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Chen X, Song X, Li J, Wang J, Yan Y, Yang F. Integrated proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and N-glycoproteomic analyses of small extracellular vesicles from C2C12 myoblasts identify specific PTM patterns in ligand-receptor interactions. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:273. [PMID: 38755675 PMCID: PMC11097525 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication by transferring of functional components (proteins, RNAs, and lipids) to recipient cells. Some PTMs, including phosphorylation and N-glycosylation, have been reported to play important role in EV biology, such as biogenesis, protein sorting and uptake of sEVs. MS-based proteomic technology has been applied to identify proteins and PTM modifications in sEVs. Previous proteomic studies of sEVs from C2C12 myoblasts, an important skeletal muscle cell line, focused on identification of proteins, but no PTM information on sEVs proteins is available.In this study, we systematically analyzed the proteome, phosphoproteome, and N-glycoproteome of sEVs from C2C12 myoblasts with LC-MS/MS. In-depth analyses of the three proteomic datasets revealed that the three proteomes identified different catalogues of proteins, and PTMomic analysis could expand the identification of cargos in sEVs. At the proteomic level, a high percentage of membrane proteins, especially tetraspanins, was identified. The sEVs-derived phosphoproteome had a remarkably high level of tyrosine-phosphorylated sites. The tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins might be involved with EPH-Ephrin signaling pathway. At the level of N-glycoproteomics, several glycoforms, such as complex N-linked glycans and sialic acids on glycans, were enriched in sEVs. Retrieving of the ligand-receptor interaction in sEVs revealed that extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) represented the most abundant ligand-receptor pairs in sEVs. Mapping the PTM information on the ligands and receptors revealed that N-glycosylation mainly occurred on ECM and CAM proteins, while phosphorylation occurred on different categories of receptors and ligands. A comprehensive PTM map of ECM-receptor interaction and their components is also provided.In summary, we conducted a comprehensive proteomic and PTMomic analysis of sEVs of C2C12 myoblasts. Integrated proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and N-glycoproteomic analysis of sEVs might provide some insights about their specific uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xi Song
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaran Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yumeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Lin YH. The effects of intracellular and exosomal ncRNAs on cancer progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1587-1597. [PMID: 37884579 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression as well as mislocalization of a gene's encoded product (proteins or noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)) can lead to disease and cancer formation. Multiple studies have indicated that exosomes and their contents act as cell-to-cell communicators and play a key role in cancer progression. Moreover, exosomes contain several functional molecules, including ncRNAs. NcRNAs function as master regulators to coordinate cell growth, cell motility and drug resistance. However, intracellular ncRNAs, which can be transferred to recipient cells via exosomes (exosomal ncRNAs), mediate common/distinct downstream molecules, signaling pathways and functions that are less emphasized concepts in cancer development research. In this study, by using exosomes as a model, we comprehensively discuss the current knowledge regarding (1) the functional role of ncRNAs, both their intracellular and exosomal forms, in cancer progression, (2) the possible mechanism of ncRNA incorporation into exosomes and (3) the therapeutic applications and limitations of exosomes based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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3
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Rey-Cadilhac F, Rachenne F, Missé D, Pompon J. Viral Components Trafficking with(in) Extracellular Vesicles. Viruses 2023; 15:2333. [PMID: 38140574 PMCID: PMC10747788 DOI: 10.3390/v15122333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The global public health burden exerted by viruses partially stems from viruses' ability to subdue host cells into creating an environment that promotes their multiplication (i.e., pro-viral). It has been discovered that viruses alter cell physiology by transferring viral material through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which serve as vehicles for intercellular communication. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework of all possible EV-virus associations and their resulting functions in infection output. First, we describe the different viral materials potentially associated with EVs by reporting that EVs can harbor entire virions, viral proteins and viral nucleic acids. We also delineate the different mechanisms underlying the internalization of these viral components into EVs. Second, we describe the potential fate of EV-associated viral material cargo by detailing how EV can circulate and target a naive cell once secreted. Finally, we itemize the different pro-viral strategies resulting from EV associations as the Trojan horse strategy, an alternative mode of viral transmission, an expansion of viral cellular tropism, a pre-emptive alteration of host cell physiology and an immunity decoy. With this conceptual overview, we aim to stimulate research on EV-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Rey-Cadilhac
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Rachenne
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
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4
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Velázquez-Cervantes MA, Benítez-Zeferino YR, Flores-Pliego A, Helguera-Repetto AC, Meza-Sánchez DE, Maravillas-Montero JL, León-Reyes G, Mancilla-Ramírez J, Cerna-Cortés JF, Baeza-Ramírez MI, León-Juaárez M. A Review Study of the Participation of Late Domains in Sorting and Transport of Viral Factors to Exosomes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1842. [PMID: 37763246 PMCID: PMC10532540 DOI: 10.3390/life13091842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication depends heavily on the participation of vesicular systems generated by most cells of an organism. Exosomes play central roles in this process. Today, these vesicles have been characterized, and it has been determined that the cargo they transport is not within a random system. In fact, it depends on various molecular signals and the recruitment of proteins that participate in the biogenesis of exosomes. It has also been shown that multiple viruses can recruit these vesicles to transport viral factors such as genomes or proteins. It has been shown that the late domains present in viral proteins are critical for the exosomal selection and biogenesis systems to recognize these viral proteins and introduce them into the exosomes. In this review, the researchers discuss the evidence related to the characterization of these late domains and their role in exosome recruitment during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Adrián Velázquez-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escueala Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Yazmín Rocío Benítez-Zeferino
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologícas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Flores-Pliego
- Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (A.F.-P.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (A.F.-P.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - David Eduardo Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.E.M.-S.); (J.L.M.-M.)
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.E.M.-S.); (J.L.M.-M.)
| | - Guadalupe León-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenómica y Nutrigenética, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
| | - Javier Mancilla-Ramírez
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 113440, Mexico;
- Hospital de la Mujer, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologícas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - María Isabel Baeza-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escueala Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Moises León-Juaárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
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5
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Lin Z, Ji Y, Zhou J, Li G, Wu Y, Liu W, Li Z, Liu T. Exosomal circRNAs in cancer: Implications for therapy resistance and biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2023; 566:216245. [PMID: 37247772 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in cancer treatment in recent years, the development of resistance to cancer therapy remains the biggest hurdle towards curative cancer treatments. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer therapy resistance is of paramount clinical importance. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), novel members of the noncoding RNA family, are endogenous biomolecules in eukaryotes characterized by a covalently closed loop structure with multiple biological functions. Significantly, circRNAs are abundant and stable in exosomes and can be packaged, secreted and transferred to targeted tumour cells, thereby modulating diverse hallmarks of cancer behaviours, such as proliferation, migration, and immune escape. Notably, a great number of exosomal circRNAs are abnormally expressed during cancer treatment and can mediate cancer therapy resistance through complex mechanisms; therefore, targeting exosomal circRNAs is a promising therapeutic method to reverse therapy resistance. This review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying exosomal circRNAs controlling the resistance of cancer to common therapies, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy, and we also discussed the therapeutic potential of exosomal circRNAs as clinical biomarkers and novel targets in cancer clinical management. We also discussed the prospects and challenges of targeting exosomal circRNAs as a novel therapeutic strategy for reversing cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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6
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El-Tanani M, Nsairat H, Matalka II, Aljabali AAA, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Naikoo GA, Chava SR, Charbe NB, Tambuwala MM. Impact of exosome therapy on pancreatic cancer and its progression. Med Oncol 2023; 40:225. [PMID: 37405480 PMCID: PMC10322774 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the most aggressive tumors, has a dismal prognosis because of the low rates of early identification, fast progression, difficulties following surgery, and the ineffectiveness of current oncologic therapies. There are no imaging techniques or biomarkers that can accurately identify, categorize, or predict the biological behavior of this tumor. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that play a crucial rule in the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. They have been verified to be potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer management. Studying the role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer is substantial. Exosomes are secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participated in intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, etc., play a crucial role in regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in the process of cancer development, and can be used as a prognostic marker and/or grading basis for tumor patients. Hereby, in this concise review, we intend to summarize exosomes components and isolation, exosome secretion, function, importance of exosomes in the progression of pancreatic cancer and exosomal miRNAs as possible pancreatic cancer biomarkers. Finally, the application potential of exosomes in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which provides theoretical supports for using exosomes to serve precise tumor treatment in the clinic, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK.
