Impfen bei Immundefizienz: Anwendungshinweise zu den von der Ständigen Impfkommission empfohlenen Impfungen. (IV) Impfen bei Autoimmunkrankheiten, bei anderen chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen und unter immunmodulatorischer Therapie

Basic Susceptibility of Patients with Psoriasis under Systemic Therapy for Respiratory Infections: Data from the German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest

Background: Patients with psoriasis under systemic treatments are in focus regarding their susceptibility to respiratory infections. To analyse real-world data for respiratory infections in patients with psoriasis under systemic treatments. Methods: We analysed data of the prospective, non-interventional German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest and compared rates for respiratory infections of 13,823 patients on systemic treatments for psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis in different therapy cohorts before the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In total, 1415 respiratory infections were observed in 970 patients. Significant differences were observed between biologics and non-biologics, but not within these groups. The highest event rates (events/100 patient years) were identified for TNF-α inhibitors, 8.1, (CI 7.4-8.9), followed by 7.0 for IL-17 inhibitors (6.2-7.9), 5.7 for IL-12/23 and IL-23 inhibitors (5.1-6.5), 4.8 for methotrexate (4.3-5.4), 3.7 for small molecules (3.3-4.2), and 2.7 for retinoids (1.2-5.1). Conclusions: Overall, the susceptibility for respiratory infections in patients under systemic therapy for psoriasis is low compared to published study data and is sufficient as comparative data for COVID-19 studies.

Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases

Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs, such as azathioprine, dapsone or methotrexate are fundamental treatment options for a wide range of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Some of these drugs were initially used for malignancies (e.g., azathioprine or methotrexate) or infectious diseases (e.g., hydroxychloroquine or dapsone) but are nowadays mostly used for their immunosuppressive/immunomodulating action. Although dermatologists have years of clinical experience with these drugs, some of the mechanisms of action are not fully understood and are the subject of research. Although these drugs are commonly used, lack of experience or knowledge regarding their safety profiles and management leads to skepticism among physicians. Here, we summarize the mechanism of action and detailed management of adverse effects of the most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs for skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the management of these drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as their interaction and handling during vaccination.

Nicht-Biologika-Immunsuppressiva bei entzündlichen und autoimmunen Hautkrankheiten: Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases

Nicht‐Biologika‐Immunsuppressiva wie Azathioprin, Dapson oder Methotrexat sind grundlegende Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für ein breites Spektrum von Autoimmunerkrankungen und chronisch‐entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen. Einige dieser Medikamente wurden ursprünglich bei malignen Erkrankungen (zum Beispiel Azathioprin oder Methotrexat) oder Infektionskrankheiten (zum Beispiel Hydroxychloroquin oder Dapson) eingesetzt, werden aber heute hauptsächlich wegen ihrer immunsuppressiven/immunmodulierenden Wirkung verwendet. Obwohl Dermatologen über jahrelange klinische Erfahrung mit diesen Arzneimitteln verfügen, sind einige der Wirkmechanismen noch nicht vollständig geklärt und noch Gegenstand der Forschung. Obwohl diese Medikamente häufig eingesetzt werden, führen mangelnde Erfahrung oder fehlendes Wissen über ihre Sicherheitsprofile und ihr Management zu einer skeptischen Haltung bei den Ärzten. Hier fassen wir den Wirkmechanismus und das detaillierte Management der Nebenwirkungen der am häufigsten verwendeten immunsuppressiven Medikamente für Hautkrankheiten zusammen. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir den Umgang mit diesen Medikamenten während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit sowie ihre Wechselwirkung und Handhabung im Zusammenhang mit Impfungen.

Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes

Myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) represent an etiologically heterogeneous group of (very) rare chronic diseases. MG and LEMS have an autoimmune-mediated etiology, while CMS are genetic disorders. A (strain dependent) muscle weakness due to neuromuscular transmission disorder is a common feature. Generalized MG requires increasingly differentiated therapeutic strategies that consider the enormous therapeutic developments of recent years. To include the newest therapy recommendations, a comprehensive update of the available German-language guideline 'Diagnostics and therapy of myasthenic syndromes' has been published by the German Neurological society with the aid of an interdisciplinary expert panel. This paper is an adapted translation of the updated and partly newly developed treatment guideline. It defines the rapid achievement of complete disease control in myasthenic patients as a central treatment goal. The use of standard therapies, as well as modern immunotherapeutics, is subject to a staged regimen that takes into account autoantibody status and disease activity. With the advent of modern, fast-acting immunomodulators, disease activity assessment has become pivotal and requires evaluation of the clinical course, including severity and required therapies. Applying MG-specific scores and classifications such as Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living, Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis, and Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America allows differentiation between mild/moderate and (highly) active (including refractory) disease. Therapy decisions must consider age, thymic pathology, antibody status, and disease activity. Glucocorticosteroids and the classical immunosuppressants (primarily azathioprine) are the basic immunotherapeutics to treat mild/moderate to (highly) active generalized MG/young MG and ocular MG. Thymectomy is indicated as a treatment for thymoma-associated MG and generalized MG with acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-Ab)-positive status. In (highly) active generalized MG, complement inhibitors (currently eculizumab and ravulizumab) or neonatal Fc receptor modulators (currently efgartigimod) are recommended for AChR-Ab-positive status and rituximab for muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK)-Ab-positive status. Specific treatment for myasthenic crises requires plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, or IVIG. Specific aspects of ocular, juvenile, and congenital myasthenia are highlighted. The guideline will be further developed based on new study results for other immunomodulators and biomarkers that aid the accurate measurement of disease activity.

[Drug therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: where do biologics and novel synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs stand today?]

Biologics and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. As new therapeutic developments have emerged in recent decades, the morbidity and mortality of rheumatoid arthritis have been significantly reduced. The characterization of the structure and function of immune cell receptors has led to the development of biologics that specifically inhibit cytokines and immune cell receptors. An important therapeutic addition was the approval of JAK inhibitors, which act directly on intracellular signaling by tyrosine kinases. This article provides an overview of the current therapeutic options for rheumatoid arthritis with a special focus on indication, mechanism of action and the place in the treatment algorithm of biologics and JAK inhibitors.

Facilitators and barriers for vaccination in patients with inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases: a prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

To identify facilitators and barriers towards vaccination in general and specifically against pneumococci, influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in patients with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMD).

