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Yang D, Wang L, Zhang L, Wang M, Li D, Liu N, Liu D, Zhao M, Yao X. Construction, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of curcumin nanocrystals with extremely high solubility and dispersion prepared by ultrasound-assisted method. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106835. [PMID: 38460473 PMCID: PMC10940784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) as a natural pigment and biological component, can be widely used in food and beverages. However, the water insolubility of Cur significantly limits its applications. In this study, we prepared a series of nanocrystals via ultrasound-assisted method to improve the solubility and availability of Cur. The results showed artemisia sphaerocephala krasch polysaccharide (ASKP), gum arabic (GA) and wheat protein (WP) were outstanding stabilizers for nanocryatals except traditional agent, poloxamer 188 (F68). The obtained curcumin nanocrystals (Cur-NC) displayed a rod-shaped, crystal- and nanosized structure, and extremely high loading capacity (more over 80 %, w/w). Compared with raw powder, Cur-NC greatly improved the water solubility and dispersibility, and the slow and complete release of Cur of Cur-NC also endowed them excellent antioxidant capacities even at 10 μg/mL. Importantly, as functional factor additive in beverages (e.g. water and emulsion), Cur-NC could increase the content of Cur to at least 600 μg/mL and retain a good stability. Overall, we provided an effective improvement method for the liposoluble active molecules (e.g. Cur) based on the nanocrystals, which not only tremendously enhanced its water solubility, but also strengthened its bioactivity. Notably, our findings broadened the application of water-insoluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Antiviral and Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Therapeutics Research, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Linxuan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Dechun Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaolin Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
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V M A, Suresh S, Kumar A, K P, N M R, Rangappa S, Murthy SN, H N S. Overcoming challenges in dermal and transdermal delivery of herbal therapeutics with polymeric microneedles. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:364-396. [PMID: 37982815 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2286033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are generally preferred medications owing to their low toxicity and irritancy potential. However, a good number of herbal therapeutics (HT) exhibit solubility, permeability and stability issues that eventually affect oral bioavailability. Transdermal administration has been successful in resolving some of these issues which has lead in commercialization of a few herbal transdermal products. Polymeric Microneedles (MNs) has emerged as a promising platform in transdermal delivery of HT that face problems in permeating the skin. Several biocompatible and biodegradable polymers used in the fabrication of MNs have been discussed. MNs have been exploited for cutaneous delivery of HT in management of skin ailments like skin cancer, acne, chronic wounds and hypertrophic scar. Considering the clinical need, MNs are explored for systemic delivery of potent HT for management of diverse disorders like asthma, disorders of central nervous system and nicotine replacement as it obviates first pass metabolism and elicits a quicker onset of therapeutic response. MNs of HT have found good number of aesthetic applications in topical delivery of HT to the skin. Interestingly, MNs have emerged as an attractive option as a minimally invasive diagnostic aid in sampling biomarkers from plants, skin and ocular interstitial fluid. The review updates the progress made by MN technology of HT for multiple therapeutic interventions along with the future challenges. An attempt is made to illustrate the challenging formulation strategies employed in the fabrication of polymeric MNs of HT. Efforts are on to extend the potential applications of polymeric MNs to HT for diverse therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha V M
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarasija Suresh
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Avichal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Paranjyothy K
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Reena N M
- Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - S Narasimha Murthy
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
- Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shivakumar H N
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Encalada-Mena LA, López-Arellano R, López-Arellano ME, Mancilla-Montelongo MG, Sandoval-Castro CA, Olmedo-Juárez A, Lifschitz A, Torres-Acosta JFDJ. Curcumin-PVP improves the in vitro efficacy of ivermectin against resistant and susceptible Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2024; 256:108670. [PMID: 38092297 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) resistance in parasitic nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus has spurred a search for substances that help to recover its efficacy. One potential agent is the natural product curcumin (CUR). In this study, CUR was combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (CUR/PVP) to improve its solubility and biological applicability. This study determined the effect of CUR preincubation on