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Aceto G, Nardella L, Nanni S, Pecci V, Bertozzi A, Nutarelli S, Viscomi MT, Colussi C, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C. Glycine-induced activation of GPR158 increases the intrinsic excitability of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:268. [PMID: 38884814 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
It has been recently established that GPR158, a class C orphan G protein-coupled receptor, serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor. GPR158 is highly expressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a major input structure of the basal ganglia that integrates information from cortical and subcortical structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. However, whether glycine modulates neuronal activity in the NAc through GPR158 activation has not been investigated yet. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that glycine-dependent activation of GPR158 increased the firing rate of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) while it failed to significantly affect the excitability of cholinergic interneurons (CIN). In MSNs GPR158 activation reduced the latency to fire, increased the action potential half-width, and reduced action potential afterhyperpolarization, effects that are all consistent with negative modulation of potassium M-currents, that in the central nervous system are mainly carried out by Kv7/KCNQ-channels. Indeed, we found that the GPR158-induced increase in MSN excitability was associated with decreased M-current amplitude, and selective pharmacological inhibition of the M-current mimicked and occluded the effects of GPR158 activation. In addition, when the protein kinase A (PKA) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was pharmacologically blocked, modulation of MSN excitability by GPR158 activation was suppressed. Moreover, GPR158 activation increased the phosphorylation of ERK and Kv7.2 serine residues. Collectively, our findings suggest that GPR158/PKA/ERK signaling controls MSN excitability via Kv7.2 modulation. Glycine-dependent activation of GPR158 may significantly affect MSN firing in vivo, thus potentially mediating specific aspects of goal-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Aceto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Luca Nardella
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Simona Nanni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Nutarelli
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Claudia Colussi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Ascenzo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
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Mahdavi K, Zendehdel M, Zarei H. The role of central neurotransmitters in appetite regulation of broilers and layers: similarities and differences. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1313-1328. [PMID: 38286893 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The importance of feeding as a vital physiological function, on the one hand, and the spread of complications induced by its disorder in humans and animals, on the other hand, have led to extensive research on its regulatory factors. Unfortunately, despite many studies focused on appetite, only limited experiments have been conducted on avian, and our knowledge of this species is scant. Considering this, the purpose of this review article is to examine the role of central neurotransmitters in regulating food consumption in broilers and layers and highlight the similarities and differences between these two strains. The methodology of this review study includes a comprehensive search of relevant literature on the topic using appropriate keywords in reliable electronic databases. Based on the findings, the central effect of most neurotransmitters on the feeding of broilers and laying chickens was similar, but in some cases, such as dopamine, ghrelin, nitric oxide, and agouti-related peptide, differences were observed. Also, the lack of conducting a study on the role of some neurotransmitters in one of the bird strains made it impossible to make an exact comparison. Finally, it seems that although there are general similarities in appetite regulatory mechanisms in meat and egg-type chickens, the long-term genetic selection appropriate to breeding goals (meat or egg production) has caused differences in the effect of some neurotransmitters. Undoubtedly, conducting future studies while completing the missing links can lead to a comprehensive understanding of this process and its manipulation according to the breeding purposes of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mahdavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran.
| | - Hamed Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao M, Wu J, Jin Y, Li M, Yu K, Yu H. Schisandrin B from Schisandra chinensis alleviated pain via glycine receptors, Nav1.7 channels and Cav2.2 channels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117996. [PMID: 38431110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schisandra chinensis, the dried and ripe fruit of the magnolia family plant Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, was commonly used in traditional analgesic prescription. Studies have shown that the extract of Schisandra chinensis (SC) displayed analgesic activity. However, the analgesic active component and the exact mechanisms have yet to be revealed. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive constituent of Schisandra chinensis, assess its analgesic effect, and explore the potential molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of a series of well-recognized compounds from SC on glycine receptors were investigated. The analgesic effect of the identified compound was evaluated in three pain models. Mechanistic studies were performed using patch clamp technique on various targets expressed in recombinant cells. These targets included glycine receptors, Nav1.7 sodium channels, Cav2.2 calcium channels et al. Meanwhile, primary cultured spinal dorsal horn (SDH) neurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were also utilized. RESULTS Schisandrin B (SchB) was a positive allosteric modulator of glycine receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons. The EC50 of SchB on glycine receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons was 2.94 ± 0.28 μM. In three pain models, the analgesic effect of SchB was comparable to that of indomethacin at the same dose. Besides, SchB rescued PGE2-induced suppression of α3 GlyR activity and alleviated persistent pain. Notably, SchB could also potently decrease the frequency of action potentials and inhibit sodium and calcium channels in DRG neurons. Consistent with the data from DRG neurons, SchB was also found to significantly block Nav1.7 sodium channels and Cav2.2 channels in recombinant cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that, Schisandrin B, the primary lignan component of Schisandra chinensis, may exert its analgesic effect by acting on multiple ion channels, including glycine receptors, Nav1.7 channels, and Cav2.2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yuchen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - KeXin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Cortese K, Gagliani MC, Raiteri L. Interactions between Glycine and Glutamate through Activation of Their Transporters in Hippocampal Nerve Terminals. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3152. [PMID: 38137373 PMCID: PMC10740625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports the pathophysiological relevance of crosstalk between the neurotransmitters Glycine and Glutamate and their close interactions; some reports even support the possibility of Glycine-Glutamate cotransmission in central nervous system (CNS) areas, including the hippocampus. Functional studies with isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) permit us to study transporter-mediated interactions between neurotransmitters that lead to the regulation of transmitter release. Our main aims here were: (i) to investigate release-regulating, transporter-mediated interactions between Glycine and Glutamate in hippocampal nerve terminals and (ii) to determine the coexistence of transporters for Glycine and Glutamate in these terminals. Purified synaptosomes, analyzed at the ultrastructural level via electron microscopy, were used as the experimental model. Mouse hippocampal synaptosomes were prelabeled with [3H]D-Aspartate or [3H]Glycine; the release of radiolabeled tracers was monitored with the superfusion technique. The main findings were that (i) exogenous Glycine stimulated [3H]D-Aspartate release, partly by activation of GlyT1 and in part, unusually, through GlyT2 transporters and that (ii) D-Aspartate stimulated [3H]glycine release by a process that was sensitive to Glutamate transporter blockers. Based on the features of the experimental model used, it is suggested that functional transporters for Glutamate and Glycine coexist in a small subset of hippocampal nerve terminals, a condition that may also be compatible with cotransmission; glycinergic and glutamatergic transporters exhibit different functions and mediate interactions between the neurotransmitters. It is hoped that increased information on Glutamate-Glycine interactions in different areas, including the hippocampus, will contribute to a better knowledge of drugs acting at "glycinergic" targets, currently under study in relation with different CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Cellular Electron Microscopy Lab, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (K.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Cellular Electron Microscopy Lab, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (K.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Luca Raiteri
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Xu WB, Tang MH, Long JY, Wang WW, Qin JY, Qi XJ, Liu ZY. Antinociceptive effect of gelsenicine, principal toxic alkaloids of gelsemium, on prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in mice: Comparison with gelsemine and koumine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:55-61. [PMID: 37757667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Gelsemium elegans (G.elegans) is a plant of the Loganiaceae family, known for its indole alkaloids, including gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine. Gelsemine and koumine are well-studied active alkaloids with low toxicity, valued for their anti-anxiety and analgesic properties. However, gelsenicine, another important alkaloid, remains underexplored due to its high toxicity. This study focuses on evaluating the analgesic properties of gelsenicine and comparing them with gelsemine and koumine. The results indicate that all three alkaloids exhibit robust analgesic properties, with gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine showing ED50 values of 0.82 mg/kg, 0.60 mg/kg, and 8.43 μg/kg, respectively, as assessed by the hot plate method. Notably, the therapeutic dose of gelsenicine was significantly lower than its toxic dose (LD50 = 0.185 mg/kg). The study also investigated the mechanism of action by analyzing the expression levels of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin. The PGE2 model group showed decreased expression levels of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin, while groups treated with gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine were able to reverse this decrease. These results suggest that gelsenicine effectively alleviates PGE2-induced hyperalgesia by upregulating the expression of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin, which are key targets of the Gly receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Mo-Huan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiang-Yu Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiao-Yan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Soleimani B, Board C, Yu T, Tracey I, Irani SR, Foley P. Immunotherapy-Responsive Neuropathic Pain and Allodynia in a Patient With Glycine Receptor Autoantibodies: A Case Report. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200160. [PMID: 37640544 PMCID: PMC10462052 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuropathic pain is common and distressing. Improved mechanistic understanding and pharmacotherapies are urgently needed. Molecularly specific pain syndromes may provide insights with translational relevance. Glycine receptors are known to play a key role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal dorsal horn and have therefore been considered as targets for analgesic development. While autoantibodies directed against glycine receptors may rarely arise spontaneously in humans, a detailed phenotype of neuropathic pain and allodynia in association with these autoantibodies has not been described. METHODS We describe the case of a previously well adult presenting with severe neuropathic pain and allodynia as part of an autoimmune brainstem and spinal syndrome with glycine receptor autoantibodies. RESULTS Our patient experienced a severe illness, including marked neuropathic pain and allodynia, hypoventilation, tetraparesis, and ophthalmoplegia. A diagnosis of progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus was made. Neuropathic pain was characterized with validated instruments and responded promptly to cause-directed immunotherapy. DISCUSSION A detailed longitudinal phenotyping, using validated pain measurement instruments, of severe neuropathic pain and allodynia associated with likely pathogenic glycine receptor autoantibodies is reported. This case may have relevance for translational development of analgesics targeting glycinergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Soleimani
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh
| | - Callum Board
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh
| | - Tony Yu
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh
| | - Irene Tracey
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh
| | - Peter Foley
- From the Department of Neurology (B.S.), Oxford University Hospitals; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (C.B., S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.Y.), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (I.T.), University of Oxford; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; and Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (P.F.), University of Edinburgh.