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Ismail I Matalka
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, PC 211, Salalah, Oman
| | | | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
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7
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Parthasarathy G, Hirsova P, Kostallari E, Sidhu GS, Ibrahim SH, Malhi H. Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4631-4658. [PMID: 37358519 PMCID: PMC10798368 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles released by cells and are an important means of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological states. We provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of EV biogenesis, cargo selection, recipient cell effects, and key considerations in isolation and characterization techniques. Studies on the physiological role of EVs have relied on cell-based model systems due to technical limitations of studying endogenous nanoparticles in vivo . Several recent studies have elucidated the mechanistic role of EVs in liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, acute liver injury, and liver cancers. Employing disease models and human samples, the biogenesis of lipotoxic EVs downstream of endoplasmic reticulum stress and microvesicles via intracellular activation stress signaling are discussed in detail. The diverse cargoes of EVs including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids can be enriched in a disease-specific manner. By carrying diverse cargo, EVs can directly confer pathogenic potential, for example, recruitment and activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in NASH and tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. We discuss the pathogenic role of EVs cargoes and the signaling pathways activated by EVs in recipient cells. We review the literature that EVs can serve as biomarkers in hepatobiliary diseases. Further, we describe novel approaches to engineer EVs to deliver regulatory signals to specific cell types, and thus use them as therapeutic shuttles in liver diseases. Lastly, we identify key lacunae and future directions in this promising field of discovery and development. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4631-4658, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guneet S. Sidhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Korobkova L, Morin EL, Aoued H, Sannigrahi S, Garza KM, Siebert ER, Walum H, Cabeen RP, Sanchez MM, Dias BG. RNA in extracellular vesicles during adolescence reveal immune, energetic and microbial imprints of early life adversity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529808. [PMID: 36865138 PMCID: PMC9980043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life adversity (ELA), including childhood maltreatment, is one of the most significant risk factors for the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Despite this relationship being well established, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One way to achieve this understanding is to identify molecular pathways and processes that are perturbed as a consequence of childhood maltreatment. Ideally, these perturbations would be evident as changes in DNA, RNA or protein profiles in easily accessible biological samples collected in the shadow of childhood maltreatment. In this study, we isolated circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from plasma collected from adolescent rhesus macaques that had either experienced nurturing maternal care (CONT) or maternal maltreatment (MALT) in infancy. RNA sequencing of RNA in plasma EVs and gene enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to translation, ATP synthesis, mitochondrial function and immune response were downregulated in MALT samples, while genes involved in ion transport, metabolism and cell differentiation were upregulated. Interestingly, we found that a significant proportion of EV RNA aligned to the microbiome and that MALT altered the diversity of microbiome-associated RNA signatures found in EVs. Part of this altered diversity suggested differences in prevalence of bacterial species in CONT and MALT animals noted in the RNA signatures of the circulating EVs. Our findings provide evidence that immune function, cellular energetics and the microbiome may be important conduits via which infant maltreatment exerts effects on physiology and behavior in adolescence and adulthood. As a corollary, perturbations of RNA profiles related to immune function, cellular energetics and the microbiome may serve as biomarkers of responsiveness to ELA. Our results demonstrate that RNA profiles in EVs can serve as a powerful proxy to identify biological processes that might be perturbed by ELA and that may contribute to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in the aftermath of ELA.
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9
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Sharma A. Mitochondrial cargo export in exosomes: Possible pathways and implication in disease biology. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:687-697. [PMID: 36745675 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosome biogenesis occurs parallel to multiple endocytic traffic routes. These coexisting routes drive cargo loading in exosomes via overlapping of exosome biogenesis with endosomal pathways. One such pathway is autophagy which captures damaged intracellular organelles or their components in an autophagosome vesicle and route them for lysosomal degradation. However, in case of a noncanonical fusion event between autophagosome and maturing multivesicular body (MVB)-a site for exosome biogenesis, the autophagic cargo is putatively loaded in exosomes and subsequent released out of the cell via formation of an "amphisome" like structure. Similarly, during "mitophagy" or mitochondrial (mt) autophagy, amphisome formation routes mitophagy cargo to exosomes. These mt-cargo enriched exosomes or mt-enREXO are often positive for LC3 protein-an autophagic flux marker, and potent regulators of paracrine signaling with both homeostatic and pathological roles. Here, I review this emerging concept and discuss how intracellular autophagic routes helps in generation of mt-enREXO and utility of these vesicles in paracrine cellular signaling and diagnostic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, Pune, India
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10
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Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses: Two Intertwined Entities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021036. [PMID: 36674550 PMCID: PMC9861478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses share many attributes in common with extracellular vesicles (EVs). The cellular machinery that is used for EV production, packaging of substrates and secretion is also commonly manipulated by viruses for replication, assembly and egress. Viruses can increase EV production or manipulate EVs to spread their own genetic material or proteins, while EVs can play a key role in regulating viral infections by transporting immunomodulatory molecules and viral antigens to initiate antiviral immune responses. Ultimately, the interactions between EVs and viruses are highly interconnected, which has led to interesting discoveries in their associated roles in the progression of different diseases, as well as the new promise of combinational therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the relationships between viruses and EVs and discuss major developments from the past five years in the engineering of virus-EV therapies.
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Horbay R, Hamraghani A, Ermini L, Holcik S, Beug ST, Yeganeh B. Role of Ceramides and Lysosomes in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Cargo Sorting and Release. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315317. [PMID: 36499644 PMCID: PMC9735581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to communicate with their immediate and distant neighbors through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs facilitate intercellular signaling through the packaging of specific cargo in all type of cells, and perturbations of EV biogenesis, sorting, release and uptake is the basis of a number of disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances of the complex roles of the sphingolipid ceramide and lysosomes in the journey of EV biogenesis to uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Horbay
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ali Hamraghani
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sophie Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Shawn T. Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
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12
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Anand S, Trounce IA, Gangoda L. Role of extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial eye diseases. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1264-1272. [PMID: 36308309 PMCID: PMC10947567 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small packages that are released by almost all types of cells. While the role of EVs in pathogenesis of certain diseases such as cancer is well established, EVs role in ocular health and disease is still at early stages of investigation. Given the significant role of EVs in pathological development and progression of diseases such as cancer, EVs present a similar opportunity for investigation in ocular pathophysiology. Studies have shown the presence of EVs in fluids from the ocular environment have close links with ocular health and disease. Hence, the cargo carried in EVs from ocular fluids can be used for monitoring disease phenotypes or therapeutic outcomes in eye-related disorders. Furthermore, in recent times EVs have increasingly gained attention as therapeutics and drug-delivery vehicles for treatment of eye diseases. There is a close relationship between EVs and mitochondria functioning with mitochondria dysfunction leading to a significant number of ophthalmic disorders. This review discusses the current knowledge of EVs in visual systems with a special focus on eye diseases resulting from dysfunctional mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Anand
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Opthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ian A. Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Opthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Opthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI)MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Low JJW, Sulaiman SA, Johdi NA, Abu N. Immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:996805. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.996805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a type of brain cancer that can be considered aggressive. Glioblastoma treatment has significant challenges due to the immune privilege site of the brain and the presentation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted nanosized vesicles that engage in intercellular communication via delivery of cargo that may cause downstream effects such as tumor progression and recipient cell modulation. Although the roles of extracellular vesicles in cancer progression are well documented, their immunomodulatory effects are less defined. Herein, we focus on glioblastoma and explain the immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles secreted by both tumor and immune cells in detail. The tumor to immune cells, immune cells to the tumor, and intra-immune cells extracellular vesicles crosstalks are involved in various immunomodulatory effects. This includes the promotion of immunosuppressive phenotypes, apoptosis, and inactivation of immune cell subtypes, which affects the central nervous system and peripheral immune system response, aiding in its survival and progression in the brain.
