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Gonçalves A, Mathelié-Guinlet Q, Ramires F, Monteiro F, Carvalho Ó, Silva FS, Resende AD, Pinho T. Biological alterations associated with the orthodontic treatment with conventional appliances and aligners: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32873. [PMID: 39021939 PMCID: PMC11253224 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background&objectives Mechanical forces applied during an orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) propel several biochemical and molecular responses in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Here, we compile the existing clinical and preclinical evidence on these biological changes, aiming to provide a comprehensive discussion on the influence of the mechanical parameters of the OTM in the biological profile of the periodontium. Material and methods This systematic integrative review was conducted according to PICOS strategy and PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was performed in three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to find research articles published until 2023 and written in English. This search resulted in a total of 2279 publications, which were independently assessed by two evaluators using appropriate tools. Results Forty-six studies were selected for this review. These revealed that compression, and stretching of the periodontal ligament fibers and cells are observed in the initial phase of the OTM. Specifically, on the tension side, high levels of IL-1β, OPG, and TIMPs are identified. On the compression side, an increase of RANKL, RANK, and MMPs levels predominate. Conclusion This paper describes the release profile of common biomarkers according to the orthodontic protocol, suggesting the most appropriate parameters to keep the teeth and their supporting structures healthy. Overall, this manuscript provides a better understanding of the OTM-associated biological phenomena, also highlighting the importance of early evaluation of oral health, and thus it contributes as a fundamental basis for the development of more effective and safe orthodontic treatments with conventional appliances and aligners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gonçalves
- UNIPRO – Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Quitterie Mathelié-Guinlet
- UNIPRO – Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ramires
- UNIPRO – Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Francisca Monteiro
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Albina D. Resende
- UNIPRO – Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS - CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO – Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
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Pakpahan ND, Kyawsoewin M, Manokawinchoke J, Termkwancharoen C, Egusa H, Limraksasin P, Osathanon T. Effects of mechanical loading on matrix homeostasis and differentiation potential of periodontal ligament cells: A scoping review. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38736036 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Various mechanical loadings, including mechanical stress, orthodontics forces, and masticatory force, affect the functions of periodontal ligament cells. Regulation of periodontal tissue destruction, formation, and differentiation functions are crucial processes for periodontal regeneration therapy. Numerous studies have reported that different types of mechanical loading play a role in maintaining periodontal tissue matrix homeostasis, and osteogenic differentiation of the periodontal ligament cells. This scoping review aims to evaluate the studies regarding the effects of various mechanical loadings on the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, regulation of the balance between formation and destruction of periodontal tissue matrix, osteogenic differentiation, and multiple differentiation functions of the periodontal ligament. An electronic search for this review has been conducted on two databases; MEDLINE via PubMed and SCOPUS. Study selection criteria included original research written in English that reported the effects of different mechanical loadings on matrix homeostasis and differentiation potential of periodontal ligament cells. The final 204 articles were mainly included in the present scoping review. Mechanical forces of the appropriate magnitude, duration, and pattern have a positive influence on the secretion of ECM components such as collagen, as well as regulate the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, these forces regulate a balance between osteoblastic and osteoclast differentiation. Conversely, incorrect mechanical loadings can lead to abnormal formation and destruction of both soft and hard tissue. This review provides additional insight into how mechanical loadings impact ECM homeostasis and multiple differentiation functions of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), thus making it valuable for regenerative periodontal treatment. In combination with advancing technologies, the utilization of ECM components, application of different aspects of mechanical force, and differentiation potential of PDLCs could bring potential benefits to future periodontal regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novena Dameria Pakpahan
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maythwe Kyawsoewin
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Termkwancharoen
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Phoonsuk Limraksasin
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yamashita E, Negishi S, Kikuta J, Shimizu M, Senpuku H. Effects of Improper Mechanical Force on the Production of Sonic Hedgehog, RANKL, and IL-6 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:108. [PMID: 38668020 PMCID: PMC11049549 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Improper mechanical stress may induce side effects during orthodontic treatment. If the roots and alveolar bones are extensively resorbed following excess mechanical stress, unplanned tooth mobility and inflammation can occur. Although multiple factors are believed to contribute to the development of side effects, the cause is still unknown. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), one of the hedgehog signals significantly associated with cell growth and cancer development, promotes osteoclast formation in the jawbone. Shh may be associated with root and bone resorptions during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we investigated the relationships between Shh, RANKL, and IL-6 in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells exposed to improper mechanical force. Weights were placed on hPDL cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) for an optimal orthodontic force group (1.0 g/cm2) and a heavy orthodontic force group (4.0 g/cm2). A group with no orthodontic force was used as a control group. Real-time PCR, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting were performed to examine the effects of orthodontic forces on the expression of Shh, RANKL, and IL-6 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after the addition of pressure. The protein expression of Shh was not clearly induced by orthodontic forces of 1.0 and 4.0 g/cm2 compared with the control in HGFs and hPDL cells. In contrast, RANKL and IL-6 gene and protein expression was significantly induced by 1.0 and 4.0 g/cm2 in hPDL cells for forces lasting 6~24 h. However, neither protein was expressed in HGFs. RANKL and IL-6 expressions in response to orthodontic forces and in the control were clearly inhibited by Shh inhibitor RU-SKI 43. Shh did not directly link to RANKL and IL-6 for root and bone resorptions by orthodontic force but was associated with cell activities to be finally guided by the production of cytokines in hPDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yamashita
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Shinichi Negishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kikuta
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Mami Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
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Welte-Jzyk C, Plümer V, Schumann S, Pautz A, Erbe C. Effect of the antirheumatic medication methotrexate (MTX) on biomechanical compressed human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs). BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:329. [PMID: 38475789 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of the antirheumatic drug methotrexate (MTX) on biomechanically compressed human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs), focusing on the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), as its upregulation is relevant to orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS Human PDLFs were subjected to pressure and simultaneously treated with MTX. Cell proliferation, viability and morphology were studied, as was the gene and protein expression of IL-6. RESULTS Compared with that in untreated fibroblasts, IL-6 mRNA expression in mechanically compressed ligament fibroblasts was increased (two to sixfold; ****p < 0.0001). Under compression, hPDLFs exhibited a significantly more expanded shape with an increase of cell extensions. MTX with and without pressure did not affect IL-6 mRNA expression or the morphology of hPDLFs. CONCLUSION MTX has no effect on IL-6 expression in compressed ligament fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Welte-Jzyk
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vera Plümer
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Erbe
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Peron PF, Wehrbein H, Mundethu A, Schmidtmann I, Erbe C. Clinical parameters and inflammatory biomarkers among patients with multibracket appliances: a prospective clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:308. [PMID: 38443926 PMCID: PMC10913366 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of the presented study was to investigate changes in clinical parameters and active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) levels in gingival crevicular fluid of patients before and during treatment with multibrackets appliances. METHODS Fifty-five adolescents scheduled for the treatment were included. Clinical parameters and subgingival samples were obtained at six time points: 1 week before appliance insertion (T0), 3 (T1), 6 (T2) weeks, 3 (T3), 6 (T4) months, and 1 year (T5) after that. Gingival index and plaque index were assessed to evaluated changes on the clinical status. Subgingival samples were collected to analyze changes in aMMP-8. RESULTS Scores for gingival and plaque index increased after bracket insertion. The gingival index increased from T2 (p < 0.05) until T5 (p < 0.0001). Plaque index also increased, reaching its maximum peak at T3 (p < 0.05). Moreover, an increase of aMMP-8 levels (p < 0.05) was noted. There was no significant between upper and lower jaws. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with multibracket appliances in adolescents favors dental plaque accumulation and may transitionally increase gingival and plaque index and aMMP-8 levels leading to gingival inflammation, even 1 year after therapy began. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the dental medical association Rheiland-Pfalz, Germany (process no. 837.340.12 (8441-F)), and followed the guidelines of Good Clinical Practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferrari Peron
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Wehrbein
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ambili Mundethu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Erbe
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Gonçalves A, Monteiro F, Oliveira S, Costa I, Catarino SO, Carvalho Ó, Padrão J, Zille A, Pinho T, Silva FS. Optimization of a Photobiomodulation Protocol to Improve the Cell Viability, Proliferation and Protein Expression in Osteoblasts and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts for Accelerated Orthodontic Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:180. [PMID: 38255285 PMCID: PMC10813108 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous pieces of evidence have supported the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) to modulate bone remodeling on mechanically stimulated teeth, proving PBM's ability to be used as a coadjuvant treatment to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, there are still uncertainty and discourse around the optimal PBM protocols, which hampers its optimal and consolidated clinical applicability. Given the differential expression and metabolic patterns exhibited in the tension and compression sides of orthodontically stressed teeth, it is plausible that different types of irradiation may be applied to each side of the teeth. In this sense, this study aimed to design and implement an optimization protocol to find the most appropriate PBM parameters to stimulate specific bone turnover processes. To this end, three levels of wavelength (655, 810 and 940 nm), two power densities (5 and 10 mW/cm2) and two regimens of single and multiple sessions within three consecutive days were tested. The biological response of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts was addressed by monitoring the PBM's impact on the cellular metabolic activity, as well as on key bone remodeling mediators, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANK-L), each day. The results suggest that daily irradiation of 655 nm delivered at 10 mW/cm2, as well as 810 and 940 nm light at 5 mW/cm2, lead to an increase in ALP and OPG, potentiating bone formation. In addition, irradiation of 810 nm at 5 mW/cm2 delivered for two consecutive days and suspended by the third day promotes a downregulation of OPG expression and a slight non-significant increase in RANK-L expression, being suitable to stimulate bone resorption. Future studies in animal models may clarify the impact of PBM on bone formation and resorption mediators for longer periods and address the possibility of testing different stimulation periodicities. The present in vitro study offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of specific PBM protocols to promote osteogenic and osteoclastogenesis responses and therefore its potential to stimulate bone formation on the tension side and bone resorption on the compression side of orthodontically stressed teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gonçalves
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.G.); (I.C.); (T.P.)
