International cooperation group of emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic

Crucial and fragile: a multi-methods and multi-disciplinary study of cooperation in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic

In addressing global pandemics, robust cooperation across nations, institutions, and individuals is paramount. However, navigating the complexities of individual versus collective interests, diverse group objectives, and varying societal norms and cultures makes fostering such cooperation challenging. This research delves deep into the dynamics of interpersonal cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canton Ticino, Switzerland, using an integrative approach that combines qualitative and experimental methodologies. Through a series of retrospective interviews and a lab-in-the-field experiment, we gained insights into the cooperation patterns of healthcare and manufacturing workers. Within healthcare, professionals grappled with escalating emergencies and deteriorating work conditions, resisting the "new normalcy" ushered in by the pandemic. Meanwhile, manufacturing workers adapted to the altered landscape, leveraging smart working strategies to carve out a fresh professional paradigm amidst novel challenges and opportunities. Across these contrasting narratives, the centrality of individual, institutional, and interpersonal factors in galvanizing cooperation was evident. Key drivers like established relational dynamics, mutual dependencies, and proactive leadership were particularly salient. Our experimental findings further reinforced some of these qualitative insights, underscoring the pivotal role of recognition and the detrimental effects of uncertainty on cooperative behaviors. While contextual and sample-related constraints exist, this study illuminates vital facets of cooperation during crises and lays the groundwork for future explorations into cooperative decision-making.

Perception of primary care doctors towards telemedicine in Kuching, Sarawak: A cross-sectional study

Introduction

Telemedicine is the provision of healthcare remotely via information and communications technology (ICT). This study aimed to assess the familiarity and factors related to the perception towards telemedicine and the willingness to practise telemedicine among primary care doctors.

Methods

A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively at all public healthcare clinics across Kuching, Sarawak. A questionnaire was adapted and modified from an overseas validated questionnaire, consisting of four parts: demographic data, familiarity towards telemedicine, factors related to the perception of telemedicine and willingness to implement telemedicine.

Results

A total of 131 doctors were recruited. Of them, 43.5% had never interacted with patients via email, WhatsApp or Telegram, while 68.7% had never attended any conferences, speeches or meetings regarding telemedicine. The doctors had low familiarity towards guidelines, technology and medical applications of telemedicine. The majority agreed on the ability of telemedicine to save patients' time and money, the potential of ICT in healthcare and the necessity during a pandemic but perceived the possibility of technical difficulties. The doctors who had experience in interacting with patients via email, WhatsApp or Telegram (P=0.001) and those who had ≤8 years of working experience (P=0.04) had a significantly better perception towards telemedicine.

Conclusion

Although the familiarity towards telemedicine among public primary care doctors is low, their perception is good in a majority of areas. Adequate technological support and continuous education on telemedicine and its guidelines, especially medicolegal issues, are imperative to adopt and propagate telemedicine in primary care.

Feasibility of Developing Audiovisual Material for Training Needs in a Vietnam Orphanage: A Mixed-Method Design

Disabled children living in orphanages in low-income countries may not have access to the therapy they need. The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated the situation dramatically, making online training activities a possible innovative option to meet the real needs of local staff. This study aimed to detect the training needs of the local staff of an orphanage in Vietnam, as well as develop an audiovisual training material and measure its feasibility. Training needs were identified through a focus group carried out by the volunteers of Fisios Mundi, a nongovernmental organization. The audiovisual training material was developed to meet these specific needs. Lastly, its feasibility was evaluated, in terms of both content and format, through an ad hoc questionnaire. Nine volunteers participated in the project. Twenty-four videos were created and structured around five themes. This study expands the body of knowledge on how an international cooperation project can be developed in a pandemic situation. The audiovisual training material content and format created in this project was considered by the volunteers as very feasible and useful for training the staff of a Vietnamese orphanage.

Detection of residual pulmonary alterations with lung ultrasound and effects on postoperative pulmonary complications for patients with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing surgeries

BACKGROUND

For patients with a clinical course of active SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection, there may be a higher risk of perioperative complications. Our main objective is to detect the residual pulmonary alterations in asymptomatic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing surgery and determine their relationship with the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary aim is to investigate whether the presence of residual pulmonary alterations have any affects on the severity of postoperative pulmonary complications.