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Liu X, Wang W. Gating mechanism of the human α1β GlyR by glycine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552474. [PMID: 37609197 PMCID: PMC10441291 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are members of the Cys-loop receptors that constitute a major portion of neurotransmitter receptors in the human nervous system. GlyRs are found in the spinal cord and brain mediating locomotive, sensory and cognitive functions, and are targets for pharmaceutical development. GlyRs share a general gating scheme with Cys-loop receptor family members, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent resolution of heteromeric GlyRs structures in multiple functional states identified an invariable 4:1 α:β subunit stoichiometry and provided snapshots in the gating cycle, challenging previous beliefs and raising the fundamental questions of how α and β subunit functions in glycine binding and channel activation. In addition, how a single glycine-bound extracellular domain conformation leads to structurally and functionally different open and desensitized states remained enigmatic. In this study, we characterized in detail equilibrium properties as well as the transition kinetics between functional states. We show that while all allosteric sites bind cooperatively to glycine, occupation of 2 sites at the α-α interfaces is necessary and sufficient for GlyR activation. We also demonstrate differential glycine concentration dependence of desensitization rate, extent, and its recovery, which suggests separate but concerted roles of ligand-binding and ionophore reorganization. Based on these observations and available structural information, we developed a comprehensive quantitative gating model that accurately predicts both equilibrium and kinetical properties throughout glycine gating cycle. This model likely applies generally to the Cys-loop receptor family and informs on pharmaceutical endeavors in function modulation of this receptor family.
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Gallagher CI, Frangos ZJ, Sheipouri D, Shimmon S, Duman MN, Jayakumar S, Cioffi CL, Rawling T, Vandenberg RJ. Novel Phenylene Lipids That Are Positive Allosteric Modulators of Glycine Receptors and Inhibitors of Glycine Transporter 2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2634-2647. [PMID: 37466545 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex condition that remains resistant to current therapeutics. We previously synthesized a series of N-acyl amino acids (NAAAs) that inhibit the glycine transporter, GlyT2, some of which are also positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors (GlyRs). In this study, we have synthesized a library of NAAAs that contain a phenylene ring within the acyl tail with the objective of improving efficacy at both GlyT2 and GlyRs and also identifying compounds that are efficacious as dual-acting modulators to enhance glycine neurotransmission. The most efficacious positive allosteric modulator of GlyRs was 2-[8-(2-octylphenyl)octanoylamino]acetic acid (8-8 OPGly) which potentiates the EC5 for glycine activation of GlyRα1 by 1500% with an EC50 of 664 nM. Phenylene-containing NAAAs with a lysine headgroup were the most potent inhibitors of GlyT2 with (2S)-6-amino-2-[8-(3-octylphenyl)octanoylamino]hexanoic acid (8-8 MPLys) inhibiting GlyT2 with an IC50 of 32 nM. The optimal modulator across both proteins was (2S)-6-amino-2-[8-(2-octylphenyl)octanoylamino]hexanoic acid (8-8 OPLys), which inhibits GlyT2 with an IC50 of 192 nM and potentiates GlyRs by up to 335% at 1 μM. When tested in a dual GlyT2/GlyRα1 expression system, 8-8 OPLys caused the greatest reductions in the EC50 for glycine. This suggests that the synergistic effects of a dual-acting modulator cause greater enhancements in glycinergic activity compared to single-target modulators and may provide an alternate approach to the development of new non-opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey I Gallagher
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zachary J Frangos
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Diba Sheipouri
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Meryem-Nur Duman
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Srinivasan Jayakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Christopher L Cioffi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Olde Heuvel F, Ouali Alami N, Aousji O, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Zahn PK, Wilhelm H, Deshpande D, Khatamsaz E, Catanese A, Woelfle S, Schön M, Jain S, Grabrucker S, Ludolph AC, Verpelli C, Michaelis J, Boeckers TM, Roselli F. Shank2 identifies a subset of glycinergic neurons involved in altered nociception in an autism model. Mol Autism 2023; 14:21. [PMID: 37316943 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) patients experience disturbed nociception in the form of either hyposensitivity to pain or allodynia. A substantial amount of processing of somatosensory and nociceptive stimulus takes place in the dorsal spinal cord. However, many of these circuits are not very well understood in the context of nociceptive processing in ASD. METHODS We have used a Shank2-/- mouse model, which displays a set of phenotypes reminiscent of ASD, and performed behavioural and microscopic analysis to investigate the role of dorsal horn circuitry in nociceptive processing of ASD. RESULTS We determined that Shank2-/- mice display increased sensitivity to formalin pain and thermal preference, but a sensory specific mechanical allodynia. We demonstrate that high levels of Shank2 expression identifies a subpopulation of neurons in murine and human dorsal spinal cord, composed mainly by glycinergic interneurons and that loss of Shank2 causes the decrease in NMDAR in excitatory synapses on these inhibitory interneurons. In fact, in the subacute phase of the formalin test, glycinergic interneurons are strongly activated in wild type (WT) mice but not in Shank2-/- mice. Consequently, nociception projection neurons in laminae I are activated in larger numbers in Shank2-/- mice. LIMITATIONS Our investigation is limited to male mice, in agreement with the higher representation of ASD in males; therefore, caution should be applied to extrapolate the findings to females. Furthermore, ASD is characterized by extensive genetic diversity and therefore the findings related to Shank2 mutant mice may not necessarily apply to patients with different gene mutations. Since nociceptive phenotypes in ASD range between hyper- and hypo-sensitivity, diverse mutations may affect the circuit in opposite ways. CONCLUSION Our findings prove that Shank2 expression identifies a new subset of inhibitory interneurons involved in reducing the transmission of nociceptive stimuli and whose unchecked activation is associated with pain hypersensitivity. We provide evidence that dysfunction in spinal cord pain processing may contribute to the nociceptive phenotypes in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najwa Ouali Alami
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- International PhD Program, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Esther Pogatzki-Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter K Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanna Wilhelm
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Alberto Catanese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Woelfle
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal), Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | | | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Science Council, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.
- Center for Biomedical Research (ZBF), Helmholtzstraße 8/2, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Bossi S, Pizzamiglio L, Paoletti P. Excitatory GluN1/GluN3A glycine receptors (eGlyRs) in brain signaling. Trends Neurosci 2023:S0166-2236(23)00127-3. [PMID: 37248111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
GluN3A is a glycine-binding subunit belonging to the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) family that can assemble with GluN1 subunits to form unconventional NMDARs insensitive to glutamate and activated by glycine only. The existence of such excitatory glycine receptors (eGlyRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) has long remained elusive. Recently, eGlyRs have been identified in specific brain regions, where they represent a novel neuronal signaling modality by which extracellular glycine tunes neuronal excitability, circuit function, and behavior. In this review, we summarize the emerging knowledge regarding these underappreciated receptors. The existence of eGlyRs reshapes current understanding of NMDAR diversity and of glycinergic signaling, previously thought to be primarily inhibitory. Given that GluN3A expression is concentrated in brain regions regulating emotional responses, eGlyRs are potential new targets of therapeutic interest in neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bossi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lara Pizzamiglio
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France.
