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Szwed M, Michlewska S, Kania K, Szczęch M, Marczak A, Szczepanowicz K. New SDS-Based Polyelectrolyte Multicore Nanocarriers for Paclitaxel Delivery-Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity against Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2052. [PMID: 37626862 PMCID: PMC10453607 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The low distribution of hydrophobic anticancer drugs in patients is one of the biggest limitations during conventional chemotherapy. SDS-based polyelectrolyte multicore nanocarriers (NCs) prepared according to the layer by layer (LbL) procedure can release paclitaxel (PTX), and selectively kill cancer cells. Our main objective was to verify the antitumor properties of PTX-loaded NCs and to examine whether the drug encapsulated in these NCs retained its cytotoxic properties. The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanosystems was tested on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 tumour cells and the non-cancerous HMEC-1 cell line in vitro. Confocal microscopy, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, flow cytometry, and RT PCR techniques were used to define the typical hallmarks of apoptosis. It was demonstrated that PTX encapsulated in the tested NCs exhibited similar cytotoxicity to the free drug, especially in the triple negative breast cancer model. Moreover, SDS/PLL/PTX and SDS/PLL/PGA/PTX significantly reduced DNA synthesis. In addition, PTX-loaded NCs triggered apoptosis and upregulated the transcription of Bax, AIF, cytochrome-c, and caspase-3 mRNA. Our data demonstrate that these novel polyelectrolyte multicore NCs coated with PLL or PLL/PGA are good candidates for delivering PTX. Our discoveries have prominent implications for the possible choice of newly synthesized, SDS-based polyelectrolyte multicore NCs in different anticancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 St, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16 St, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kania
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106 St, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marta Szczęch
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8 St, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 St, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Szczepanowicz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8 St, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.)
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Wawrowicz K, Majkowska-Pilip A, Szwed M, Żelechowska-Matysiak K, Chajduk E, Bilewicz A. Oxidative Status as an Attribute for Selective Antitumor Activity of Platinum-Containing Nanoparticles against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314773. [PMID: 36499101 PMCID: PMC9736793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the limitations for efficient and selective drug delivery is one of the most challenging obstacles for newly designed anticancer agents. In this study, we present two types of platinum-based nanoparticles (NP), ultrasmall 2 nm PtNPs and core-shell 30 nm Au@Pt, which can be highly cytotoxic in an oxidative environment and remain biologically inactive in cells with lower oxidative status. Our research highlighted the differences in platinum nanoparticle-induced chemotoxicity and is the first study examining its mechanism as a substantial aspect of Au@Pt/PtNPs biological activity. Selectively induced oxidative stress was found to be a primary trigger of NPs' toxicity. Significant differences between Au@Pt and PtNPs were observed especially during 24 h treatment, due to successful intranuclear PtNPs location (~13% of internalized fraction). Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-level induced from both NPs types were similar, while reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) intracellular content was stronger after treatment with PtNPs. Any biological activity was found in HER2+ breast cancer cells, which have only slightly increased oxidative status. Platinum-containing nanoparticles are an interesting tool for the improvement of selectivity in anticancer therapies against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to intranuclear uptake, 2 nm PtNPs seems to be more promising for further research for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wawrowicz
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 St., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Żelechowska-Matysiak
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Chajduk
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Bilewicz
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Wawrowicz K, Majkowska-Pilip A, Szwed M, Bilewicz A. Radiobioconjugates of 193m,195mPt nanoparticles for combined “chemo-Auger electron” therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HER2+ breast and ovarian cancers. Nucl Med Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(22)00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zimmermann M, Mostowski P, Rutkowski P, Tomaszewski P, Krzysztofiak P, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A, Szwed M. The Extent of Task Specificity for Visual and Tactile Sequences in the Auditory Cortex of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9720-9731. [PMID: 34663627 PMCID: PMC8612642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2527-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the auditory cortex in the deaf humans might undergo task-specific reorganization. However, evidence remains scarce as previous experiments used only two very specific tasks (temporal processing and face perception) in visual modality. Here, congenitally deaf/hard of hearing and hearing women and men were enrolled in an fMRI experiment as we sought to fill this evidence gap in two ways. First, we compared activation evoked by a temporal processing task performed in two different modalities, visual and tactile. Second, we contrasted this task with a perceptually similar task that focuses on the spatial dimension. Additional control conditions consisted of passive stimulus observation. In line with the task specificity hypothesis, the auditory cortex in the deaf was activated by temporal processing in both visual and tactile modalities. This effect was selective for temporal processing relative to spatial discrimination. However, spatial processing also led to significant auditory cortex recruitment which, unlike temporal processing, occurred even during passive stimulus observation. We conclude that auditory cortex recruitment in the deaf and hard of hearing might involve interplay between task-selective and pluripotential mechanisms of cross-modal reorganization. Our results open several avenues for the investigation of the full complexity of the cross-modal plasticity phenomenon.