METHODS

After approval by the Hospital's Ethical Committee, this prospective observational study included consecutive patients (n=103) undergoing various surgical procedures and anesthetic techniques with a history of past SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the day of surgery these patients remained asymptomatic and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 was negative. The history, physical findings, and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded. Lung ultrasound was performed before surgery to evaluate the possible residual pulmonary alterations (≥ 3 B-lines and pleural thickening), along with determitation of pulmonary static compliance values during surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were collected during hospital stay.

RESULTS

24.27% (n=25) patients presented ≥ 3 B-lines, and 28% (n=29) patients presented pleural thickening. For 15 patients (21.7%) the pulmonary compliance was < 40 mL/cm H₂O. Patients with pleural thickening had a higher incidence of pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome distress, a need for vasoactive drugs and required more days of hospitalization during SARS-CoV-2 infection (p= 0.004, 0.001, 0.03, 0.00 respectively). Patients with ≥ 3 B-lines needed more days in an intensive care unit and vasoactive drugs during SARS-CoV2 infection (p= 0.04, 0.004 respectively). Postoperative pulmonary complications were observed in 5.8% (n=6) of the patients, and were more frequent in the presence of both, ≥ 3 B-lines and pleural thickening (p= 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

In asymptomatic post-COVID-19 patients, pathological findings detected by lung ultrasound before surgery are associated with the severity of the SARS-CoV2 infection and resulted in more postoperative pulmonary complications. In these patients, the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications appears similar to that described in the surgical population before the pandemic.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04922931). June 21, 2021. "Retrospectively registered".

Measures against COVID-19 pandemic - a single tertiary center experience

This paper reports the measures taken to manage the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on O&G services in a tertiary referal centre and their outcomes. All the patients included in this study received inpatient treatment and underwent surgery between March 10 2020 and end of June 2020, including obstetric or gynaecologic cases combined. Data including age, diagnosis, operation, duration of preoperative and postoperative hospital stay, COVID-19 status were recorded. COVID-19 status of the patients was diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal swab test. Thirty-seven (20%) of 177 operations were performed because of gynaecologic reasons. The rest of them were caesarean sections (C/S). In gynaecologic cases, 22 (59%) of 37 were emergent operations, nine (24%) cases were oncologic and six (16%) cases were elective gynaecological surgeries. On the other hand, 43 (30%) of 140 patients, who underwent caesarean sections, were urgent surgeries. The rest were elective and planned caesarean sections. Only five patients (2.8%) who had undergone caesarean sections were tested positive for COVID-19. No COVID-19 transmission to staff was recorded in this period. Measures against the COVID-19 pandemic must be multidisciplinary and is crucial to prevent the spread of the disease to staff in close contact.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? COVID-19 pandemic has been a crucial health problem worldwide. Healthcare workers work intensely to protect people from the pandemic. It is especially important to protect healthcare professionals and hospitalized patients from virus transmission. Therefore, utilization of personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves and goggles is obligatory, and hygiene rules such as sanitization of hands are strictly followed.What the results of this study add? This study adds the experience and success of a tertiary centre regarding the measure against COVID-19 to the literature. No viral transmission was detected to healthcare workers and other patients from COVID-19 patients. Hence, measures that mentioned in the present study should be an example to other centres for protection against pandemic.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? As mentioned above, measures that are explained in the present study should be an example to other centres for protection against the pandemic. Further larger size clinical studies are needed to prove the beneficial effect of the measures that still used against pandemic.

Predicting Covid-19 emergency medical service incidents from daily hospitalisation trends

INTRODUCTION

The aim of our retrospective study was to quantify the impact of Covid-19 on the temporal distribution of emergency medical services (EMS) demand in Travis County, Austin, Texas and propose a robust model to forecast Covid-19 EMS incidents.

METHODS

We analysed the temporal distribution of EMS calls in the Austin-Travis County area between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2020. Change point detection was performed to identify the critical dates marking changes in EMS call distributions, and time series regression was applied for forecasting Covid-19 EMS incidents.

RESULTS

Two critical dates marked the impact of Covid-19 on the distribution of EMS calls: March 17th, when the daily number of non-pandemic EMS incidents dropped significantly, and 13 May, by which the daily number of EMS calls climbed back to 75% of the number in pre-Covid-19 time. The new daily count of the hospitalisation of Covid-19 patients alone proves a powerful predictor of the number of pandemic EMS calls, with an r² value equal to 0.85. In particular, for every 2.5 cases, where EMS takes a Covid-19 patient to a hospital, one person is admitted.