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11
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Breitinger U, Breitinger HG. Excitatory and inhibitory neuronal signaling in inflammatory and diabetic neuropathic pain. Mol Med 2023; 29:53. [PMID: 37069517 PMCID: PMC10111846 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, although unpleasant, is an essential warning mechanism against injury and damage of the organism. An intricate network of specialised sensors and transmission systems contributes to reception, transmission and central sensitization of pain. Here, we briefly introduce some of the main aspects of pain signal transmission, including nociceptors and nociceptive signals, mechanisms of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and the situation of diabetes-associated neuropathic pain. The role of glia-astrocytes, microglia, satellite glia cells-and their specific channels, transporters and signaling pathways is described. A focus is on the contribution of inhibitory synaptic signaling to nociception and a possible role of glycine receptors in glucose-mediated analgesia and treatment-induced diabetic neuropathy. Inhibitory receptors such as GABAA- and glycine receptors are important contributors to nociceptive signaling; their contribution to altered pain sensation in diabetes may be of clinical relevance, and they could be promising therapeutic targets towards the development of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
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12
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Miranda CO, Hegedüs K, Kis G, Antal M. Synaptic Targets of Glycinergic Neurons in Laminae I-III of the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086943. [PMID: 37108107 PMCID: PMC10139066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A great deal of evidence supports the inevitable importance of spinal glycinergic inhibition in the development of chronic pain conditions. However, it remains unclear how glycinergic neurons contribute to the formation of spinal neural circuits underlying pain-related information processing. Thus, we intended to explore the synaptic targets of spinal glycinergic neurons in the pain processing region (laminae I-III) of the spinal dorsal horn by combining transgenic technology with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization accompanied by light and electron microscopy. First, our results suggest that, in addition to neurons in laminae I-III, glycinergic neurons with cell bodies in lamina IV may contribute substantially to spinal pain processing. On the one hand, we show that glycine transporter 2 immunostained glycinergic axon terminals target almost all types of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons identified by their neuronal markers in laminae I-III. Thus, glycinergic postsynaptic inhibition, including glycinergic inhibition of inhibitory interneurons, must be a common functional mechanism of spinal pain processing. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that glycine transporter 2 containing axon terminals target only specific subsets of axon terminals in laminae I-III, including nonpeptidergic nociceptive C fibers binding IB4 and nonnociceptive myelinated A fibers immunoreactive for type 1 vesicular glutamate transporter, indicating that glycinergic presynaptic inhibition may be important for targeting functionally specific subpopulations of primary afferent inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Oliveira Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Hegedüs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Chen M, Li S, Zhu Z, Dai C, Hao X. Investigating the shared genetic architecture and causal relationship between pain and neuropsychiatric disorders. Hum Genet 2023; 142:431-443. [PMID: 36445456 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain often occurs in parallel with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms and potential causality have not been well studied. We collected the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of 26 common pain and neuropsychiatric disorders with sample size ranging from 17,310 to 482,730 in European population. The genetic correlation between pair of pain and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as the relevant cell types were investigated by linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analyses. Then, transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was applied to identify the potential shared genes by integrating the gene expression information and GWAS. In addition, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to infer the potential causality between pain and neuropsychiatric disorders. Among the 169 pairwise pain and neuropsychiatric disorders, 55 pairs showed positive correlations (median rg = 0.43) and 9 pairs showed negative correlations (median rg = -0.31). Using MR analyses, 26 likely causal associations were identified, including that neuroticism and insomnia were risk factors for most of short-term pain, and multisite chronic pain was risk factor for neuroticism, insomnia, major depressive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and vice versa. The signals of pain and neuropsychiatric disorders tended to be enriched in the functional regions of cell types from central nervous system (CNS). A total of 19 genes shared in at least one pain and neuropsychiatric disorder pair were identified by TWAS, including AMT, NCOA6, and UNC45A, which involved in glycine degradation, insulin secretion, and cell proliferation, respectively. Our findings provided the evidence of shared genetic structure, causality and potential shared pathogenic mechanisms between pain and neuropsychiatric disorders, and enhanced our understanding of the comorbidities of pain and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chengguqiu Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xingjie Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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14
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Liu S, Fu L, Zhang C, Deng J, Xue W, Deng Y. Effects of Exogenous Chlorinated Amino Acetic Acid on Cadmium and Mineral Elements in Rice Seedlings. TOXICS 2023; 11:71. [PMID: 36668797 PMCID: PMC9860664 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of exogenous application of chlorinated amino acetic acid on cadmium (Cd) transport characteristics in rice seedlings, X24 and Z35 rice were taken as the research objects to carry out hydroponics experiments, and the changes of Cd content in rice seedlings, rice mineral elements and amino acid content in rice were analyzed. The results showed that exogenous application of 1.2 mmol·L-1 chlorinated amino acetic acid inhibited cadmium in shoots and roots of rice seedlings; Cd content in shoots and roots were reduced by up to 62.19% and 45.61%, respectively. The majority of cadmium was in the cell wall of shoots and roots; this decreased with the increase of the concentration of chlorinated acetic acid. In addition, the Mn content in shoots and Ca content in roots of rice seedlings increased significantly after the application of chlorinated amino acetic acid. The results of amino acid analysis showed that the contents of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cystine in rice seedlings were increased. These results indicate that exogenous application of chlorinated amino acetic acid is beneficial to the synthesis of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine in rice seedlings, increases the content of Mn in shoots and Ca in roots of rice seedlings, and significantly alleviates cadmium stress in seedlings. This provides a theoretical basis for the development of an environmentally friendly Cd-lowering foliar fertilizer for rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiawei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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15
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Gallagher CI, Ha DA, Harvey RJ, Vandenberg RJ. Positive Allosteric Modulators of Glycine Receptors and Their Potential Use in Pain Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:933-961. [PMID: 36779343 PMCID: PMC9553105 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic inhibition throughout the mammalian spinal cord, brainstem, and higher brain regions. They have recently emerged as promising targets for novel pain therapies due to their ability to produce antinociception by inhibiting nociceptive signals within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This has greatly enhanced the interest in developing positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors. Several pharmaceutical companies and research facilities have attempted to identify new therapeutic leads by conducting large-scale screens of compound libraries, screening new derivatives from natural sources, or synthesizing novel compounds that mimic endogenous compounds with antinociceptive activity. Advances in structural techniques have also led to the publication of multiple high-resolution structures of the receptor, highlighting novel allosteric binding sites and providing additional information for previously identified binding sites. This has greatly enhanced our understanding of the functional properties of glycine receptors and expanded the structure activity relationships of novel pharmacophores. Despite this, glycine receptors are yet to be used as drug targets due to the difficulties in obtaining potent, selective modulators with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles that are devoid of side effects. This review presents a summary of the structural basis for how current compounds cause positive allosteric modulation of glycine receptors and discusses their therapeutic potential as analgesics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic pain is a major cause of disability, and in Western societies, this will only increase as the population ages. Despite the high level of prevalence and enormous socioeconomic burden incurred, treatment of chronic pain remains limited as it is often refractory to current analgesics, such as opioids. The National Institute for Drug Abuse has set finding effective, safe, nonaddictive strategies to manage chronic pain as their top priority. Positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors may provide a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey I Gallagher
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Damien A Ha
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Harvey
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
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16