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14
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Lin Z, Wu Y, Xu Y, Li G, Li Z, Liu T. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer therapy resistance: recent advances and therapeutic potential. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:179. [PMID: 36100944 PMCID: PMC9468526 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can be obtained from various human tissues and organs. They can differentiate into a wide range of cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes, thus exhibiting great potential in regenerative medicine. Numerous studies have indicated that MSCs play critical roles in cancer biology. The crosstalk between tumour cells and MSCs has been found to regulate many tumour behaviours, such as proliferation, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that MSCs can secrete exosomes that can modulate the tumour microenvironment and play important roles in tumour development. Notably, very recent works have shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-derived exosomes) are critically involved in cancer resistance to chemotherapy agents, targeted-therapy drugs, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically summarized the emerging roles and detailed molecular mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes in mediating cancer therapy resistance, thus providing novel insights into the clinical applications of MSC-derived exosomes in cancer management.
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15
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Izquierdo-Serrano R, Fernández-Delgado I, Moreno-Gonzalo O, Martín-Gayo E, Calzada-Fraile D, Ramírez-Huesca M, Jorge I, Camafeita E, Abián J, Vicente-Manzanares M, Veiga E, Vázquez J, Sánchez-Madrid F. Extracellular vesicles from Listeria monocytogenes-infected dendritic cells alert the innate immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946358. [PMID: 36131943 PMCID: PMC9483171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication through cell-cell contacts and extracellular vesicles (EVs) enables immune cells to coordinate their responses against diverse types of pathogens. The function exerted by EVs in this context depends on the proteins and nucleic acids loaded into EVs, which elicit specific responses involved in the resolution of infection. Several mechanisms control protein and nucleic acid loading into EVs; in this regard, acetylation has been described as a mechanism of cellular retention during protein sorting to exosomes. HDAC6 is a deacetylase involved in the control of cytoskeleton trafficking, organelle polarity and cell migration, defense against Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection and other immune related functions. Here, we show that the protein content of dendritic cells (DCs) and their secreted EVs (DEVs) vary during Lm infection, is enriched in proteins related to antiviral functions compared to non-infected cells and depends on HDAC6 expression. Analyses of the post-translational modifications revealed an alteration of the acetylation and ubiquitination profiles upon Lm infection both in DC lysates and DEVs. Functionally, EVs derived from infected DCs upregulate anti-pathogenic genes (e.g. inflammatory cytokines) in recipient immature DCs, which translated into protection from subsequent infection with vaccinia virus. Interestingly, absence of Listeriolysin O in Lm prevents DEVs from inducing this anti-viral state. In summary, these data underscore a new mechanism of communication between bacteria-infected DC during infection as they alert neighboring, uninfected DCs to promote antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Izquierdo-Serrano
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Fernández-Delgado
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-HUP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Moreno-Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-HUP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-HUP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Calzada-Fraile
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ramírez-Huesca
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-HUP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Abián
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-HUP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Sánchez-Madrid,
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16
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Cheng J, Sun Y, Ma Y, Ao Y, Hu X, Meng Q. Engineering of MSC-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Cell-Free Therapy for Osteoarthritis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080739. [PMID: 36005656 PMCID: PMC9413347 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration with increasing prevalence and unsatisfactory treatment efficacy. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in alleviating OA by promoting cartilage regeneration, inhibiting synovial inflammation and mediating subchondral bone remodeling without the risk of immune rejection and tumorigenesis. However, low yield, weak activity, inefficient targeting ability and unpredictable side effects of natural exosomes have limited their clinical application. At present, various approaches have been applied in exosome engineering to regulate their production and function, such as pretreatment of parental cells, drug loading, genetic engineering and surface modification. Biomaterials have also been proved to facilitate efficient delivery of exosomes and enhance treatment effectiveness. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the biogenesis, isolation and characterization of natural exosomes, and focus on the large-scale production and preparation of engineered exosomes, as well as their therapeutic potential in OA, thus providing novel insights into exploring advanced MSC-derived exosome-based cell-free therapy for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yixin Sun
- Peking Unversity First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China;
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Q.M.); Tel.: +86-010-8226-5680 (Q.M.)
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; (J.C.); (Y.M.); (Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Q.M.); Tel.: +86-010-8226-5680 (Q.M.)
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17
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Eustes AS, Dayal S. The Role of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Immune-Mediated Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7837. [PMID: 35887184 PMCID: PMC9320310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) play important roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. There are three major types of PEVs described based on their size and characteristics, but newer types may continue to emerge owing to the ongoing improvement in the methodologies and terms used to define various types of EVs. As the literature on EVs is growing, there are continuing attempts to standardize protocols for EV isolation and reach consensus in the field. This review provides information on mechanisms of PEV production, characteristics, cellular interaction, and their pathological role, especially in autoimmune and infectious diseases. We also highlight the mechanisms through which PEVs can activate parent cells in a feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S. Eustes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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18
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Small but Mighty-Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030413. [PMID: 35336787 PMCID: PMC8945199 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes are biological nanoparticles recently recognized as intercellular messengers. They contain a cargo of lipids, proteins, and RNA. They can transfer their content to not only cells in the vicinity but also to cells at a distance. This unique ability empowers them to modulate the physiology of recipient cells. In brain, exosomes play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Abstract Exosomes of endosomal origin are one class of extracellular vesicles that are important in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by all cells in our body and their cargo consisting of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids has a footprint reflective of their parental origin. The exosomal cargo has the power to modulate the physiology of recipient cells in the vicinity of the releasing cells or cells at a distance. Harnessing the potential of exosomes relies upon the purity of exosome preparation. Hence, many methods for isolation have been developed and we provide a succinct summary of several methods. In spite of the seclusion imposed by the blood–brain barrier, cells in the CNS are not immune from exosomal intrusive influences. Both neurons and glia release exosomes, often in an activity-dependent manner. A brief description of exosomes released by different cells in the brain and their role in maintaining CNS homeostasis is provided. The hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent studies implicate exosomes’ intercellular communicator role in the spread of misfolded proteins aiding the propagation of pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential contributions made by exosomes in progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understanding contributions made by exosomes in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration opens the field for employing exosomes as therapeutic agents for drug delivery to brain since exosomes do cross the blood–brain barrier.
