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Milović E, Janković N, Petronijević J, Joksimović N, Kosanić M, Stanojković T, Matić I, Grozdanić N, Klisurić O, Stefanović S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Tetrahydropyrimidines: Dual-Activity and Mechanism of Action. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102254. [PMID: 36297686 PMCID: PMC9610702 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of the novel tetrahydropyrimidines-THPMs are described. THPMs are well-known for wide pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, etc. This research includes obtained results of in vitro antimicrobial, anticancer, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the eleven novel THPMs. An antibiotic assessment was done against five bacteria (two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative) and five fungi by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth tube dilution method. The most active antibacterial compounds were 4a, 4b, and 4d, while the best antifungal activity was shown by 4e, 4f, and 4k. The lowest MIC value (0.20 mg/mL) was measured for 4e, 4f, and 4k against the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Moreover, examining the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed the compound 4g as the one with the best activity. The cytotoxic activity was performed on the tumor cell lines (HeLa, K562, and MDA-MB-231) and normal cells (MRC-5). The best antitumor activity was shown by compounds 4b and 4k against HeLa cell lines. The influence on cell cycle and mechanism of action of the most active compounds were examined too. Compound 4b had good antibacterial and anticancer activities, while 4k showed promising antifungal and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Milović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Janković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jelena Petronijević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Joksimović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marijana Kosanić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nađa Grozdanić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Klisurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan Stefanović
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Sánchez-Sancho F, Escolano M, Gaviña D, Csáky AG, Sánchez-Roselló M, Díaz-Oltra S, del Pozo C. Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin(thio)one Containing Scaffold: Biginelli-like Reactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080948. [PMID: 36015096 PMCID: PMC9413519 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-(thio)ones is increasing every day, mainly due to their paramount biological relevance. The Biginelli reaction is the classical approach to reaching these scaffolds, although the product diversity suffers from some limitations. In order to overcome these restrictions, two main approaches have been devised. The first one involves the modification of the conventional components of the Biginelli reaction and the second one refers to the postmodification of the Biginelli products. Both strategies have been extensively revised in this manuscript. Regarding the first one, initially, the modification of one of the components was covered. Although examples of modifications of the three of them were described, by far the modification of the keto ester counterpart was the most popular approach, and a wide variety of different enolizable carbonylic compounds were used; moreover, changes in two or the three components were also described, broadening the substitution of the final dihydropyrimidines. Together with these modifications, the use of Biginelli adducts as a starting point for further modification was also a very useful strategy to decorate the final heterocyclic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Escolano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.E.); (D.G.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.E.); (D.G.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Aurelio G. Csáky
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Moncloa, Paseo de Juan XXIII, 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.E.); (D.G.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.E.); (D.G.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-O.); (C.d.P.)
| | - Carlos del Pozo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.E.); (D.G.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-O.); (C.d.P.)
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Becerra D, Abonia R, Castillo JC. Recent Applications of the Multicomponent Synthesis for Bioactive Pyrazole Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:4723. [PMID: 35897899 PMCID: PMC9331265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a privileged N-heterocycle with immense therapeutic potential. Over the last few decades, the pot, atom, and step economy (PASE) synthesis of pyrazole derivatives by multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has gained increasing popularity in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the recent developments of multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically active molecules containing the pyrazole moiety. Particularly, it covers the articles published from 2015 to date related to antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and miscellaneous activities of pyrazole derivatives obtained exclusively via an MCR. The reported analytical and activity data, plausible synthetic mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations are organized in concise tables, schemes, and figures to facilitate comparison and underscore the key points of this review. We hope that this review will be helpful in the quest for developing more biologically active molecules and marketed drugs containing the pyrazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Becerra
- Escuela de Ciencias Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360, Cali 76001, Colombia;
| | - Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Escuela de Ciencias Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