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Simard JR, Michelsen K, Wang Y, Yang C, Youngblood B, Grubinska B, Taborn K, Gillie DJ, Cook K, Chung K, Long AM, Hall BE, Shaffer PL, Foti RS, Gingras J. Modulation of Ligand-Gated Glycine Receptors Via Functional Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:56-69. [PMID: 35926871 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are targets of considerable therapeutic interest to address a wide variety of neurologic indications, including pain perception. Current pharmacological strategies have focused mostly on small molecule approaches that can be limited by selectivity requirements within members of a channel family or superfamily. Therapeutic antibodies have been proposed, designed, and characterized to alleviate this selectivity limitation; however, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic antibody-based drugs targeting ion channels on the market to date. Here, in an effort to identify novel classes of engineered ion channel modulators for potential neurologic therapeutic applications, we report the generation and characterization of six (EC50 < 25nM) Cys-loop receptor family monoclonal antibodies with modulatory function against rat and human glycine receptor alpha 1 (GlyRα1) and/or GlyRα3. These antibodies have activating (i.e., positive modulator) or inhibiting (i.e., negative modulator) profiles. Moreover, GlyRα3 selectivity was successfully achieved for two of the three positive modulators identified. When dosed intravenously, the antibodies achieved sufficient brain exposure to cover their calculated in vitro EC50 values. When compared head-to-head at identical exposures, the GlyRα3-selective antibody showed a more desirable safety profile over the nonselective antibody, thus demonstrating, for the first time, an advantage for GlyRα3-selectivity. Our data show that ligand-gated ion channels of the glycine receptor family within the central nervous system can be functionally modulated by engineered biologics in a dose-dependent manner and that, despite high protein homology between the alpha subunits, selectivity can be achieved within this receptor family, resulting in future therapeutic candidates with more desirable drug safety profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study presents immunization and multiplatform screening approaches to generate a diverse library of functional antibodies (agonist, potentiator, or inhibitory) raised against human glycine receptors (GlyRs). This study also demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring alpha subunit selectivity, a desirable therapeutic profile. When tested in vivo, these tool molecules demonstrated an increased safety profile in favor of GlyRα3-selectivity. These are the first reported functional GlyR antibodies that may open new avenues to treating central nervous system diseases with subunit selective biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Simard
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Klaus Michelsen
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Beth Youngblood
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Barbara Grubinska
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kristin Taborn
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Daniel J Gillie
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kevin Cook
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kyu Chung
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Alexander M Long
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Brian E Hall
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Paul L Shaffer
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Robert S Foti
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
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17
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Peiser-Oliver JM, Evans S, Adams DJ, Christie MJ, Vandenberg RJ, Mohammadi SA. Glycinergic Modulation of Pain in Behavioral Animal Models. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860903. [PMID: 35694265 PMCID: PMC9174897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human pain conditions allow for detailed interrogation of known and hypothesized mechanisms of pain physiology in awake, behaving organisms. The importance of the glycinergic system for pain modulation is well known; however, manipulation of this system to treat and alleviate pain has not yet reached the sophistication required for the clinic. Here, we review the current literature on what animal behavioral studies have allowed us to elucidate about glycinergic pain modulation, and the progress toward clinical treatments so far. First, we outline the animal pain models that have been used, such as nerve injury models for neuropathic pain, chemogenic pain models for acute and inflammatory pain, and other models that mimic painful human pathologies such as diabetic neuropathy. We then discuss the genetic approaches to animal models that have identified the crucial glycinergic machinery involved in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Specifically, two glycine receptor (GlyR) subtypes, GlyRα1(β) and GlyRα3(β), and the two glycine transporters (GlyT), GlyT1 and GlyT2. Finally, we review the different pharmacological approaches to manipulating the glycinergic system for pain management in animal models, such as partial vs. full agonism, reversibility, and multi-target approaches. We discuss the benefits and pitfalls of using animal models in drug development broadly, as well as the progress of glycinergic treatments from preclinical to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Evans
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Sarasa A. Mohammadi
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sarasa A. Mohammadi,
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18
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San Martín VP, Sazo A, Utreras E, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptor Subtypes and Their Roles in Nociception and Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848642. [PMID: 35401105 PMCID: PMC8984470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the inhibitory control provided by the glycinergic system is one of the major mechanisms underlying chronic pain. In line with this concept, recent studies have provided robust proof that pharmacological intervention of glycine receptors (GlyRs) restores the inhibitory function and exerts anti-nociceptive effects on preclinical models of chronic pain. A targeted regulation of the glycinergic system requires the identification of the GlyR subtypes involved in chronic pain states. Nevertheless, the roles of individual GlyR subunits in nociception and in chronic pain are yet not well defined. This review aims to provide a systematic outline on the contribution of GlyR subtypes in chronic pain mechanisms, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition mediated by post-translational modifications at the receptor level. The current experimental evidence has shown that phosphorylation of synaptic α1β and α3β GlyRs are involved in processes of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition triggered by chronic inflammatory pain. On the other hand, the participation of α2-containing GlyRs and of β subunits in pain signaling have been less studied and remain undefined. Although many questions in the field are still unresolved, future progress in GlyR research may soon open new exciting avenues into understanding and controlling chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo E. Yévenes,
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19
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Marcogliese PC, Deal SL, Andrews J, Harnish JM, Bhavana VH, Graves HK, Jangam S, Luo X, Liu N, Bei D, Chao YH, Hull B, Lee PT, Pan H, Bhadane P, Huang MC, Longley CM, Chao HT, Chung HL, Haelterman NA, Kanca O, Manivannan SN, Rossetti LZ, German RJ, Gerard A, Schwaibold EMC, Fehr S, Guerrini R, Vetro A, England E, Murali CN, Barakat TS, van Dooren MF, Wilke M, van Slegtenhorst M, Lesca G, Sabatier I, Chatron N, Brownstein CA, Madden JA, Agrawal PB, Keren B, Courtin T, Perrin L, Brugger M, Roser T, Leiz S, Mau-Them FT, Delanne J, Sukarova-Angelovska E, Trajkova S, Rosenhahn E, Strehlow V, Platzer K, Keller R, Pavinato L, Brusco A, Rosenfeld JA, Marom R, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S. Drosophila functional screening of de novo variants in autism uncovers damaging variants and facilitates discovery of rare neurodevelopmental diseases. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110517. [PMID: 35294868 PMCID: PMC8983390 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit an increased burden of de novo mutations (DNMs) in a broadening range of genes. While these studies have implicated hundreds of genes in ASD pathogenesis, which DNMs cause functional consequences in vivo remains unclear. We functionally test the effects of ASD missense DNMs using Drosophila through "humanization" rescue and overexpression-based strategies. We examine 79 ASD variants in 74 genes identified in the Simons Simplex Collection and find 38% of them to cause functional alterations. Moreover, we identify GLRA2 as the cause of a spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes beyond ASD in 13 previously undiagnosed subjects. Functional characterization of variants in ASD candidate genes points to conserved neurobiological mechanisms and facilitates gene discovery for rare neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samantha L Deal
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Hemanjani Bhavana
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hillary K Graves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sharayu Jangam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Danqing Bei
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brooke Hull
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongling Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pradnya Bhadane
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Chu Huang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colleen M Longley
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute, The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathiya N Manivannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan J German
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Gerard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sarah Fehr
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleina England
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke F van Dooren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Sabatier
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine A Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Madden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetic Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP.Nord-Université de Paris, Paris 75019, France
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Roser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hospital Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Julian Delanne
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elena Sukarova-Angelovska
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetics, University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Slavica Trajkova
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erik Rosenhahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Center, Mental Health Department, Health Unit ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Ronit Marom
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Bupivacaine reduces GlyT1 expression by potentiating the p-AMPKα/BDNF signalling pathway in spinal astrocytes of rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1378. [PMID: 35082359 PMCID: PMC8792009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bupivacaine, a local anaesthetic, is widely applied in the epidural or subarachnoid space to clinically manage acute and chronic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex and unclear. Glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) in the spinal cord plays a critical role in various pathologic pain conditions. Therefore, we sought to determine whether bupivacaine exerts its analgesic effect by regulating GlyT1 expression and to determine the underlying mechanisms of regulation. Primary astrocytes prepared from the spinal cord of rats were treated with bupivacaine. The protein levels of GlyT1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα) were measured by western blotting or immunofluorescence. In addition, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF, BDNF receptor agonist) and AMPK shRNA were applied to verify the relationship between the regulation of GlyT1 by bupivacaine and the p-AMPKα/BDNF signalling pathway. After treatment with bupivacaine, GlyT1 expression was diminished in a concentration-dependent manner, while the expression of BDNF and p-AMPK was increased. Moreover, 7,8-DHF decreased GlyT1 expression, and AMPK knockdown suppressed the upregulation of BDNF expression by bupivacaine. Finally, we concluded that bupivacaine reduced GlyT1 expression in spinal astrocytes by activating the p-AMPKα/BDNF signalling pathway. These results provide a new mechanism for the analgesic effect of intrathecal bupivacaine in the treatment of acute and chronic pain.