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies suggested that the auditory cortex in the deaf may change input modality (sound to vision) while keeping its function (e.g., rhythm processing). We investigated this hypothesis by asking deaf or hard of hearing and hearing adults to discriminate between temporally and spatially complex sequences in visual and tactile modalities. The results show that such function-specific brain reorganization, as has previously been demonstrated in the visual modality, also occurs for tactile processing. On the other hand, they also show that for some stimuli (spatial) the auditory cortex activates automatically, which is suggestive of a take-over by a different kind of cognitive function. The observed differences in processing of sequences might thus result from an interplay of task-specific and pluripotent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimmermann
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - P Mostowski
- Section for Sign Linguistics, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Rutkowski
- Section for Sign Linguistics, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Tomaszewski
- Polish Sign Language and Deaf Communication Research Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Krzysztofiak
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute for Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute for Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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Głowacki S, Synowiec E, Szwed M, Toma M, Skorski T, Śliwiński T. Relationship between Oxidative Stress and Imatinib Resistance in Model Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040610. [PMID: 33924068 PMCID: PMC8074285 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) develops due to the presence of the BCR-ABL1 protein, a target of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib (IM), used in a CML therapy. CML eradication is a challenge due to developing resistance to TKIs. BCR-ABL1 induces endogenous oxidative stress leading to genomic instability and development of TKI resistance. Model CML cells susceptible or resistant to IM, as well as wild-type, non-cancer cells without the BCR-ABL1 protein were treated with IM, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a model trigger of external oxidative stress, or with IM+H2O2. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, activity of selected antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial potential (MMP) were assessed. We observed increase in ROS accumulation in BCR-ABL1 positive cells and distinct levels of ROS accumulation in IM-susceptible cells when compared to IM-resistant ones, as well as increased DNA damage caused by IM action in sensitive cells. Depletion of GSH levels and a decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the presence of IM was higher in the cells susceptible to IM. IM-resistant cells showed an increase of catalase activity and a depletion of MMP. BCR-ABL1 kinase alters ROS metabolism, and IM resistance is accompanied by the changes in activity of GPx, catalase, and alterations in MMP.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Catalase/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Damage
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Imatinib Mesylate/toxicity
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
- Mice
- Oxidative Stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Głowacki
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (E.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (E.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (E.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (E.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Valsalakumari R, Yadava SK, Szwed M, Pandya AD, Mælandsmo GM, Torgersen ML, Iversen TG, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Giri J. Mechanism of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of paclitaxel loaded lipid nanocapsules in breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120217. [PMID: 33486035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) have proven their efficacy in delivering different drugs to various cancers, but no studies have yet described their uptake mechanisms, paclitaxel (PTX) delivery or resulting cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells. Herein, we report results concerning cellular uptake of LNCs and cytotoxicity studies of PTX-loaded LNCs (LNCs-PTX) on the three breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. LNCs-PTX of sizes 50 ± 2 nm, 90 ± 3 nm and 120 ± 4 nm were developed by the phase inversion method. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to observe the uptake of fluorescently labeled LNCs and cellular uptake of LNCs-PTX was measured using HPLC analyses of cell samples. These studies revealed a higher uptake of LNCs-PTX in MDA-MB-468 cells than in the other two cell lines. Moreover, free PTX and LNCs-PTX exhibited a similar pattern of toxicity towards each cell line, but MDA-MB-468 cells appeared to be more sensitive than the other two cell lines, as evaluated by the MTT cytotoxicity assay and a cell proliferation assay based upon [3H]thymidine incorporation. Studies with inhibitors of endocytosis indicate that the cellular uptake is mainly via the Cdc42/GRAF-dependent endocytosis as well as by macropinocytosis, whereas dynamin-dependent processes are not required. Furthermore, our results indicate that endocytosis of LNCs-PTX is important for the toxic effect on cells. Western blot analysis revealed that LNCs-PTX induce cytotoxicity by means of apoptosis in all the three cell lines. Altogether, the results demonstrate that LNCs-PTX exploit different mechanisms of endocytosis in a cell-type dependent manner, and subsequently induce apoptotic cell death in the breast cancer cells here studied. The article also describes biodistribution studies following intravenous injection of fluorescently labeled LNCs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Valsalakumari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Abhilash D Pandya