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Mineyeva IV, Faletrov YV, Staravoitava VA, Shkumatov VM. Synthesis and In Silico Prediction of Biological Activity and Acute Toxicity of [1,3]Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines Containing Aliphatic Aldehyde Fragments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022070028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Marinescu M. Biginelli Reaction Mediated Synthesis of Antimicrobial Pyrimidine Derivatives and Their Therapeutic Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6022. [PMID: 34641566 PMCID: PMC8512088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance was one of the top priorities for global public health before the start of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Moreover, in this changing medical landscape due to COVID-19, finding new organic structures with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a priority in current research. The Biginelli synthesis that mediates the production of pyrimidine compounds has been intensively studied in recent decades, especially due to the therapeutic properties of the resulting compounds, such as calcium channel blockers, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or antioxidant compounds. In this review we aim to review the Biginelli syntheses reported recently in the literature that mediates the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, the spectrum of their medicinal properties, and the structure-activity relationship in the studied compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Soseaua Panduri, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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Ahmed NM, Youns MM, Soltan MK, Said AM. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Indolyl-Pyrimidine Derivatives with EGFR Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071838. [PMID: 33805918 PMCID: PMC8037142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds hybridization is a well-known drug design strategy for antitumor agents. Herein, series of novel indolyl-pyrimidine hybrids were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their antitumor activity. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of all compounds was obtained against MCF-7, HepG2, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines, as well as against WI38 normal cells using the resazurin assay. Compounds 1-4 showed broad spectrum cytotoxic activity against all these cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Compound 4g showed potent antiproliferative activity against these cell lines (IC50 = 5.1, 5.02, and 6.6 μM, respectively) comparable to the standard treatment (5-FU and erlotinib). In addition, the most promising group of compounds was further evaluated for their in vivo antitumor efficacy against EAC tumor bearing mice. Notably, compound 4g showed the most potent in vivo antitumor activity. The most active compounds were evaluated for their EGFR inhibitory (range 53-79%) activity. Compound 4g was found to be the most active compound against EGFR (IC50 = 0.25 µM) showing equipotency as the reference treatment (erlotinib). Molecular modeling study was performed on compound 4g revealed a proper binding of this compound inside the EGFR active site comparable to erlotinib. The data suggest that compound 4g could be used as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa M. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. Youns
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
- Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Moustafa K. Soltan
- Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Said
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-907-5016
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Rational Design, Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies of Dihydropyrimidinone Derivatives as β-Glucuronidase Inhibitors. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a series of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives were rationally designed as β-glucuronidase inhibitors. These designed compounds were successfully synthesized and characterized through various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EI-MS. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) of synthesized derivatives to inhibit β-glucuronidase was also established. In vitro biological evaluations revealed that 4i as the most potent compound in this series has an IC50 value of 31.52 ± 2.54 μM compared to the standard D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 41.32 ± 1.82 µM). Also, molecular docking and dynamics studies of the most potent compound are performed to evaluate interactions between the active compound and binding site.
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Khasimbi S, Ali F, Manda K, Sharma A, Chauhan G, Wakode S. Dihydropyrimidinones Scaffold as a Promising Nucleus for Synthetic Profile and Various Therapeutic Targets: A Review. Curr Org Synth 2020; 18:270-293. [PMID: 33290199 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666201207215710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review elaborates the updated synthetic and pharmacological approaches of a known group of dihydropyrimidinones/thiones from the multi-component reaction like Biginelli reaction, which was named Pietro Biginelli in 1891. This review consists of the reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, urea and ethyl acetoacetate leading to dihydropyrimidinone/thione. Currently, the scientific movement to develop economically viable green methods using compounds that are reusable, non-volatile, easily obtained, etc. Objective: This review covers the recent synthesis and pharmacological advancement of dihydropyrimidinones/ thiones moiety, along with covering the structure-activity relationship of the most potent compounds, which may prove to become better, more efficacious and safer agents. Thus, this review may help the researchers in drug designing and development of new Dihydropyrimidinones entities. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the wide application of dihydropyrimidinone/thione review reports the design, synthesis and pharmacological activities of nitrogen-sulphur containing dihydropyrimidinone moiety by using multi-component reaction. Dihydropyrimidinones (DHPM) pharmacophore is an important heterocyclic ring in medicinal chemistry. It is derived from multi-component reactions, "Biginelli reaction" and plays a critical role as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV-1, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and anti-tubercular agents. Exhaustive research has led to its vast biological profile, with a wide range of therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Khasimbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, Sector-3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Faraat Ali