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21
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Glycine Transporters and Receptors as Targets for Analgesics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111676. [PMID: 34827674 PMCID: PMC8615606 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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22
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Nin-Hill A, Mueller NPF, Molteni C, Rovira C, Alfonso-Prieto M. Photopharmacology of Ion Channels through the Light of the Computational Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12072. [PMID: 34769504 PMCID: PMC8584574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical control and investigation of neuronal activity can be achieved and carried out with photoswitchable ligands. Such compounds are designed in a modular fashion, combining a known ligand of the target protein and a photochromic group, as well as an additional electrophilic group for tethered ligands. Such a design strategy can be optimized by including structural data. In addition to experimental structures, computational methods (such as homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling techniques) can provide structural insights to guide photoswitch design and to understand the observed light-regulated effects. This review discusses the application of such structure-based computational methods to photoswitchable ligands targeting voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. Structural mapping may help identify residues near the ligand binding pocket amenable for mutagenesis and covalent attachment. Modeling of the target protein in a complex with the photoswitchable ligand can shed light on the different activities of the two photoswitch isomers and the effect of site-directed mutations on photoswitch binding, as well as ion channel subtype selectivity. The examples presented here show how the integration of computational modeling with experimental data can greatly facilitate photoswitchable ligand design and optimization. Recent advances in structural biology, both experimental and computational, are expected to further strengthen this rational photopharmacology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
| | - Nicolas Pierre Friedrich Mueller
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Molteni
- Physics Department, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Werynska K, Gingras J, Benke D, Scheurer L, Neumann E, Zeilhofer HU. A Glra3 phosphodeficient mouse mutant establishes the critical role of protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of glycine receptors in spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia. Pain 2021; 162:2436-2445. [PMID: 34264571 PMCID: PMC8374710 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glycinergic neurons and glycine receptors (GlyRs) exert a critical control over spinal nociception. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key inflammatory mediator produced in the spinal cord in response to peripheral inflammation, inhibits a certain subtype of GlyRs (α3GlyR) that is defined by the inclusion of α3 subunits and distinctly expressed in the lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn, ie, at the site where most nociceptive nerve fibers terminate. Previous work has shown that the hyperalgesic effect of spinal PGE2 is lost in mice lacking α3GlyRs and suggested that this phenotype results from the prevention of PGE2-evoked protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of α3GlyRs. However, direct proof for a contribution of this phosphorylation event to inflammatory hyperalgesia was still lacking. To address this knowledge gap, a phospho-deficient mouse line was generated that carries a serine to alanine point mutation at a strong consensus site for PKA-dependent phosphorylation in the long intracellular loop of the GlyR α3 subunit. These mice showed unaltered spinal expression of GlyR α3 subunits. In behavioral experiments, they showed no alterations in baseline nociception, but were protected from the hyperalgesic effects of intrathecally injected PGE2 and exhibited markedly reduced inflammatory hyperalgesia. These behavioral phenotypes closely recapitulate those found previously in GlyR α3-deficient mice. Our results thus firmly establish the crucial role of PKA-dependent phosphorylation of α3GlyRs in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Werynska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Scheurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. Dr. Gingras is now with Homology Medicines, Inc, Bedford, MA, United States
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24
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Miranda CO, Hegedüs K, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Antal M. Morphological and neurochemical characterization of glycinergic neurons in laminae I-IV of the mouse spinal dorsal horn. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:607-626. [PMID: 34382691 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of experimental evidence shows that glycinergic inhibition plays vital roles in spinal pain processing. In spite of this, however, our knowledge about the morphology, neurochemical characteristics, and synaptic relations of glycinergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn is very limited. The lack of this knowledge makes our understanding about the specific contribution of glycinergic neurons to spinal pain processing quite vague. Here we investigated the morphology and neurochemical characteristics of glycinergic neurons in laminae I-IV of the spinal dorsal horn using a GlyT2::CreERT2-tdTomato transgenic mouse line. Confirming previous reports, we show that glycinergic neurons are sparsely distributed in laminae I-II, but their densities are much higher in lamina III and especially in lamina IV. First in the literature, we provide experimental evidence indicating that in addition to neurons in which glycine colocalizes with GABA, there are glycinergic neurons in laminae I-II that do not express GABA and can thus be referred to as glycine-only neurons. According to the shape and size of cell bodies and dendritic morphology, we divided the tdTomato-labeled glycinergic neurons into three and six morphological groups in laminae I-II and laminae III-IV, respectively. We also demonstrate that most of the glycinergic neurons co-express neuronal nitric oxide synthase, parvalbumin, the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, and the retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor β (RORβ), but there might be others that need further neurochemical characterization. The present findings may foster our understanding about the contribution of glycinergic inhibition to spinal pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Oliveira Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Hegedüs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kuo A, Corradini L, Nicholson JR, Smith MT. Assessment of the Anti-Allodynic and Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of a Glycine Transporter 2 Inhibitor Relative to Pregabalin, Duloxetine and Indomethacin in a Rat Model of Cisplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070940. [PMID: 34202809 PMCID: PMC8301897 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, which is a chemotherapy drug listed on the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines, commonly induces dose-limiting side effects including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) that has a major negative impact on quality of life in cancer survivors. Although adjuvant drugs including anticonvulsants and antidepressants are used for the relief of CIPN, analgesia is often unsatisfactory. Herein, we used a rat model of CIPN (cisplatin) to assess the effect of a glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) inhibitor, relative to pregabalin, duloxetine, indomethacin and vehicle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with cisplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia in the bilateral hindpaws received oral bolus doses of the GlyT2 inhibitor (3-30 mg/kg), pregabalin (3-100 mg/kg), duloxetine (3-100 mg/kg), indomethacin (1-10 mg/kg) or vehicle. The GlyT2 inhibitor alleviated both mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in the bilateral hindpaws at a dose of 10 mg/kg, but not at higher or lower doses. Pregabalin and indomethacin induced dose-dependent relief of mechanical allodynia but duloxetine lacked efficacy. Pregabalin and duloxetine alleviated mechanical hyperalgesia in the bilateral hindpaws while indomethacin lacked efficacy. The mechanism underpinning pain relief induced by the GlyT2 inhibitor at 10 mg/kg is likely due to increased glycinergic inhibition in the lumbar spinal cord, although the bell-shaped dose-response curve warrants further translational considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kuo
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Laura Corradini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (L.C.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Janet R. Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (L.C.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Zeilhofer HU, Werynska K, Gingras J, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Control-An Update. Biomolecules 2021; 11:846. [PMID: 34204137 PMCID: PMC8228028 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished inhibitory control of spinal nociception is one of the major culprits of chronic pain states. Restoring proper synaptic inhibition is a well-established rational therapeutic approach explored by several pharmaceutical companies. A particular challenge arises from the need for site-specific intervention to avoid deleterious side effects such as sedation, addiction, or impaired motor control, which would arise from wide-range facilitation of inhibition. Specific targeting of glycinergic inhibition, which dominates in the spinal cord and parts of the hindbrain, may help reduce these side effects. Selective targeting of the α3 subtype of glycine receptors (GlyRs), which is highly enriched in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn, a key site of nociceptive processing, may help to further narrow down pharmacological intervention on the nociceptive system and increase tolerability. This review provides an update on the physiological properties and functions of α3 subtype GlyRs and on the present state of related drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Werynska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Homology Medicines Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA;
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Small A, Fisher AD, Lee C, Colditz I. Analgesia for Sheep in Commercial Production: Where to Next? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041127. [PMID: 33920025 PMCID: PMC8070992 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on industry to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Although a number of analgesic solutions are now available for sheep, providing some amelioration of the acute pain responses, this review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research. Abstract Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on livestock production industries to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Over the past 15–20 years, there has been considerable research effort to understand and develop mitigation strategies for painful husbandry procedures in sheep, leading to the successful launch of analgesic approaches specific to sheep in a number of countries. However, even with multi-modal approaches to analgesia, using both local anaesthetic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), pain is not obliterated, and the challenge of pain mitigation and phasing out of painful husbandry practices remains. It is timely to review and reflect on progress to date in order to strategically focus on the most important challenges, and the avenues which offer the greatest potential to be incorporated into industry practice in a process of continuous improvement. A structured, systematic literature search was carried out, incorporating peer-reviewed scientific literature in the period 2000–2019. An enormous volume of research is underway, testament to the fact that we have not solved the pain and analgesia challenge for any species, including our own. This review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Small
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6776-1435
| | - Andrew David Fisher
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Caroline Lee
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Colditz
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
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Barsch L, Werdehausen R, Leffler A, Eulenburg V. Modulation of Glycinergic Neurotransmission may Contribute to the Analgesic Effects of Propacetamol. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040493. [PMID: 33805979 PMCID: PMC8064320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating neuropathic pain remains challenging, and therefore new pharmacological strategies are urgently required. Here, the enhancement of glycinergic neurotransmission by either facilitating glycine receptors (GlyR) or inhibiting glycine transporter (GlyT) function to increase extracellular glycine concentration appears promising. Propacetamol is a N,N-diethylester of acetaminophen, a non-opioid analgesic used to treat mild pain conditions. In vivo, it is hydrolysed into N,N-diethylglycine (DEG) and acetaminophen. DEG has structural similarities to known alternative GlyT1 substrates. In this study, we analyzed possible effects of propacetamol, or its metabolite N,N-diethylglycine (DEG), on GlyRs or GlyTs function by using a two-electrode voltage clamp approach in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our data demonstrate that, although propacetamol or acetaminophen had no effect on the function of the analysed glycine-responsive proteins, the propacetamol metabolite DEG acted as a low-affine substrate for both GlyT1 (EC50 > 7.6 mM) and GlyT2 (EC50 > 5.2 mM). It also acted as a mild positive allosteric modulator of GlyRα1 function at intermediate concentrations. Taken together, our data show that DEG influences both glycine transporter and receptor function, and therefore could facilitate glycinergic neurotransmission in a multimodal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Barsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.B.); (R.W.)