the effective concentration 50% (EC50) of IVM in three H. contortus isolates with different susceptibilities to IVM. The IVM EC50 was determined for three H. contortus isolates with different IVM susceptibilities using the larval migration inhibition (LMI) test. The three isolates were (i) PARAISO (IVM resistant), (ii) FMVZ-UADY (IVM susceptible), and (iii) CENID-SAI INIFAP (reference IVM susceptible). The L3 of each isolate were preincubated for 3 h with one of three concentrations of CUR (μg curcumin/mL): CONC-1 (3.67), CONC-2 (5.67), or CONC-3 (8.48). Corresponding controls were performed without CUR. The EC50 of IVM was determined for each isolate after they were exposed to the different CUR concentrations. The EC50 of IVM differed between the isolates PARAISO > FMVZ-UADY > CENID-SAI INIFAP (P < 0.05). The CUR preincubation at CONC-1 did not decrease the EC50 of IVM for any of the three isolates, suggesting a hormetic effect. By contrast, CUR preincubation at CONC-2 or CONC-3 decreased the IVM EC50 for the PARAISO isolate (P < 0.05) compared with the reference isolate and reduced the EC50 of IVM for the FMVZ-UADY and CENID-SAI INIFAP isolates below the EC50 for the CENID-SAI INIFAP isolate without CUR preincubation. In conclusion, preincubation of H. contortus L3 with CUR reduced the EC50 of IVM for field isolates classified as resistant and susceptible to IVM. The CUR preincubation reduced the IVM resistance factor in the different isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Alberto Encalada-Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Calle 53 S/N, Col. Unidad, Esfuerzo y Trabajo No. 2, C.P. 24350, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Ensayos de Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, FES-Cuautitlán, Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carr. México-Teoloyucan Km 2.5 San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo
- CONACYT-Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Liu Y, Zhou M, Wang S, Feng J, Lu C, Jin G. Strategy of eudragit coated curcumin nanoparticles delivery system: Release and cell imaging studies in simulated gastrointestinal microenvironments. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106732. [PMID: 37480813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has a broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect and has no toxic side effects. However, the unique diketone structure of curcumin will undergo diketo-enol tautomerism under different acid-base conditions, resulting in its instability under physiological conditions. In addition, the low biocompatibility and absorption rate of curcumin also limit the use of curcumin drugs. In this paper, curcumin was modified by substitution of acryloyl and acrylsulfonyl groups, and four kinds of nanoparticles with regular morphology were prepared using non-toxic and non-irritating acrylic resin as coating material to improve the stability and bioavailability of the compounds. Zeta potential testing shows that the composites surface carries positive charges and have good stability. In the release experiment, four complexes have the potential for slow and controlled release. Imaging of Hela cells with different channels was performed, and the imaging results showed that the complexes could enter the cells and be absorbed by them, demonstrating good imaging performance. MTT experiments have shown that the complexes have certain anti-tumor activity and low cytotoxicity. In general, the complexes synthesized in this paper have potential in the field of drug fluorescence imaging detection. At the same time, this experiment provides a new idea for the design of slow and controlled release of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiankang Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chichong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guofan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Liu C, Zhao Z, Lv H, Yu J, Zhang P. Microneedles-mediated drug delivery system for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112818. [PMID: 36084509 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging novel drug delivery system, microneedles (MNs) have a wide range of applications in the medical field. They can overcome the physiological barriers of the skin, penetrate the outermost skin of the human body, and form hundreds of reversible microchannels to enhance the penetration of drugs and deliver drugs to the diseased sites. So they have great applications in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Melanoma is a kind of malignant tumor, the survival rate of patients with metastases is extremely low. The traditional methods of surgery and drug treatment for melanoma are often accompanied by large adverse reactions in the whole body, and the drug concentration is low. The use of MNs for transdermal administration can increase the drug concentration, reduce adverse reactions in the treatment process, and have good therapeutic effect on melanoma. This paper introduced various types of MNs and their preparation methods, summarized the diagnosis and various treatment options for melanoma with MNs, focused on the treatment of melanoma with dissolved MNs, and made prospect of MNs-mediated transdermal drug delivery in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhining Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongqian Lv
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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6