METHODS

Between February and April 2021, consecutive patients with RMD were asked to complete a structured questionnaire on general knowledge about vaccination, personal attitudes and perceived facilitators and barriers towards vaccination. General facilitators (n=12) and barriers (n=15) and more specific ones for vaccination against pneumococci, influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were assessed. Likert scales had four response options: from 1 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree). Patient and disease characteristics, their vaccination records and attitudes towards vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 were assessed.

RESULTS

441 patients responded to the questionnaire. Knowledge about vaccination was decent in ≥70% of patients, but <10% of patients doubted its effectiveness. Statements on facilitators were generally more favourable than on barriers. Facilitators for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were not different from vaccination in general. Societal and organisational facilitators were more often named than interpersonal or intrapersonal facilitators. Most patients indicated that recommendations of their healthcare professional would encourage them to be vaccinated-without preference for general practitioner or rheumatologists. There were more barriers towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination than to vaccination in general. Intrapersonal issues were most frequently reported as a barrier. Statistically significant differences in response patterns to nearly all barriers between patients classified as definitely willing, probably willing and unwilling to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were noted.

DISCUSSION

Facilitators towards vaccination were more important than barriers. Most barriers against vaccination were intrapersonal issues. Societal facilitators identified support strategies in that direction.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A preliminary survey among patients in Switzerland

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multi-factorial systemic chronic debilitating disease of poorly understood etiology and limited systematic evidence. The questionnaire and interview-based survey included 169 ME/CFS patients from the Swiss ME/CFS association. The majority of patients were females (72.2%), single (55.7%) and without children (62.5%). Only one third were working (full/part-time). The mean onset of ME/CFS was 31.6 years of age with 15% of patients being symptomatic before their 18th birthday. In this cohort, patients had documented ME/CFS for a mean 13.7 years, whereby half (50.3%) stated their condition was progressively worsening. Triggering events and times of disease onset were recalled by 90% of the participants. An infectious disease was associated with a singular or part of multiple events by 72.9% and 80.6%, respectively. Prior to disease onset, a third of the patients reported respiratory infections; followed by gastro-intestinal infections (15.4%) and tick-borne diseases (16.2%). Viral infections were recalled by 77.8% of the respondents, with Epstein Barr Virus being the most commonly reported agent. Patients self-reported an average number of 13 different symptoms, all described specific triggers of symptoms exacerbation and 82.2% suffered from co-morbidities. This study collated clinically relevant information on ME/CFS patients in Switzerland, highlighting the extent of disease severity, the associated factors negatively affecting daily life activities and work status as well as potential socio-economic impact.

COVID-19 vaccination in psoriasis patients receiving systemic treatment: A prospective single-center study

Background

The rate of seroconversion after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis requiring systemic treatment is poorly understood.

Objectives

The aim of this prospective single-center cohort study performed between May 2020 and October 2021 was to determine the rate of seroconversion after COVID-19 vaccination in patients under active systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis, known COVID-19 vaccination status, and repetitive anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG serum quantification. The primary outcome was the rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion after complete COVID-19 vaccination.

Results

77 patients with a median age of 55.9 years undergoing systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis were included. The majority of patients received interleukin- (n=50, 64.9%) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors (n=16, 20.8%) as systemic treatment for psoriasis; nine patients (11.7%) were treated with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, and one patient each received dimethyl fumarate (1.3%), respectively apremilast (1.3%). All included patients completed COVID-19 vaccination with two doses over the course of the study. Serum testing revealed that 74 patients (96.1%) showed an anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion. While all patients on IL-17A, -12 or -12/23 inhibitors (n=50) achieved seroconversion, three of 16 patients (18.8%) receiving MTX and/or a TNF-α inhibitor as main anti-psoriatic treatment did not. At follow-up, none of the patients had developed symptomatic COVID-19 or died from COVID-19.

Conclusions

Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination in psoriasis patients under systemic treatment were high. An impaired serological response, however, was observed in patients receiving MTX and/or TNF-α inhibitors, in particular infliximab.

[When are antibody determinations in serum before or after vaccination indicated and when not?]

Questions about the usefulness of determining antibody values or titers to demonstrate protection often arise before or after vaccinations in immunization clinics. Such measurements may be useful in exceptional situations, e.g., in immunocompromised patients or those with suspected immunodeficiency, in patients with unknown vaccination status, and in certain defined risk situations (e.g., hepatitis B serology after needlestick injuries or after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with certain forms of immunodeficiency). In contrast, individual serological antibody measurements are neither recommended nor useful after generally recommended vaccinations. This is because either it is known from licensure studies or long-term use that there is a sufficiently high individual probability of protection (e.g., > 99% for tetanus) when the recommended vaccination schedules are adhered to or because the vaccination strategy is primarily aimed at indirect protection of the population and not at protection of each individual person. The few individuals who are not sufficiently protected after vaccination (vaccination failures) will still benefit indirectly from the reduced risk of exposure. This has been demonstrated with oral poliomyelitis vaccination in the 1960s, MMR vaccination since the 1970s, and Hib vaccination since the 1990s. This statement of our committee shows the evidence for a sensible approach, when and which antibody determinations are helpful and meaningful after or before vaccination and which are not. The statement is based on Germany's Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommendations and their administration instructions. We advise not to comply with the wish of some parents for titer determinations in their child that are not medically justified.

Treatment of Infantile Spasm Syndrome: Update from the Interdisciplinary Guideline Committee Coordinated by the German-Speaking Society of Neuropediatrics

OBJECTIVES

The manuscript serves as an update on the current management practices for infantile spasm syndrome (ISS). It includes a detailed summary of the level of current evidence of different treatment options for ISS and gives recommendations for the treatment and care of patients with ISS.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using the Cochrane and Medline Databases (2014 to July 2020). All studies were objectively rated using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. For recommendations, the evidence from these studies was combined with the evidence from studies used in the 2014 guideline.

RECOMMENDATIONS

If ISS is suspected, electroencephalography (EEG) should be performed within a few days and, if confirmed, treatment should be initiated immediately. Response to first-line treatment should be evaluated clinically and electroencephalographically after 14 days. The preferred first-line treatment for ISS consists of either hormone-based monotherapy (AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone [ACTH] or prednisolone) or a combination of hormone and vigabatrin. Children with tuberous sclerosis complex and those with contraindications against hormone treatment should be treated with vigabatrin. If first-line drugs are ineffective, second-line treatment options such as ketogenic dietary therapies, sulthiame, topiramate, valproate, zonisamide, or benzodiazepines should be considered. Children refractory to drug therapy should be evaluated early for epilepsy surgery, especially if focal brain lesions are present. Parents should be informed about the disease, the efficacy and adverse effects of the medication, and support options for the family. Regular follow-up controls are recommended.