| | - Robert Werdehausen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.B.); (R.W.)
| | - Andreas Leffler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.B.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9710598
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Brill SE, Maraslioglu A, Kurz C, Kramer F, Fuhr MF, Singh A, Friauf E. Glycinergic Transmission in the Presence and Absence of Functional GlyT2: Lessons From the Auditory Brainstem. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 12:560008. [PMID: 33633558 PMCID: PMC7900164 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.560008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is controlled by re-uptake systems that reduce transmitter concentrations in the synaptic cleft and recycle the transmitter into presynaptic terminals. The re-uptake systems are thought to ensure cytosolic concentrations in the terminals that are sufficient for reloading empty synaptic vesicles (SVs). Genetic deletion of glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) results in severely disrupted inhibitory neurotransmission and ultimately to death. Here we investigated the role of GlyT2 at inhibitory glycinergic synapses in the mammalian auditory brainstem. These synapses are tuned for resilience, reliability, and precision, even during sustained high-frequency stimulation when endocytosis and refilling of SVs probably contribute substantially to efficient replenishment of the readily releasable pool (RRP). Such robust synapses are formed between MNTB and LSO neurons (medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral superior olive). By means of patch-clamp recordings, we assessed the synaptic performance in controls, in GlyT2 knockout mice (KOs), and upon acute pharmacological GlyT2 blockade. Via computational modeling, we calculated the reoccupation rate of empty release sites and RRP replenishment kinetics during 60-s challenge and 60-s recovery periods. Control MNTB-LSO inputs maintained high fidelity neurotransmission at 50 Hz for 60 s and recovered very efficiently from synaptic depression. During 'marathon-experiments' (30,600 stimuli in 20 min), RRP replenishment accumulated to 1,260-fold. In contrast, KO inputs featured severe impairments. For example, the input number was reduced to ~1 (vs. ~4 in controls), implying massive functional degeneration of the MNTB-LSO microcircuit and a role of GlyT2 during synapse maturation. Surprisingly, neurotransmission did not collapse completely in KOs as inputs still replenished their small RRP 80-fold upon 50 Hz | 60 s challenge. However, they totally failed to do so for extended periods. Upon acute pharmacological GlyT2 inactivation, synaptic performance remained robust, in stark contrast to KOs. RRP replenishment was 865-fold in marathon-experiments, only ~1/3 lower than in controls. Collectively, our empirical and modeling results demonstrate that GlyT2 re-uptake activity is not the dominant factor in the SV recycling pathway that imparts indefatigability to MNTB-LSO synapses. We postulate that additional glycine sources, possibly the antiporter Asc-1, contribute to RRP replenishment at these high-fidelity brainstem synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina E Brill
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ayse Maraslioglu
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Catharina Kurz
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florian Kramer
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin F Fuhr
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Eckhard Friauf
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Subunit-Specific Photocontrol of Glycine Receptors by Azobenzene-Nitrazepam Photoswitcher. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0294-20.2020. [PMID: 33298457 PMCID: PMC7877471 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0294-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopharmacology is a unique approach that through a combination of photochemistry methods and advanced life science techniques allows the study and control of specific biological processes, ranging from intracellular pathways to brain circuits. Recently, a first photochromic channel blocker of anion-selective GABAA receptors, the azobenzene-nitrazepam-based photochromic compound (Azo-NZ1), has been described. In the present study, using patch-clamp technique in heterologous system and in mice brain slices, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling we provide evidence of the interaction of Azo-NZ1 with glycine receptors (GlyRs) and determine the molecular basis of this interaction. Glycinergic synaptic neurotransmission determines an important inhibitory drive in the vertebrate nervous system and plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal circuits in the spinal cord and brain stem. GlyRs are involved in locomotion, pain sensation, breathing, and auditory function, as well as in the development of such disorders as hyperekplexia, epilepsy, and autism. Here, we demonstrate that Azo-NZ1 blocks in a UV-dependent manner the activity of α2 GlyRs (GlyR2), while being barely active on α1 GlyRs (GlyR1). The site of Azo-NZ1 action is in the chloride-selective pore of GlyR at the 2’ position of transmembrane helix 2 and amino acids forming this site determine the difference in Azo-NZ1 blocking activity between GlyR2 and GlyR1. This subunit-specific modulation is also shown on motoneurons of brainstem slices from neonatal mice that switch during development from expressing “fetal” GlyR2 to “adult” GlyR1 receptors.
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32
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Sheipouri D, Gallagher CI, Shimmon S, Rawling T, Vandenberg RJ. A System for Assessing Dual Action Modulators of Glycine Transporters and Glycine Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121618. [PMID: 33266066 PMCID: PMC7760315 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission is implicated in a number of neurological conditions such as neuropathic pain, schizophrenia, epilepsy and hyperekplexia. Restoring glycinergic signalling may be an effective method of treating these pathologies. Glycine transporters (GlyTs) control synaptic and extra-synaptic glycine concentrations and slowing the reuptake of glycine using specific GlyT inhibitors will increase glycine extracellular concentrations and increase glycine receptor (GlyR) activation. Glycinergic neurotransmission can also be improved through positive allosteric modulation (PAM) of GlyRs. Despite efforts to manipulate this synapse, no therapeutics currently target it. We propose that dual action modulators of both GlyTs and GlyRs may show greater therapeutic potential than those targeting individual proteins. To show this, we have characterized a co-expression system in Xenopus laevis oocytes consisting of GlyT1 or GlyT2 co-expressed with GlyRα1. We use two electrode voltage clamp recording techniques to measure the impact of GlyTs on GlyRs and the effects of modulators of these proteins. We show that increases in GlyT density in close proximity to GlyRs diminish receptor currents. Reductions in GlyR mediated currents are not observed when non-transportable GlyR agonists are applied or when Na+ is not available. GlyTs reduce glycine concentrations across different concentration ranges, corresponding with their ion-coupling stoichiometry, and full receptor currents can be restored when GlyTs are blocked with selective inhibitors. We show that partial inhibition of GlyT2 and modest GlyRα1 potentiation using a dual action compound, is as useful in restoring GlyR currents as a full and potent single target GlyT2 inhibitor or single target GlyRα1 PAM. The co-expression system developed in this study will provide a robust means for assessing the likely impact of GlyR PAMs and GlyT inhibitors on glycine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diba Sheipouri
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.S.); (C.I.G.)
| | - Casey I. Gallagher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.S.); (C.I.G.)
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (S.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Robert J. Vandenberg
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.S.); (C.I.G.)
- Correspondence:
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The anticonvulsant zonisamide positively modulates recombinant and native glycine receptors at clinically relevant concentrations. Neuropharmacology 2020; 182:108371. [PMID: 33122032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
GABAA and glycine receptors mediate fast synaptic inhibitory neurotransmission. Despite studies showing that activation of cerebral glycine receptors could be a potential strategy in the treatment of epilepsy, few studies have assessed the effects of existing anticonvulsant therapies on recombinant or native glycine receptors. We, therefore, evaluated the actions of a series of anticonvulsants at recombinant human homo-oligomeric glycine receptor α1, α2 and α3 subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage-clamp methods, and then assessed the most effective drug at native glycine receptors from entorhinal cortex neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. Ganaxolone, tiagabine and zonisamide positively modulated glycine induced currents at recombinant homomeric glycine receptors. Of these, zonisamide was the most efficacious and exhibited an EC50 value ranging between 450 and 560 μM at α1, α2 and α3 subtypes. These values were not significantly different indicating a non-selective modulation of glycine receptors. Using a therapeutic concentration of zonisamide (100 μM), the potency of glycine was significantly shifted from 106 to 56 μM at α1, 185 to 112 μM at α2, and 245 to 91 μM at α3 receptors. Furthermore, zonisamide (100 μM) potentiated exogenous homomeric and heteromeric glycine mediated currents from layer II pyramidal cells of the lateral or medial entorhinal cortex. As therapeutic concentrations of zonisamide positively modulate recombinant and native glycine receptors, we propose that the anticonvulsant effects of zonisamide may, at least in part, be mediated via this action.