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19
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Fan J, Pan J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Huang L, Ma D, Chen Z, Wu G, Fan W. A peptide derived from the N-terminus of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6) promotes the secretion of gene editing proteins via small extracellular vesicle production. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4702-4716. [PMID: 35188876 PMCID: PMC8973635 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising new therapeutic platform. However, the low cargo-loading efficiency limits their clinical translation. In this study, we developed a high-yield EV cargo-loading device and explored its ability to encapsulate gene editing proteins. A series of fusion protein-based systems were constructed and their cargo loading efficiencies were compared by a NanoGlo luciferase assay. A myristoylated (Myr) peptide tag cloned from the N-terminal region of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6), termed Myr(CHMP6), outcompeted CD9, ARRDC1, and other short polypeptides as an active packaging device. As determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, the overexpression of Myr(CHMP6) increased small EV (sEV) production in Lenti-X 293T cells without altering sEV morphology. The high passive packaging efficiency of Myr(CHMP6) was also elucidated for unmodified cargo loading. Western blotting revealed that Myr(CHMP6) facilitated the loading of Cre and Cas9 into sEVs without the generation of packaging device-cargo fusion proteins. Furthermore, Myr(CHMP6)-modified sEVs loaded with Cre or Cas9 promoted gene-editing in recipient cells, as observed using a fluorescence reporter system. Subsequent investigation demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of Myr(CHMP6) tag-induced cargo-loading. Mechanistically, N-myristoylation alone was necessary but not sufficient for the effective packaging of proteins into EVs. Thus, our results indicated that Myr(CHMP6) induces sEV production and may be effective in loading gene editing proteins into sEVs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Fan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Pan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lihan Huang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Ma
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China
| | - Wendong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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20
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Wang BZ, Luo L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. RNA and Protein Delivery by Cell-Secreted and Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101557. [PMID: 34706168 PMCID: PMC8891029 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of biological signals through export and delivery of RNAs and proteins. Of increasing interest is the use of EVs as a platform for delivery of biomolecules. Preclinical studies have effectively used EVs to treat a number of diseases. Uniquely, endogenous machinery within cells can be manipulated in order to produce desirable loading of cargo within secreted EVs. In order to inform the development of such approaches, an understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which cargo is sorted to EVs is required. Here, the current knowledge of cargo sorting within EVs is reviewed. Here is given an overview of recent bioengineering approaches that leverage these advances. Methods of externally manipulating EV cargo are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the current challenges of EVs as a drug delivery platform is offered. It is proposed that standardized bioengineering methods for therapeutic EV preparation will be required to create a well-defined clinical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Lori Luo
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
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21
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Stratman AN, Crewe C, Stahl PD. The microenvironment‐ a general hypothesis on the homeostatic function of extracellular vesicles. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:284-297. [PMID: 35520390 PMCID: PMC9065581 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and microvesicles, is a burgeoning field of biological and biomedical research that may change our understanding of cell communication in plants and animals while holding great promise for the diagnosis of disease and the development of therapeutics. However, the challenge remains to develop a general hypothesis about the role of EVs in physiological homeostasis and pathobiology across kingdoms. While they can act systemically, EVs are often seen to operate locally within a microenvironment. This microenvironment is built as a collection of microunits comprised of cells that interact with each other via EV exchange, EV signaling, EV seeding, and EV disposal. We propose that microunits are part of a larger matrix at the tissue level that collectively communicates with the surrounding environment, including other end‐organ systems. Herein, we offer a working model that encompasses the various facets of EV function in the context of the cell biology and physiology of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue St. Louis Missouri USA 63110
| | - Clair Crewe
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue St. Louis Missouri USA 63110
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue St. Louis Missouri USA 63110
| | - Philip D Stahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Avenue St. Louis Missouri USA 63110
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22
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Uzbekova S, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Marestaing A, Jarrier-Gaillard P, Papillier P, Shedova EN, Singina GN, Uzbekov R, Labas V. Protein Palmitoylation in Bovine Ovarian Follicle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111757. [PMID: 34769186 PMCID: PMC8583988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification by fatty acids (FA), mainly a palmitate (C16:0). Palmitoylation allows protein shuttling between the plasma membrane and cytosol to regulate protein stability, sorting and signaling activity and its deficiency leads to diseases. We aimed to characterize the palmitoyl-proteome of ovarian follicular cells and molecular machinery regulating protein palmitoylation within the follicle. For the first time, 84 palmitoylated proteins were identified from bovine granulosa cells (GC), cumulus cells (CC) and oocytes by acyl-biotin exchange proteomics. Of these, 32 were transmembrane proteins and 27 proteins were detected in bovine follicular fluid extracellular vesicles (ffEVs). Expression of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation enzymes as palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHCs), acylthioesterases (LYPLA1 and LYPLA2) and palmitoylthioesterases (PPT1 and PPT2) were analysed using transcriptome and proteome data in oocytes, CC and GC. By immunofluorescence, ZDHHC16, PPT1, PPT2 and LYPLA2 proteins were localized in GC, CC and oocyte. In oocyte and CC, abundance of palmitoylation-related enzymes significantly varied during oocyte maturation. These variations and the involvement of identified palmitoyl-proteins in oxidation-reduction processes, energy metabolism, protein localization, vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, G-protein mediated and other signaling pathways suggests that protein palmitoylation may play important roles in oocyte maturation and ffEV-mediated communications within the follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Uzbekova
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-247-427-951
| | | | - Aurélie Marestaing
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Peggy Jarrier-Gaillard
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Pascal Papillier
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Shedova
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitzy 60, 142132 Podolsk, Russia; (E.N.S.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitzy 60, 142132 Podolsk, Russia; (E.N.S.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire et Microscopie Électronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Valerie Labas
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.M.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (V.L.)
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23
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Sharma S, Masud MK, Kaneti YV, Rewatkar P, Koradia A, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Popat A, Salomon C. Extracellular Vesicle Nanoarchitectonics for Novel Drug Delivery Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102220. [PMID: 34216426 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer intercellular messages in various (patho)physiological processes and transport biomolecules to recipient cells. EVs possess the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods, identifying them as natural carriers for drugs and biologics. However, the challenges associated with EVs isolation, heterogeneity, coexistence with homologous biomolecules, and lack of site-specific delivery, have impeded their potential. In recent years, the amalgamation of EVs with rationally engineered nanostructures has been proposed for achieving effective drug loading and site-specific delivery. With the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoarchitectonics, different nanostructures with tunable size, shapes, and surface properties can be integrated with EVs for drug loading, target binding, efficient delivery, and therapeutics. Such integration may enable improved cellular targeting and the protection of encapsulated drugs for enhanced and specific delivery to target cells. This review summarizes the recent development of nanostructure amalgamated EVs for drug delivery, therapeutics, and real-time monitoring of disease progression. With a specific focus on the exosomal cargo, diverse drug delivery system, and biomimetic nanostructures based on EVs for selective drug delivery, this review also chronicles the needs and challenges of EV-based biomimetic nanostructures and provides a future outlook on the strategies posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane City, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Prarthana Rewatkar
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Aayushi Koradia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane City, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
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24
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Yan Y, Gu T, Christensen SDK, Su J, Lassen TR, Hjortbak MV, Lo IJ, Venø ST, Tóth AE, Song P, Nielsen MS, Bøtker HE, Blagoev B, Drasbek KR, Kjems J. Cyclic Hypoxia Conditioning Alters the Content of Myoblast-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Enhances Their Cell-Protective Functions. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091211. [PMID: 34572398 PMCID: PMC8471008 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a procedure that can attenuate ischemic-reperfusion injury by conducting brief cycles of ischemia and reperfusion in the arm or leg. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulating in the bloodstream can release their content into recipient cells to confer protective function on ischemia-reperfusion injured (IRI) organs. Skeletal muscle cells are potential candidates to release EVs as a protective signal during RIC. In this study, we used C2C12 cells as a model system and performed cyclic hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) to mimic RIC. EVs were collected and subjected to small RNA profiling and proteomics. HR induced a distinct shift in the miRNA profile and protein content in EVs. HR EV treatment restored cell viability, dampened inflammation, and enhanced tube formation in in vitro assays. In vivo, HR EVs showed increased accumulation in the ischemic brain compared to EVs secreted from normoxic culture (N EVs) in a mouse undergoing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). We conclude that HR conditioning changes the miRNA and protein profile in EVs released by C2C12 cells and enhances the protective signal in the EVs to recipient cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (Y.Y.); (J.S.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
- Omiics ApS, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Tingting Gu
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.G.); (K.R.D.)
| | - Stine Duelund Kaas Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (S.D.K.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Junyi Su
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (Y.Y.); (J.S.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Thomas Ravn Lassen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.R.L.); (M.V.H.); (H.E.B.)
| | - Marie Vognstoft Hjortbak
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.R.L.); (M.V.H.); (H.E.B.)
| | - IJu Lo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (Y.Y.); (J.S.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Andrea Erzsebet Tóth
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.E.T.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Ping Song
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (Y.Y.); (J.S.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.R.L.); (M.V.H.); (H.E.B.)
