, revealed that JJX12-toxin complexes are formed on the surfaces of mammalian cells and internalized via a pathway sensitive to amiloride, a known inhibitor of macropinocytosis. Moreover, in the presence of JJX12, retrograde transport of ricin to the trans-Golgi network was significantly reduced, while accumulation of the toxin in late endosomes was significantly enhanced. In summary, we propose that JJX12, by virtue of its ability to crosslink ricin toxin, alters the route of toxin uptake and trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Tove Irene Klokk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard Cole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
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18
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Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies against Disparate Epitopes on Ricin Toxin's Enzymatic Subunit Interfere with Intracellular Toxin Transport. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22721. [PMID: 26949061 PMCID: PMC4779987 DOI: 10.1038/srep22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a member of the A-B family of bacterial and plant toxins that exploit retrograde trafficking to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a means to deliver their cytotoxic enzymatic subunits into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. In this study we demonstrate that R70 and SyH7, two well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against distinct epitopes on the surface of ricin’s enzymatic subunit (RTA), interfere with toxin transport from the plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network. Toxin-mAb complexes formed on the cell surface delayed ricin’s egress from EEA-1+ and Rab7+ vesicles and enhanced toxin accumulation in LAMP-1+ vesicles, suggesting the complexes were destined for degradation in lysosomes. Three other RTA-specific neutralizing mAbs against different epitopes were similar to R70 and SyH7 in terms of their effects on ricin retrograde transport. We conclude that interference with toxin retrograde transport may be a hallmark of toxin-neutralizing antibodies directed against disparate epitopes on RTA.
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