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Francisca Monteiro
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia Oliveira
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Inês Costa
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.G.); (I.C.); (T.P.)
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrea Zille
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (A.G.); (I.C.); (T.P.)
- IBMC—Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S—Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.O.); (S.O.C.); (Ó.C.); (F.S.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Gou W, Song B, Yang Y. P4HA1 expression and function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36800. [PMID: 38134053 PMCID: PMC10735103 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of P4HA1 (prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit α1) and its ratio on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The expression data of P4HA1 in esophageal cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression were collected using the public database gene expression profiling interactive analysis. The expression levels of P4HA1 were examined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between P4HA1 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed the χ2 test. Survival analysis was performed to investigate the effect of P4HA1 and its ratio on prognosis. Compared with normal esophageal mucosal epithelium, there was higher P4HA1 gene mRNA in esophageal cancer tissue. Regarding the expression level, no significant difference was observed in patients with stage I-IV esophageal cancer. Immunohistochemistry showed that P4HA1 was highly expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (68.7%), while it was negatively expressed in paracancerous tissues. There was a significant difference in expression between cancer and adjacent tissues. The expression of P4HA1 associated with the degree of tumor differentiation, site, lymph node metastasis, and tumor node metastasis stage. The prognostic factors that affected the OS (overall survival) of esophageal cancer patients were the degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and P4HA1 expression. Multivariate analysis of the OS results of patients showed that lymph node metastases and P4HA1 expression were independent prognostic factors that affected the OS of esophageal cancer patients. The prognostic factors affecting the PFS (progression-free survival) of esophageal cancer patients in the univariate survival analysis were as follows: degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and P4HA1 expression. In addition, multivariate analysis of the PFS results of patients showed that lymph node metastasis and P4HA1 expression were independent prognostic factors that affected the PFS of esophageal cancer patients. P4HA1 may be a novel potential biomarker for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Gou
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Wanning, Wanning, Hainan Province, China
| | - Beiwen Song
- Department of Endoscopy, People’s Hospital of Wanning, Wanning, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Endoscopy, People’s Hospital of Wanning, Wanning, Hainan Province, China
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Schröder A, Örs T, Byeon YO, Cieplik F, Proff P, Kirschneck C, Paddenberg E. Impact of Mechanical Strain and Nicotinamide on RUNX2-Deficient Osteoblast Mimicking Cleidocranial Dysplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16581. [PMID: 38068903 PMCID: PMC10705976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare genetic defect caused by a heterozygous mutation of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), which is important for osteoblast and skeletal development. RUNX2-deficiency causes extra- and intra-oral malformations that often require orthodontic treatment. Nicotinamide (NAM) affects bone remodelling processes. As these are crucial for orthodontic therapy, NAM could improve orthodontic treatment in CCD patients. This study investigates the effect of NAM in control and RUNX2-deficient osteoblasts under mechanical strain mimicking orthodontic treatment. First, the optimal NAM concentration and the differences in the expression profile of control and RUNX2-deficient osteoblasts were determined. Subsequently, osteoblasts were exposed to tensile and compressive strain with and without NAM, and the expression of genes critically involved in bone remodelling was investigated. NAM increased the expression of bone remodelling genes. RUNX2-deficient osteoblasts expressed more receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) and interleukin-6 (IL6), but less colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1). Most of the positive effects of NAM on bone remodelling genes were impaired by mechanical loading. In conclusion, NAM stimulated osteoblast differentiation by increasing the expression of RUNX2 and regulated the expression of osteoclastogenic factors. However, the positive effects of NAM on bone metabolism were impaired by mechanical loading and RUNX2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.Ö.); (Y.-O.B.); (P.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Talia Örs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.Ö.); (Y.-O.B.); (P.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Ye-Oun Byeon
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.Ö.); (Y.-O.B.); (P.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.Ö.); (Y.-O.B.); (P.P.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Eva Paddenberg
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.Ö.); (Y.-O.B.); (P.P.); (E.P.)
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Yang Y, Liu Q, Lu X, Ma J, Mei D, Chen Q, Zhao T, Chen J. Sanhuang decoction inhibits autophagy of periodontal ligament fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement by activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115391. [PMID: 37677964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a typical treatment that corrects malaligned teeth by applying mechanical forces. However, mechanical overload often leads to damage of PDL fibroblasts. Sanhuang decoction (SHD) is commonly used to inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of SHD for OTM treatment is still unclear. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the underlying mechanism through relevant experiments. METHODS In the present paper, we established a OTM rat model and further explored the effects of SHD on the PDL of OTM rats. The OTM model and effects of SHD were determined by micro-CT, and the PDL pathological changes, PDL width and capillaries in PDL were observed by H&E staining. Subsequently, the ROS levels in PDL was determined using flow cytometry analysis with DCFH-DA staining, MDA contents and antioxidative enzymes activities were also measured using commercial kits. Furthermore, the autophagy of PDL fibroblasts and proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were detected using immunoluminescence, qPCR and western blotting assays. RESULTS The results showed SHD treatment can alleviate the decrease of PDL cells and capillaries induced by OTM, and improve the MDA and ROS levels in PDL, as well as enhance the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Further experiments indicated SHD decreased the autophagy levels of PDL fibroblasts via promoting the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, PI3K and Akt proteins. CONCLUSION SHD inhibited autophagy of periodontal ligament fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement by inhibiting oxidative stress via activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Our present findings suggested SHD treatment would be useful for management of the possible disorders occurs in orthodontic tooth movement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yinchuan Stomatological Hospital, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Xun Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Donglan Mei
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China.
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10
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Shen X, Wu W, Ying Y, Zhou L, Zhu H. A regulatory role of Piezo1 in apoptosis of periodontal tissue and periodontal ligament fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:228-237. [PMID: 36461169 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on the effect of Piezo1 on periodontal tissue and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) under mechanical stress and the underlying mechanism. The orthodontic tooth movement rat model was established via an orthodontic spiral tension spring. PDLFs were cultured and subjected to 2.0 g/cm2 static compressive loading. Blocked the Piezo1 via Piezo1 inhibitor, GsMTx4. TUNEL staining and flow cytometry determined the apoptosis rate of periodontal tissue and PDLFs in rats. Expression of Piezo1, p-p38 and ERK1/2 was analysed by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Piezo1 inhibitor GsMTx4 relieved the increased expression of Piezo1, ERK1/2 and p-p38, and alleviated apoptosis in periodontal tissue and PDLFs under compressive loading. Piezo1 inhibition can alleviate force-induced apoptosis and damage in rats' periodontal tissue and PDLFs, and regulate the p38/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjiang Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Weilli Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Yukang Ying
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Haiqian Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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11
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Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Mechanobiology of orthodontic tooth movement: An update. J World Fed Orthod 2023; 12:156-160. [PMID: 37349154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the changes at the cellular and tissue level occurring during orthodontic force application. For the understanding of this process, knowledge of the mechanobiology of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone are essential. The periodontal ligament and alveolar bone make up a functional unit that undergoes robust changes during orthodontic tooth movement. Complex molecular signaling is responsible for converting mechanical stresses into biochemical events with a net result of bone apposition and/or bone resorption. Despite an improved understanding of mechanical and biochemical signaling mechanisms, it is largely unknown how mechanical stresses regulate the differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into osteoblast and osteoclast lineages. To advance orthodontics, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and osteoclastogenesis from the hematopoietic/monocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap C Maltha
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Campus Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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12
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Küchler EC, Teodoro VB, Schröder A, Nazet U, Meger MN, Kunz PVM, Baratto-Filho F, Spanier G, Scariot R, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Effect of genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in the expression of HIF-1α protein in periodontal ligament fibroblasts subjected to compressive force. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220151. [PMID: 37255180 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many genes and signaling molecules are involved in orthodontic tooth movement, with mechanically and hypoxically stabilized HIF-1α having been shown to play a decisive role in periodontal ligament signaling during orthodontic tooth movement. Thus, this in vitro study aimed to investigate if genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A (Hypoxia-inducible factor α-subunits) influence the expression pattern of HIF-1α protein during simulated orthodontic compressive pressure. METHODOLOGY Samples from human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were used and their DNA was genotyped using real time Polymerase chain reaction for the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in HIF1A . For cell culture and protein expression experiments, six human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell lines were selected based on the patients' genotype. To simulate orthodontic compressive pressure in fibroblasts, a 2 g/cm2 force was applied under cell culture conditions for 48 hours. Protein expression was evaluated by Western Blot. Paired t-tests were used to compare HIF-1α expression with and without compressive pressure application and unpaired t-tests were used to compare expression between the genotypes in rs2057482 and rs2301113 (p<0.05). RESULTS The expression of HIF-1α protein was significantly enhanced by compressive pressure application regardless of the genotype (p<0.0001). The genotypes in the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 were not associated with HIF-1α protein expression (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that compressive pressure application enhances HIF-1α protein expression. We could not prove that the genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A affect HIF-1α protein expression by periodontal ligament fibroblasts during simulated orthodontic compressive force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnes Schröder
- University of Regensburg, Department of Orthodontics, Germany
| | - Ute Nazet
- University of Regensburg, Department of Orthodontics, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerrit Spanier
- University of Regensburg, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany
| | - Rafaela Scariot
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Estomatologia, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Peter Proff
- University of Regensburg, Department of Orthodontics, Germany
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13