CONCLUSION

The mean daily number of non-pandemic EMS demand was significantly less than the period before the Covid-19 pandemic. The number of EMS calls for Covid-19 symptoms can be predicted from the daily new hospitalisation of Covid-19 patients. These findings may be of interest to EMS departments as they plan for future pandemics, including the ability to predict pandemic-related calls in an effort to adjust a targeted response.

Using 360-degree video for teaching emergency medicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVE

During the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency medicine (EM) teachers had to employ innovative methods to ensure the continuity of the education process. The purpose of this study was to explore the adequacy of the 360-degree video (video 360) technology in EM education in the context of: (a) students' attitudes towards the video 360; (b) students' academic performance in their required examination at the end of the EM course compared to the assessment results of students from the previous academic year.

METHODS

A mixed-method research project enrolled the fourth-year medical students who attended the required EM course during the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021 when all activities with undergraduate students went online and teaching scenarios recorded in the video 360 format were employed. Data collection was two-fold: (a) anonymous questionnaires, complemented with basic YouTube analytics; (b) multiple-choice questionnaires (MCQ) and oral examination, contrasting the results with those in 2019-2020. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and non-parametric methods.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine students (53 females and 26 males) participated in the project and all completed the EM course. Students' interest in and their acceptance of the video 360 technology were high (total scoring in the upper 20% of the respective scales), with consistently good performance in two parallel, independent, interview-based oral/practical evaluations (Spearman correlation coefficient R = 0.665, p < .001). The majority scored over 90% in the summative MCQ, with higher values compared to their colleagues' during the previous academic year (with on-site teaching): scoring percentages with mean ± standard deviation of 92.52 ± 4.57 and 76.67 ± 18.77, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our project showed that the video 360 scenarios were effective in teaching EM. In the long term, employing this accessible and inexpensive educational approach would add value to on-site training by enriching the exposure to a specific ED environment.KEY MESSAGESMedical students valued the 360-degree video scenarios as contributing substantially to their EM knowledge and preparedness.Examination results confirmed the 360-degree video scenarios as viable in EM teaching.The 360-degree video technology would be a sustainable solution for hybrid medical teaching in the long term.

Ear, Nose, and Throat Practice Guidelines: An Update for COVID-19

Introduction  Amidst another wave of COVID-19, the alarming number of cases per day in India has affected the healthcare system and professionals tremendously. As the disease burden continues to increase, ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists remain at high risk of exposure to this aerosol borne virus. This requires the creation and regulation of protocols for conducting routine clinical practice, especially by ENT specialists.

Objectives  To review the available literature and to propose strategies and recommendations for ENT practitioners to conduct their regular practice amidst this pandemic.

Data synthesis  A systematic review of the available literature on ENT practice during the COVID-19 pandemic was done. Out of the many protocols proposed in various studies, the most practical and feasible ones that could be adopted by practicing ENT doctors/ surgeons in the long run were selected. Adequate precautions and use of high level of personal protective equipment (PPE) is required to be adopted by all practicing ENT doctors. Use of teleconsultation has been promoted as it limits face-to-face exposure. Proper guidelines should be followed for both emergency and elective surgeries. Endoscopy can be used as a safe and useful tool for ENT examination.

Conclusion  As practicing otorhinolaryngologists, it is of utmost importance that we take all necessary precautions and adopt safety measures in our clinical practice while conducting out patient department (OPD) consultations, operative procedures, and emergency care to protect our patients, ourselves, and other healthcare staff during this time.