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (S.D.K.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Kim Ryun Drasbek
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.G.); (K.R.D.)
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (Y.Y.); (J.S.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-289-920-86
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25
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Compromising Cellular Resilience to Environmental Stressors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9912281. [PMID: 34337063 PMCID: PMC8321721 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes, are nanosized membrane-enveloped vesicles containing different bioactive cargo, such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other small regulatory RNAs. Cell-derived EVs, including EVs originating from stem cells, may capture components from damaged cells or cells impacted by therapeutic treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from stem cells can be preconditioned to produce and secrete EVs with different therapeutic properties, particularly with respect to heat-shock proteins and other molecular cargo contents. This behavior is consistent with stem cells that also respond differently to various microenvironments. Heat-shock proteins play roles in cellular protection and mediate cellular resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and heat shock. This review highlights the possible roles EVs play in mediating cellular plasticity and survival when exposed to different physical and chemical stressors, with a special focus on the respiratory distress due to the air pollution.
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26
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Takeuchi T. Pathogenic and protective roles of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem 2021; 169:181-186. [PMID: 33196835 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and polyglutamine diseases are caused by aggregation and abnormal accumulation of the disease-causative proteins in brain and spinal cord. Recent studies have suggested that proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases are secreted and transmitted intercellularly via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which may be involved in propagation of abnormal protein accumulation and progressive degeneration in patient brains. On the other hand, it has been also reported that EVs have neuroprotective roles in these diseases, which potentially contribute to preventing aggregation formation and aberrant accumulation of the disease-associated proteins. In this review, I summarize the current understanding of the roles of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases, especially focussing on the pathogenic and neuroprotective aspects. Elucidation of these two aspects of EVs would provide insight into not only potential therapeutic targets for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases but also development of EV-based biomarkers for disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Takeuchi
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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27
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Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Blood-Derived Products on Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes within an Inflammation Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137224. [PMID: 34281278 PMCID: PMC8267849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is hallmarked by a progressive degradation of articular cartilage. One major driver of OA is inflammation, in which cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β are secreted by activated chondrocytes, as well as synovial cells—including macrophages. Intra-articular injection of blood products—such as citrate-anticoagulated plasma (CPRP), hyperacute serum (hypACT), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from blood products—is gaining increasing importance in regenerative medicine for the treatment of OA. A co-culture system of primary OA chondrocytes and activated M1 macrophages was developed to model an OA joint in order to observe the effects of EVs in modulating the inflammatory environment. Primary OA chondrocytes were obtained from patients undergoing total knee replacement. Primary monocytes obtained from voluntary healthy donors and the monocytic cell line THP-1 were differentiated and activated into proinflammatory M1 macrophages. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot. Gene expression analysis of chondrocytes by RT-qPCR revealed increased type II collagen expression, while cytokine profiling via ELISA showed lower TNF-α and IL-1β levels associated with EV treatment. In conclusion, the inflammation model provides an accessible tool to investigate the effects of blood products and EVs in the inflammatory context of OA.
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28
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Sherman CD, Lodha S, Sahoo S. EV Cargo Sorting in Therapeutic Development for Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1500. [PMID: 34203713 PMCID: PMC8232200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Thus, therapeutic interventions to circumvent this growing burden are of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively secreted by most living cells, play a key role in paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication via exchange of biological molecules. As the content of secreted EVs reflect the physiology and pathology of the cell of their origin, EVs play a significant role in cellular homeostasis, disease pathogenesis and diagnostics. Moreover, EVs are gaining popularity in clinics as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicles, transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, genes, miRNAs and other therapeutic agents to target cells to treat diseases and deter disease progression. Despite our limited but growing knowledge of EV biology, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms of EV cargo sorting in pursuit of designing next generation EV-based therapeutic delivery systems. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of EV cargo sorting and methods of EV bioengineering and discuss engineered EVs as a potential therapeutic delivery system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy, P.O. Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.D.S.); (S.L.)
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29
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Park DJ, Seo YJ. Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles Based on Payload Changes for Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:485-497. [PMID: 34050888 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of tissue regeneration and tissue engineering, many years ago, various nano to macroscopic-sized materials have been used to reduce inflammation and restore damaged tissue. Whether it is safe to study the regeneration of all tissues based on the biological mechanisms of an organism composed of cells is still debated, and studies using extracellular vesicles derived from cells have become popular in the past decade. It has been reported that exosomes with a size of 100 nm or less, which plays an important role in cell-cell communication, contain various factors, such as proliferation, anti-inflammatory, and growth factors. In addition, the payload of exosomes varies depending on the parent cell and the recipient cell, and a technology to differentiate the selective payload must treat specific diseases. In this review, we examined the current trends in research using exosomes derived from cells or tissues and analyzed various research reports on factors that can affect tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 212 Dickinson Street, MC 8236, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea.,Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Seo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea. .,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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30
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Qasim M, Khan K, Kim JH. Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3357-3383. [PMID: 34040369 PMCID: PMC8140893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Khan
- Science and Technology KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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31
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SPP1 derived from silica-exposed macrophage exosomes triggers fibroblast transdifferentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 422:115559. [PMID: 33961903 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of silicosis is related to the interaction of multiple cells through signal transmission caused by silica dust. Including inflammatory changes reduced by macrophages and phenotypic transdifferentiation reduced by lung fibroblasts. As a communication medium between cells, exosomes have become a hot research topic. To explore the role of exosomal proteins in the occurrence and development of silicosis and the possible intervention targets, this study conducted proteomic analysis of macrophage-derived exosomes induced by silica, to identify specific proteins for intervention. In this study, we used proteomic analysis to screen exosomal protein profiles from the RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to silica. A total of 291 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 178 were upregulated and 113 were downregulated. By performing functional annotation and analysis of the differentially expressed proteins, we identified proteins SPP1, HMGB3, and HNRNPAB, which were consistent with the proteomics analysis. The involvement of SPP1 protein in fibrosis was studied further. Knocking down the expression of SPP1 in exosomes resulted in a decrease in fibrosis-related indicators. These results help to understand that exosomal protein can mediate cell communication and play a key role in the transition from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Further, this study also provided strategies and scientific basis for future studies on the intervention of silicosis.