Low Pneumococcal Vaccination among Patients with Psoriasis in Germany: Results from Vac-Pso

While suboptimal pneumococcal vaccination rates have been reported in immunosuppressed patients with rheumatic diseases, data for patients with psoriasis (PsO) or atopic dermatitis (AD) are scarce. Pneumococcal vaccination in Germany is recommended in patients with certain comorbidities, immunosuppression, and/or aged 60 years or above. The aim of this multicenter cross-sectional study was to investigate the pneumococcal vaccination rate in patients with PsO compared to patients with AD and to evaluate patient perceptions. All patients completed a questionnaire on vaccination status and perceptions, patient and disease characteristics, as well as comorbidity. Medical records and vaccination certificates were reviewed. Over the whole cohort (n = 327 PsO (41.9% female), n = 98 AD (42.9% female)), 83.8% and 42.9% of PsO and AD patients, respectively, had an indication for pneumococcal vaccination due to immunosuppressive treatment. The pneumococcal vaccination rate was 14.4% and 10.2% in PsO and AD patients, respectively. The vaccination rate depended significantly on age, working status and presence of psoriatic arthritis. The most common reason for nonvaccination was lacking recommendation by physicians. Higher awareness, particularly for vaccination indication due to immunosuppression among dermatologists, general physicians, and patients, is warranted.

Course of Fecal Calprotectin after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background: Two years into the pandemic, vaccination remains the most effective option to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Preliminary studies suggest vaccination efficacy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but little is known about its impact on chronic intestinal inflammation. Here we assessed the mucosal inflammatory activity in patients with IBD before and after immunization with the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine by measurement of fecal calprotectin (fCP). Methods: In 42 patients with IBD, the baseline fCP levels obtained prior to the first vaccine were compared with the highest levels measured during and after two doses of vaccination. Patients’ sera were collected after the second dose to evaluate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies’ titers. Results: We observed a significant fCP elevation in 31% of patients after any dose. Vedolizumab was identified as the only agent associated with an fCP increase (OR 12.4, 95% CI [1.6; 120.2], p = 0.0171). Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in 9.5% of all subjects and in 75% of cases accompanied by an fCP increase. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies associated only weakly with the fCP increase after the first dose (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Our findings support possible collinearity in pathways of SARS-CoV-2 antigen expression and the pathogenesis of IBD.

[Immunosuppressed people's beliefs, expectations, and experiences with COVID-19 vaccinations : Results of a longitudinal study]

BACKGROUND

Immunocompromised people are less likely to be vaccinated, despite an increased benefit of many vaccinations in terms of benefit-risk assessment, including the vaccines against SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19). Attitudes, expectations, and experiences with previous vaccinations influence the decision to get vaccinated.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the attitudes of immunocompromised people towards vaccinations in general and COVID-19 vaccination in particular and their experiences with COVID-19 vaccinations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

As part of the CoCo Immune study, immunocompromised participants were surveyed in the spring and summer of 2021 (1 November 2021-7 September 2021) using questionnaires. Initially, they were asked about their expectations concerning a COVID-19 vaccination and followed up about their experience after COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, sociodemographic data, general attitudes toward vaccinations and experiences with previous vaccinations were collected. Analysis was performed using descriptive and bivariate statistics.

RESULTS

The 243 participants mostly approved vaccinations and expected the COVID-19 vaccination to be effective and well-tolerated. Women were more concerned about the safety of vaccinations and were more often worried about side effects. Older persons felt better informed than younger persons. Participants who reported subjective side effects of previous vaccinations were more skeptical about vaccinations as well as the government institutions that recommend vaccinations. They less often agreed with the statement "in retrospect, the COVID-19 vaccination has been harmless for me so far".

DISCUSSION

The participants mostly expressed a positive attitude and anticipation towards COVID-19 vaccinations; however, the age and sex differences found suggest that there are different information needs which should be addressed when educating individuals about vaccinations or designing vaccination campaigns.

Vaccination Coverage against Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis and Poliomyelitis and Validity of Self-Reported Vaccination Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a neurodegenerative component of the central nervous system. Immunomodulatory therapy can increase the risk of infection, which is a particular risk for MS patients. Therefore, a complete vaccination status is of utmost importance as protection against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Our aim was to investigate the vaccination status, vaccination card knowledge and the vaccination behavior of MS patients with regard to vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis. Three hundred twenty-seven patients with MS were evaluated by anamnesis, clinical examination, structured interview and vaccination card control in this two-center study. Based on the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute, we assessed the completeness of the vaccination status of the examined vaccinations. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of patients with complete/incomplete or correctly/wrongly self-reported vaccination status was performed. In the cohort analyzed, the vaccination coverage was 79.5% for tetanus, 79.2% for diphtheria, 74.8% for pertussis and 84.8% for poliomyelitis. The assumed vaccination status was higher for tetanus (86.5%) and lower for diphtheria (69.4%), pertussis (61.2%) and poliomyelitis (75.9%). Patients who were unvaccinated or only partially vaccinated against tetanus had received vaccination advice from a physician less often in the past year (13.4 vs. 36.9%, p < 0.001) and had no one to check the vaccination card more often (35.8 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). High sensitivity (93.7%) and low specificity (30.3%) were determined regarding the validity of self-reported tetanus vaccination status. Patients with a correctly reported tetanus vaccination status were more likely to have their vaccination card checked by a physician than those who overestimated or underestimated their vaccination status (76.7 vs. 63.0/43.8%, p = 0.002). Similar findings were seen with regard to diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccination. Patients without a regular vaccination card control (17.1%) were more likely to be male (44.6 vs. 29.4%, p = 0.037), had fewer siblings on average (1.1 vs. 1.6, p = 0.016), dealt less frequently with the issue of vaccination in the past year (32.1 vs. 69.3%, p < 0.001) and more frequently had the wish to receive vaccination advice (48.2 vs. 34.4%, p = 0.030) than patients in whom the vaccination card was checked regularly by a physician. To minimize the risk of infection in MS patients, treating physicians should provide regular vaccination counseling and perform vaccination card controls, as these factors are associated with a higher vaccination coverage and a higher validity of self-reported vaccination statuses.