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Yao L, Liu C, Wang N, Du F, Fan S, Guo Y, Zhang L, Pan Y, Xiong W. Cholesterol regulates cannabinoid analgesia through glycine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Steliga A, Kowiański P, Czuba E, Waśkow M, Moryś J, Lietzau G. Neurovascular Unit as a Source of Ischemic Stroke Biomarkers-Limitations of Experimental Studies and Perspectives for Clinical Application. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:553-579. [PMID: 31701356 PMCID: PMC7340668 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke, which is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and leading cause of disability in developed countries, often leads to devastating and irreversible brain damage. Neurological and neuroradiological diagnosis of stroke, especially in its acute phase, is frequently uncertain or inconclusive. This results in difficulties in identification of patients with poor prognosis or being at high risk for complications. It also makes difficult identification of these stroke patients who could benefit from more aggressive therapies. In contrary to the cardiovascular disease, no single biomarker is available for the ischemic stroke, addressing the abovementioned issues. This justifies the need for identifying of effective diagnostic measures characterized by high specificity and sensitivity. One of the promising avenues in this area is studies on the panels of biomarkers characteristic for processes which occur in different types and phases of ischemic stroke and represent all morphological constituents of the brains' neurovascular unit (NVU). In this review, we present the current state of knowledge concerning already-used or potentially applicable biomarkers of the ischemic stroke. We also discuss the perspectives for identification of biomarkers representative for different types and phases of the ischemic stroke, as well as for different constituents of NVU, which concentration levels correlate with extent of brain damage and patients' neurological status. Finally, a critical analysis of perspectives on further improvement of the ischemic stroke diagnosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Czuba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Waśkow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Lietzau
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Muñoz-Montesino C, Burgos CF, Lara CO, Riquelme CR, Flaig D, San Martin VP, Aguayo LG, Fuentealba J, Castro PA, Guzmán L, Yévenes GE, Moraga-Cid G. Inhibition of the Glycine Receptor alpha 3 Function by Colchicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1143. [PMID: 32903667 PMCID: PMC7438739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colchicine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used as a therapeutic agent. It is widely accepted that colchicine reduces the production of inflammatory mediators mainly by altering cytoskeleton dynamics due to its microtubule polymerization inhibitory activity. However, other lines of evidence have shown that colchicine exerts direct actions on the function of ion channels, which are independent of cytoskeleton alterations. Colchicine is able to modify the function of several pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, including glycine receptors (GlyRs). Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that colchicine act as an antagonist of GlyRs composed by the α1 subunit. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that colchicine directly bind to the α3 subunit of GlyRs. Interestingly, other studies have shown a main role of α3GlyRs on chronic inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, the functional effects of colchicine on the α3GlyR function are still unknown. Here, by using electrophysiological techniques and bioinformatics, we show that colchicine inhibited the function of the α3GlyRs. Colchicine elicited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on α3GlyRs at micromolar range and decreased the apparent affinity for glycine. Single-channel recordings show that the colchicine inhibition is associated with a decrease in the open probability of the ion channel. Molecular docking assays suggest that colchicine preferentially bind to the orthosteric site in the closed state of the ion channel. Altogether, our results suggest that colchicine is a competitive antagonist of the α3GlyRs.
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Mechanisms of activation and desensitization of full-length glycine receptor in lipid nanodiscs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3752. [PMID: 32719334 PMCID: PMC7385131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycinergic synapses play a central role in motor control and pain processing in the central nervous system. Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are key players in mediating fast inhibitory neurotransmission at these synapses. While previous high-resolution structures have provided insights into the molecular architecture of GlyR, several mechanistic questions pertaining to channel function are still unanswered. Here, we present Cryo-EM structures of the full-length GlyR protein complex reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs that are captured in the unliganded (closed), glycine-bound (open and desensitized), and allosteric modulator-bound conformations. A comparison of these states reveals global conformational changes underlying GlyR channel gating and modulation. The functional state assignments were validated by molecular dynamics simulations, and the observed permeation events are in agreement with the anion selectivity and conductance of GlyR. These studies provide the structural basis for gating, ion selectivity, and single-channel conductance properties of GlyR in a lipid environment. Glycinergic synapses play a central role in motor control and pain processing in the central nervous system. Here, authors present cryo-EM structures of the full-length glycine receptors (GlyRs) reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs in the unliganded, glycine-bound and allosteric modulator-bound conformations and reveal global conformational changes underlying GlyR channel gating and modulation.
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Cerdan AH, Sisquellas M, Pereira G, Barreto Gomes DE, Changeux JP, Cecchini M. The Glycine Receptor Allosteric Ligands Library (GRALL). Bioinformatics 2020; 36:3379-3384. [PMID: 32163115 PMCID: PMC7267813 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Glycine receptors (GlyRs) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain and have been recognized as key pharmacological targets for pain. A large number of chemically diverse compounds that are able to modulate GlyR function both positively and negatively have been reported, which provides useful information for the development of pharmacological strategies and models for the allosteric modulation of these ion channels. RESULTS Based on existing literature, we have collected 218 unique chemical entities with documented modulatory activities at homomeric GlyR-α1 and -α3 and built a database named GRALL. This collection includes agonists, antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators and a number of experimentally inactive compounds. Most importantly, for a large fraction of them a structural annotation based on their putative binding site on the receptor is provided. This type of annotation, which is currently missing in other drug banks, along with the availability of cooperativity factors from radioligand displacement experiments are expected to improve the predictivity of in silico methodologies for allosteric drug discovery and boost the development of conformation-based pharmacological approaches. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The GRALL library is distributed as a web-accessible database at the following link: https://ifm.chimie.unistra.fr/grall. For each molecular entry, it provides information on the chemical structure, the ligand-binding site, the direction of modulation, the potency, the 3D molecular structure and quantum-mechanical charges as determined by our in-house pipeline. CONTACT mcecchini@unistra.fr. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien H Cerdan
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Channel-Receptors Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marion Sisquellas
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Gilberto Pereira
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Diego E Barreto Gomes
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida-Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Duque de Caxias 25.250-020, Brazil
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- CNRS, URA 2182, F-75015, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Moraga-Cid G, San Martín VP, Lara CO, Muñoz B, Marileo AM, Sazo A, Muñoz-Montesino C, Fuentealba J, Castro PA, Guzmán L, Burgos CF, Zeilhofer HU, Aguayo LG, Corringer PJ, Yévenes GE. Modulation of glycine receptor single-channel conductance by intracellular phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4804. [PMID: 32179786 PMCID: PMC7076024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are anion-permeable pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). The GlyR activation is critical for the control of key neurophysiological functions, such as motor coordination, respiratory control, muscle tone and pain processing. The relevance of the GlyR function is further highlighted by the presence of abnormal glycinergic inhibition in many pathophysiological states, such as hyperekplexia, epilepsy, autism and chronic pain. In this context, previous studies have shown that the functional inhibition of GlyRs containing the α3 subunit is a pivotal mechanism of pain hypersensitivity. This pathway involves the activation of EP2 receptors and the subsequent PKA-dependent phosphorylation of α3GlyRs within the intracellular domain (ICD), which decrease the GlyR-associated currents and enhance neuronal excitability. Despite the importance of this mechanism of glycinergic dis-inhibition associated with dysfunctional α3GlyRs, our current understanding of the molecular events involved is limited. Here, we report that the activation of PKA signaling pathway decreases the unitary conductance of α3GlyRs. We show in addition that the substitution of the PKA-targeted serine with a negatively charged residue within the ICD of α3GlyRs and of chimeric receptors combining bacterial GLIC and α3GlyR was sufficient to generate receptors with reduced conductance. Thus, our findings reveal a potential biophysical mechanism of glycinergic dis-inhibition and suggest that post-translational modifications of the ICD, such as phosphorylation, may shape the conductance of other pLGICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Victoria P San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cesar O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Braulio Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ana M Marileo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Hanns U Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8090, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Lara CO, Burgos CF, Moraga-Cid G, Carrasco MA, Yévenes GE. Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels as Pharmacological Targets Against Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32218730 PMCID: PMC7079299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common detrimental condition that affects around 20% of the world population. The current drugs to treat chronic pain states, especially neuropathic pain, have a limited clinical efficiency and present significant adverse effects that complicates their regular use. Recent studies have proposed new therapeutic strategies focused on the pharmacological modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion channels expressed on the nociceptive pathways. The present work intends to summarize recent advances on the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which plays a key role in pain processing. Experimental data have shown that novel allosteric modulators targeting the excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors, reverse chronic pain-related behaviors in preclinical assays. Collectively, these evidences strongly suggest the pharmacological modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels is a promising strategy towards the development of novel therapeutics to treat chronic pain states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- César O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Mónica A Carrasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Nesterkina M, Ognichenko L, Shyrykalova A, Kravchenko I, Kuz’min V. QSAR models for analgesic activity prediction of terpenes and their derivatives. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fratev F, Miranda-Arango M, Lopez AB, Padilla E, Sirimulla S. Discovery of GlyT2 Inhibitors Using Structure-Based Pharmacophore Screening and Selectivity Studies by FEP+ Calculations. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:904-910. [PMID: 31223446 PMCID: PMC6580377 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mammalian Glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) has emerged as a promising target for the development of compounds against chronic pain states. In our current work, we discovered a new set of promising hits that inhibit the glycine transporter at nano- and micromolar activity and have excellent selectivity over GlyT1 (as shown by in vitro studies) using a newly designed virtual screening (VS) protocol that combines a structure-based pharmacophore and docking screens with a success rate of 75%. Furthermore, the free energy perturbation calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) studies revealed the GlyT2 amino acid residues critical for the binding and selectivity of both Glycine and our Hit1 compound. The FEP+ results well-matched with the available literature mutational data proving the quality of the generated GlyT2 structure. On the basis of these results, we propose that our hit compounds may lead to new chronic pain agents to address unmet and challenging clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Fratev