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32
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The Mystery of Red Blood Cells Extracellular Vesicles in Sleep Apnea with Metabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094301. [PMID: 33919065 PMCID: PMC8122484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is very important for overall health and quality of life, while sleep disorder has been associated with several human diseases, namely cardiovascular, metabolic, cognitive, and cancer-related alterations. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory sleep-disordered breathing, which is caused by the recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA has emerged as a major public health problem and increasing evidence suggests that untreated OSA can lead to the development of various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, OSA may lead to decreased blood oxygenation and fragmentation of the sleep cycle. The formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) can emerge and react with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite, thereby diminishing the bioavailability of NO. Hypoxia, the hallmark of OSA, refers to a decline of tissue oxygen saturation and affects several types of cells, playing cell-to-cell communication a vital role in the outcome of this interplay. Red blood cells (RBCs) are considered transporters of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and these RBCs are important interorgan communication systems with additional functions, including participation in the control of systemic NO metabolism, redox regulation, blood rheology, and viscosity. RBCs have been shown to induce endothelial dysfunction and increase cardiac injury. The mechanistic links between changes of RBC functional properties and cardiovascular are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by most cell types and released in biological fluids both under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are involved in intercellular communication by transferring complex cargoes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells. Advancing our knowledge about mechanisms of RBC-EVs formation and their pathophysiological relevance may help to shed light on circulating EVs and to translate their application to clinical practice. We will focus on the potential use of RBC-EVs as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and state-specific cargoes, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. The use of RBC-EVs as a precision medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with sleep disorder will improve the prognosis and the quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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33
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Schwartz RE, Shokhirev MN, Andrade LR, Gutkind JS, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Shadel GS. Insights into epithelial cell senescence from transcriptome and secretome analysis of human oral keratinocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4747-4777. [PMID: 33601339 PMCID: PMC7950289 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells produce chronic inflammation that contributes to the diseases and debilities of aging. How this process is orchestrated in epithelial cells, the origin of human carcinomas, is poorly understood. We used human normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) to elucidate senescence programs in a prototype primary mucosal epithelial cell that senesces spontaneously. While NOKs exhibit several typical facets of senescence, they also display distinct characteristics. These include expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 at early passages, making this common marker of senescence unreliable in NOKs. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq revealed specific commonalities with and differences from cancer cells, explicating the tumor avoidance role of senescence. Repression of DNA repair genes that correlated with downregulation of E2F1 mRNA and protein was observed for two donors; a divergent result was seen for the third. Using proteomic profiling of soluble (non-vesicular) and extracellular vesicle (EV) associated secretions, we propose additions to the senescence associated secretory phenotype, including HSP60, which localizes to the surface of EVs. Finally, EVs from senescent NOKs activate interferon pathway signaling in THP-1 monocytes in a STING-dependent manner and associate with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Our results highlight senescence changes in epithelial cells and how they might contribute to chronic inflammation and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Schwartz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies and University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leonardo R Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies and University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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34
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Nair S, Ormazabal V, Lappas M, McIntyre HD, Salomon C. Extracellular vesicles and their potential role inducing changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13361. [PMID: 33064367 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders during gestation and affects around 15% of all pregnancies worldwide, paralleling the global increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Normal pregnancies are critically dependent on the development of maternal insulin resistance balanced by an increased capacity to secrete insulin, which allows for the allocation of nutrients for adequate foetal growth and development. Several factors including placental hormones, inflammatory mediators and nutrients have been proposed to alter insulin sensitivity and insulin response and underpin the pathological outcomes of GDM. However, other factors may also be involved in the regulation of maternal metabolism and a complete understanding of GDM pathophysiology requires the identification of these factors, and the mechanisms associated with them. Recent studies highlight the potential utility of tissue-specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the diagnosis of disease onset and treatment monitoring for several pregnancy-related complications, including GDM. To date, there is a paucity of data defining changes in the release, content, bioactivity and diagnostic utility of circulating EVs in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Placental EVs may engage in paracellular interactions including local cell-to-cell communication between the cell constituents of the placenta and contiguous maternal tissues, and/or distal interactions involving the release of placental EVs into biological fluids and their transport to a remote site of action. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the biogenesis, isolation methods and role of EVs in the physiopathology of GDM, including changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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35
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Wei H, Chen Q, Lin L, Sha C, Li T, Liu Y, Yin X, Xu Y, Chen L, Gao W, Li Y, Zhu X. Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:163-177. [PMID: 33390841 PMCID: PMC7757038 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication can be mediated by the exchange of biological information, mainly in the form of proteins and RNAs. This can occur when extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, secreted by a donor cell are internalized by an acceptor cell. Exosomes bear specific repertoires of proteins and RNAs, indicating the existence of mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into them. Knowledge about loadings and processes and mechanisms of cargo sorting of exosomes is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with exosome secretion and their specific cargo sorting, with special attention to the sorting of RNAs and proteins, and thus the outcome and the emerging therapeutic opportunities of the communication between the exosome-producer and recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Li Lin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Chunli Sha
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Taoqiong Li
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Wujiang Gao
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
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Immune Regulation by Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123558. [PMID: 33260499 PMCID: PMC7761478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication as vehicles for the transport of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including different RNAs. Dendritic cells (DCs)-derived EVs (DEVs), albeit variably, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface that enable the interaction with other immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, and other ligands that stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, thereby instructing tumor rejection, and counteracting immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Malignant cells oppose this effect by secreting EVs bearing a variety of molecules that block DCs function. For instance, tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) can impair myeloid cell differentiation resulting in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) generation. Hence, the unique composition of EVs makes them suitable candidates for the development of new cancer treatment approaches including prophylactic vaccine targeting oncogenic pathogens, cancer vaccines, and cancer immunotherapeutics. We offer a perspective from both cell sides, DCs, and tumor cells, on how EVs regulate the antitumor immune response, and how this translates into promising therapeutic options by reviewing the latest advancement in DEV-based cancer therapeutics.
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Larios J, Mercier V, Roux A, Gruenberg J. ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent sorting of tetraspanins to exosomes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133723. [PMID: 32049272 PMCID: PMC7054990 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of endosomes mediate the delivery of activated signaling receptors and other proteins to lysosomes for degradation, but they also modulate intercellular communication when secreted as exosomes. The formation of ILVs requires four complexes, ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III, with ESCRT-0, -I, and -II presumably involved in cargo sorting and ESCRT-III in membrane deformation and fission. Here, we report that an active form of the ESCRT-associated protein ALIX efficiently recruits ESCRT-III proteins to endosomes. This recruitment occurs independently of other ESCRTs but requires lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) in vivo, and can be reconstituted on supported bilayers in vitro. Our data indicate that this ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent pathway promotes the sorting and delivery of tetraspanins to exosomes. We conclude that ALIX provides an additional pathway of ILV formation, secondary to the canonical pathway, and that this pathway controls the targeting of exosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Larios
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Song A, Wang J, Tong Y, Fang J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ruan H, Wang K, Liu Y. BKCa channels regulate the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs by affecting the exosome protein profiles during the inflammatory response. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:440. [PMID: 33059770 PMCID: PMC7560248 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) from the human umbilical cord have been studied extensively due to their immunomodulatory functions. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa channels) channels are involved in many inflammatory responses, but their involvement in the anti-inflammatory activity of WJ-MSCs is unknown. The underlying molecular mechanism, through which BKCa channels mediate the immunomodulation of WJ-MSC, which may include changes in exosomes proteomics, has not yet been clarified. Methods Alizarin staining, Oil Red O staining, and flow cytometry were used to identify WJ-MSCs, which were isolated from human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly. BKCa channels were detected in WJ-MSCs using western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), and electrophysiology, and cytokine expression was examined using real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Exosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Proteomics analysis was performed to explore exosomal proteomic profiles. Results The cells derived from human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly were identified as MSCs. BKCa channels were detected in the isolated WJ-MSCs, and the expression of these channels increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. BKCa channels blockade in LPS-treated WJ-MSCs induced apoptosis and decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. Furthermore, THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) stimulated with LPS/interferon gamma (IFN-γ) produced more anti-inflammatory cytokines after treatment with exosomes derived from BKCa channel-knockdown WJ-MSCs (si-exo). We also observed altered expression of mitochondrial ATP synthase alpha subunit (ATP5A1), filamin B, and other proteins in si-exo, which might increase the anti-inflammatory activity of macrophages. Conclusions Our study described the functional expression of BKCa channels in WJ-MSCs, and BKCa channels regulated the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs by affecting the exosomal protein profiles during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahui Song
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd.,Research & Development Center, 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd.,Research & Development Center, 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqiang Ruan
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd.,Research & Development Center, 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- The Clinical and Translational Research Center Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Gene Editing by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197362. [PMID: 33028045 PMCID: PMC7582630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technologies have advanced dramatically in recent years. Many different systems with new properties have been characterized and a plethora of hybrid CRISPR/Cas systems able to modify the epigenome, regulate transcription, and correct mutations in DNA and RNA have been devised. However, practical application of CRISPR/Cas systems is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery tools. In this review, recent advances in developing vehicles for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes are outlined. Most importantly, we emphasize the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for CRISPR/Cas delivery and describe their unique properties: biocompatibility, safety, capacity for rational design, and ability to cross biological barriers. Available molecular tools that enable loading of desired protein and/or RNA cargo into the vesicles in a controllable manner and shape the surface of EVs for targeted delivery into specific tissues (e.g., using targeting ligands, peptides, or nanobodies) are discussed. Opportunities for both endogenous (intracellular production of CRISPR/Cas) and exogenous (post-production) loading of EVs are presented.