[Autoimmune Hepatitis - What is important for clinical practice?]

Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare but chronic autoimmune-mediated liver disease. Key features are elevated transaminases, hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of specific autoantibodies and typical histological features. Diagnostic scores are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Immunosuppressive therapy should be initiated in every patient with inflammatory activity. First-line therapy includes steroids and azathioprine and results in biochemical and histological remission in the majority of patients. In most cases, lifelong therapy is required. Every patient should receive regular follow-up surveillance including biochemical parameters as well as sonography and elastography.

[Prophylactic and therapeutic management of increased susceptibility to infection in patients with immunodeficiency]

Infections are an important warning sign for a weakened immune system. In the internal medical practice acquired (secondary), particularly drug-induced immunodeficiencies, are much more frequent than congenital (primary) immunodeficiencies. The management starts as early as the planning phase before initiation of immunosuppression. The risk of infection should be individually stratified and protective vaccinations should be completed. Depending on the immunosuppressive treatment, there can be a necessity for preventive treatment, e.g. for latent tuberculosis infection or hepatitis B. The serological results on varicella zoster virus and JC polyomavirus must also be considered. The basic immunological diagnostics include differential blood count and the determination of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) prior to and during immunosuppressive treatment. Relevant conspicuous laboratory results before initiation of treatment should prompt advanced immunological work-up for the identification of primary immunodeficiencies, which are often accompanied by clinical signs of immune dysregulation. Depending on the type of pathogen, localization, frequency and duration as well as the severity of the infection, prophylactic antibiotic treatment may be required. Patients with chronic severe lymphocytopenia, in particular with CD4 positive T (helper) cells < 200/µl, are at increased risk for opportunistic infections so that an antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended. In patients with significantly increased proneness to infections and detection of a relevant quantitative (IgG < 4 g/l) and/or qualitative antibody deficiency (impaired vaccine response), additional immunoglobulin replacement therapy may be necessary and can be administered intravenously (IVIG) or subcutaneously (SCIG) as home treatment. In accordance with the localization of the infection, multidisciplinary clarification and management is warranted.

Vaccination and immunotherapies in neuroimmunological diseases

Neuroimmunological diseases and their treatment compromise the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of infections and serious illness. Consequently, vaccinations to protect against infections are an important part of the clinical management of these diseases. However, the wide variety of immunotherapies that are currently used to treat neuroimmunological disease — particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders — can also impair immunological responses to vaccinations. In this Review, we discuss what is known about the effects of various immunotherapies on immunological responses to vaccines and what these effects mean for the safe and effective use of vaccines in patients with a neuroimmunological disease. The success of vaccination in patients receiving immunotherapy largely depends on the specific mode of action of the immunotherapy. To minimize the risk of infection when using immunotherapy, assessment of immune status and exclusion of underlying chronic infections before initiation of therapy are essential. Selection of the required vaccinations and leaving appropriate time intervals between vaccination and administration of immunotherapy can help to safeguard patients. We also discuss the rapidly evolving knowledge of how immunotherapies affect responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and how these effects should influence the management of patients on these therapies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this Review, the authors discuss how various immunotherapies for neuroimmunological diseases interact with vaccination responses, including responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, and the implications for the safe and effective use of vaccines in patients with these diseases.

Vaccination against infection is an essential part of the management of neuroimmunological diseases.

All indicated vaccinations should be administered before initiation of immunotherapy whenever possible; appropriate intervals between vaccination and treatment vary with treatment and vaccination.

Inactivated vaccines are considered safe in neuroimmunological diseases but live vaccines are generally contraindicated during immunotherapy.

Vaccination responses during immunotherapy can be diminished or abrogated, depending on the treatment and vaccination; antibody titre testing to monitor responses can be considered where appropriate.

Vaccinations must be avoided during relapses or exacerbations of neuroimmunological diseases.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is recommended for patients with neuroimmunological disease but some immunotherapies limit the immune response; therefore, timing should be considered carefully.

Pregnancy and Autoimmune Disease: Diseases of the Nervous System, Connective Tissue, and the Bowel

BACKGROUND

Pregnancies in women with chronic disease are on the rise. This pertains to autoimmune diseases in particular since these tend to affect women of childbearing age. The interaction between pregnancy and autoimmune disease may increase the risk of maternal, fetal, and obstetric complications; additional care may be required.

METHODS

This review is based on a selective literature search in PubMed (2015-2020).

RESULTS

In women with autoimmune diseases, the course of pregnancy is highly variable. Some autoimmune diseases tend to improve during pregnancy and do not to result in any serious obstetric complications. Others may worsen during pregnancy, with deterioration of the maternal condition as well as obstetric and perinatal complications. In systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, placental transfer of specific autoantibodies may cause fetal or neonatal disease.

CONCLUSION

The care of pregnant women with chronic diseases requires collaboration between specialists of the pertinent levels of care. A stable course of disease before conception, close interdisciplinary care, and pregnancy-compatible medication contribute to a reduction in maternal and perinatal complications.

Vaccination completeness in children with rheumatic diseases: A longitudinal, observational multicenter cohort study in Switzerland

INTRODUCTION

Children with pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases (PRD) have an increased infection risk. Vaccinations are effective to avoid vaccine-preventable diseases. This study aimed to assess the vaccination completeness in Swiss PRD patients stratified by immunosuppressive treatment (IST).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This multicenter observational cohort study of PRD patients was performed in Basel, Geneva, Lucerne, Lausanne, and Zurich in PRD patients aged < 18 years included in the Juvenile Inflammatory Rheumatism Cohort. Completeness was assessed for i) the overall vaccination status (Swiss national immunization program (NIP) and specific additional PRD-recommended vaccinations), ii) for all and each vaccination of the NIP at PRD diagnosis and reference date (RefD) and iii) all and each specific additional PRD-recommended vaccination at RefD. Completeness was assessed over the disease course and stratified by IST.