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Lyngaas Torgersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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Wigner P, Zielinski K, Labieniec-Watala M, Marczak A, Szwed M. Doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate alters mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism in human breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4544. [PMID: 33633284 PMCID: PMC7907108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered one of the most powerful chemotherapeutic agents but its clinical use has several limitations, including cardiomyopathy and cellular resistance to the drug. By using transferrin (Tf) as a drug carrier, however, the adverse effects of doxorubicin as well as drug resistance can be reduced. The main objective of this study was to determine the exact nature and extent to which mitochondrial function is influenced by DOX-Tf conjugate treatment, specifically in human breast adenocarcinoma cells. We assessed the potential of DOX-Tf conjugate as a drug delivery system, monitoring its cytotoxicity using the MTT assay and ATP measurements. Moreover, we measured the alterations of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers. The effect of DOX-Tf was the most pronounced in MDA-MB-231, triple-negative breast cancer cells, whereas non-cancer endothelial HUVEC-ST cells were more resistant to DOX-Tf conjugate than to free DOX treatment. A different sensitivity of two investigate breast cancer cell lines corresponded to the functionality of their cellular antioxidant systems and expression of estrogen receptors. Our data also revealed that conjugate treatment mediated free radical generation and altered the mitochondrial bioenergetics in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zielinski
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Labieniec-Watala
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Szwed M, Torgersen ML, Kumari RV, Yadava SK, Pust S, Iversen TG, Skotland T, Giri J, Sandvig K. Biological response and cytotoxicity induced by lipid nanocapsules. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:5. [PMID: 31907052 PMCID: PMC6943936 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are promising vehicles for drug delivery. However, since not much was known about cellular toxicity of these nanoparticles in themselves, we have here investigated the mechanisms involved in LNC-induced intoxication of the three breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MD-231 and MDA-MB-468. The LNCs used were made of Labrafac™ Lipophile WL1349, Lipoid® S75 and Solutol® HS15. Results High resolution SIM microscopy showed that the DiD-labeled LNCs ended up in lysosomes close to the membrane. Empty LNCs, i.e. without encapsulated drug, induced not only increased lysosomal pH, but also acidification of the cytosol and a rapid inhibition of protein synthesis. The cytotoxicity of the LNCs were measured for up to 72 h of incubation using the MTT assay and ATP measurements in all three cell lines, and revealed that MDA-MB-468 was the most sensitive cell line and MCF-7 the least sensitive cell line to these LNCs. The LNCs induced generation of reactive free oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Experiments with knock-down of kinases in the near-haploid cell line HAP1 indicated that the kinase HRI is essential for the observed phosphorylation of eIF2α. Nrf2 and ATF4 seem to play a protective role against the LNCs in MDA-MB-231 cells, as knock-down of these factors sensitizes the cells to the LNCs. This is in contrast to MCF-7 cells where the knock-down of these factors had a minor effect on the toxicity of the LNCs. Inhibitors of ferroptosis provided a large protection against LNC toxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in MCF-7 cells. Conclusions High doses of LNCs showed a different degree of toxicity on the three cell lines studied, i.e. MCF-7, MDA-MD-231 and MDA-MB-468 and affected signaling factors and the cell fate differently in these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Lyngaas Torgersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Remya Valsala Kumari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sascha Pust
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Szwed M, Sønstevold T, Øverbye A, Engedal N, Grallert B, Mørch Ý, Sulheim E, Iversen TG, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Torgersen ML. Small variations in nanoparticle structure dictate differential cellular stress responses and mode of cell death. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:761-782. [PMID: 30760074 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1576238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For optimal exploitation of nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedicine, and to predict nanotoxicity, detailed knowledge of the cellular responses to cell-bound or internalized NPs is imperative. The final outcome of NP-cell interaction is dictated by the type and magnitude of the NP insult and the cellular response. Here, this has been systematically studied by using poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) (PACA) particles differing only in their alkyl side chains; butyl (PBCA), ethylbutyl (PEBCA), or octyl (POCA), respectively. Surprisingly, these highly similar NPs induced different stress responses and modes of cell death in human cell lines. The POCA particles generally induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. In contrast, PBCA and PEBCA particles induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation depending on the level of the glutathione precursor cystine and transcription of the cystine transporter SLC7A11. The latter was induced as a protective response by the transcription factors ATF4 and Nrf2. PBCA particles strongly activated ATF4 downstream of the eIF2α kinase HRI, whereas PEBCA particles more potently induced Nrf2 antioxidant responses. Intriguingly, PBCA particles activated the cell death mechanism ferroptosis; a promising option for targeting multidrug-resistant cancers. Our findings highlight that even minor differences in NP composition can severely impact the cellular response to NPs. This may have important implications in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tonje Sønstevold
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anders Øverbye
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- c Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Beata Grallert
- d Department of Radiation Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ýrr Mørch