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40
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Shen M, Di K, He H, Xia Y, Xie H, Huang R, Liu C, Yang M, Zheng S, He N, Li Z. Progress in exosome associated tumor markers and their detection methods. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:3. [PMID: 35006428 PMCID: PMC8603992 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted by cells and are widely present in body fluids. Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cells of origin such as proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, DNA, lipid and glycans which are very similar as the content in tumor cells. These contents play an important role in various stages of tumor development, and make the tumor-derived exosome as a hot and emerging biomarker for various cancers diagnosis and management in non-invasive manner. The present problems of exosome isolation and detection hinder the application of exosomes. With the development of exosome isolation and detection technology, the contents of exosomes can be exploited for early cancer diagnosis. This review summarizes the recent progress on exosome-associated tumor biomarkers and some new technologies for exosome isolation and detection. Furthermore, we have also discussed the future development direction in exosome analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hongzhang He
- Captis Diagnostics Inc, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yanyan Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Scott Hall 4N211, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Jones RJ, Singh RK, Shirazi F, Wan J, Wang H, Wang X, Ha MJ, Baljevic M, Kuiatse I, Davis RE, Orlowski RZ. Intravenous Immunoglobulin G Suppresses Heat Shock Protein (HSP)-70 Expression and Enhances the Activity of HSP90 and Proteasome Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1816. [PMID: 32903557 PMCID: PMC7438474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIgG) is approved for primary immunodeficiency syndromes but may induce anti-cancer effects, and while this has been attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties, IgG against specific tumor targets may play a role. We evaluated IVIgG alone, and with a Heat shock protein (HSP)-90 or proteasome inhibitor, using multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells in vitro, and with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vivo. IVIgG inhibited the growth of all cell lines tested, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, and suppressed pro-tumor cytokines including Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Genomic and proteomic studies showed that IVIgG reduced tumor cell HSP70-1 levels by suppressing the ability of extracellular HSP70-1 to stimulate endogenous HSP70-1 promoter activity, and reduced extracellular vesicle uptake. Preparations of IVIgG were found to contain high titers of anti-HSP70-1 IgG, and recombinant HSP70-1 reduced the efficacy of IVIgG to suppress HSP70-1 levels. Combining IVIgG with the HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 produced superior cell growth inhibition and correlated with HSP70-1 suppression. Also, IVIgG with bortezomib or carfilzomib was superior to each single agent, and enhanced bortezomib's activity in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells. Moreover, IVIgG reduced transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to cells, and blocked transfer of bortezomib resistance through EVs. Finally, IVIgG with bortezomib were superior to the single agents in an in vivo myeloma model. These studies support the possibility that anti-HSP70-1 IgG contained in IVIgG can inhibit myeloma and MCL growth by interfering with a novel mechanism involving uptake of exogenous HSP70-1 which then induces its own promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Jones
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ram K Singh
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fazal Shirazi
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- The Urology Department, ShengJing Hospital, China Medical University, ShenYang, China
| | - Min Jin Ha
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Muhamed Baljevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Isere Kuiatse
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Peng X, Yang L, Ma Y, Li Y, Li H. Focus on the morphogenesis, fate and the role in tumor progression of multivesicular bodies. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:122. [PMID: 32771015 PMCID: PMC7414566 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endosome organelles that are gradually attracting research attention. Initially, MVBs were considered as important components of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway. In recent years, with an increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) research, the biogenesis, fate, and pathological effects of MVBs have been increasingly studied. However, the mechanisms by which MVBs are sorted to the lysosome and plasma membrane remain unclear. In addition, whether the trafficking of MVBs can determine whether exosomes are released from cells, the factors are involved in cargo loading and regulating the fate of MVBs, and the roles that MVBs play in the development of disease are unknown. Consequently, this review focuses on the mechanism of MVB biogenesis, intraluminal vesicle formation, sorting of different cargoes, and regulation of their fate. We also discuss the mechanisms of emerging amphisome-dependent secretion and degradation. In addition, we highlight the contributions of MVBs to the heterogeneity of EVs, and their important roles in cancer. Thus, we attempt to unravel the various functions of MVBs in the cell and their multiple roles in tumor progression. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Dai J, Su Y, Zhong S, Cong L, Liu B, Yang J, Tao Y, He Z, Chen C, Jiang Y. Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:145. [PMID: 32759948 PMCID: PMC7406508 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participate in intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA, etc., which play a crucial role in regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in the process of cancer development, and can be used as a prognostic marker and/or grading basis for tumor patients. Hereby, we mainly summarized as followed: the role of exosome contents in cancer, focusing on proteins and noncoding RNA; the interaction between exosomes and tumor microenvironment; the mechanisms that epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of tumor affected by exosomes; and tumor suppression strategies based on exosomes. Finally, the application potential of exosomes in clinical tumor diagnosis and therapy is prospected, which providing theoretical supports for using exosomes to serve precise tumor treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yangzhou Su
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zuping He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Ewing sarcoma family of tumors-derived small extracellular vesicle proteomics identify potential clinical biomarkers. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2995-3012. [PMID: 32821345 PMCID: PMC7415402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFT), the second most common pediatric osseous malignancy, are characterized by the pathognomonic chromosomal EWS-ETS translocation. Outside of tumor biopsy, no clinically relevant ESFT biomarkers exist. Additionally, tumor burden assessment at diagnosis, monitoring of disease responsiveness to therapy, and detection of disease recurrence are limited to radiographic imaging. To identify new, clinically relevant biomarkers we evaluated the proteome of a subset of ESFT-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed the first high quality proteomic study of ESFT-derived sEVs from 5 ESFT cell lines representing the most common EWS-ETS fusion types and identified 619 proteins composing the core ESFT sEV proteome. We compared these core proteins to databases of common plasma-based proteins and sEV-associated proteins found within healthy plasma to identify proteins unique or enriched within ESFT. RESULTS From these analyses, two membrane bound proteins with biomarker potential were selected, CD99/MIC2 and NGFR, to develop a liquid-based assay enriching of ESFT-associated sEVs and detection of sEV mRNA cargo (i.e., EWS-ETS transcripts). We employed this immuno-enrichment approach to diagnosis of ESFT utilizing plasma (250 μl) from both localized and metastatic ESFT pediatric patients and cancer-free controls, and showed significant diagnostic power [AUC = 0.92, p = 0.001 for sEV numeration, with a PPV = 1.00, 95% CI = (0.63, 1.00) and a NPV = 0.67, 95% CI = (0.30, 0.93)]. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate utilization of circulating ESFT-associated sEVs in pediatric patients as a source of minimally invasive diagnostic and potentially prognostic biomarkers.