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Küchler EC, Schröder A, Spanier G, Thedei G, Carvalho Ribeiro de Oliveira MB, de Menezes-Oliveira MAH, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Influence of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts as a Response to Orthodontic Compression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415948. [PMID: 36555589 PMCID: PMC9787981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are associated with gene expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts under simulated orthodontic compressive force. hPDL samples from 57 patients were used. A physiological compressive strain was performed to simulate orthodontic tooth movement in pressure areas under cell culture conditions. The RNA from hPDL fibroblasts was isolated to determine the relative gene expression (mRNA) of the VDR. The DNA was also isolated for the genotyping analysis of five SNPs in the VDR gene: BglI (rs739837, G/T), BsmI (rs1544410, T/C), ApaI (rs7975232, A/C), FokI (rs2228570, A/G), and TaqI (rs731236, A/G). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for both analyses. Kruskal−Wallis tests were used to compare VDR expression among genotypes of each SNP. A linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate SNP−SNP interaction. An established alpha of 5% was used. The relative mRNA VDR expression according to the genotypes in the SNPs BglI, BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and TaqI was not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05). The SNP−SNP interaction evaluated by regression analysis did not demonstrate any statistically significant association. No association was observed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the SNPs BglI (rs739837), BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236) did not show an impact on VDR gene expression in hPDL fibroblasts under simulated orthodontic compressive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Uberaba, Uberaba 38010-200, Brazil
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Geraldo Thedei
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Uberaba, Uberaba 38010-200, Brazil
| | | | | | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+49-941/944-6095/6093; Fax: +49-941/944-6169
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14
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Montevecchi M, Marucci G, Pignataro B, Piana G, Alessandri-Bonetti G, Checchi V. Bone Modeling after Orthodontic Extrusion: A Histomorphometric Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247329. [PMID: 36555945 PMCID: PMC9781502 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During osteogenesis and bone modeling, high vascularity and osteoblastic/osteoclastic cell activity have been detected. A decrease in this activity is a sign of complete bone formation and maturation. Alveolar bone maturation seems to occur within weeks and months; however, the precise timing of the alveolar bone modeling is still unknown. The aim of this clinical pilot study was to investigate the bone modeling of neo-apposed tissue during orthodontic extrusive movements, through a histomorphometric analysis of human biopsies. This study was conducted on third mandibular molars sockets, and all teeth were extracted after orthodontic extrusion between 2010 and 2014. After different stabilization timings, extractions were performed, and a specimen of neo-deposed bone was harvested from each socket for the histomorphometric analysis. Histological parameters were evaluated to identify bone quantity and quality. This study included 12 teeth extracted from 9 patients. All specimens were composed of bone tissue. Bone samples taken after 1 and 1.5 months of stabilization presented remarkable percentages of woven bone, while after 2 months, a relevant decrease was observed. Histomorphometric analysis suggested that after orthodontic extrusion, a period of stabilization of 2 months allows the neo-deposed bone to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montevecchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Via San Vitale 59, 40100 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriela Piana
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Via San Vitale 59, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri-Bonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Via San Vitale 59, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Checchi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Unit of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy
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15
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Impact of Melatonin on RAW264.7 Macrophages during Mechanical Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113397. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of melatonin is elevated during the night when patients mainly wear removable orthodontic appliances. Next to periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts, macrophages react to mechanical strain with an increased expression of inflammatory mediators. Here, we investigated the impact of melatonin on RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to tensile or compressive strain occurring during orthodontic tooth movement in the periodontal ligament. Before exposure to mechanical strain for 4 h, macrophages were pre-incubated with different melatonin concentrations for 24 h, to determine the dependence of melatonin concentration. Afterwards, we performed experiments with and without mechanical strain, the most effective melatonin concentration (25 µM), and the melatonin receptor 2 (MT2) specific antagonist 4P-PDOT. The expression of inflammatory genes and proteins was investigated by RT-qPCR, ELISAs, and immunoblot. Both tensile and compressive strain increased the expression of the investigated inflammatory factors interleukin-1-beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2. This effect was inhibited by the addition of melatonin. Incubation with 4P-PDOT blocked this anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin. Melatonin had an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages exposed to mechanical strain, independent of the type of mechanical strain. As inhibition was possible with 4P-PDOT, the MT2 receptor might be involved in the regulation of the observed effects.
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16
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Verdugo E, Puerto I, Medina MÁ. An update on the molecular biology of glioblastoma, with clinical implications and progress in its treatment. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1083-1111. [PMID: 36129048 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common malignant primary brain tumor. Patients with GBM often have poor prognoses, with a median survival of ∼15 months. Enhanced understanding of the molecular biology of central nervous system tumors has led to modifications in their classifications, the most recent of which classified these tumors into new categories and made some changes in their nomenclature and grading system. This review aims to give a panoramic view of the last 3 years' findings in glioblastoma characterization, its heterogeneity, and current advances in its treatment. Several molecular parameters have been used to achieve an accurate and personalized characterization of glioblastoma in patients, including epigenetic, genetic, transcriptomic and metabolic features, as well as age- and sex-related patterns and the involvement of several noncoding RNAs in glioblastoma progression. Astrocyte-like neural stem cells and outer radial glial-like cells from the subventricular zone have been proposed as agents involved in GBM of IDH-wildtype origin, but this remains controversial. Glioblastoma metabolism is characterized by upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, promotion of the glycolytic flux, maintenance of lipid storage, and other features. This metabolism also contributes to glioblastoma's resistance to conventional therapies. Tumor heterogeneity, a hallmark of GBM, has been shown to affect the genetic expression, modulation of metabolic pathways, and immune system evasion. GBM's aggressive invasion potential is modulated by cell-to-cell crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment and altered expressions of specific genes, such as ANXA2, GBP2, FN1, PHIP, and GLUT3. Nevertheless, the rising number of active clinical trials illustrates the efforts to identify new targets and drugs to treat this malignancy. Immunotherapy is still relevant for research purposes, given the amount of ongoing clinical trials based on this strategy to treat GBM, and neoantigen and nucleic acid-based vaccines are gaining importance due to their antitumoral activity by inducing the immune response. Furthermore, there are clinical trials focused on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis, angiogenesis, and tumor heterogeneity for developing molecular-targeted therapies against GBM. Other strategies, such as nanodelivery and computational models, may improve the drug pharmacokinetics and the prognosis of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Verdugo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Iker Puerto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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17
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Paddenberg E, Osterloh H, Jantsch J, Nogueira A, Proff P, Kirschneck C, Schröder A. Impact of Leptin on the Expression Profile of Macrophages during Mechanical Strain In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810727. [PMID: 36142638 PMCID: PMC9503708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a growing problem in industrial societies and associated with increased leptin levels in serum and salvia. Orthodontic treatment provokes pressure and tension zones within the periodontal ligament, where, in addition to fibroblasts, macrophages are exposed to these mechanical loadings. Given the increasing number of orthodontic patients with these conditions, insights into the effects of elevated leptin levels on the expression profile of macrophages during mechanical strain are of clinical interest. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of leptin on the expression profile of macrophages during simulated orthodontic treatment. RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with leptin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or with leptin and different types of mechanical strain (tensile, compressive strain). Expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin-1-B (IL1B), IL6, and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2) was assessed by RT-qPCR, ELISAs, and immunoblot. Without additional mechanical loading, leptin increased Tnf, Il1b, Il6, and Ptgs2 mRNA in RAW264.7 macrophages by itself and after stimulation with LPS. However, in combination with tensile or compressive strain, leptin reduced the expression and secretion of these inflammatory factors. By itself and in combination with LPS from P. gingivalis, leptin has a pro-inflammatory effect. Both tensile and compressive strain lead to increased expression of inflammatory genes. In contrast to its effect under control conditions or after LPS treatment, leptin showed an anti-inflammatory phenotype after mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Paddenberg
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Osterloh
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andressa Nogueira
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-4991
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18
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Niederau C, Bhargava S, Schneider-Kramman R, Jankowski J, Craveiro RB, Wolf M. Xanthohumol exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of mechanically stimulated cementoblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14970. [PMID: 36056072 PMCID: PMC9440237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated plant polyphenol that naturally occurs in hops and its products, e.g. beer. It has shown to have anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis inhibiting effects and it prevents the proliferation of cancer cells. These effects could be in particular interesting for processes within the periodontal ligament, as previous studies have shown that orthodontic tooth movement is associated with a sterile inflammatory reaction. Based on this, the study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effect of XN in cementoblasts in an in vitro model of the early phase of orthodontic tooth movement by compressive stimulation. XN shows a concentration-dependent influence on cell viability. Low concentrations between 0.2 and 0.8 µM increase viability, while high concentrations between 4 and 8 µM cause a significant decrease in viability. Compressive force induces an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene (Il-6, Cox2, Vegfa) and protein (IL-6) expression. XN significantly reduces compression related IL-6 protein and gene expression. Furthermore, the expression of phosphorylated ERK and AKT under compression was upregulated while XN re-established the expression to a level similar to control. Accordingly, we demonstrated a selective anti-inflammatory effect of XN in cementoblasts. Our findings provide the base for further examination of XN in modulation of inflammation during orthodontic therapy and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Niederau
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Lin C, Yang Y, Wang Y, Jing H, Bai X, Hong Z, Zhang C, Gao H, Zhang L. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts-derived exosomes induced by PGE 2 inhibit human periodontal ligament stem cells osteogenic differentiation via activating miR-34c-5p/SATB2/ERK. Exp Cell Res 2022; 419:113318. [PMID: 35981635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed that exosomes containing microRNAs (miRNAs) from the aseptic inflammatory microenvironment play an important role in bone remodeling. But the mechanism that induces changes in the osteogenic ability of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is still unclear. In the present study, the osteogenic function of periodontal ligament fibroblasts-derived exosomes induced by PGE2 on PDLSCs was detected by real-time PCR, alizarin red assay and alkaline phosphatase staining. High-throughput miRNAs sequencing was used to reveal that miR-34c-5p in exosomes-PGE2 was upregulated compared it in exosomes-normal. Real-time PCR and western blotting assay verified that overexpression of miR-34c-5p inhibited osteogenic differentiation, and reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-34c-5p targeted special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2). It was shown that exosomal miR-34c-5p inhibited osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs via SATB2/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- School of Clinical Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- School of Clinical Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Yingxue Wang
- School of Clinical Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Heng Jing
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Xinyi Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Zheng Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China.
| | - Linkun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China.
