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Dresselhaus EC, Harris KP, Blanchette CR, Koles K, Del Signore SJ, Pescosolido MF, Ermanoska B, Rozencwaig M, Soslowsky RC, Parisi MJ, Stewart BA, Mosca TJ, Rodal AA. ESCRT disruption provides evidence against trans-synaptic signaling via extracellular vesicles. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202405025. [PMID: 38842573 PMCID: PMC11157088 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202405025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by many cell types, including neurons, carrying cargoes involved in signaling and disease. It is unclear whether EVs promote intercellular signaling or serve primarily to dispose of unwanted materials. We show that loss of multivesicular endosome-generating endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery disrupts release of EV cargoes from Drosophila motor neurons. Surprisingly, ESCRT depletion does not affect the signaling activities of the EV cargo Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) and disrupts only some signaling activities of the EV cargo evenness interrupted (Evi). Thus, these cargoes may not require intercellular transfer via EVs, and instead may be conventionally secreted or function cell-autonomously in the neuron. We find that EVs are phagocytosed by glia and muscles, and that ESCRT disruption causes compensatory autophagy in presynaptic neurons, suggesting that EVs are one of several redundant mechanisms to remove cargoes from synapses. Our results suggest that synaptic EV release serves primarily as a proteostatic mechanism for certain cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn P. Harris
- Office of the Vice-Principal, Research and Innovation, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Kate Koles
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark Rozencwaig
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryan A. Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avital A. Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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2
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Nakazato Y, Otaki JM. Socket Array Irregularities and Wing Membrane Distortions at the Eyespot Foci of Butterfly Wings Suggest Mechanical Signals for Color Pattern Determination. INSECTS 2024; 15:535. [PMID: 39057268 PMCID: PMC11276954 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Eyespot foci on butterfly wings function as organizers of eyespot color patterns during development. Despite their importance, focal structures have not been examined in detail. Here, we microscopically examined scales, sockets, and the wing membrane in the butterfly eyespot foci of both expanded and unexpanded wings using the Blue Pansy butterfly Junonia orithya. Images from a high-resolution light microscope revealed that, although not always, eyespot foci had scales with disordered planar polarity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images after scale removal revealed that the sockets were irregularly positioned and that the wing membrane was physically distorted as if the focal site were mechanically squeezed from the surroundings. Focal areas without eyespots also had socket array irregularities, but less frequently and less severely. Physical damage in the background area induced ectopic patterns with socket array irregularities and wing membrane distortions, similar to natural eyespot foci. These results suggest that either the process of determining an eyespot focus or the function of an eyespot organizer may be associated with wing-wide mechanics that physically disrupt socket cells, scale cells, and the wing membrane, supporting the physical distortion hypothesis of the induction model for color pattern determination in butterfly wings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
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3
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Bowman RL, Kim J, Eom DS. CD44 facilitates adhesive interactions in airineme-mediated intercellular signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582398. [PMID: 38463999 PMCID: PMC10925269 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Specialized cellular protrusions facilitate local intercellular communications in various species, including mammals. Among these, airinemes play a crucial role in pigment pattern formation in zebrafish by mediating long-distance Notch signaling between pigment cells. Remarkably, airinemes exhibit large vesicle-like structure at their tips, which are pulled by a macrophage subpopulation and delivered to target cells. The interaction between macrophages and Delta-ligand carrying airineme vesicles is essential for initiating airineme-mediated signaling, yet the molecular detail of this interaction remains elusive. Through high-resolution live imaging and genetic in vivo manipulations, we found that adhesive interactions via the extracellular domain of CD44, a class I transmembrane glycoprotein, between macrophages and airineme vesicles are critical for airineme signaling. Mutants lacking the extracellular domain of CD44 lose their adhesiveness, resulting in a significant reduction in airineme extension and pigment pattern defects. Our findings provide valuable insights into the role of adhesive interactions between signal-sending cells and macrophages in a long-range intercellular signaling.