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Curcumin copolymerized drugs mediated by enteric-coated polymers: Their design, synthesis and biocompatibility cell imaging studies. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Zhi D, Yang T, Zhang T, Yang M, Zhang S, Donnelly RF. Microneedles for gene and drug delivery in skin cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 335:158-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tommalieh M. Gamma radiation assisted modification on electrical properties of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone/Polyethylene Oxide blend doped by copper oxide nanoparticles. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Massoud A, Challan SB, Maziad N. Characterization of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with technetium-99m and its accumulation in mice. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1873070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Massoud
- Nuclear Chemistry Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S. B. Challan
- Labeled Compounds Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila Maziad
- Polymer Chemistry Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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The Influence of Regional Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Loess Landslides: Analysis of Strength Deterioration of Loess with Changes in Pore Structure. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The loess landslide in Gaoling District of Xi’an, Shaanxi in China is closely related to the seasonal freeze–thaw cycle, which is manifested by the destruction of pore structure and strength deterioration of the loess body under freeze–thaw conditions. In order to study the relationship between macro-strength damage and pore structure deterioration of saturated loess under freeze–thaw conditions and its influence on the stability of landslides, this paper explores the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the strength of saturated undisturbed loess through triaxial compression test, and explores the micro-microstructure changes of saturated undisturbed loess through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This is to analyze the evolution of the pore structure and strength loss evolution of saturated loess during the freeze–thaw process, and to describe the freeze–thaw damage of saturated undisturbed loess through the change of porosity and strength deterioration. Then, the internal correlation expression between the porosity change and the strength degradation is established to realize the verification analysis of the test data based on the correlation model. The research results show that: (1) As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, the peak strength loss rate gradually increases, and the strength deterioration of saturated loess becomes more and more obvious. (2) The freeze–thaw cycle will lead to the development of pores and cracks in the sample, accompanied by the generation of new cracks, which will cause the deterioration of the pore structure of the sample as a whole. (3) The response of strength damage and porosity deterioration of saturated undisturbed loess is roughly similar under the freeze–thaw cycle. The change in porosity can be measured to better reflect the strength deterioration of saturated loess. Therefore, the change of pore structure of undisturbed loess under freeze–thaw cycle conditions is tested by field sampling and indoor tests to reflect the phenomenon of strength deterioration, thereby analyzing the stability of loess slopes.
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Cheng Z, Lin H, Wang Z, Yang X, Zhang M, Liu X, Wang B, Wu Z, Chen D. Preparation and characterization of dissolving hyaluronic acid composite microneedles loaded micelles for delivery of curcumin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1520-1530. [PMID: 32100266 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the bioavailability of curcumin (Cur) and patient compliance, a type of novel hyaluronic acid (HA) composite microneedles containing Cur-loaded micelles was designed in this paper. On the one hand, the microneedles matrix solution was prepared by screening the optimal concentration of HA and the better proportion of HA to sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na). On the other hand, the amphiphilic polymer, named as Quercetin-Dithiodipropionic Acid-Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid (Que-DA-oHA), was synthesized and characterized using 1H-NMR. Subsequently, the dialysis method was used to prepare Cur-loaded Que-DA-oHA micelles with an average size of 172.6 ± 11.4 nm and zeta potential of - 33.71 ± 0.45 mV. A micromolding process was used to prepare the micelle-loaded HA composite microneedles. It had been found that when the concentration of HA was 200 mg/mL and the mass ratio of HA to CMS-Na was 2:1, the prepared HA composite microneedles had good mechanical strength. In-skin dissolution kinetics showed that the micelle-loaded HA composite microneedles could dissolve quickly in the skin. In vitro permeation study indicated that the microneedles delivered 74.7% of their drug load over 6 h, which exhibited remarkable drug permeation properties in a short time. Here, we creatively combined micellar technology with microneedle technology to rapidly deliver Cur transdermally for diseases treatment such as melanoma. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Lin
- Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daquan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
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