- e Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- e Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway.,f Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Maria L Torgersen
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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10
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Toma M, Witusik-Perkowska M, Szwed M, Stawski R, Szemraj J, Drzewiecka M, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Radek M, Kolasa P, Matlawska-Wasowska K, Sliwinski T, Skorski T. Eradication of LIG4-deficient glioblastoma cells by the combination of PARP inhibitor and alkylating agent. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36867-36877. [PMID: 30627327 PMCID: PMC6305145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often accumulate spontaneous and treatment-induced DNA damage i.e. potentially lethal DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Targeting DSB repair mechanisms with specific inhibitors could potentially sensitize cancer cells to the toxic effect of DSBs. Current treatment for glioblastoma includes tumor resection followed by radiotherapy and/or temozolomide (TMZ) - an alkylating agent inducing DNA damage. We hypothesize that combination of PARP inhibitor (PARPi) with TMZ in glioblastoma cells displaying downregulation of DSB repair genes could trigger synthetic lethality. In our study, we observed that PARP inhibitor (BMN673) was able to specifically sensitize DNA ligase 4 (LIG4)-deprived glioblastoma cells to TMZ while normal astrocytes were not affected. LIG4 downregulation resulting in low effectiveness of DNA-PK-mediated non-homologous end-joining (D-NHEJ), which in combination with BMN673 and TMZ resulted in accumulation of lethal DSBs and specific eradication of glioblastoma cells. Restoration of the LIG4 expression caused loss of sensitivity to BMN673+TMZ. In conclusion, PARP inhibitor combined with DNA damage inducing agents can be utilized in patients with glioblastoma displaying defects in D-NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maciej Radek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery of Spine and Peripheral Nerves, Medical University of Lodz, University Hospital WAM-CSW, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Kolasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
- Social Sciences Academy in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- Division of Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bielecka-Kowalska A, Czarny P, Wigner P, Synowiec E, Kowalski B, Szwed M, Krupa R, Toma M, Drzewiecka M, Majsterek I, Szemraj J, Sliwinski T, Kowalski M. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate exhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts via induction of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 47:8-17. [PMID: 29107684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although methacrylic acid derivatives in their polymeric form are considered to be safe, insufficient polymerization and the release of monomers due to either mechanical or enzymatical factors can lead to their reaching millimolar concentrations in local tissue. The present study evaluates the effect of two methacrylate monomers - ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) - on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Both monomers were found to reduce cells viability in MTT assay, increase apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase. They also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as measured by DCFH-DA and DHE probes and increased expression of GPx4 and SOD2. Both monomers increased DNA damage in comet assay. Moreover, HGFs were not able to repair those lesions within 120min of repair incubation. However, the monomers were not found to have any effect on the integrity of isolated plasmids. We postulate that EGDMA and DEGDMA exhibit their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties via increased production of ROS, which cause DNA damage, affect apoptosis, viability and cell cycle. Further studies are needed to better understand the properties of methacrylic acid monomers and to evaluate the risk that they cause for patients, dentists and dental technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Wigner
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kowalski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Krupa
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Labieniec-Watala M, Szwed M, Hertel J, Wisnik E. Low Concentrations of Cationic PAMAM Dendrimers Affect Lymphocyte Respiration in In vitro Studies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2017; 18:150-157. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201017666161229153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Sarcinelli MA, Albernaz MDS, Szwed M, Iscaife A, Leite KRM, Junqueira MDS, Bernardes ES, da Silva EO, Tavares MIB, Santos-Oliveira R. Nanoradiopharmaceuticals for breast cancer imaging: development, characterization, and imaging in inducted animals. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5847-5854. [PMID: 27713638 PMCID: PMC5045224 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies as polymeric nanoparticles are quite interesting and endow this new drug category with many advantages, especially by reducing the number of adverse reactions and, in the case of radiopharmaceuticals, also reducing the amount of radiation (dose) administered to the patient. In this study, a nanoradiopharmaceutical was developed using polylactic acid (PLA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/montmorillonite (MMT)/trastuzumab nanoparticles labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) for breast cancer imaging. In order to confirm the nanoparticle formation, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering were performed. Cytotoxicity of the nanoparticle and biodistribution with 99mTc in healthy and inducted animals were also measured. The results from atomic force microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were spherical, with a size range of ~200-500 nm. The dynamic light scattering analysis demonstrated that over 90% of the nanoparticles produced had a size of 287 nm with a zeta potential of -14,6 mV. The cytotoxicity results demonstrated that the nanoparticles were capable of reaching breast cancer cells. The biodistribution data demonstrated that the PLA/PVA/MMT/trastuzumab nanoparticles labeled with 99mTc have great renal clearance and also a high uptake by the lesion, as ~45% of the PLA/PVA/MMT/trastuzumab nanoparticles injected were taken up by the lesion. The data support PLA/PVA/MMT/trastuzumab labeled with 99mTc nanoparticles as nanoradiopharmaceuticals for breast cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alexandre Iscaife