Endometriosis Surgery during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brazilian Single Institution Experience

Introduction. Early in the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic stay-at-home guidelines, there were public health orders that elective surgeries be deferred to prioritize hospital beds for critically ill COVID-19 patients. Besides, several reasons led to the postponement of consultations, diagnostic tests, and elective therapeutic procedures. As a result, some women with endometriosis faced chronification of their pain and decreased prospects for pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe individual responses to minimally invasive complete excision of endometriosis through 40 days of follow-up of women whose endometriosis was considered severe enough to proceed with surgery during the fourth, fifth, and sixth months of constraints imposed by the pandemic. Preventive strategies and safety measures employed to protect patients and staff from acquiring or transmitting Coronavirus infection are presented. Case Presentation. This case series report enrolled 11 consecutive Brazilian women (ages 22 to 47 y) who underwent minimally invasive surgical treatment of endometriosis between June 26 and August 17, 2020. Cases of endometriosis requiring more urgent surgery were promptly identified and considered individually. The strict safety measures were well accepted by patients. No women developed any flu-like or COVID-19-related symptoms (cough, dyspnea, fever, or anosmia) in the 40 days of postoperative follow-up. One of the most praised measures reported by patients was the routine testing of the patient, the person who would accompany her in the hospital, and all medical staff and employees. Discussion. It is feasible to safely perform elective endometriosis surgery in selected cases during a pandemic.

Pre-operative testing for SARS-CoV-2 and outcomes in otolaryngology surgery during the pandemic: A multi-center experience

INTRODUCTION

Preoperative testing for COVID-19 has become widely established to avoid inadvertent surgery on patients with COVID-19 and prevent hospital outbreaks.

METHODS

A prospective cross sectional study was carried out in two university hospitals examining the pre-operative protocols for patients undergoing otolaryngology surgery and the incidence of COVID-19 within 30 days of surgery in patients and the otolaryngologists performing surgery.

RESULTS

One hundred and seventy-three patients were recruited. One hundred and twenty-three (71%) patients "cocooned" for 14 days prior to surgery. All completed a questionnaire prior to admission. One hundred and fifty-six patients (90%) had reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nasopharyngeal swabs, 14 patients (8%) had CT thorax. No cases of COVID-19 were detected among patients followed up at 30 days. Two surgeons developed COVID-19 early during the study period.

CONCLUSION

Current pre-operative testing protocols consisting primarily of questionnaires and RT-PCR resulted in zero cases of COVID in this cohort. It is possible that COVID-19 restrictions and high proportion of patients cocooning preoperatively were factors in ensuring a low rate of COVID-19 post-operatively.

Developing COVID-19 emergency response centres in geographically challenged areas of Pakistan: A case study of the Aga Khan Development Network

The inevitable COVID‐19 global pandemic has severely affected Pakistan’s fragile healthcare system. The system was already facing a significant burden of noncommunicable and other infectious diseases, and the pandemic further exacerbated the disease and the healthcare burden in Pakistan. In such a situation, people who live in geographically challenged areas with limited healthcare infrastructure and resources are more vulnerable to the impacts of a pandemic. The authors share the experience of the development of emergency response centres (ERCs) in the rural remote mountainous regions of Pakistan–Chitral, an initiative that the Government of Pakistan and Aga Khan Health Service Pakistan (AKHSP) implemented to manage the increasing rates of COVID‐19 cases in these areas. The authors outline the processes that need to be undertaken to develop such healthcare facilities in a short period of time and discusses the challenges of establishing and operating these centres and the lessons learnt during and after the development of these centres in the remote mountainous regions of Pakistan.

Insights into the management of anorectal disease in the coronavirus 2019 disease era

Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has created major impacts on public health. The virus has plagued a large population requiring hospitalization and resource utilization. Knowledge about the COVID-19 virus continues to grow. It can commonly present with gastrointestinal symptoms; initially, this was considered an atypical presentation, which led to delays in care. The pandemic has posed serious threats to the care of anorectal diseases. Urgent surgeries have been delayed, and the care of cancer patients and cancer screenings disrupted. This had added to patient discomfort and the adverse outcomes on healthcare will continue into the future. The better availability of personal protective equipment to providers and standard checklist protocols in operating rooms can help minimize healthcare-related spread of the virus. Telehealth, outpatient procedures, and biochemical tumor marker tests can help with mitigation of anorectal-disease-related problems. There is limited literature about the clinical management of anorectal diseases during the pandemic. We performed a detailed literature review to guide clinicians around management options for anorectal disease patients. We also highlighted the health challenges seen during the pandemic.

