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Lucido CT, Vermeer PD, Wieking BG, Vermeer DW, Lee JH. CD137 enhancement of HPV positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor clearance. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 2:841-53. [PMID: 25984365 PMCID: PMC4429800 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard-of-care cisplatin and radiation therapy (CRT) provides significant tumor control of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs); this effectiveness depends on CRT-mediated activation of the patient's own immune system. However, despite good survival, patients suffer significant morbidity necessitating on-going studies to define novel therapies that alleviate this burden. Given the role of the immune system in tumor clearance, immune modulation may further potentiate the CRT-activated response while potentially decreasing morbidity. CD137, an inducible cell surface receptor found on activated T cells, is involved in differentiation and survival signaling in T cells upon binding of its natural partner (CD137L). A number of studies have shown the effectiveness of targeting this immune-stimulatory pathway in regards to tumor clearance. Here we test its role in HPV+ HNSCC tumor clearance using a previously characterized mouse model. We show that amplification of this stimulatory pathway synergizes with CRT for enhanced tumor clearance. Interestingly, tumor clearance is further potentiated by local tumor cell expression of CD137L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Lucido
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; E-Mails: (C.T.L.); (P.D.V.); (B.G.W.); (D.W.V.)
| | - Paola D. Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; E-Mails: (C.T.L.); (P.D.V.); (B.G.W.); (D.W.V.)
| | - Bryant G. Wieking
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; E-Mails: (C.T.L.); (P.D.V.); (B.G.W.); (D.W.V.)
| | - Daniel W. Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; E-Mails: (C.T.L.); (P.D.V.); (B.G.W.); (D.W.V.)
| | - John H. Lee
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; E-Mails: (C.T.L.); (P.D.V.); (B.G.W.); (D.W.V.)
- Sanford Health, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-605-312-6103; Fax: +1-605-312-6201
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2
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Choi N, Cho JK, Baek CH, Ko YH, Jeong HS. Spontaneous regression of metastatic cancer cells in the lymph node: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:293. [PMID: 24885770 PMCID: PMC4025537 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous regression of a malignant tumor is the phenomenon of disappearance of cancer cells without any treatments and it can be induced by an enhanced tumor-targeting immune response. However, there has not been a comprehensive immunological overview to compare the tumor-regressed lymph nodes and metastatic lymph nodes in the same patient. Case presentation We conducted a histologic analysis of various immune cells in an Asian female patient with buccal cancer (squamous cell carcinomas), in which the spontaneous regression of metastatic lymphadenopathy was confirmed by surgical pathology. The immune cell profiles between the metastatic nodes and the tumor-regressed nodes were compared. Tumor regression was confirmed by hematoxylin & eosin and cytokeratin/Ki-67 staining. Distinct differences were observed in Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells; a higher density of Foxp3(+) Treg cells was found in metastatic lymph nodes and more infiltration of CD56(+) NK cells in tumor regressed lymph nodes. Other immune cell populations (CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD86, CD123, CD11c, and mannose receptor) showed no discernible differences in marker expression in the nodes examined. Conclusion Less recruitment of Treg and high infiltration of NK cells were key features in tumor-regressed lymph nodes. Modulation of Treg or NK cells may be a good therapeutic method to control lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Han-Sin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea.