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Faruangsaeng T, Thaweesapphitak S, Khamwachirapitak C, Porntaveetus T, Shotelersuk V. Comparative transcriptome profiles of human dental pulp stem cells from maxillary and mandibular teeth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8860. [PMID: 35614192 PMCID: PMC9133121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular control of tooth development is different between the maxilla and mandible, contributing to different tooth shapes and locations; however, whether this difference occurs in human permanent teeth is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the transcriptome profiles of permanent maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. Ten participants who had a pair of opposing premolars or molars extracted were recruited. The RNA obtained from cultured dental pulp stem cells underwent RNA-sequencing and qRT-PCR. The transcriptome profiles of two opposing premolar pairs and two molar pairs demonstrated that the upper premolars, lower premolars, upper molars, and lower molars expressed the same top-ranked genes, comprising FN1, COL1A1, COL1A2, ACTB, and EEFIA1, which are involved in extracellular matrix organization, immune system, signal transduction, hemostasis, and vesicle-mediated transport. Comparative transcriptome analyses of each/combined tooth pairs demonstrated that PITX1 was the only gene with different expression levels between upper and lower posterior teeth. PITX1 exhibited a 64-fold and 116-fold higher expression level in lower teeth compared with their upper premolars and molars, respectively. These differences were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Taken together, this study, for the first time, reveals that PITX1 is expressed significantly higher in mandibular posterior teeth compared with maxillary posterior teeth. The difference is more evident in the molars compared with premolars and consistent with its expression pattern in mouse developing teeth. We demonstrate that differences in lower versus upper teeth gene expression during odontogenesis occur in permanent teeth and suggest that these differences should be considered in molecular studies of dental pulp stem cells. Our findings pave the way to develop a more precise treatment in regenerative dentistry such as gene-based therapies for dentin/pulp regeneration and regeneration of different tooth types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thira Faruangsaeng
- International Graduate Program in Geriatric Dentistry and Special Patients Care, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sermporn Thaweesapphitak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chompak Khamwachirapitak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- International Graduate Program in Geriatric Dentistry and Special Patients Care, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Impact of phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 on the expression profile of periodontal ligament fibroblasts during mechanical strain. J Orofac Orthop 2022; 84:143-153. [PMID: 35445818 PMCID: PMC10126016 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex process involving the remodeling of extracellular matrix and bone as well as inflammatory processes. During orthodontic treatment, sterile inflammation and mechanical loading favor the production of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Simultaneously, expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) is inhibited. This stimulates bone resorption on the pressure side. Recently, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was shown to be expressed in the periodontal ligament after force application and to interfere with inflammatory processes. METHODS We investigated the effects of phosphorylated HSP27 on collagen synthesis (COL1A2 mRNA), inflammation (IL1B mRNA, IL6 mRNA, PTGS2 protein) and bone remodeling (RANKL protein, OPG protein) in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) without and with transfection of a plasmid mimicking permanent phosphorylation of HSP27 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Furthermore, we investigated PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis after compressive strain in a co-culture model with human macrophages. RESULTS In particular, phosphorylated HSP27 increased gene expression of COL1A2 and protein expression of PTGS2, while IL6 mRNA levels were reduced. Furthermore, we observed an increasing effect on the RANKL/OPG ratio and osteoclastogenesis mediated by PDLF. CONCLUSION Phosphorylation of HSP27 may therefore be involved in the regulation of orthodontic tooth movement by impairment of the sterile inflammation response and osteoclastogenesis.
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Impact of Myeloid p38α/MAPK on Orthodontic Tooth Movement. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071796. [PMID: 35407404 PMCID: PMC9000068 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Myeloid p38α/MAPK regulate and coordinate osteoclastogenesis. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of myeloid p38α/MAPK during orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Orthodontic tooth movement was performed in wildtype and p38αΔmyel mice lacking p38α/MAPK expression in myeloid cells. First, bone parameter as well as osteoblast and osteoclast number were determined in tibiae. RNA was isolated from the untreated and orthodontically treated maxillary jaw side and expression of genes involved in inflammation and bone remodelling were analysed. Finally, periodontal bone loss, alveolar bone density and extent of orthodontic tooth movement were assessed. Results: Bone density was increased in p38αΔmyel mice compared to wildtype mice in tibiae (p = 0.043) and alveolar bone (p = 0.003). This was accompanied by a reduced osteoclast number in tibiae (p = 0.005) and TRAP5b in serum (p = 0.015). Accordingly, expression of osteoclast-specific genes was reduced in p38αΔmyel mice. Extent of tooth movement was reduced in p38αΔmyel mice (p = 0.024). This may be due to the higher bone density of the p38αΔmyel mice. Conclusions: Myeloid p38α/MAPK thus appears to play a regulatory role during orthodontic tooth movement by regulating osteoclastogenesis.
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An Evaluation of Different 3D Cultivation Models on Expression Profiles of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts with Compressive Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042029. [PMID: 35216145 PMCID: PMC8876762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of compressive strain during orthodontic treatment on gene expression profiles of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) have mostly been studied in 2D cell culture. However, cells behave differently in many aspects in 3D culture. Therefore, the effect of pressure application on PDLFs in different 3D structures was investigated. PDLFs were either conventionally seeded or embedded into different 3D structures (spheroids, Mebiol® gel, 3D scaffolds) and exposed to compressive force or incubated without pressure. For one 3D scaffold (POR), we also tested the effect of different compressive forces and application times. Expression of an angiogenic gene (VEGF), a gene involved in extracellular matrix synthesis (COL1A2), inflammatory genes (IL6, PTGS2), and genes involved in bone remodelling (OPG, RANKL) were investigated by RT-qPCR. Depending on the used 3D cell culture model, we detected different effects of compressive strain on expression profiles of PDLFs. COL1A2 was downregulated in all investigated 3D culture models. Angiogenetic and proinflammatory genes were regulated differentially between models. In 3D scaffolds, regulation of bone-remodelling genes upon compressive force was contrary to that observed in 3D gels. 3D cell culture models provide better approximations to in vivo physiology, compared with conventional 2D models. However, it is crucial which 3D structures are used, as these showed diverse effects on the expression profiles of PDLFs during mechanical strain.
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25
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Yamoune S, Wintz K, Niederau C, Craveiro RB, Wolf M, Stingl J. Role of cytochrome P450 2C8 genetic polymorphism and epoxygenase uncoupling in periodontal remodelling affecting orthodontic treatment. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:132-140. [PMID: 34740282 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In genome-wide association studies, the CYP2C8 gene locus has been reported to be associated with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe devastating side effect of antiresorptive bone treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the putative pathomechanism explaining the association between the genetic polymorphism with the alleles CYP2C8*2 and *3 causing low CYP2C8 activity, and disturbed periodontal remodelling in periodontal fibroblasts cultured from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. CYP2C8 activity, enzyme expression and substrate metabolism were detected in human periodontal fibroblast cultures. Zoledronic acid caused enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in periodontal fibroblasts, which was enhanced by arachidonic acid as inflammatory signal. Enhanced bisphosphonate-induced uncoupling of the CYP2C8 enzyme was detected in the variant allele (CYP2C8*3) with the result of increased H2 O2 production and lowered substrate oxidation. Conversely, substrate (amodiaquine) addition led to decreased H2 O2 production in isolated CYP2C8 enzymes, but in CYP2C8*3 enzyme, increased H2 O2 was still detected, especially in presence of arachidonic acid. CYP2C8 variants leading to decreased enzyme activity in substrate oxidation may enhance ROS production by reaction uncoupling, and thus, contribute to difficulties in orthodontic treatment and the risk of side effects of antiresorptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yamoune
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Wintz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Wolf
- Orthodontic Clinic, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Mayr A, Marciniak J, Eggers B, Blawat K, Wildenhof J, Bastos Craveiro R, Wolf M, Deschner J, Jäger A, Beisel-Memmert S. Autophagy Induces Expression of IL-6 in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Under Mechanical Load and Overload and Effects Osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Front Physiol 2021; 12:716441. [PMID: 34512388 PMCID: PMC8430222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.716441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Autophagy is an important cellular adaptation mechanism to mechanical stress. In animal experiments, inhibition of autophagy during orthodontic tooth movement triggered increased expression of inflammation-related genes and decreased bone density. The aim of this study was to investigate how autophagy affects cytokine levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts under mechanical pressure and the resulting influence on osteoblast communication. Methods: hPDL fibroblasts were subjected to physiologic mechanical load, constant overload, or rapamycin treatment for 16 to 24 h ± autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. Autophagosomes were quantified by flow cytometry. Gene expression of il-6 as well as IL-6 levels in the supernatant were determined with rtPCR and ELISA. To investigate the influence of mechanically-induced autophagy on cell-cell communication, an osteoblast-culture was subjected to supernatant from stimulated hPDL fibroblasts ± soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). After 24 h, osteoprotegerin (opg) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (rankl) gene expressions were detected with rtPCR. Gene expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (adam) 10 and 17 in stimulated hPDL fibroblasts was examined via rtPCR. Results: Autophagy was induced by biomechanical stress in hPDL fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanical load and overload increased IL-6 expression at gene and protein level. Autophagy inhibition further enhanced the effects of mechanical stimulation on IL-6 expression. Mechanical stimulation of hPDL fibroblasts downregulated adam10 and adam17 expressions. Inhibition of autophagy had stimulus-intensity depending effects: autophagy inhibition alone or additional application of physiological stress enhanced adam10 and adam17 expressions, whereas mechanical overload had adverse effects. Osteoblasts showed significantly reduced opg expression in the presence of supernatant derived of hPDL fibroblasts treated with autophagy inhibitor and sIL-6R. Conclusion: IL-6 levels were increased in response to pressure in hPDL fibroblasts, which was further enhanced by autophagy inhibition. This caused a decrease in opg expression in osteoblasts. This may serve as an explanatory model for accelerated tooth movement observed under autophagy inhibition, but may also represent a risk factor for uncontrolled bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mayr
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Marciniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt Eggers
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim Blawat
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Wildenhof
- Private Clinic Schloss Schellenstein, Olsberg, Germany
| | - Rogerio Bastos Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja Beisel-Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Schröder A, Stumpf J, Paddenberg E, Neubert P, Schatz V, Köstler J, Jantsch J, Deschner J, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Effects of mechanical strain on periodontal ligament fibroblasts in presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lysate. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:405. [PMID: 34407790 PMCID: PMC8371899 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many adult orthodontic patients suffer from periodontitis, which is caused by oral pathogens such as the gram-negative Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Agac). Like orthodontic tooth movement, periodontitis is associated with inflammation and alveolar bone remodelling thereby affecting orthodontic treatment. Interactions of both processes, however, are not sufficiently explored, particularly with regard to oxidative stress. METHODS After preincubation with Agac lysate for 24 h periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) were either stretched or compressed for further 48 h simulating orthodontic forces in vitro. We analysed the expression of genes and proteins involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (NOX-4, ROS) and nitric oxide (NOS-2), inflammation (TNF, IL-6, PTGS-2) and bone remodelling (OPG, RANKL). RESULTS Agac lysate elevated the expression of NOX-4, NOS-2, inflammatory IL-6 and PTGS-2 and the bone-remodelling RANKL/OPG ratio during compressive, but not tensile mechanical strain. Agac lysate stimulated pressure-induced inflammatory signalling, whereas surprisingly ROS formation was reduced. Pressure-induced downregulation of OPG expression was inhibited by Agac lysate. CONCLUSIONS Agac lysate impact on the expression of genes and proteins involved in inflammation and bone remodelling as well as ROS formation, when PDLF were subjected to mechanical forces occurring during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Stumpf
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Paddenberg
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Köstler
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Medicine, University Medicine Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Küchler EC, Schröder A, Teodoro VB, Nazet U, Scariot R, Spanier G, Proff P, Kirschneck C. The role of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 and vitamin D receptor gene in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts as response to orthodontic compressive strain: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:386. [PMID: 34362362 PMCID: PMC8344219 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate, if different physiological concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have an impact on gene expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts induced by simulated orthodontic compressive strain.