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Ruhoff VT, Leijnse N, Doostmohammadi A, Bendix PM. Filopodia: integrating cellular functions with theoretical models. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00113-2. [PMID: 38969554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Filopodia, widely distributed on cell surfaces, are distinguished by their dynamic extensions, playing pivotal roles in a myriad of biological processes. Their functions span from mechanosensing and guidance to cell-cell communication during cellular organization in the early embryo. Filopodia have significant roles in pathogenic processes, such as cancer invasion and viral dissemination. Molecular mapping of the filopodome has revealed generic components essential for filopodia functions. In parallel, recent insights into biophysical mechanisms governing filopodia dynamics have provided the foundation for broader investigations of filopodia's biological functions. We highlight recent discoveries of engagement of filopodia in various stages of development and pathogenesis and present an overview of intricate molecular and physical features of these cellular structures across a spectrum of cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natascha Leijnse
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Poul Martin Bendix
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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5
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Wang Y, He Q, Has O, Forouzesh K, Eom DS. Cytoneme-mediated intercellular signaling in keratinocytes essential for epidermal remodeling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.08.566303. [PMID: 37986819 PMCID: PMC10659310 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ, functions as a primary defense mechanism. Epidermal stem cells supply undifferentiated keratinocytes that differentiate as they migrate toward the outermost skin layer. Although such a replenishment process is disrupted in various human skin diseases, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. With high-resolution live imaging and in vivo manipulations, we revealed that Notch signaling between keratinocytes is mediated by signaling filopodia called cytonemes and is essential for proper keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Inhibiting keratinocyte cytonemes reduced Notch expression within undifferentiated keratinocytes, leading to abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation, resembling human skin disease phenotypes. Overproduction of Interleukin (IL)-17 signal, associated with skin diseases like psoriasis, induces psoriatic phenotypes via cytonemes in zebrafish. Our study suggests that intercellular signaling between keratinocytes through cytonemes is critical for epidermal maintenance, and its misregulation could be an origin of human skin diseases.
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Hall ET, Dillard ME, Cleverdon ER, Zhang Y, Daly CA, Ansari SS, Wakefield R, Stewart DP, Pruett-Miller SM, Lavado A, Carisey AF, Johnson A, Wang YD, Selner E, Tanes M, Ryu YS, Robinson CG, Steinberg J, Ogden SK. Cytoneme signaling provides essential contributions to mammalian tissue patterning. Cell 2024; 187:276-293.e23. [PMID: 38171360 PMCID: PMC10842732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
During development, morphogens pattern tissues by instructing cell fate across long distances. Directly visualizing morphogen transport in situ has been inaccessible, so the molecular mechanisms ensuring successful morphogen delivery remain unclear. To tackle this longstanding problem, we developed a mouse model for compromised sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen delivery and discovered that endocytic recycling promotes SHH loading into signaling filopodia called cytonemes. We optimized methods to preserve in vivo cytonemes for advanced microscopy and show endogenous SHH localized to cytonemes in developing mouse neural tubes. Depletion of SHH from neural tube cytonemes alters neuronal cell fates and compromises neurodevelopment. Mutation of the filopodial motor myosin 10 (MYO10) reduces cytoneme length and density, which corrupts neuronal signaling activity of both SHH and WNT. Combined, these results demonstrate that cytoneme-based signal transport provides essential contributions to morphogen dispersion during mammalian tissue development and suggest MYO10 is a key regulator of cytoneme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hall
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Cleverdon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shariq S Ansari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall Wakefield
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel P Stewart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alex F Carisey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emma Selner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Tanes
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young Sang Ryu
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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7