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mara de Souza Junqueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Oliveira da Silva
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Ines Bruno Tavares
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ligiero TB, Cerqueira-Coutinho C, de Souza Albernaz M, Szwed M, Bernardes ES, Wasserman MAV, Santos-Oliveira R. Diagnosing gastrointestinal stromal tumours by single photon emission computed tomography using nano-radiopharmaceuticals based on bevacizumab monoclonal antibody. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/4/045017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Szwed M, Santos-Oliveira R. Nanoparticles with Therapeutic Properties Generate Various Response of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2016; 16:6545-6550. [PMID: 27427750 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2016.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we report the interactions of four types of different nanoparticles with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To our research we chose four types of nanoparticles which possess therapeutic properties (Trastuzumab, ethylene-diamine-tetra-methylene-phosphonic for breast and bone cancers treatment, respectively) or can be used as the ingredients of sun-protected films (nanoemulsions with or without chitosan). By carrying out XTT survival assay we observed that both types of tested nanoemulsions suppressed the proliferation of normal lymphocytes. However, the survival of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after incubation neither with Trastuzumab nor with ethylene-diamine-tetra-methylene-phosphonic nanoparticles decreased below 80%. If the investigated nanoparticles were analyzed for their effectiveness to the induction of programmed cell death, we proved that only nanoemulsions with or without chitosan provoked an increase of the fraction of apoptotic cells. Moreover we noticed the characteristic, typical for apoptosis changes of cells morphology, which appeared in lymphocytes after all tested nanoparticles treatment. Interestingly, representative for necrosis swollen, enlarged cells were observed after nanoemulsions treatment.
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Szwed M, Wrona D, Kania KD, Koceva-Chyla A, Marczak A. Doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate triggers pro-oxidative disorders in solid tumor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:60-71. [PMID: 26607004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a widely accepted mechanism of doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity toward cancer cells. However, little is known about the potential of new systems, designed for more efficient and targeted doxorubicin delivery (i.e. protein conjugates, polymeric micelles, liposomes, monoclonal antibodies), to induce oxidative stress (OS) in tumors and hematological malignancies. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relation between the toxicity of doxorubicin-transferring (DOX-TRF) conjugate and its capability to generate oxidative/nitrosative stress in solid tumor cells. Our research proves that DOX-TRF conjugate displays higher cytotoxicity towards lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines than the reference free drug (DOX) and induces more extensive OS, characterized by a significant decrease in the total cellular antioxidant capacity, glutathione level and amount of -SH groups and an increase in hydroperoxide content. The intracellular redox imbalance was accompanied by changes in the transcription of genes encoding key antioxidant enzymes engaged in the sustaining of cellular redox homeostasis: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dominika Wrona
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna D Kania
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, PAS, Lodowa St. 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyla
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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17
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Assessment of pro-apoptotic activity of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate in cells derived from human solid tumors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 70:57-67. [PMID: 26520467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of anthracyclines are a new possibility for anticancer agent delivery, which seems to be a very promising alternative to the currently used cancer treatment strategies. In our study, we investigated the ability of a doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate to induce cell death in two solid tumor cell lines: non-small cell lung cancer (A549) and hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2). The observed effects of the DOX-TRF conjugate on these cell cultures were compared with those of free doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used antineoplastic therapeutic agent. Our results provided direct evidence that the investigated conjugate is considerably more cytotoxic to the examined human cancer cell lines than is DOX alone. Moreover, we confirmed that the antitumor efficacy of DOX-TRF conjugate is related to its apoptosis-inducing ability, which was shown during measurements of typical features of programmed cell death. In solid tumor cell lines, the DOX-TRF conjugate induced changes in cellular morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases-3 and -9 activities. Furthermore, all of the analyzed hallmarks of apoptosis were confirmed by the oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation assay and by a real-time PCR quantitative study, which displayed the superiority of the conjugate-induced programmed cell death over free drug-triggered cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dominika Kania
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute for Medical Biology, PAS, Lodowa 106 Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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18