Methods A pool of hPDL fibroblasts was treated in absence or presence of 25(OH)D3 in 3 different concentrations (10, 40 and 60 ng/ml). In order to evaluate the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene, hPDL fibroblasts from 9 patients were used and treated in absence or presence of 40 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Each experiment was performed with and without simulated orthodontic compressive strain. Real-time PCR was used for gene expression and allelic discrimination analysis. Relative expression of dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), Sec23 homolog A, amidohydrolase domain containing 1 (AMDHD1), vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1), Hydroxyvitamin D-1-α hydroxylase, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL6) was assessed. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms in VDR were genotyped. Parametric or non-parametric tests were used with an alpha of 5%. Results RANKL, RANKL:OPG ratio, COX-2, IL-6, DHCR7, CYP2R1 and AMDHD1 were differentially expressed during simulated orthodontic compressive strain (p < 0.05). The RANKL:OPG ratio was downregulated by all concentrations (10 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml and 60 ng/ml) of 25(OH)D3 (mean = 0.96 ± 0.68, mean = 1.61 ± 0.66 and mean = 1.86 ± 0.78, respectively) in comparison to the control (mean 2.58 ± 1.16) (p < 0.05). CYP2R1 gene expression was statistically modulated by the different 25(OH)D3 concentrations applied (p = 0.008). Samples from individuals carrying the GG genotype in rs739837 presented lower VDR mRNA expression and samples from individuals carrying the CC genotype in rs7975232 presented higher VDR mRNA expression (p < 0.05). Conclusions Simulated orthodontic compressive strain and physiological concentrations of 25(OH)D3 seem to regulate the expression of orthodontic tooth movement and vitamin-D-related genes in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain. Our study also suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene regulate VDR expression in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01740-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ute Nazet
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafaela Scariot
- Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Effects of histamine and various histamine receptor antagonists on gene expression profiles of macrophages during compressive strain. J Orofac Orthop 2021; 83:13-23. [PMID: 34228141 PMCID: PMC9569297 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tissue hormone histamine can accumulate locally within the periodontal ligament via nutrition or may be released during allergic reactions by mast cells, which may have an impact on orthodontic tooth movement. In addition to periodontal ligament fibroblasts, cells of the immune system such as macrophages are exposed to compressive strain. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the impact of histamine on the gene expression profile of macrophages in the context of simulated orthodontic compressive strain. Methods Macrophages were incubated with different histamine concentrations (50, 100, 200 µM) for 24 h and then either left untreated or compressed for another 4 h. To assess the role of different histamine receptors, we performed experiments with antagonists for histamine 1 receptor (cetirizine), histamine 2 receptor (ranitidine) and histamine 4 receptor (JNJ7777120) under control and pressure conditions. We tested for lactate dehydrogenase release and analyzed the expression of genes involved in inflammation and bone remodeling by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results Histamine elevated gene expression of tumor necrosis factor under control conditions and in combination with pressure application. Increased prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase‑2 mRNA was observed when histamine was combined with compressive force. Interleukin‑6 gene expression was not affected by histamine treatment. In macrophages, compressive strain increased osteoprotegerin gene expression. Histamine further elevated this effect. Most of the observed histamine effects were blocked by the histamine 1 receptor antagonist cetirizine. Conclusions Histamine has an impact on the gene expression profile of macrophages during compressive strain in vitro, most likely having an impairing effect on orthodontic tooth movement by upregulation of osteoprotegerin expression.
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Li Y, Zhan Q, Bao M, Yi J, Li Y. Biomechanical and biological responses of periodontium in orthodontic tooth movement: up-date in a new decade. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 34183652 PMCID: PMC8239047 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular. However, the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been fully elucidated. We were aiming to summarize the evidences regarding the mechanisms of OTM. Firstly, we introduced the research models as a basis for further discussion of mechanisms. Secondly, we proposed a new hypothesis regarding the primary roles of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and osteocytes involved in OTM mechanisms and summarized the biomechanical and biological responses of the periodontium in OTM through four steps, basically in OTM temporal sequences, as follows: (1) Extracellular mechanobiology of periodontium: biological, mechanical, and material changes of acellular components in periodontium under orthodontic forces were introduced. (2) Cell strain: the sensing, transduction, and regulation of mechanical stimuli in PDLCs and osteocytes. (3) Cell activation and differentiation: the activation and differentiation mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast, the force-induced sterile inflammation, and the communication networks consisting of sensors and effectors. (4) Tissue remodeling: the remodeling of bone and periodontal ligament (PDL) in the compression side and tension side responding to mechanical stimuli and root resorption. Lastly, we talked about the clinical implications of the updated OTM mechanisms, regarding optimal orthodontic force (OOF), acceleration of OTM, and prevention of root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Impact of Leptin on Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts during Mechanical Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136847. [PMID: 34202165 PMCID: PMC8268745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment to correct dental malocclusions leads to the formation of pressure zones in the periodontal ligament resulting in a sterile inflammatory reaction, which is mediated by periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF). Leptin levels are elevated in obesity and chronic inflammatory responses. In view of the increasing number of orthodontic patients with these conditions, insights into effects on orthodontic treatment are of distinct clinical relevance. A possible influence of leptin on the expression profile of PDLF during simulated orthodontic mechanical strain, however, has not yet been investigated. In this study, PDLF were exposed to mechanical strain with or without different leptin concentrations. The gene and protein expression of proinflammatory and bone-remodelling factors were analysed with RT-qPCR, Western-blot and ELISA. The functional analysis of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis was analysed by TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining in coculture with human macrophages. Pressure-induced increase of proinflammatory factors was additionally elevated with leptin treatment. PDLF significantly increased RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kB ligand) expression after compression, while osteoprotegerin was downregulated. An additional leptin effect was demonstrated for RANKL as well as for subsequent osteoclastogenesis in coculture after TRAP staining. Our results suggest that increased leptin concentrations, as present in obese patients, may influence orthodontic tooth movement. In particular, the increased expression of proinflammatory factors and RANKL as well as increased osteoclastogenesis can be assumed to accelerate bone resorption and thus the velocity of orthodontic tooth movement in the orthodontic treatment of obese patients.
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In Vitro Compression Model for Orthodontic Tooth Movement Modulates Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Cycle. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070932. [PMID: 34201602 PMCID: PMC8301966 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts (hPDLF), as part of the periodontal apparatus, modulate inflammation, regeneration and bone remodeling. Interferences are clinically manifested as attachment loss, tooth loosening and root resorption. During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), remodeling and adaptation of the periodontium is required in order to enable tooth movement. hPDLF involvement in the early phase-OTM compression side was investigated for a 72-h period through a well-studied in vitro model. Changes in the morphology, cell proliferation and cell death were analyzed. Specific markers of the cell cycle were investigated by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The study showed that the morphology of hPDLF changes towards more unstructured, unsorted filaments under mechanical compression. The total cell numbers were significantly reduced with a higher cell death rate over the whole observation period. hPDLF started to recover to pretreatment conditions after 48 h. Furthermore, key molecules involved in the cell cycle were significantly reduced under compressive force at the gene expression and protein levels. These findings revealed important information for a better understanding of the preservation and remodeling processes within the periodontium through Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement. OTM initially decelerates the hPDLF cell cycle and proliferation. After adapting to environmental changes, human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts can regain homeostasis of the periodontium, affecting its reorganization.