RESULTS

Of 616 eligible patients, 234 children were analyzed. Of these, 147 (63%) were girls. Median age at PRD diagnosis was 6.5 years (IQR 2.9-10.3) and 10.9 years at RefD (6.9-14.3). The median follow-up since PRD diagnosis was 3 years (1.1-5.5). 120/234 children received IST. At RefD, overall vaccination completeness was 3.8% (9/234 children), completeness for the NIP vaccinations was 70.1% (164/234 children; IST 65%, no IST: 75.4%) and for all specific additional PRD-recommended vaccinations was 3.8% (9/234 children; IST 2.5%; no IST 5.3%). Vaccination completeness against pneumococcal disease, hepatitis B virus, and human papilloma virus (HPV) was 50.4, 20, 37.9%, respectively. In 25/35 children with negative varicella zoster virus history vaccination status was complete (IST: 94.4%, no IST: 47%). Annual non-live influenza vaccination was complete in 24.2% of children during IST; adherence decreased over the disease course.

DISCUSSION

This study identified a low overall vaccination completeness in children with PRD. Particularly, the completeness of specific additional PRD-recommended vaccinations was low. If not performed early after PRD diagnosis, vaccination status remained frequently incomplete. Close collaboration between pediatrician and rheumatologist to improve vaccination completeness is essential. Exchange of vaccination records, standardized assessment of specific PRD-recommended vaccinations and those of the NIP, and annual reminder for influenza vaccination are crucial to improve vaccination completeness in this vulnerable pediatric population.

[Vaccinations]

Vaccination is considered one of the most important achievements of modern medicine and has saved millions of lives. As a result, the age-old fear of severe or fatal infectious diseases has largely been forgotten in society; however, the pandemic triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows how quickly this fear can return. Also, many people have reservations about medical measures, especially if they are directed against vague dangers. Paradoxically, the success of vaccinations jeopardizes the acceptance. To counteract this development, this article provides information on basic vaccination principles, legal frameworks and components of vaccines. It explains the most important categories, goals, core elements of vaccination programs and the most important recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination at the Robert Koch Institute (STIKO). It explains the current state of knowledge with respect to required resources, assessment of vaccine reactions, complication management and possible vaccine damage.

[Treatment of psoriasis with secukinumab : Practical guidance]

BACKGROUND

Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis can be treated effectively with immunomodulating biologicals such as the interleukin-17A inhibitor secukinumab. In practice, however, questions often arise as to how to proceed in special situations, such as infections, comorbidity, pregnancy, or surgery.

OBJECTIVES

To address frequent questions about the treatment of plaque psoriasis with secukinumab in a consensus document of German psoriasis experts that supplements current guidelines.

METHODS

In a virtual expert meeting in May 2020, practical aspects of the treatment of psoriasis were discussed based on the experience of the participants and on current literature. The results of this discussion were summarized in the present consensus document.

RESULTS

This article provides practical guidance on case history, documentation of previous therapies, severity of psoriasis, and comorbidities before starting therapy with secukinumab. For patients treated with secukinumab, the course of action in case of vaccinations, chronic or acute infections, surgical interventions, special manifestations of psoriasis, and comorbidities including history of cancer and autoimmune disorders is discussed. Questions regarding family planning and health policy regulations are also addressed.

DISCUSSION

The recommendations for the treatment of psoriasis with secukinumab summarized in this consensus document may contribute to achieve optimal therapy for patients and to improve their quality of life.

[14 years of HPV vaccination: what has been achieved?]

Professor Harald zur Hausen, „Vater der HPV(humane Papillomviren)-Impfung“, wurde in diesem Jahr 85 Jahre alt. Aus diesem Anlass wird in einem Rückblick auf die Einführung der HPV-Impfung vor 14 Jahren geschaut, und es werden die Widerstände aufgezeigt, welche die ersten Jahre dieser segensreichen Impfung begleiteten. Schon früh wurde 2007 die Impfung für die Mädchen in das Standardimpfprogramm der Ständigen Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut (STIKO) aufgenommen, erst 11 Jahre später kam es zur Empfehlung auch für Jungen. Die Impfquoten in beiden Gruppen sind mit ca. 50 % in Deutschland weiterhin im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern mit Schulimpfprogrammen zu niedrig. Dabei gibt es keine wissenschaftlichen Bedenken mehr gegenüber der HPV-Impfung, die sich in weltweiten Studien als sicher und wirksam erwiesen hat. Nicht nur die Verminderung der Krebsvorstufen, sondern auch von Zervixkarzinomen konnte neben der starken Reduktion von Fällen an Condylomata acuminata bei den Geimpften inzwischen in Real-Life-Studien gezeigt werden, weshalb die WHO (World Health Organization) als Impfziel die Eliminierung des Zervixkrebses durch Aufbau einer Bevölkerungsimmunität erklärt hat. Dazu sollten weitere Anstrengungen unternommen werden, die Impfquoten in Deutschland zu erhöhen, was auch in einem entsprechenden Appell der Gesundheitsministerkonferenz im Juni 2021 eingeflossen ist.

Are patients with rheumatic diseases on immunosuppressive therapies protected against preventable infections? A cross-sectional cohort study

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of infections, prevalence of hospitalisation due to infections, the vaccination status and perceived screening of infections prior to the start of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) of a patient cohort with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD).

Methods

Consecutive CIRD patients reporting to our specialised centre were prospectively included (n=975) in this cross-sectional study. Data on comorbidities including infections, treatment, vaccination status, screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and hepatitis B (HepB) were collected. Antibodies against measles and HepB were measured by ELISA. The vaccination status was assessed by a predefined vaccination score (0–26) categorising patients into four immunisation states: low (0–6), moderate (7–13), good (14–20), high (21–26).

Results

All patients on bDMARDs (n=499) were screened for LTBI, and 469 for HepB (94%). All LTBI patients (n=16) received isoniazid (3.2%) and 16 chronic HepB patients received lamivudine (3.4%). Protective measles specific IgG-antibodies were found in 901 patients (92.4%). Although 629 patients were educated about vaccination strategies (64.5%), only 540 showed a vaccination card (55.4%). Only 49% of patients had undergone pneumococcal vaccination and less than 30% were protected against HepB and influenza, while 7.6% have not protective antibody titres against measles. No patient met the German national vaccination recommendations requiring a complete documentation of vaccines. The mean vaccination score was 13.3±4.2 with 5.7% of patients having a low, 43.9% a moderate, 47.0% a good and 3.3% a high score.

Conclusions

The majority of CIRD patients are n0t sufficiently vaccinated against pneumococci, HepB, influenza and measles. Although CIRD patients and general practitioners regularly receive professional information about the need of vaccination, vaccination rates were low to moderate. Interdisciplinary quality projects should be planned to change that inacceptable result.

Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group (MSTCG): position statement on disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (white paper)

Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal/neuronal damage. The approval of various disease-modifying therapies and our increased understanding of disease mechanisms and evolution in recent years have significantly changed the prognosis and course of the disease. This update of the Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group treatment recommendation focuses on the most important recommendations for disease-modifying therapies of multiple sclerosis in 2021. Our recommendations are based on current scientific evidence and apply to those medications approved in wide parts of Europe, particularly German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland).

Vaccination in Children With Autoimmune Disorders and Treated With Various Immunosuppressive Regimens: A Comprehensive Review and Practical Guide

Children with autoimmune disorders are especially at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases due to their underlying disease and the immunosuppressive treatment often required for a long period. In addition, vaccine coverage remains too low in this vulnerable population. This can be explained by a fear of possible adverse effects of vaccines under immunosuppression, but also a lack of data and clear recommendations, particularly with regard to vaccination with live vaccines. In this review, the latest literature and recommendations on vaccination in immunosuppressed children are discussed in detail, with the aim to provide a set of practical guidelines on vaccination for specialists caring for children suffering from different autoimmune disorders and treated with various immunosuppressive regimens.

Influenza Vaccination in Psoriatic Patients-Epidemiology and Patient Perceptions: A German Multicenter Study (Vac-Pso)

The risk of developing severe complications from an influenza virus infection is increased in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis (PsO) and atopic dermatitis (AD). However, low influenza vaccination rates have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine vaccination rates in PsO compared to AD patients and explore patient perceptions of vaccination. A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in 327 and 98 adult patients with PsO and AD, respectively. Data on vaccination, patient and disease characteristics, comorbidity, and patient perceptions was collected with a questionnaire. Medical records and vaccination certificates were reviewed. A total of 49.8% of PsO and 32.7% of AD patients were vaccinated at some point, while in season 2018/2019, 30.9% and 13.3% received an influenza vaccination, respectively. There were 96.6% and 77.6% of PsO and AD patients who had an indication for influenza vaccination due to age, immunosuppressive therapy, comorbidity, occupation, and/or pregnancy. Multivariate regression analysis revealed higher age (p < 0.001) and a history of bronchitis (p = 0.023) as significant predictors of influenza vaccination in PsO patients. Considering that most patients had an indication for influenza vaccination, the rate of vaccinated patients was inadequately low.

[Multiple sclerosis treatment consensus group (MSTCG): position paper on disease-modifying treatment of multiple sclerosis 2021 (white paper)]

Die Multiple Sklerose ist eine komplexe, autoimmun vermittelte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, charakterisiert durch inflammatorische Demyelinisierung sowie axonalen/neuronalen Schaden. Die Zulassung verschiedener verlaufsmodifizierender Therapien und unser verbessertes Verständnis der Krankheitsmechanismen und -entwicklung in den letzten Jahren haben die Prognose und den Verlauf der Erkrankung deutlich verändert. Diese Aktualisierung der Behandlungsempfehlung der Multiple Sklerose Therapie Konsensus Gruppe konzentriert sich auf die wichtigsten Empfehlungen für verlaufsmodifizierende Therapien der Multiplen Sklerose im Jahr 2021. Unsere Empfehlungen basieren auf aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und gelten für diejenigen Medikamente, die in weiten Teilen Europas, insbesondere in den deutschsprachigen Ländern (Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz), zugelassen sind.

Rheuma und Impfen

Patienten mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen sind durch Infektionen besonders gefährdet. Impfungen sind geeignet, dieses Risiko zu vermindern. Aktuelle Empfehlungen nationaler (STIKO und Wagner et al.) sowie internationaler Gremien (EULAR) stellen eine Basis für die sichere und effektive Anwendung von Impfungen dar. Wichtige neue Entwicklungen, wie die sequenzielle Impfung gegen Pneumokokken oder die Zulassung eines Impfstoffs gegen Herpes Zoster, verbessern die Möglichkeiten eines effektiven Infektionsschutzes. Besonders zu beachten sind die aktuellen Empfehlungen zur Anwendung von Lebendimpfstoffen wie der MMR-Impfung bei Patienten unter immunsuppressiver Therapie.

Impfung zur Vorbeugung der COVID-19-Erkrankung sowie Impfpriorisierung bei Epilepsie

Der Vorstand der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epileptologie und die Kommission „Epilepsie und Synkopen“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie haben die aktuelle Datenlage zur Impfung zur Vorbeugung der Corona-Virus-Krankheit 2019 (COVID-19) sowie zur Impfpriorisierung bei Menschen mit Epilepsie gesichtet, diese zusammengefasst und geben die unten genannten Empfehlungen ab.

[HPV vaccination and the prevention of genital warts and precancerous lesions-current evidence and evaluation]

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause both benign and malignant tumors. To date, more than 200 HPV types have been discovered, of which 12 are currently classified as high risk for cervical cancer. HPV types that affect the anogenital tract are sexually transmitted. Since 2006, prophylactic HPV vaccines have been available and should be administered before first sexual contact.HPVs infect epithelial cells and are worldwide the most common sexually transmitted viruses. Apart from cervical cancer, HPVs cause other anogenital cancers such as vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer but also oropharyngeal cancer (or head and neck cancers). HPV types 16 and 18 are also found at these sites. HPV types 6 and 11 are associated with genital warts; other HPV types can cause harmless skin warts.HPV vaccines are safe and highly effective, if they are administered before exposure to HPV. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that HPV vaccination effectively prevents HPV infection, but also precancerous lesions of the anogenital tract and genital warts. Recent vaccination data also demonstrate reductions in cervical cancer incidence.The uptake rates of HPV vaccination vary worldwide by program and acceptance. In comparison to other European countries, Germany has a low uptake rate. The Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommends HPV vaccinations for all girls and boys ages 9 to 14 years in Germany. In 2018, only half of all 18-year-old girls in Germany were completely immunized against HPV.Organized vaccination programs, whether population-based or school-based, are necessary in order to increase vaccination uptake rates.