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Tsimokha AS, Artamonova TO, Diakonov EE, Khodorkovskii MA, Tomilin AN. Post-Translational Modifications of Extracellular Proteasome. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153504. [PMID: 32752045 PMCID: PMC7435879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is one of the major protein degradation pathways in eukaryotic cells. Abnormal functioning of this system has been observed in cancer and neurological diseases. The 20S proteasomes, essential components of the UPS, are present not only within the cells but also in the extracellular space, and their concentration in blood plasma has been found to be elevated and dependent upon the disease state, being of prognostic significance in patients suffering from cancer, liver diseases, and autoimmune diseases. However, functions of extracellular proteasomes and mechanisms of their release by cells remain largely unknown. The main mechanism of proteasome activity regulation is provided by modulation of their composition and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Moreover, diverse PTMs of proteins are known to participate in the loading of specific elements into extracellular vesicles. Since previous studies have revealed that the transport of extracellular proteasomes may occur via extracellular vesicles, we have set out to explore the PTMs of extracellular proteasomes in comparison to cellular counterparts. In this work, cellular and extracellular proteasomes were affinity purified and separated by SDS-PAGE for subsequent trypsinization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In total, we could identify 64 and 55 PTM sites in extracellular and cellular proteasomes, respectively, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and succinylation. We observed novel sites of acetylation at K238 and K192 of the proteasome subunits β2 and β3, respectively, that are specific for extracellular proteasomes. Moreover, cellular proteasomes show specific acetylation at K227 of α2 and ubiquitination at K201 of β3. Interestingly, succinylation of β6 at the residue K228 seems not to be present exclusively in extracellular proteasomes, whereas both extracellular and cellular proteasomes may also be acetylated at this site. The same situation takes place at K201 of the β3 subunit where ubiquitination is seemingly specific for cellular proteasomes. Moreover, crosstalk between acetylation, ubiquitination, and succinylation has been observed in the subunit α3 of both proteasome populations. These data will serve as a basis for further studies, aimed at dissection of the roles of extracellular proteasome-specific PTMs in terms of the function of these proteasomes and mechanism of their transport into extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Tsimokha
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.O.A.); (E.E.D.); (M.A.K.); (A.N.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-297-1829; Fax: +7-812-297-0341
| | - Tatiana O. Artamonova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.O.A.); (E.E.D.); (M.A.K.); (A.N.T.)
- Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya Str., 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Egor E. Diakonov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.O.A.); (E.E.D.); (M.A.K.); (A.N.T.)
| | - Mikhail A. Khodorkovskii
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.O.A.); (E.E.D.); (M.A.K.); (A.N.T.)
- Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya Str., 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N. Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.O.A.); (E.E.D.); (M.A.K.); (A.N.T.)
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Soriani A, Vulpis E, Cuollo L, Santoni A, Zingoni A. Cancer extracellular vesicles as novel regulators of NK cell response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 51:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mu W, Provaznik J, Hackert T, Zöller M. Tspan8-Tumor Extracellular Vesicle-Induced Endothelial Cell and Fibroblast Remodeling Relies on the Target Cell-Selective Response. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020319. [PMID: 32013145 PMCID: PMC7072212 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) expressing tetraspanin Tspan8-alpha4/beta1 support angiogenesis. Tspan8-alpha6/beta4 facilitates lung premetastatic niche establishment. TEX-promoted target reprogramming is still being disputed, we explored rat endothelial cell (EC) and lung fibroblast (Fb) mRNA and miRNA profile changes after coculture with TEX. TEX were derived from non-metastatic BSp73AS (AS) or metastatic BSp73ASML (ASML) rat tumor lines transfected with Tspan8 (AS-Tspan8) or Tspan8-shRNA (ASML-Tspan8kd). mRNA was analyzed by deep sequencing and miRNA by array analysis of EC and Fb before and after coculture with TEX. EC and Fb responded more vigorously to AS-Tspan8- than AS-TEX. Though EC and Fb responses differed, both cell lines predominantly responded to membrane receptor activation with upregulation and activation of signaling molecules and transcription factors. Minor TEX-initiated changes in the miRNA profile relied, at least partly, on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that also affected chromosome organization and mRNA processing. These analyses uncovered three important points. TEX activate target cell autonomous programs. Responses are initiated by TEX targeting units and are target cell-specific. The strong TEX-promoted lncRNA impact reflects lncRNA shuttling and location-dependent distinct activities. These informations urge for an in depth exploration on the mode of TEX-initiated target cell-specific remodeling including, as a major factor, lncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Pancreas Section, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-6384-6590 (W.M.); +49-6221-484-730 (M.Z.)
| | - Jan Provaznik
- EMBL Genomics Core Facility, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Pancreas Section, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Pancreas Section, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-6384-6590 (W.M.); +49-6221-484-730 (M.Z.)
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Leidal AM, Debnath J. Unraveling the mechanisms that specify molecules for secretion in extracellular vesicles. Methods 2020; 177:15-26. [PMID: 31978536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound organelles naturally released from cells and potentially function as vehicles of intercellular communication. Cells release numerous sub-species of EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, which are formed via distinct cellular pathways and molecular machineries and contain specific proteins, RNAs and lipids. Accumulating evidence indicates that the repertoire of molecules packaged into EVs is shaped by both the physiological state of the cell and the EV biogenesis pathway involved. Although these observations intimate that precisely regulated pathways sort molecules into EVs, the underlying molecular mechanisms that direct molecules for secretion remain poorly defined. Recently, with the advancement of mass spectrometry, next-generation sequencing techniques and molecular biology tools, several mechanisms contributing to EV cargo selection are beginning to be unraveled. This review examines strategies employed to reveal how specific proteins, RNAs and lipids are directed for secretion via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Ageta H, Tsuchida K. Post-translational modification and protein sorting to small extracellular vesicles including exosomes by ubiquitin and UBLs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4829-4848. [PMID: 31363817 PMCID: PMC11105257 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), are secreted membrane vesicles that are derived from various cell types, including cancer cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells via multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These sEVs contain RNAs (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and rRNA), lipids, DNA, proteins, and metabolites, all of which mediate cell-to-cell communication. This communication is known to be implicated in a diverse set of diseases such as cancers and their metastases and degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms, by which proteins are modified and sorted to sEVs, are not fully understood. Various cellular processes, including degradation, transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, signal transduction, and autophagy, are known to be associated with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitin and UBLs also regulate MVBs and protein sorting to sEVs. Ubiquitin-like 3 (UBL3)/membrane-anchored Ub-fold protein (MUB) acts as a post-translational modification (PTM) factor to regulate efficient protein sorting to sEVs. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of PTM by ubiquitin and UBLs and the pathway of protein sorting into sEVs and discuss the potential biological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ageta
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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Mao X, Jin F. The Exosome And Breast Cancer Cell Plasticity. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9817-9825. [PMID: 31819481 PMCID: PMC6874230 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s214133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell plasticity is the ability of cancer cells to reversibly interchange between distinct cell status, which plays a key role in cancer progression. Cancer cell plasticity is now known to be shaped by the secreted nanoparticles termed exosomes which transport proteins and lipids as well as nucleic acids. These aspects have emerged as key determinants of tumor progression and targeting, with approaches such as immunotherapy showing promise in the clinic. While significant strides have been made in this research area, some very interesting questions still warrant more and deeper investigation. We provide a review of the interplay between exosomes and breast cancer cell plasticity, and the potential implication in metastases and drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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