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Danz JC, Kantarci A, Bornstein MM, Katsaros C, Stavropoulos A. Impact of Orthodontic Forces on Plasma Levels of Markers of Bone Turnover and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Buccal Expansion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637606. [PMID: 34113259 PMCID: PMC8186951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of protein analytes might be markers to predict and monitor the kinetics of bone and tissue remodeling, including maximization of orthodontic treatment stability. They could help predict/prevent and/or diagnose possible adverse effects such as bone dehiscences, gingival recession, or root resorption. The objective of this study was to measure plasma levels of markers of bone turnover and inflammation during orthodontic force application in a rat model of orthodontic expansion. Two different orthodontic forces for bilateral buccal expansion of the maxillary arches around second and third molars were applied in 10 rats equally distributed in low-force (LF) or conventional force (CF) groups. Four rats served as the control group. Blood samples were collected at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 21, and 58. Longitudinal concentrations of osteoprotegerin (OPG), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (sRANKL), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined in blood samples by a multiplex immunoassay. CF and LF resulted in a significantly maxillary skeletal expansion while the CF group demonstrated significantly higher expansion than the LF group in the long term. Bone turnover demonstrated a two-phase response. During the “early phase” (up to 6 days of force application), LF resulted in more sRANKL expression and increased sRANKL/OPG ratio than the CF and control animals. There was a parallel increase in PTH levels in the early phase in response to LF. During the “late phase” (6–58 days), the markers of bone turnover were stable in both groups. IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels did not significantly change the test groups throughout the study. These results suggest that maxillary expansion in response to different orthodontic forces follows different phases of bone turnover that may be force specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Danz
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine ZMK, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael M Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine ZMK, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Stavropoulos
- Division of Regenerative Dental Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Cui K, Chen JH, Zou YF, Zhang SY, Wu B, Jing K, Li LW, Xia L, Sun C, Dong YL. Hub biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma based on microarray technology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821990368. [PMID: 34018447 PMCID: PMC8142016 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821990368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common clinical intracranial malignancy worldwide, and the most common supratentorial tumor in adults. GBM mainly causes damage to the brain tissue, which can be fatal. This research explored potential gene targets for the diagnosis and treatment of GBM using bioinformatic technology. METHODS Public data from patients with GBM and controls were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Gene Expression Omnibus 2R (GEO2R). Construction of the protein-protein interaction network and the identification of a significant module were performed. Subsequently, hub genes were identified, and their expression was examined and compared by real-time quantitative (RT-q)PCR between patients with GBM and controls. RESULTS GSE122498 (GPL570 platform), GSE104291 (GPL570 platform), GSE78703_DMSO (GPL15207 platform), and GSE78703_LXR (GPL15207 platform) datasets were obtained from the GEO. A total of 130 DEGs and 10 hub genes were identified by GEPIA and GEO2R between patients with GBM and controls. Of these, strong connections were identified in correlation analysis between CCNB1, CDC6, KIF23, and KIF20A. RT-qPCR showed that all 4 of these genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with GBM compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The hub genes CCNB1, CDC6, KIF23, and KIF20A are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Fan Zou
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Jing
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Weng Li
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xia
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixing Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zheng Y, Li W. Compression loading of osteoclasts attenuated microRNA-146a-5p expression, which promotes angiogenesis by targeting adiponectin. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:151-166. [PMID: 33677819 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis in alveolar bone induced by compression stress triggers orthodontic tooth movement. Compression stress also stimulates angiogenesis, which is essential for osteoclastogenesis. However, the effects of osteoclastogenesis induced by compression on angiogenesis are poorly understood. In vivo, we found the markers of angiogenesis increased during orthodontic bone remodeling. In vitro, osteoclast-derived exosomes increased proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31. The promotive effects of exosomes derived from compressed osteoclasts were greater than those derived from osteoclasts without compression. Next, we analyzed changes in the microRNA transcriptome after compression stress and focused on microRNA146a-5p (miR-146a), which was significantly decreased by compression. Transfection of an inhibitor of miR-146a stimulated angiogenesis of HUVECs while miR-146a mimics repressed angiogenesis. Adiponectin (ADP) was confirmed to be a target of miR-146a by dual luciferase reporter assay. In HUVECs treated with exosomes, we detected increased ADP which promoted angiogenesis. Knockdown of ADP in HUVECs reduced the promotive effects of exosomes. Our results demonstrate that the decreased miR-146a observed in osteoclasts after compression promotes angiogenesis by targeting ADP, suggesting a novel method to interfere with bone remodeling induced by compression stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Küchler EC, de Lara RM, Omori MA, Schröder A, Teodoro VB, Baratto-Filho F, Léon JE, Proff P, Madalena IR, Kirschneck C. Estrogen deficiency affects tooth formation and gene expression in the odontogenic region of female rats. Ann Anat 2021; 236:151702. [PMID: 33607226 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence that estrogen regulates the expression of several genes in different cells, including dental cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of estrogen deficiency during tooth development regarding tooth structure morphology and its impact on the expression of odontogenesis-related genes. METHODS A total of 40 female Wistar rats was divided into OVX (estrogen deficiency) and Sham (control) groups. Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the OVX group, while Sham surgery was performed in the control group at the age of 21 days. At an age of 56 days, 16 rats were euthanized for gene expression analyses of Bmp4, Smad6, Tgfb1 and Runx2. At the age of 63 days, the remaining rats were euthanized for histological and morphometric analyses of teeth. The mandibles of the rats were submitted to μCT analysis. Tooth structures (enamel, dentin and dental pulp) were analyzed. T test was used to compare the mean differences between groups (p<0.05). RESULTS In the μCT analysis, enamel and dentin thickness were significantly increased in the control group (p<0.0001). Pulp dimensions were significantly larger in the OVX group (p<0.0001). A reduction of tooth structures in the OVX group was confirmed in HE staining. Smad6 was differentially expressed in the OVX group (p=0.04). CONCLUSION Estrogen deficiency affects gene expression in the odontogenic region and tooth structure morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
| | | | - Marjorie Ayumi Omori
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Flares Baratto-Filho
- School of Dentistry, Univille University, R. Paulo Malschitzki, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Jorge Esquiche Léon
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Isabela Ribeiro Madalena
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Dietary Salt Accelerates Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Increased Osteoclast Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020596. [PMID: 33435280 PMCID: PMC7827744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary salt uptake and inflammation promote sodium accumulation in tissues, thereby modulating cells like macrophages and fibroblasts. Previous studies showed salt effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and on bone metabolism by expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells-5 (NFAT-5). Here, we investigated the impact of salt and NFAT-5 on osteoclast activity and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). After treatment of osteoclasts without (NS) or with additional salt (HS), we analyzed gene expression and the release of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and calcium phosphate resorption. We kept wild-type mice and mice lacking NFAT-5 in myeloid cells either on a low, normal or high salt diet and inserted an elastic band between the first and second molar to induce OTM. We analyzed the expression of genes involved in bone metabolism, periodontal bone loss, OTM and bone density. Osteoclast activity was increased upon HS treatment. HS promoted periodontal bone loss and OTM and was associated with reduced bone density. Deletion of NFAT-5 led to increased osteoclast activity with NS, whereas we detected impaired OTM in mice. Dietary salt uptake seems to accelerate OTM and induce periodontal bone loss due to reduced bone density, which may be attributed to enhanced osteoclast activity. NFAT-5 influences this reaction to HS, as we detected impaired OTM and osteoclast activity upon deletion.
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Proff P, Schröder A, Seyler L, Wolf F, Korkmaz Y, Bäuerle T, Gölz L, Kirschneck C. Local Vascularization during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in a Split Mouth Rat Model-A MRI Study. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120632. [PMID: 33352746 PMCID: PMC7766506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement to therapeutically align malpositioned teeth is supposed to impact blood flow in the surrounding tissues. Here, we evaluated actual vascularization in the tension area of the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement in rats (N = 8) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We inserted an elastic band between the left upper first and the second rat molar; the right side was not treated and served as control. After four days of tooth movement, we recorded T1-weighted morphologic and dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI sequences with an animal-specific 7 Tesla MRI to assess of local vascularization. Furthermore, we quantified osteoclasts and monocytes in the periodontal ligament, which are crucial for orthodontic tooth movement, root resorptions as undesirable side effects, as well as the extent of tooth movement using paraffine histology and micro-CT analysis. Data were tested for normal distribution with Shapiro–Wilk tests followed by either a two-tailed paired t-test or a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Significant orthodontic tooth movement was induced within the four days of treatment, as evidenced by increased osteoclast and monocyte activity in the periodontal ligament as well as by µCT analysis. Contrast enhancement was increased at the orthodontically-treated side distally of the moved upper first left molar, indicating increased vascularization at the tension side of the periodontal ligament. Accordingly, we detected reduced time-to-peak and washout rates. Our study using MRI to directly assess local vascularization thus seems to confirm the hypothesis that perfusion is enhanced in tension zones of the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (F.W.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-6093
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (F.W.); (C.K.)
| | - Lisa Seyler
- Department of Radiology, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Franziska Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (F.W.); (C.K.)
| | - Yüksel Korkmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Department of Radiology, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (F.W.); (C.K.)