- Laboratory Services, Botswana Medicines Regulatory Authority, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kiran Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Andhra University South Campus, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, Sector-3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, Sector-3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, Sector-3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
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Macarini AF, Sobrinho TUC, Rizzi GW, Corrêa R. Pyrazole–chalcone derivatives as selective COX-2 inhibitors: design, virtual screening, and in vitro analysis. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ma C, Wang Y, Dong F, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Shan Y, Gu W, Wang S. Synthesis and antitumor activity of isolongifoleno[7,8-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives via enhancing ROS level. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1457-1466. [PMID: 30920166 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel isolongifoleno[7,8-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives (4a-4x) were synthesized from isolongifolanone according fragment-based design strategy, and their anticancer activity against human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC), human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, and human liver cancer (HepG2) cells were investigated. Results of the anticancer activity illustrated that most of the compounds showed potent antitumor activity and compound 4i proved to be the most active derivative with IC50 values of 0.33 ± 0.24 (for MCF-7 cells), 0.52 ± 0.13 (for HeLa cells), and 3.09 ± 0.11 μM (for HepG2 cells), respectively. Moreover, we assessed the effects of 4i on cell apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The results indicated that compound 4i altered mitochondrial membrane potential and produced ROS leading to cell apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, however, without affecting cell cycle progression. These findings suggested that 4i was an effective compound and provided a promising candidate for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuhao Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonglong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxun Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shifa Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Nagargoje AA, Akolkar SV, Siddiqui MM, Bagade AV, Kodam KM, Sangshetti JN, Damale MG, Shingate BB. Synthesis and evaluation of pyrazole‐incorporated monocarbonyl curcumin analogues as antiproliferative and antioxidant agents. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol A. Nagargoje
- Department of ChemistryDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad India
| | - Satish V. Akolkar
- Department of ChemistryDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad India
| | - Madiha M. Siddiqui
- Department of ChemistryDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad India
| | - Aditi V. Bagade
- Department of ChemistrySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune India
| | - Kisan M. Kodam
- Department of ChemistrySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune India
| | | | - Manoj G. Damale
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistrySrinath College of Pharnacy Aurangabad India
| | - Bapurao B. Shingate
- Department of ChemistryDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad India
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Synthesis and biological screening of new thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine and dithiazolo[3,2-a:5',4'-e]pyrimidinone derivatives as antimicrobial, antiquorum-sensing and antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:299-310. [PMID: 30172111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New thiazolopyrimidine and dithiazolopyrimidinone derivatives 2-11 were synthesized and estimated for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, C. albicans, A. fumigatus and A. terreus. The attained results proved that 4, 8a and 11g have significant effectiveness against S. aureus and B. cereus. On the other hand, 7, 10b, 10c and 11h exhibited prominent activity against B. cereus, whereas 8a, 10b and 11g were proved to be active against E. coli. From another point of view, 4 and 8a exhibited promising efficacy against A. fumigatus and A. terreus; moreover, 8a showed outstanding efficacy against C. albicans. Quorum-sensing inhibitory activity of the new compounds was esteemed against C. violaceum, where 7, 8a, 9b, 10a-c, 11d and 11g have acceptable efficacy. In vitro antitumor efficacy of the same compounds against HepG2, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines was also tested. Compounds 4 and 11h showed enhanced effectiveness against the three cell lines, whereas 10b displayed eminent activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells. Moreover, 11a was found to have outstanding activity against MCF-7 cells, while 11i showed promising efficacy against HepG2 cells. The in vitro active antitumor compounds were evaluated for in vivo antitumor effectiveness against EAC in mice, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity against WI38 and WISH normal cells. Results manifested that 4 has the strongest in vivo activity, and that all investigated analogs are less cytotoxic than 5-FU against both normal cell lines. DNA-binding affinity of the active compounds was examined, where 4, 8a, 10c, 11d and 11g,h displayed strong affinity. In silico studies proved that majority of the analyzed compounds are in conformity with the optimum needs for good oral absorption.
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