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Toxicity of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate is connected to the modulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1096-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Santos do Carmo F, Rocha Pinto S, Maria Camões Orlando M, de Souza Albernaz M, de Souza Junqueira M, Soares Bernardes E, Cerecetto H, Moglioni A, Kozempel J, Szwed M, Missailidis S, Santos-Oliveira R. Nano-Aptamer for Breast Cancer Imaging: Initial Considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17229/jdit.2015-0518-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Relationship between therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate and expression of P-glycoprotein in chronic erythromyeloblastoid leukemia cells sensitive and resistant to doxorubicin. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:421-8. [PMID: 25410120 PMCID: PMC4255090 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conjugation of anti-neoplastic agents with human proteins is a strategy to diminish the toxic side effects of anthracycline antibiotics. We have developed a novel doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate aimed to direct anticancer drugs against therapeutic targets that display altered levels of expression in malignant versus normal cells. Our previous work has shown that the cellular bio-distribution of the conjugate is dependent on a dynamic balance between influx and efflux processes. Here, we set out to investigate whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression may affect DOX-TRF conjugate-induced cellular drug accumulation and cytotoxicity. Results All experiments were carried out on human erythromyeloblastoid cells exhibiting P-gp over-expression (K562/DOX) and its drug sensitive parental line (K562). MTT cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR assessments revealed that the investigated conjugate (DOX-TRF) possesses a greater cytotoxic potential than free DOX. Conclusion Our data suggest that the newly developed DOX-TRF conjugate is a less P-gp dependent substrate than free DOX and, consequently, may be used in a clinical setting to increase treatment efficacy in resistant human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236, Lodz, Poland,
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Molecular damage caused by generation of reactive oxygen species in the redox cycle of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate in human leukemia cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1475-83. [PMID: 25166006 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.955022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study we focused on evaluation of the pro-oxidant properties of doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate and its potency to damage macromolecules which are components of cellular compartments. Our experiments were performed on two human leukemia cell lines: K562 (chronic erythromyeloblastoid leukemia) and CCRF-CEM (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). We determined the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and programmed cell death (PCD) induction by free DOX and its conjugate. Besides this, the lipid peroxidation and protein damage which can be provoked by DOX alone and DOX-TRF conjugate were assessed. ROS were produced in leukemia cells incubated with free DOX and DOX-TRF conjugate and the extent of apoptosis and necrosis was strongly dependent on the cell line, sensitivity to drug and time of incubation with the investigated compounds. The role of ROS in DOX-TRF conjugate-induced cell death was confirmed by the diminution effects of the antioxidant vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Changes in the activity of antioxidant barrier after treatment of K562 and CCRF-CEM cell lines with doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:358-66. [PMID: 25312849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), one of the oldest member of the anthracycline antibiotics, has been administered for over 50 years to patients with leukemias and solid tumors. However, the high unspecified DOX toxicity, related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), affects its limitation in clinical application. Therefore we proposed the usage of human transferrin as a doxorubicin carrier in order to improve the quality of doxorubicin application in conventional chemotherapy. In this study we continue our investigations related to the mechanism of the toxicity of doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate in human leukemia cells. Consequently, we are now concentrating on the influence of this compound on the antioxidative system in K562 and CCRF-CEM cell lines (chronic erythromyeloblastoid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, respectively). We carried out a neutral red cytotoxicity assay, reduced (GSH) and total (GSH + GSSG) glutathione content, alterations in the activity of catalase and enzymes responsible for maintaining glutathione in reduced form. Exposure of leukemia cells to the investigated anticancer agents caused a time-dependent depletion of intracellular GSH, accompanied by an increase of catalase activity. Moreover, analysis of GSH-related enzymes showed a significant increase in the activities of thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase after DOX-TRF application. In contrast, glutathione reductase activity was reduced by conjugate treatment to 50%. Significant differences between the pro-oxidative actions of the investigated anticancer compounds were observed in RT-PCR experiments, which confirmed that changes in the activity of catalase and GSH-related enzymes are strictly correlated with their gene transcription changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna D Kania
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Łódź, Poland
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Szwed M, Laroche-Clary A, Robert J, Jozwiak Z. Induction of apoptosis by doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate compared to free doxorubicin in the human leukemia cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:140-8. [PMID: 24998637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our research we compared the effect of doxorubicin (DOX) and doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate on the induction of programmed cell death. All experiments were carried out on human leukemia cells: CCRF-CEM, K562 sensitive and resistant to DOX, (K562/DOX), which are the molecular model for the chronic and acute form of hematological malignancies, respectively. At the same time, studies were also performed on normal, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The first stages of apoptosis, connected with externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), were evaluated after comparing the viability