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Kirschneck C, Thuy M, Leikam A, Memmert S, Deschner J, Damanaki A, Spanier G, Proff P, Jantsch J, Schröder A. Role and Regulation of Mechanotransductive HIF-1α Stabilisation in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249530. [PMID: 33333756 PMCID: PMC7765204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) creates compressive and tensile strain in the periodontal ligament, causing circulation disorders. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to be primarily stabilised by compression, but not hypoxia in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) during mechanical strain, which are key regulators of OTM. This study aimed to elucidate the role of heparan sulfate integrin interaction and downstream kinase phosphorylation for HIF-1α stabilisation under compressive and tensile strain and to which extent downstream synthesis of VEGF and prostaglandins is HIF-1α-dependent in a model of simulated OTM in PDLF. PDLF were subjected to compressive or tensile strain for 48 h. In various setups HIF-1α was experimentally stabilised (DMOG) or destabilised (YC-1) and mechanotransduction was inhibited by surfen and genistein. We found that HIF-1α was not stabilised by tensile, but rather by compressive strain. HIF-1α stabilisation had an inductive effect on prostaglandin and VEGF synthesis. As expected, HIF-1α destabilisation reduced VEGF expression, whereas prostaglandin synthesis was increased. Inhibition of integrin mechanotransduction via surfen or genistein prevented stabilisation of HIF-1α. A decrease in VEGF expression was observed, but not in prostaglandin synthesis. Stabilisation of HIF-1α via integrin mechanotransduction and downstream phosphorylation of kinases seems to be essential for the induction of VEGF, but not prostaglandin synthesis by PDLF during compressive (but not tensile) orthodontic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.T.); (A.L.); (P.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-6093
| | - Magdalena Thuy
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.T.); (A.L.); (P.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexandra Leikam
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.T.); (A.L.); (P.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Svenja Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany;
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Damanaki
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.T.); (A.L.); (P.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.T.); (A.L.); (P.P.); (A.S.)
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Blawat K, Mayr A, Hardt M, Kirschneck C, Nokhbehsaim M, Behl C, Deschner J, Jäger A, Memmert S. Regulation of Autophagic Signaling by Mechanical Loading and Inflammation in Human PDL Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249446. [PMID: 33322510 PMCID: PMC7763506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (cellular self-consumption) is a crucial adaptation mechanism during cellular stress conditions. This study aimed to examine how this important process is regulated in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts by mechanical and inflammatory stress conditions and whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved. Autophagy was quantified by flow cytometry. Qualitative protein phosphorylation profiling of the mTOR pathway was carried out. Effects of mTOR regulation were assessed by quantification of important synthesis product collagen 1, cell proliferation and cell death with real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Autophagy as a response to mechanical or inflammatory treatment in PDL fibroblasts was dose and time dependent. In general, autophagy was induced by stress stimulation. Phosphorylation analysis of mTOR showed regulatory influences of mechanical and inflammatory stimulation on crucial target proteins. Regulation of mTOR was also detectable via changes in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Physiological pressure had cell-protective effects (p = 0.025), whereas overload increased cell death (p = 0.003), which was also promoted in long-term inflammatory treatment (p < 0.001). Our data provide novel insights about autophagy regulation by mechanical and inflammatory stress conditions in human PDL fibroblasts. Our results suggest some involvement of the mTOR pathway in autophagy and cell fate regulation under the named conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Blawat
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Alexandra Mayr
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Miriam Hardt
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christian Behl
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Svenja Memmert
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Compressive force strengthened the pro-inflammatory effect of zoledronic acid on il-1ß stimulated human periodontal fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3453-3461. [PMID: 33169272 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of patients in dentistry taking bisphosphonates (BP) increases every year. There are only little data about the influence of biomechanical stress due to orthodontic treatment and periodontal inflammation in BP patients. This study focused on the effects of the induced inflammation by IL-1ß in compressed human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLF) exposed to the nitrogen-containing BP zoledronate in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPdLF were incubated with 5 μmol/l zoledronate and 10 ng/ml IL-1ß for 48 h. In the last 3 h, cells were exposed to a compressive, centrifugal force of 34.9 g/cm2. Cell viability was analyzed directly after the compressive force by MTT assay. Gene expression of COX-2 and IL-6 was investigated using quantitative qRT-PCR. PGE-2 and IL-6 protein secretion were measured via ELISA. RESULTS The cell viability of HPdLF was not affected. Without inflammatory pre-stimulation, COX-2 expression was increased by compression and zoledronate. IL-6 expression was increased under compression. On secretion level, the combination of compression and zoledronate induced a slightly increase of IL-6 secretion. In contrast, inflammatory pre-stimulation strengthened the compressive upregulation of COX-2, as well as induced a higher PGE-2 secretion. Further addition of zoledronate to pre-stimulated cells additionally strengthened the compression-induced upregulation of COX-2 and IL-6 expression as well as protein secretion compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Biomechanical stress might trigger a pro-inflammatory potential of BP further enhanced in the presence of an inflammatory pre-stimulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To prevent excessive host inflammatory responses, occlusal overloading and mechanical stress due to orthodontic treatment should be avoided in BP patients with untreated periodontitis.
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Weider M, Schröder A, Docheva D, Rodrian G, Enderle I, Seidel CL, Andreev D, Wegner M, Bozec A, Deschner J, Kirschneck C, Proff P, Gölz L. A Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cell Line as a New Model to Study Periodontal Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217961. [PMID: 33120924 PMCID: PMC7663139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is exposed to different kinds of mechanical stresses such as bite force or orthodontic tooth movement. A simple and efficient model to study molecular responses to mechanical stress is the application of compressive force onto primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts via glass disks. Yet, this model suffers from the need for primary cells from human donors which have a limited proliferative capacity. Here we show that an immortalized cell line, PDL-hTERT, derived from primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts exhibits characteristic responses to glass disk-mediated compressive force resembling those of primary cells. These responses include induction and secretion of pro-inflammatory markers, changes in expression of extracellular matrix-reorganizing genes and induction of genes related to angiogenesis, osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. The fact that PDL-hTERT cells can easily be transfected broadens their usefulness, as molecular gain- and loss-of-function studies become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weider
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (G.R.); (I.E.); (C.L.S.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 49-9131-85-45653
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Rodrian
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (G.R.); (I.E.); (C.L.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Isabel Enderle
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (G.R.); (I.E.); (C.L.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Corinna Lesley Seidel
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (G.R.); (I.E.); (C.L.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Darja Andreev
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (D.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (D.A.); (A.B.)
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.S.); (C.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Glueckstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (G.R.); (I.E.); (C.L.S.); (L.G.)
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Schröder A, Leikam A, Käppler P, Neubert P, Jantsch J, Neuhofer W, Deschner J, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Impact of salt and the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT-5 on macrophages during mechanical strain. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:84-96. [PMID: 32888231 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells regulate bone density in response to increased salt (NaCl) intake via the osmoprotective transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells-5 (NFAT-5). Because orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a pseudoinflammatory immunological process, we investigated the influence of NaCl and NFAT-5 on the expression pattern of macrophages in a model of simulated OTM. RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed for 4 h to 2 g cm-2 compressive or 16% tensile or no mechanical strain (control), with or without the addition of 40 mm NaCl. We analyzed the expression of inflammatory genes and proteins [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptgs-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2)] by real-time-quantitative PCR and ELISA. To investigate the role of NFAT-5 in these responses, NFAT-5 was both constitutively expressed and silenced. Salt and compressive strain, but not tensile strain increased the expression of NFAT-5 and most tested inflammatory factors in macrophages. NaCl induced the expression of Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF, whereas secretion of IL-6 was inhibited. Similarly, a constitutive expression of NFAT-5 reduced IL-6 expression, while increasing Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF expression. Silencing of NFAT-5 upregulated IL-6 and reduced Ptgs-2/PG-E2 and TNF expression. Salt had an impact on the expression profile of macrophages as a reaction to compressive and tensile strain that occur during OTM. This was mediated via NFAT-5, which surprisingly also seems to play a regulatory role in mechanotransduction of compressive strain. Sodium accumulation in the periodontal ligament caused by dietary salt consumption might propagate local osteoclastogenesis via increased local inflammation and thus OTM velocity, but possibly also entail side effects such as dental root resorptions or periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Alexandra Leikam
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Paul Käppler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Department of Nephrology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, 99089, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Medicine, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
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Nazet U, Schröder A, Spanier G, Wolf M, Proff P, Kirschneck C. Simplified method for applying static isotropic tensile strain in cell culture experiments with identification of valid RT-qPCR reference genes for PDL fibroblasts. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:359-370. [PMID: 31352484 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) play an important mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement expressing various cytokines, when exposed to compressive or tensile strain. Here, we present a simplified and easy-to-handle, but reliable and valid method for simulating static isotropic tensile strain in vitro using spherical silicone cap stamps. Furthermore, we identify appropriate reference genes for data normalization in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments on PDLF subjected to tensile strain. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDLF were cultivated on flexible bioflex membranes and exposed to static isotropic tensile strain of different magnitudes and timeframes. We determined cell number, cytotoxicity, and relative expression of proinflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). For normalization of RT-qPCR data, we tested the stability and validity of nine candidate reference genes with four mathematical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCq, and BestKeeper) and ranked them based on their calculated expression stability. RESULTS We observed no decrease in cell number or cytotoxic effect at any of the applied magnitudes and timeframes of tensile strain. At 16 per cent and 35 per cent tensile strain for 48 hours, we detected a significant increase in COX-2 and decrease in IL-6 gene expression. Highest stability was found for TBP (TATA-box-binding protein) and PPIB (peptidylprolyl isomerase A) in reference gene validation. According to the geNorm algorithm, both genes in conjunction are sufficient for normalization. In contrast to all other candidate genes tested, gene expression normalization of target gene COX-2 to reference genes EEF1A1, RPL22, and RNA18S5 indicated no significant upregulation of COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS A strain magnitude of 16 per cent for 48 hours elicited the most distinct cellular response by PDLF subjected to static tensile isotropic strain by the presented method. TBP and PPIB in conjunction proved to be the most appropriate reference genes to normalize target gene expression in RT-qPCR studies on PDLF subjected to tensile strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Nazet