Analysis of the characteristics of outpatient and emergency diseases in the department of otolaryngology during the "COVID-19" pandemic

The pandemic of "Corona Virus Disease 2019" (COVID-19) has changed the lives of people. There have been changes in common outpatient and emergency cases in otolaryngology, so an analysis of data pertaining to this was completed. This study is to evaluate the impact of viral infection disease in otolaryngological common disease. This study uses the data of common diseases in the outpatient and emergency department during the "COVID-19" pandemic (from February to April 2020) and the same period in the past 3 years from the Department of Otolaryngology. During the "COVID-19" period compared with the same period last year, the ranking of cases by diseases has changed. Diseases such as chronic pharyngitis, allergic rhinitis, sudden deafness, and tinnitus increased, meanwhile acute pharyngitis and acute laryngopharyngitis decreased (p < 0.05). The viral infection has impacted the mental behaviors of people, therefore mental-related disease cases of the department of Otolaryngology have increased indirectly. This study provides real data to illustrate mental-related diseases. It also provides experience and shows the importance of keeping and maintaining mental health.

Knee Surgery during the COVID-19 Lockdown-Experiences of a Level-One Trauma Center in Germany

Background

Almost every sector in the health care is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many studies already investigated the effect on different aspects in orthopedic and trauma care. However, the current literature lacks data regarding the consequence on daily surgical business. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the development of knee-related pathologies and surgical procedures in a German university level-one trauma center during the lockdown phase and early lockdown phase to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on orthopedic and trauma knee surgery. Material and Methods. The amount of knee joint surgeries performed during the high-peak COVID-19 crisis in the period of January to May 2020 was evaluated retrospectively and compared to the corresponding time periods of the previous years (2017-2019).

Results

The COVID-19 lockdown led to a significant decrease in the number of knee injuries in March and April 2020 by 83.3%. Surgical procedures were reduced by 84.8% during the same period. In May 2020, the number of knee joint procedures returned to an almost prepandemic level. The distribution of urgent and elective knee surgery changed to predominantly acute trauma care at the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown and persisted through to May 2020.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic had a high impact on emergency and elective knee surgery in a level-one trauma center in Germany during the lockdown phase. It also showed that a level-one trauma center in the German healthcare system is able to handle urgent trauma and orthopedic operations during a worldwide medical crisis and to return to a prepandemic level within a short phase.

Linking prediction models to government ordinances to support hospital operations during the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVES

We describe a hospital's implementation of predictive models to optimise emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

We were tasked to construct and evaluate COVID-19 driven predictive models to identify possible planning and resource utilisation scenarios. We used system dynamics to derive a series of chain susceptible, infected and recovered (SIR) models. We then built a discrete event simulation using the system dynamics output and bootstrapped electronic medical record data to approximate the weekly effect of tuning surgical volume on hospital census. We evaluated performance via a model fit assessment and cross-model comparison.

RESULTS

We outlined the design and implementation of predictive models to support management decision making around areas impacted by COVID-19. The fit assessments indicated the models were most useful after 30 days from onset of local cases. We found our subreports were most accurate up to 7 days after model run.DiscusssionOur model allowed us to shape our health system's executive policy response to implement a 'hospital within a hospital'-one for patients with COVID-19 within a hospital able to care for the regular non-COVID-19 population. The surgical scheduleis modified according to models that predict the number of new patients withCovid-19 who require admission. This enabled our hospital to coordinateresources to continue to support the community at large. Challenges includedthe need to frequently adjust or create new models to meet rapidly evolvingrequirements, communication, and adoption, and to coordinate the needs ofmultiple stakeholders. The model we created can be adapted to other health systems,provide a mechanism to predict local peaks in cases and inform hospitalleadership regarding bed allocation, surgical volumes, staffing, and suppliesone for COVID-19 patients within a hospital able to care for the regularnon-COVID-19 population.

CONCLUSION

Predictive models are essential tools in supporting decision making when coordinating clinical operations during a pandemic.

Changes in surgicaL behaviOrs dUring the CoviD-19 pandemic. The SICE CLOUD19 Study

BACKGROUND

The spread of the SARS-CoV2 virus, which causes COVID-19 disease, profoundly impacted the surgical community. Recommendations have been published to manage patients needing surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey, under the aegis of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery, aims to analyze how Italian surgeons have changed their practice during the pandemic.