of tested cell lines treated with DOX-TRF conjugate or free DOX. Morphological changes of nuclei connected with apoptosis were analyzed by double staining Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide. Subsequently, we conducted a more accurate evaluation of DOX-TRF-trigged cell death by using DNA ladder assay, measuring the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 and changes in poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) activity. The percentage of apoptotic cells reached its maximum at 24 and 48 h incubation. Prolonged treatment time with DOX-TRF conjugate progressively increased the level of necrotic cells. At 24-48 h time points, we observed a significant increase in the activity of apoptosis-characterized enzymes (caspases -8, -9, -3). This study provided the evidence that DOX-TRF conjugate triggers apoptotic pathway connected with DNA damage mediated by the activation of pro-caspases and PARP cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Audrey Laroche-Clary
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Szwed M, Jozwiak Z. Genotoxic effect of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate on human leukemia cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2014; 771:53-63. [PMID: 25308442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anthracycline antibiotic against a wide spectrum of tumors and hematological malignancies. It mainly interacts with DNA, but can also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cell components. Unfortunately, numerous side effects, such as severe cardiotoxicity and bone-marrow suppression, limit its use. To reduce this obstacle and improve its pharmacokinetics, we conjugated DOX to transferrin (TRF), a human plasma protein. In our study, we compared the effect of DOX and the doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate (DOX-TRF) on human leukemic lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM), and on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In parallel, experiments were carried out on two human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines derived from K562 cells, of which one was sensitive and the other resistant to doxorubicin (K562/DOX). By use of the alkaline comet assay, the effect of the agents on the induction of DNA damage in normal human cells and human leukemia cells was determined. Oxidative and alkylating DNA damage were assayed by a slightly modified comet assay that included the use of the DNA-repair enzymes endonuclease III (Endo III) and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg). To investigate whether DNA breaks are the result of apoptosis, we examined the induction of DNA fragmentation visualized as oligosomal ladders after simple agarose electrophoresis under neutral conditions. Modifications of the genome induced by the different drugs were analyzed following assessment of the cell-cycle phase. The DOX-TRF conjugate caused more DNA damage than the free drug, the degree of DNA fragmentation being dependent on the duration of treatment and the cell type analyzed. With neutral agarose electrophoresis we showed that the test compounds caused the formation of a characteristic DNA-ladder pattern. Furthermore, the DOX-TRF conjugate generated a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in the subG1 fraction and blocked more cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle than did free DOX. In summary, both agents induced DNA damage in cancer cells, but the DOX-TRF conjugate generated more genotoxic effects and apoptosis than the unconjugated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Szwed M. Mitoxantrone – an anthraquinone antibiotic with antitumor activity applied for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 68:198-208. [DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Szwed M, Matusiak A, Laroche-Clary A, Robert J, Marszalek I, Jozwiak Z. Transferrin as a drug carrier: Cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and transport kinetics of doxorubicin transferrin conjugate in the human leukemia cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:187-97. [PMID: 24055890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias are one of most common malignancies worldwide. There is a substantial need for new chemotherapeutic drugs effective against this cancer. Doxorubicin (DOX), used for treatment of leukemias and solid tumors, is poorly efficacious when it is administered systemically at conventional doses. Therefore, several strategies have been developed to reduce the side effects of this anthracycline treatment. In this study we compared the effect of DOX and doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate (DOX-TRF) on human leukemia cell lines: chronic erythromyeloblastoid leukemia (K562), sensitive and resistant (K562/DOX) to doxorubicin, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM). Experiments were also carried out on normal cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We analyzed the chemical structure of DOX-TRF conjugate by using mass spectroscopy. The in vitro growth-inhibition assay XTT, indicated that DOX-TRF is more cytotoxic for leukemia cells sensitive and resistant to doxorubicin and significantly less sensitive to normal cells compared to DOX alone. During the assessment of intracellular DOX-TRF accumulation it was confirmed that the tested malignant cells were able to retain the examined conjugate for longer periods of time than normal lymphocytes. Comparison of kinetic parameters showed that the rate of DOX-TRF efflux was also slower in the tested cells than free DOX. The results presented here should contribute to the understanding of the differences in antitumor activities of the DOX-TRF conjugate and free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Matusiak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16 Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Audrey Laroche-Clary
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ilona Marszalek