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Germany
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Han Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Li X, Zhu Y, Jia L, Zheng Y, Li W. Mechanical force inhibited hPDLSCs proliferation with the downregulation of MIR31HG via DNA methylation. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1268-1282. [PMID: 32890413 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate how mechanical force affects the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). METHODS CCK-8 assays and staining of ki67 were performed to evaluate hPDLSCs proliferation. qRT-PCR, ELISA, or Western blot analysis were used to measure the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, miR-31 host gene (MIR31HG), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). Dual-luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were conducted to determine whether MIR31HG was targeted by DNMT1 and DNMT3B. MassARRAY mass spectrometry was used to quantify DNA methylation levels of the MIR31HG promoter. RESULTS Mechanical force inhibited hPDLSCs proliferation with the downregulation of MIR31HG and upregulation of IL-6, DNMT1 and DNMT3B. Knockdown of MIR31HG suppressed hPDLSCs proliferation, and knockdown of DNMT1 or DNMT3B reversed mechanical force-induced downregulation of MIR31HG. Dual-luciferase and ChIP assays revealed DNMT1 and DNMT3B bound MIR31HG promoter in the region 1,015 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Treatment with 5'-aca-2'-deoxycytidine downregulated DNA methylation level in MIR31HG gene promoter, while mechanical force promoted the methylation of MIR31HG gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS These findings elucidated how mechanical force affects proliferation via MIR31HG in hPDLSCs, providing clues for possible MIR31HG-based orthodontic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineng Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaolin Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyan Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Groeger M, Spanier G, Wolf M, Deschner J, Proff P, Schröder A, Kirschneck C. Effects of histamine on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts under simulated orthodontic pressure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237040. [PMID: 32764823 PMCID: PMC7413485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As type-I-allergies show an increasing prevalence in the general populace, orthodontic patients may also be affected by histamine release during treatment. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) are regulators of orthodontic tooth movement. However, the impact of histamine on PDLF in this regard is unknown. Therefore PDLF were incubated without or with an orthodontic compressive force of 2g/cm2 with and without additional histamine. To assess the role of histamine-1-receptor (H1R) H1R-antagonist cetirizine was used. Expression of histamine receptors and important mediators of orthodontic tooth movement were investigated. PDLF expressed histamine receptors H1R, H2R and H4R, but not H3R. Histamine increased the expression of H1R, H2R and H4R as well as of interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin-E2 secretion even without pressure application and induced receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) protein expression with unchanged osteoprotegerin secretion. These effects were not observed in presence of H1R antagonist cetirizine. By expressing histamine receptors, PDLF seem to be able to respond to fluctuating histamine levels in the periodontal tissue. Increased histamine concentration was associated with enhanced expression of proinflammatory mediators and RANKL, suggesting an inductive effect of histamine on PDLF-mediated osteoclastogenesis and orthodontic tooth movement. Since cetirizine inhibited these effects, they seem to be mainly mediated via histamine receptor H1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Groeger
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Role of Oxygen Supply in Macrophages in a Model of Simulated Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5802435. [PMID: 32831635 PMCID: PMC7424081 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5802435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from periodontal ligament fibroblasts, immune cells like macrophages also play an important mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Upon orthodontic force application to malpositioned teeth, macrophages in the periodontal ligament get exposed to both mechanical strain and hypoxic conditions (via a compression of blood vessels). In this study, we assessed the relative impact of orthodontically induced mechanical strain and hypoxic conditions on macrophages for the mediation and regulation of OTM. Macrophages were stimulated with physiological orthodontic compressive forces of 2 g/cm2 for 4 h and 24 h on gas-impermeable or gas-permeable cell culture plates under normoxic or hypoxic cell culture conditions. We quantified expression of genes involved in inflammation (Tnf, Il-6, and Cox-2), extracellular remodelling (Mmp-9), and angiogenesis (Vegf) by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we analysed HIF-1α, prostaglandin-E2, and VEGF protein expression via immunoblotting or ELISA. Mechanical strain and oxygen supply both differentially affected expression of genes and proteins involved in inflammation and angiogenesis. In this context, we found that HIF-1α protein levels were elevated by combined mechanical strain and hypoxic conditions, whereas gas-permeable plates providing sufficient oxygen supply prevented HIF-1α stabilization at the protein level after pressure application on macrophages. Our results thus indicate that macrophages involved in the mediation of OTM are affected by and respond differently to hypoxic conditions and mechanical compressive strain, which occur concomitantly during OTM, than periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF), thus indicating different roles of these cells in the regulation of OTM at the cellular-molecular level. We further observed that contrary to PDLF HIF-1α stabilization in macrophages is rather induced via the decreased oxygen supply associated with OTM than via mechanotransduction by mechanical strain.
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Effects of sodium chloride on the gene expression profile of periodontal ligament fibroblasts during tensile strain. J Orofac Orthop 2020; 81:360-370. [PMID: 32632652 PMCID: PMC8494687 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-020-00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose During orthodontic tooth movement, pressure and tension zones develop in the periodontal ligament, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) become exposed to mechanical strain. Enhanced salt (NaCl) concentrations are known to modulate responses of PDLF and immune cells to different stimuli like mechanical strain. Here, we investigated the impact of tensile strain on the gene expression profile of PDLF under normal (NS) and high salt (HS) conditions. Methods After preincubation under NS or HS (+40 mM NaCl in medium) conditions for 24 h, PDLF were stretched 16% for 48 h using custom-made spherical cap silicone stamps using an established and published setup. After determination of cell number and cytotoxicity, we analyzed expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, and inflammation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results Tensile strain did not affect the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis or extracellular matrix reorganization by PDLF, which however modulate inflammatory responses and bone remodeling in reaction to 16% static tensile strain. Salt (NaCl) treatment triggered enhanced extracellular matrix formation, expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and bone metabolism in PDLF during tensile strain. Conclusions Salt (NaCl) consumption may influence orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal bone loss via modulation of extracellular matrix and bone metabolism. Excessive salt intake during orthodontic therapy may cause adverse effects regarding periodontal inflammation and bone resorption.
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Klein Y, Fleissig O, Polak D, Barenholz Y, Mandelboim O, Chaushu S. Immunorthodontics: in vivo gene expression of orthodontic tooth movement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8172. [PMID: 32424121 PMCID: PMC7235241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a “sterile” inflammatory process. The present study aimed to reveal the underlying biological mechanisms, by studying the force associated-gene expression changes, in a time-dependent manner. Ni-Ti springs were set to move the upper 1st-molar in C57BL/6 mice. OTM was measured by μCT. Total-RNA was extracted from tissue blocks at 1,3,7 and 14-days post force application, and from two control groups: naïve and inactivated spring. Gene-expression profiles were generated by next-generation-RNA-sequencing. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, K-means algorithm and Ingenuity pathway analysis were used for data interpretation. Genes of interest were validated with qRT-PCR. A total of 3075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with the greatest number at day 3. Two distinct clusters patterns were recognized: those in which DEGs peaked in the first days and declined thereafter (tissue degradation, phagocytosis, leukocyte extravasation, innate and adaptive immune system responses), and those in which DEGs were initially down-regulated and increased at day 14 (cell proliferation and migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement, tissue homeostasis, angiogenesis). The uncovering of novel innate and adaptive immune processes in OTM led us to propose a new term “Immunorthodontics”. This genomic data can serve as a platform for OTM modulation future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Klein
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omer Fleissig
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Lautenberg Center for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - David Polak
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Lautenberg Center for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stella Chaushu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Effects of Compressive and Tensile Strain on Macrophages during Simulated Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2814015. [PMID: 32410848 PMCID: PMC7204109 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2814015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) to therapeutically correct the position of misaligned teeth, thus improving oral health and quality of life, fibroblasts, macrophages, and other immune cells within the periodontal ligament (PDL), which connects a tooth to its surrounding bone, are exposed to compressive and tensile strain. While it is known that PDL fibroblasts are critically involved in the biological regulation of OTM by a mechanotransductively triggered release of cytokines, it is unclear whether macrophages also react to pressure and tension in a similar manner thus impacting on or mediating OTM. RAW264.7 macrophages were seeded onto conventional 6-well cell culture plates for pressure or on Bioflex plates for tension assays and preincubated for 24 h. For in vitro simulation of physiological orthodontic compressive or tensile strain for 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h, glass discs (2 g/cm2) were placed or adherent macrophages isotropically stretched for 16%, respectively. We determined cell number, cytotoxicity, and gene/protein expression of Vegf-a/VEGF-A (macrophage-mediated angiogenesis), Mmp-8/9 (extracellular matrix reorganization), and Cox-2/PG-E2, Il-6/IL-6, and Tnf-α/TNF-α (proinflammatory mediators) by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Compressive but not tensile strain resulted in a significant reduction in cell number after only 2 h. Mmp-8 and Mmp-9 expression was significantly enhanced within 24 h of compressive and in part tensile strain. Significantly increased Vegf-a/VEGF-A expression was detected within 4 h of pressure, but not during application of tensile strain. Expression of proinflammatory mediators Cox-2/PG-E2, Il-6/IL-6, and Tnf-α/TNF-α was significantly increased as early as 2-4 h after application of compressive or tensile strain. Our results indicate that macrophages respond early on to compressive and tensile strain occurring during OTM with an enhanced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which could affect PDL fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and immune cells triggering or enhancing the biological mechanisms and osteoclastogenesis underlying OTM.
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