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Zhang Y, Beachy PA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:668-687. [PMID: 36932157 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway has crucial roles in embryonic tissue patterning, postembryonic tissue regeneration, and cancer, yet aspects of Hedgehog signal transmission and reception have until recently remained unclear. Biochemical and structural studies surprisingly reveal a central role for lipids in Hedgehog signalling. The signal - Hedgehog protein - is modified by cholesterol and palmitate during its biogenesis, thereby necessitating specialized proteins such as the transporter Dispatched and several lipid-binding carriers for cellular export and receptor engagement. Additional lipid transactions mediate response to the Hedgehog signal, including sterol activation of the transducer Smoothened. Access of sterols to Smoothened is regulated by the apparent sterol transporter and Hedgehog receptor Patched, whose activity is blocked by Hedgehog binding. Alongside these lipid-centric mechanisms and their relevance to pharmacological pathway modulation, we discuss emerging roles of Hedgehog pathway activity in stem cells or their cellular niches, with translational implications for regeneration and restoration of injured or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Bowman RL, Wang D, Eom DS. A macrophage subpopulation promotes airineme-mediated intercellular communication in a matrix metalloproteinase-9 dependent manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112818. [PMID: 37454294 PMCID: PMC10530396 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are heterogeneous and perform location-dependent functions. Skin resident macrophages play intriguing roles in long-distance intercellular signaling by mediating cellular protrusions called airinemes in zebrafish. These macrophages relay signaling molecules containing airineme vesicles between pigment cells, and their absence disrupts airineme-mediated signaling and pigment pattern formation. It is unknown if the same macrophages control both these signaling and typical immune functions or if a separate subpopulation functions in intercellular communication. With high-resolution imaging and genetic ablation approaches, we identify a macrophage subpopulation responsible for airineme-mediated signaling. These seem to be distinct from conventional skin-resident macrophages by their ameboid morphology and faster or expansive migratory behaviors. They resemble ectoderm-derived macrophages termed metaphocytes. Metaphocyte ablation markedly decreases airineme extension and signaling. In addition, these ameboid/metaphocytes require matrix metalloproteinase-9 for their migration and airineme-mediated signaling. These results reveal a macrophage subpopulation with specialized functions in airineme-mediated signaling, which may play roles in other aspects of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Lynn Bowman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daoqin Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dae Seok Eom
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Bian Y, Hahn H, Uhmann A. The hidden hedgehog of the pituitary: hedgehog signaling in development, adulthood and disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219018. [PMID: 37476499 PMCID: PMC10355329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development, adult homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, its engagement in the pituitary gland has been long underestimated although Hedgehog signaling and pituitary embryogenic development are closely linked. Thus, deregulation of this signaling pathway during pituitary development results in malformation of the gland. Research of the last years further implicates a regulatory role of Hedgehog signaling in the function of the adult pituitary, because its activity is also interlinked with homeostasis, hormone production, and most likely also formation of neoplasms of the gland. The fact that this pathway can be efficiently targeted by validated therapeutic strategies makes it a promising candidate for treating pituitary diseases. We here summarize the current knowledge about the importance of Hedgehog signaling during pituitary development and review recent data that highlight the impact of Hedgehog signaling in the healthy and the diseased adult pituitary gland.
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10
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Protrusions in Developmental Signaling. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040039. [PMID: 36278544 PMCID: PMC9589955 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells communicate with each other to determine cell fate, guide migration, and shape morphogenesis. While the relevant secreted factors and their downstream target genes have been characterized extensively, how these signals travel between embryonic cells is still emerging. Evidence is accumulating that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are well defined in cell culture and cancer, offer a crucial means of communication in embryos. Moreover, the release and/or reception of EVs is often facilitated by fine cellular protrusions, which have a history of study in development. However, due in part to the complexities of identifying fragile nanometer-scale extracellular structures within the three-dimensional embryonic environment, the nomenclature of developmental EVs and protrusions can be ambiguous, confounding progress. In this review, we provide a robust guide to categorizing these structures in order to enable comparisons between developmental systems and stages. Then, we discuss existing evidence supporting a role for EVs and fine cellular protrusions throughout development.
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