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Rogalska A, Marczak A, Gajek A, Szwed M, Śliwińska A, Drzewoski J, Jóźwiak Z. Induction of apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells by new anticancer compounds, epothilone A and B. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kopka A, Janiszewska S, Szwed M, Duda W, Bukowska B. The effect of alendronate sodium on human erythrocytes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 32:306-314. [PMID: 21843812 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alendronate sodium is a medicine, which is commonly used in osteoporosis treatment. Nowadays, this substance is given to patients in tablets, but in future it is planned that it will be administrated into human organisms as intravenous infusions; therefore, significant interactions of this medicine with erythrocytes will be inevitable. It is the reason why we decided to investigate the interaction of alendronate sodium with human erythrocytes. The effect of this medicine on acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid and protein peroxidation, as well as cellular thiol content was examined. Moreover, the effect of alendronate sodium on alterations in erythrocytes morphology was assessed. Human erythrocytes were incubated with alendronate sodium in the concentrations ranging from 0.33 to 100 μM for 1 h and 24 h. No changes have been observed in the parameters examined after 1h of incubation of the erythrocytes with this medicine excluding the carbonyl groups level. Moreover, no alterations in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, the level of thiols as well as in morphology of the erythrocytes incubated with alendronate sodium for 24h have been observed. It was also proven that alendronate sodium increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but only after 24h of incubation. We have not observed any severe changes in cells studied even at the highest dose of bisphosphonates examined, thus their usage should not be dangerous for the erythrocytes of people treated with these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopka
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 Str., 90-237 Łódź, Poland
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Moriondo M, Bindi M, Kundzewicz ZW, Szwed M, Chorynski A, Matczak P, Radziejewski M, McEvoy D, Wreford A. Impact and adaptation opportunities for European agriculture in response to climatic change and variability. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11027-010-9219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Abstract
Understanding of the functional neurobiology of the rodent whisker system would be advanced by neurobehavioral studies in awake, behaving animals that combine unit recording from structures at various levels of the system with quantitative characterization of the kinematics and temporal organization of whisking. Such studies require the solution of a number of methodological problems. These include: chronic recording procedures ensuring unit isolation, stability and maximum yield, monitoring and display of unit activity and whisker movements within the same (ms) timeframe and behavioral paradigms which bring whisking movement parameters under the control of the experimenter rather than the rat. Here we describe a head-fixed rodent preparation which makes possible chronic recording of unit activity in the awake, whisking rat, combined with real-time, high resolution monitoring of whisker and pad movements in two dimensions and under behavioral control. While the head-fixed "whisking" preparation has some inherent limitations, it may be used to address a number of important neurobehavioral problems. We suggest that it should contribute significantly to understanding the functional neurobiology of the whisker system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bermejo
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York City, NY 10021, USA
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Sobota R, Szwed M, Kasza A, Bugno M, Kordula T. Parthenolide inhibits activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) induced by cytokines of the IL-6 family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267:329-33. [PMID: 10623619 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progression of inflammatory processes correlates with the release of cell-derived mediators from the local site of inflammation. These mediators, including cytokines of the IL-1 and IL-6 families, act on host cells and exert their action by activating their signal transduction pathways leading to specific target gene activation. Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone found in many medical plants, is an inhibitor of IL-1-type cytokine signaling that blocks the activation of NF-kappaB. Here we show that parthenolide is also an effective inhibitor of IL-6-type cytokines. It inhibits IL-6-type cytokine-induced gene expression by blocking STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705. This prevents STAT3 dimerization necessary for its nuclear translocation and consequently STAT3-dependent gene expression. This is a new molecular mechanism of parthenolide action that additionally explains its anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobota
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 3 Mickiewicza Avenue, Krakow, 31-120, Poland
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Golabek R, Szwed M, Swiader L, Trzebicki J. [Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery closed spontaneously]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1976; 10:663-5. [PMID: 980207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a case of traumatic arteriovenous fistula developing between the branches of the middle meningeal artery and the meningeal and intraosseous veins. The fistula closed spontaneously.
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Szwed M. [Effect of epileptic focus on the process of learning and memory in split-brain cats]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1974; 8:433-6. [PMID: 4832425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Majkowski J, Pisarski W, Szwed M. [Bioelectric development of focal and epileptic seizures in split-brain cats]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1974; 8:421-6. [PMID: 4832424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Majkowski J, Szwed M, Pisarski W. The cardiac-somatic conditioned relationship in cats with mesencephalic lesions. Psychophysiology 1974; 11:6-14. [PMID: 4810438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Majkowski J, Sobieszek A, Kowalski J, Szwed M. EEG and behavioral correlates of learning in cats with lesions in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Brain Res 1970; 21:301-4. [PMID: 5454303 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Soczewka H, Szwed M, Wysztygiel L, Zaremba R. [Diagnostic value of Sternheimer Malbin cells]. Pol Tyg Lek 1965; 20:1459-60. [PMID: 5840327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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