METHODS

The authors designed an online survey that was circulated for completion to the Italian departments of general surgery registered in the Italian Ministry of Health database in December 2020. Questions were divided into three sections: hospital organization, screening policies, and safety profile of the surgical operation. The investigation periods were divided into the Italian pandemic phases I (March-May 2020), II (June-September 2020), and III (October-December 2020).

RESULTS

Of 447 invited departments, 226 answered the survey. Most hospitals were treating both COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. The reduction in effective beds dedicated to surgical activity was significant, affecting 59% of the responding units. 12.4% of the respondents in phase I, 2.6% in phase II, and 7.7% in phase III reported that their surgical unit had been closed. 51.4%, 23.5%, and 47.8% of the respondents had at least one colleague reassigned to non-surgical COVID-19 activities during the three phases. There has been a reduction in elective (> 200 procedures: 2.1%, 20.6% and 9.9% in the three phases, respectively) and emergency (< 20 procedures: 43.3%, 27.1%, 36.5% in the three phases, respectively) surgical activity. The use of laparoscopy also had a setback in phase I (25.8% performed less than 20% of elective procedures through laparoscopy). 60.6% of the respondents used a smoke evacuation device during laparoscopy in phase I, 61.6% in phase II, and 64.2% in phase III. Almost all responders (82.8% vs. 93.2% vs. 92.7%) in each analyzed period did not modify or reduce the use of high-energy devices.

CONCLUSION

This survey offers three faithful snapshots of how the surgical community has reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic during its three phases. The significant reduction in surgical activity indicates that better health policies and more evidence-based guidelines are needed to make up for lost time and surgery not performed during the pandemic.

Is Early Traumatic Facial Nerve Surgery a Priority during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

As otolaryngologists are exposed to high risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, logic and evidence-based prioritization for surgeries is essential to reduce the risk of infection amongst healthcare workers. Several clinical guidelines and surgery prioritizing recommendations have been published during the COVID-19 pandemic. They recommended the surgery in the setting of immediate facial nerve paralysis within 72 hours after trauma, but none of the previous studies in the literature suggests that the optimal timing of operation should be less than 2 weeks from injury.

COVID infection displaces serious cardiovascular disease from the resuscitation room

The SARS-COV2 Pandemic has required the emergency departments to focus their attention and care to COVID-19-diagnosed patients over patients with other pathologies. Descriptive study of patients attended in the resuscitation room between 1st of March and 31st May 2019 and compared to the same period in 2020. We include all the patients attended were included in the study and their clinical variables evaluated and their diagnosis at discharge. Six hundred and fifty-nine patients were attended in 2019 and 384 in 2020. There were no differences between age and gender. In 2019, 83.2% of the cases attended had a cardiac pathology, followed by neurological pathology and traffic accidents. This data is also significant since in the same period of 2020 cardiac pathology fell to 8.3%. The COVID pandemic has reduced patients attended at resuscitation room, and especially cardiovascular ones. These are preliminary results and more studies should be done to confirm or to study this trend.

Challenges in providing surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative study among Operating Department Practitioners in Pakistan

The surgical theatre is associated with the highest mortality rates since the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Operating Department Practitioners (ODPs) are neglected human resources for health in regards to both professional development and research for patient safety; even though they are key practitioners with respect to infection control during surgeries. Therefore, this study aims to describe challenges faced by ODPs during the pandemic. The secondary aim is to use empirical evidence to inform the public health sector management about both ODP professional development and improvement in surgical procedures, with a specific focus on pandemics. A qualitative study has been conducted. Data collection was based on an interview guide with open-ended questions. Interviews with 39 ODPs in public sector teaching hospitals of Pakistan who have been working during the COVID-19 pandemic were part of the analysis. Content analysis was used to generate themes. Ten themes related to challenges faced by ODPs in delivering services during the pandemic for securing patient safety were identified: (i) Disparity in training for prevention of COVID-19; (ii) Shortcomings in COVID-19 testing; (iii) Supply shortages of personal protective equipment; (iv) Challenges in maintaining physical distance and prevention protocols; (v) Human resource shortages and role burden; (vi) Problems with hospital administration; (vii) Exclusion and hierarchy; (viii) Teamwork limitations and other communication issues; (ix) Error Management; and (x) Anxiety and fear. The public health sector, in Pakistan and other developing regions, needs to invest in the professional development of ODPs and improve resources and structures for surgical procedures, during pandemics and otherwise.