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Micar21 Ltd., Persenk 34B, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Manuel Miranda-Arango
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Ashley Bryan Lopez
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Elvia Padilla
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
| | - Suman Sirimulla
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Lara CO, Burgos CF, Silva-Grecchi T, Muñoz-Montesino C, Aguayo LG, Fuentealba J, Castro PA, Guzmán JL, Corringer PJ, Yévenes GE, Moraga-Cid G. Large Intracellular Domain-Dependent Effects of Positive Allosteric Modulators on Glycine Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2551-2559. [PMID: 30893555 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are members of the pentameric ligand-gated ionic channel family (pLGICs) and mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain stem and spinal cord. The function of GlyRs can be modulated by positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). So far, it is largely accepted that both the extracellular (ECD) and transmembrane (TMD) domains constitute the primary target for many of these PAMs. On the other hand, the contribution of the intracellular domain (ICD) to the PAM effects on GlyRs remains poorly understood. To gain insight about the role of the ICD in the pharmacology of GlyRs, we examined the contribution of each domain using a chimeric receptor. Two chimeras were generated, one consisting of the ECD of the prokaryotic homologue Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC) fused to the TMD of the human α1GlyR lacking the ICD (Lily) and a second with the ICD (Lily-ICD). The sensitivity to PAMs of both chimeric receptors was studied using electrophysiological techniques. The Lily receptor showed a significant decrease in the sensitivity to four recognized PAMs. Remarkably, the incorporation of the ICD into the Lily background was sufficient to restore the wild-type α1GlyR sensitivity to these PAMs. Based on these data, we can suggest that the ICD is necessary to form a pLGIC having full sensitivity to positive allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar O. Lara
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos F. Burgos
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Tiare Silva-Grecchi
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Castro
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Jose L. Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
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San Martín VP, Burgos CF, Marileo AM, Lara CO, Sazo A, Fuentealba J, Guzmán L, Castro PA, Aguayo LG, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Inhibitory Actions of Tropeines on the α3 Glycine Receptor Function. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:331. [PMID: 31024303 PMCID: PMC6465966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are chloride-permeable pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. The inhibitory activity of GlyRs is essential for many physiological processes, such as motor control and respiration. In addition, several pathological states, such as hyperekplexia, epilepsy, and chronic pain, are associated with abnormal glycinergic inhibition. Recent studies have pointed out that positive allosteric modulators targeting the GlyR α3 subunit (α3GlyR) displayed beneficial effects in chronic pain models. Interestingly, previous electrophysiological studies have shown that tropeines, which are a family of synthetic antagonists of the serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs), potentiate the activity of GlyRs conformed by α1 subunits. However, despite its importance as a pharmacological target in chronic pain, it is currently unknown whether the α3GlyR function is modulated by tropeines. Using electrophysiological techniques and molecular docking simulations, here we show that tropeines are inhibitors of the α3GlyR function. Tropisetron, a prototypical tropeine, exerted concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on α3GlyRs at the low micromolar range. In addition, three other tropeines showed similar effects. Single-channel recordings show that tropisetron inhibition is associated with a decrease in the open probability of the ion channel. Molecular docking assays suggest that tropeines preferentially bind to an agonist-free, closed state of the ion channel. The tropeine binding occurs in a discrete pocket around the vicinity of the orthosteric site within the extracellular domain of α3GlyR. Thus, our results describe the pharmacological modulation of tropeines on α3GlyRs. These findings may contribute to the development of GlyR-selective tropeine derivatives for basic and/or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana M Marileo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cesar O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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van Amerongen G, Siebenga PS, Gurrell R, Dua P, Whitlock M, Gorman D, Okkerse P, Hay JL, Butt RP, Groeneveld GJ. Analgesic potential of PF-06372865, an α2/α3/α5 subtype-selective GABA A partial agonist, in humans. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e194-e203. [PMID: 30915991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the analgesic effects of two doses (15 and 65 mg) of PF-06372865, a novel α2/α3/α5 gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) subunit selective partial positive allosteric modulator (PAM), compared with placebo and pregabalin (300 mg) as a positive control. METHODS We performed a randomised placebo-controlled crossover study (NCT02238717) in 20 healthy subjects, using a battery of pain tasks (electrical, pressure, heat, cold and inflammatory pain, including a paradigm of conditioned pain modulation). Pharmacodynamic measurements were performed at baseline and up to 10 h after dose. RESULTS A dose of 15 mg PF-06372865 increased pain tolerance thresholds (PTTs) for pressure pain at a ratio of 1.11 (90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.22) compared with placebo. A dose of 65 mg PF-06372865 led to an increase in PTT for the cold pressor at a ratio of 1.17 (90% CI: 1.03, 1.32), and pressure pain task: 1.11 (90% CI: 1.01, 1.21). Pregabalin showed an increase in PTT for pressure pain at a ratio of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.26) and cold pressor task: 1.31 (90% CI: 1.16, 1.48). CONCLUSION We conclude that PF-06372865 has analgesic potential at doses that do not induce significant sedation or other intolerable adverse events limiting its clinical use. In addition, the present study established the potential role for this battery of pain tasks as a tool in the development of analgesics with a novel mechanism of action, for the treatment of various pain states including neuropathic pain and to establish proof-of-concept. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT0223871.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pinky Dua
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Whitlock
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donal Gorman
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer WRD, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pieter Okkerse
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin L Hay
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
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Sato K. Why does a steep caudal-rostral gradient exist in glycine content in the brain? Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Muñoz B, Yevenes GE, Förstera B, Lovinger DM, Aguayo LG. Presence of Inhibitory Glycinergic Transmission in Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:228. [PMID: 30050406 PMCID: PMC6050475 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that the rewarding actions of drugs are mediated by dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system leading to increased levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (nAc). It is widely recognized that GABAergic transmission is critical for neuronal inhibition within nAc. However, it is currently unknown if medium spiny neurons (MSNs) also receive inhibition by means of glycinergic synaptic inputs. We used a combination of proteomic and electrophysiology studies to characterize the presence of glycinergic input into MSNs from nAc demonstrating the presence of glycine transmission into nAc. In D1 MSNs, we found low frequency glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) which were blocked by 1 μM strychnine (STN), insensitive to low (10, 50 mM) and high (100 mM) ethanol (EtOH) concentrations, but sensitive to 30 μM propofol. Optogenetic experiments confirmed the existence of STN-sensitive glycinergic IPSCs and suggest a contribution of GABA and glycine neurotransmitters to the IPSCs in nAc. The study reveals the presence of glycinergic transmission in a non-spinal region and opens the possibility of a novel mechanism for the regulation of the reward pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yevenes
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Benjamin Förstera
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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López-Corcuera B, Arribas-González E, Aragón C. Hyperekplexia-associated mutations in the neuronal glycine transporter 2. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:95-100. [PMID: 29859229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperekplexia or startle disease is a dysfunction of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission characterized by an exaggerated startle in response to trivial tactile or acoustic stimuli. Although rare, this disorder can have serious consequences, including sudden infant death. One of the most frequent causes of hyperekplexia are mutations in the SLC6A5 gene, encoding the neuronal glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2), a key component of inhibitory glycinergic presynapses involved in synaptic glycine recycling though sodium and chloride-dependent co-transport. Most GlyT2 mutations detected so far are recessive, but two dominant missense mutations have been described. The detailed analysis of these mutations has revealed structural cues on the quaternary structure of GlyT2, and opens the possibility that novel selective pharmacochaperones have potential therapeutic effects in hyperekplexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Corcuera
- Centro de Biología Molecular ''Severo Ochoa'', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Arribas-González
- Centro de Biología Molecular ''Severo Ochoa'', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Aragón
- Centro de Biología Molecular ''Severo Ochoa'', Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Dickenson AH. Holding down the pain. Brain 2018; 141:5-6. [PMID: 29325048 PMCID: PMC5837699 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Dickenson
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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