[Travelling with children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases]

Due to the underlying disease and immunosuppressive treatment, pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases are at increased risk for (long distance) travel-related health problems. A pretravel comprehensive consultation is therefore strongly recommended. Whether a child with rheumatic disease is sufficiently fit for travel essentially depends on the disease activity, the age of the child and the intended travel destination. Depending on the level of immunosuppression, the risks for this patient group include (travel-related) infections and the possibility of disease activity flares. Of particular importance is adequate exposure prevention: standard vaccinations should be updated and indications for travel vaccinations evaluated in advance of travelling. In this context, potential contraindications, especially for live vaccines, in the case of specific immunosuppressive treatment should be considered. In the event of travel to malaria endemic areas, the necessity for chemoprophylaxis or stand-by medication must be evaluated but caution is needed regarding potential drug interactions. Detailed education about careful hand, food and contact hygiene is critical. Because photosensitivity may be increased in some rheumatic diseases and/or medications, UV protection is crucial. Barriers (clothes and mosquito nets) and age-appropriate chemical insect repellents should be used to prevent insect-borne diseases. Before start of travel, possibilities for on-site medical help in the event of disease deterioration and/or infection should be evaluated. This should be included in the assessment of the patient's ability to travel. Travelers with rheumatic disease should carry a first aid kit that includes both a sufficient supply of regular antirheumatic medication and supplemental medication in case of a disease flare. Storage conditions must be taken ínto account for some medications. Ultimately, the success of a journey depends on the planning from the perspective of the child with its specific needs.

Consensus Recommendations for Intramuscular COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Hemophilia

BACKGROUND

 Currently available coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are approved for intramuscular injection and efficacy may not be ensured when given subcutaneously. For years, subcutaneous vaccination was recommended in patients with hemophilia to avoid intramuscular bleeds. Therefore, recommendations for the application of COVID-19 vaccines are needed.

METHODS

 The Delphi methodology was used to develop consensus recommendations. An initial list of recommendations was prepared by a steering committee and evaluated by 39 hemophilia experts. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement and strong consensus as ≥95% agreement, and agreement as a score ≥7 on a scale of 1 to 9. After four rounds, a final list of statements was compiled.

RECOMMENDATIONS

 Consensus was achieved that COVID-19 vaccines licensed only for intramuscular injection should be administered intramuscularly in hemophilia patients. Prophylactic factor replacement, given on the day of vaccination with a maximum interval between prophylaxis and vaccination of 24 hours (factor VIII and conventional factor IX concentrates) or 48 hours (half-life extended factor IX), should be provided in patients with moderate or severe hemophilia. Strong consensus was achieved that patients with mild hemophilia and residual factor activity greater than 10% with mild bleeding phenotype or patients on emicizumab usually do not need factor replacement before vaccination. Swelling, erythema, and hyperthermia after vaccination are not always signs of bleeding but should prompt consultation of a hemophilia care center. In case of injection-site hematoma, patients should receive replacement therapy until symptoms disappear.

CONCLUSIONS

 Consensus was achieved on recommendations for intramuscular COVID-19 vaccination after replacement therapy for hemophilia patients depending on disease severity.

COVID-19 vaccination of patients with allergies and type-2 inflammation with concurrent antibody therapy (biologicals) - A Position Paper of the German Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and the German Society for Applied Allergology (AeDA)

Background: After the beginning and during the worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), patients with allergic and atopic diseases have felt and still feel insecure. Currently, four vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved by the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Germany, and vaccination campaigns have been started nationwide. In this respect, it is of utmost importance to give recommendations on possible immunological interactions and potential risks of immunomodulatory substances (monoclonal antibodies, biologicals) during concurrent vaccination with the approved vaccines. Materials and methods: This position paper provides specific recommendations on the use of immunomodulatory drugs in the context of concurrent SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations based on current literature. Results: The recommendations are covering the following conditions in which biologicals are indicated and approved: 1) chronic inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria), 2) bronchial asthma, and 3) chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Patients with atopic dermatitis or chronic spontaneous urticaria are not at increased risk for allergic reactions after COVID-19 vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination may result in transient eczema exacerbation due to general immune stimulation. Vaccination in patients receiving systemic therapy with biologicals can be performed. Patients with severe asthma and concomitant treatment with biologicals also do not have an increased risk of allergic reaction following COVID-19 vaccination which is recommended in these patients. Patients with CRSwNP are also not known to be at increased risk for allergic vaccine reactions, and continuation or initiation of a treatment with biologicals is also recommended with concurrent COVID-19 vaccination. In general, COVID-19 vaccination should be given within the interval between two applications of the respective biological, that is, with a time-lag of at least 1 week after the previous or at least 1 week before the next biological treatment planned. Conclusion: Biologicals for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, bronchial asthma, and CRSwNP should be continued during the current COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. However, the intervals of biological treatment may need to be slightly adjusted (DGAKI/AeDA recommendations as of March 22, 2021).

Humoral Immunity to Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared to Healthy Controls

Background: The prevalence of herpes zoster (HZ) is high in patients with rheumatic diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) doubles the risk for developing HZ. However, little is known about natural humoral immunity against varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients with SLE. Hence, we compared VZV IgG antibody concentrations in a group of SLE patients with healthy controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: n = 56 patients with SLE, n = 54 patients with RA, and n = 56 healthy controls were included in this study. The VZV IgG antibody concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibody concentrations were compared between the groups. Results: Overall IgG antibody titers for VZV in SLE patients were comparable to healthy controls but higher when compared to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.0012). In consequence, antibody levels in controls were higher than in RA patients (p = 0.0097). Stratification by age revealed highest titers among SLE patients in the fourth life decade (p = 0.03 for controls, p = 0.0008 for RA patients) whereas RA patients in their sixth decade had the lowest antibody concentration (p = 0.03 for controls, p = 0.04 for SLE patients). Regarding the individual HZ history, antibody levels of SLE patients with a positive history exceeded all other groups. Conclusions: Although humoral VZV immunity in SLE patients is comparable to healthy controls it seems to be pronounced in young SLE patients between 30 and 39. The lowest VZV IgG levels were found in RA patients. HZ seems to induce antibody production, particularly in patients with SLE. Immunological processes might contribute to VZV antibody levels in SLE patients, but further investigations are needed to substantiate this hypothesis. Even though the increased HZ prevalence seems to be independent of humoral immunity in SLE patients, reduced humoral immunity might contribute to HZ in RA patients. The available HZ subunit vaccination might be an appropriate way to reduce the HZ risk in patients with rheumatic diseases.

Management of Monogenic IL-1 Mediated Autoinflammatory Diseases in Childhood

Monogenic Interleukin 1 (IL-1) mediated autoinflammatory diseases (AID) are rare, often severe illnesses of the innate immune system associated with constitutively increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clinical characteristics include recurrent fevers, inflammation of joints, skin, and serous membranes. CNS and eye inflammation can be seen. Characteristically, clinical symptoms are coupled with elevated inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). Typically, AID affect infants and children, but late-onset and atypical phenotypes are described. An in-depth understanding of autoinflammatory pathways and progress in molecular genetics has expanded the spectrum of AID. Increasing numbers of genetic variants with undetermined pathogenicity, somatic mosaicisms and phenotype variability make the diagnosis of AID challenging. AID should be diagnosed as early as possible to prevent organ damage. The diagnostic approach includes patient/family history, ethnicity, physical examination, specific functional testing and inflammatory markers (SAA, CRP) during, and in between flares. Genetic testing should be performed, when an AID is suspected. The selection of genetic tests is guided by clinical findings. Targeted and rapid treatment is crucial to reduce morbidity, mortality and psychosocial burden after an AID diagnosis. Management includes effective treat-to-target therapy and standardized, partnered monitoring of disease activity (e.g., AIDAI), organ damage (e.g., ADDI), patient/physician global assessment and health related quality of life. Optimal AID care in childhood mandates an interdisciplinary team approach. This review will summarize the current evidence of diagnosing and managing children with common monogenic IL-1 mediated AID.

[Infection prophylaxis in rheumatic diseases]

Infektionen spielen für die Morbidität und Mortalität von Patienten mit rheumatologischen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle. Das Infektionsrisiko wird zum einen durch allgemeine Faktoren wie das Alter des Patienten und vorhandene Komorbiditäten, zum anderen krankheitsbezogen durch die Aktivität der Grunderkrankung selbst und durch die laufende – insbesondere immunsuppressive – Therapie bestimmt. Dementsprechend zählen zu wichtigsten risikoverringernden Maßnahmen eine optimale Kontrolle über die Krankheitsaktivität und die Erfassung und optimale Behandlung eventuell vorhandener Komorbiditäten. Notwendig ist außerdem die Erkennung und besondere Überwachung von Patienten mit erhöhtem Infektionsrisiko, wie z. B. schweren Infektionen in der Anamnese. Weiterhin kann die Wahl der antirheumatischen Therapie das Risiko beeinflussen: risikosteigernd wirken besonders Glucocorticoide (GC), eher risikosenkend bei guter Krankheitskontrolle und optimiertem Einsatz DMARDs („disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs“). Schließlich sorgen prophylaktische Maßnahmen wie Schutztherapien und optimierter Impfstatus für eine Verringerung des Infektionsrisikos.

Safety management in treatment with antimalarials in rheumatology. Interdisciplinary recommendations on the basis of a systematic literature review

BACKGROUND

Antimalarial medication (AM) plays an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

OBJECTIVE

Updated evidence-based recommendations on the safety management of rheumatological treatment with AM are presented.

METHODS

A systematic literature search in the databases Medline (PubMed) and Cochrane identified 1160 studies on the safety of treatment with AM in rheumatology. In addition, a manual search was carried out and 67 publications considered to be particularly relevant by the authors were analyzed in more detail. These publications served as a basis for consensus-based recommendations.

RESULTS

Treatment with AM in rheumatology should be carried out with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with a dosage not exceeding 5 mg/kg body weight/day. Patients should undergo a basic ophthalmological examination within the first 6 months of AM treatment. Pre-existing maculopathy, renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate, GFR <60 ml/min), tamoxifen comedication, a daily dose of >5 mg/kg HCQ or treatment with chloroquine (CQ) show an increased risk for AM-induced retinopathy. These patients should undergo an annual ophthalmological check from the beginning of the treatment, whereas patients with no risk factors are recommended to start this only after 5 years of taking the medication. The ophthalmological examination should comprise at least both an appropriate subjective and an objective method and these are usually an automated visual field test and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A visual field test revealing a parafoveal sensitivity loss and an OCT showing a parafoveal circumscribed loss of the photoreceptor layer or focal interruptions of the structural line of the outer segment are signs of a possible AM retinopathy. Determination of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood is appropriate to screen for cardiomyopathy and myopathy and should be checked before starting the treatment and then ca. every 3 months. The use of cardiac biomarkers, such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or troponin in serum, electrocardiograph (ECG) or cardiac imaging should be considered depending on the situation. An intake of HCQ is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding according to the current state of knowledge and is protective for mother and child in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

CONCLUSION

The updated recommendations on AM treatment in rheumatology in particular include a more rigorous measuring of doses, risk stratification in monitoring and defined ophthalmological examination methods to detect a possible retinopathy.

[STIKO vaccination recommendations : Vaccination of immunodeficient patients and vaccination against COVID-19]

BACKGROUND

The working methods of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) and its recommendations are only partially known by medical professionals and the public.

OBJECTIVES

Methodology of the standard operating procedure of the STIKO, annual vaccination recommendations, normal vaccination reaction versus vaccination side effects, instructions for vaccination in case of immunodeficiency, and recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination are presented.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Presentation of the path to a vaccination recommendation, differences between recommendations and instructions for action, key statements on vaccination in immunodeficiency, and summary of the data situation on COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

RESULTS

The STIKO works purely on an evidence-based basis by systematically evaluating the existing preclinical and clinical studies results for a vaccine using the GRADE method. Only vaccination complications and vaccination injuries are notifiable. Immunodeficient patients can receive inactivated vaccines at any time, but generally not live vaccines. Based on current knowledge, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination can be described as safe and effective.

CONCLUSIONS

The STIKO vaccination recommendations are considered as the medical standard. The published current instructions for vaccination of immunodeficient patients and the recently published recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination, together with their scientific backgrounds and reasons, represent a valuable basis for medical action in the field of vaccination against infectious diseases.

Considerations for patients with psoriasis travelling under immunosuppression

With the establishment of modern systemic therapies for psoriasis, comprehensive consultation is required for travelling with immune modulation. Logistic aspects regarding transport and storage, climatic peculiarities of the country of travel and drug dependent risks regarding infections must be considered. Vaccinations and preventive measures are emphasized. Depending on the current national recommendations, special features of vaccinations while under immunosuppression must be taken into account.