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3
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Kim KH, Choi BK, Kim JD, Kim YH, Lee SK, Suh JH, Lee SC, Kang SW, Kwon BS. 4-1BB signaling breaks the tolerance of maternal CD8+ T cells that are reactive with alloantigens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45481. [PMID: 23029041 PMCID: PMC3448654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9), a member of the activation-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is a powerful T-cell costimulatory molecule. It generally enhances CD8(+) T responses and even breaks the tolerance of CD8(+) T cells in an antigen-specific manner. In the present study we found that it was expressed in the placentas of pregnant mice and that its expression coincided with that of the immunesuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Therefore, we investigated whether 4-1BB signaling is involved in fetal rejection using agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb and 4-1BB-deficient mice. Treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb markedly increased the rate of rejection of allogeneic but not syngeneic fetuses, and this was primarily dependent on CD8(+) T cells. Complement component 3 (C3) seemed to be the effector molecule because 4-1BB triggering resulting in accumulation of C3 in the placenta, and this accumulation was also reversed by anti-CD8 mAb treatment. These findings demonstrate that 4-1BB triggering breaks the tolerance of CD8(+) T cells to alloantigens in the placenta. Moreover, triggering 4-1BB protected the pregnant mice from Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection, but led to rejection of semi-allogeneic fetuses. Therefore, given the cross-recognition of alloantigen by pathogen-reactive CD8(+) T cells, the true function of 4-1BB may be to reverse the hypo-responsiveness of pathogen-reactive CD8(+) T cells in the placenta in cases of infection, even if that risks losing the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H. Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Beom K. Choi
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jung D. Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Young H. Kim
- Program for Immunotherapeutic Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sun K. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jae H. Suh
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang C. Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang W. Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
- Program for Immunotherapeutic Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisianna, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Wang S, Lv J, Wang P, Yin X, Tan A, Chen Y. Recombinant human CD137L for cancer immunotherapy: effects of different fusions and linkers on its activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:489-95. [PMID: 21968735 PMCID: PMC11029538 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory molecules can be efficiently produced as a recombinant protein in E. coli with a large range of applications in the fields of immunotherapy. However, whether, different fusions that would affect their functions have rarely been analyzed. To explore the effects of different fusions and linkers on the molecular conformation and activity of CD137 ligand (CD137L), a recombinant human CD137L protein (rhCD137L) library, which consists of the entire extracellular domain of human CD137L fused to N- or C-terminal His-tag through different linkers, was constructed and all rhCD137Ls were, respectively, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain carrying a chaperone plasmid pG-Tf2. After purification of the soluble rhCD137Ls, the recombinant fusion proteins could markedly promote the growth of activated T cells, but their effects on cytokine productions were different from each other. The present work indicated that, although all rhCD137Ls have desired biological activity, different fusions and linkers did affect their structures and functions. Consequently, rational design of a library is a necessary and feasible approach for fusion proteins in order to obtain a satisfactory drug candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfang Lv
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 699-18, Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Yin
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 699-18, Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aimin Tan
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 699-18, Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumor Drug Research, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Kuang Y, Weng X, Liu X, Zhu H, Chen Z, Jiang B, Chen H. Anti-tumor immune response induced by dendritic cells transduced with truncated PSMA IRES 4-1BBL recombinant adenoviruses. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:254-62. [PMID: 20149524 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of receptor-ligand pairs during interaction of a peptide-bound MHC complex on dendritic cells (DCs) with cognate TCR may amplify, sustain, and drive diversity in the ensuing T cell immune response. Members of the TNF ligand superfamily and the TNFR superfamily contribute to this costimulatory molecule signaling. In the present study, we used replication deficient adenoviruses to introduce a tumor-associated Ag (a truncated human prostate-specific membrane antigen (tPSMA)) and the T cell costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL into murine DCs, and observed the ability of these recombinant DCs to elicit tPSMA-directed T-cell responses in vitro and anti-tumor immunity to RM-1-tPSMA in a murine tumor model. Infection of DCs with Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL induced tPSMA-specific proliferative responses and up-regulated CD80 and CD86 s signaling molecules. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated by the Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-transfected DCs showed significantly higher IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity against the RM-1 cells transfected with tPSMA. Moreover, vaccination of mice with Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-transfected DCs induced a potent protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity to RM-1-tPSMA in a tumor model. These results demonstrated that development of DCs engineered to express tPSMA and 4-1BBL by recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer may offer a new strategy for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlin Kuang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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van de Loosdrecht AA, van den Ancker W, Houtenbos I, Ossenkoppele GJ, Westers TM. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in myeloid leukaemia: translating fundamental mechanisms into clinical applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:319-348. [PMID: 19031033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71029-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for leukaemia patients, aiming at the generation of anti-leukaemic T cell responses, could provide a new therapeutic approach to eliminate minimal residual disease (MRD) cells in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Leukaemic blasts harbour several ways to escape the immune system including deficient MHC class II expression, low levels of co-stimulatory molecules and suppressive cytokines. Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DC) is now recognized as an important investigational therapy. Due to their unique antigen presenting capacity, immunosuppressive features of the leukaemic blasts can be circumvented. DC can be successfully cultured from leukaemic blasts in 60-70% of patients and show functional potential in vivo. Alternatively, monocyte derived DC obtained at time of complete remission loaded with leukaemia-specific antigens can be used as vaccine. Several sources of leukaemia-associated antigen and different methods of loading antigen onto DC have been used in an attempt to optimize antitumour responses including apoptotic cells, necrotic cell lysates and tumour-associated pep-tides. Currently, the AML-derived cell line MUTZ-3, an immortalized equivalent of CD34(+) DC precursor cells, is under investigation for vaccination purposes. For effective DC vaccination the intrinsic tolerant state of the patient must be overcome. Therefore, the development of efficient and safe adjuvants in antigen specific immunotherapeutic programs should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Haematology, VU-Institute of Cancer and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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7
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Abstract
Secreted and intracellular proteins including antibodies, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex molecules, antigens, and enzymes can be redirected to and anchored on the surface of mammalian cells to reveal novel functions and properties such as reducing systemic toxicity, altering the in vivo distribution of drugs and extending the range of useful drugs, creating novel, specific signaling receptors and reshaping protein immunogenicity. The present review highlights progress in designing vectors to target and retain chimeric proteins on the surface of mammalian cells. Comparison of chimeric proteins indicates that selection of the proper cytoplasmic domain and introduction of oligiosaccharides near the cell surface can dramatically enhance surface expression, especially for single-chain antibodies. We also describe progress and limitations of employing surface-tethered proteins for preferential activation of prodrugs at cancer cells, imaging gene expression in living animals, performing high-throughput screening, selectively activating immune cells in tumors, producing new adhesion molecules, creating local immune privileged sites, limiting the distribution of soluble factors such as cytokines, and enhancing polypeptide immunogenicity. Surface-anchored chimeric proteins represent a rich source for developing new techniques and creating novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Enhancement of DNA tumor vaccine efficacy by gene gun-mediated codelivery of threshold amounts of plasmid-encoded helper antigen. Blood 2008; 113:37-45. [PMID: 18832136 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-136267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based vaccines are effective in infectious disease models but have yielded disappointing results in tumor models when tumor-associated self-antigens are used. Incorporation of helper epitopes from foreign antigens into tumor vaccines might enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines without increasing toxicity. However, generation of fusion constructs encoding both tumor and helper antigens may be difficult, and resulting proteins have unpredictable physical and immunologic properties. Furthermore, simultaneous production of equal amounts of highly immunogenic helper and weakly immunogenic tumor antigens in situ could favor development of responses against the helper antigen rather than the antigen of interest. We assessed the ability of 2 helper antigens (beta-galactosidase or fragment C of tetanus toxin) encoded by one plasmid to augment responses to a self-antigen (lymphoma-associated T-cell receptor) encoded by a separate plasmid after codelivery into skin by gene gun. This approach allowed adjustment of the relative ratios of helper and tumor antigen plasmids to optimize helper effects. Incorporation of threshold (minimally immunogenic) amounts of helper antigen plasmid into a DNA vaccine regimen dramatically increased T cell-dependent protective immunity initiated by plasmid-encoded tumor-associated T-cell receptor antigen. This simple strategy can easily be incorporated into future vaccine trials in experimental animals and possibly in humans.
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9
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Lu ZY, Condomines M, Tarte K, Nadal L, Delteil MC, Rossi JF, Ferrand C, Klein B. B7-1 and 4-1BB ligand expression on a myeloma cell line makes it possible to expand autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:443-53. [PMID: 17309825 PMCID: PMC1934405 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to confer an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ability on multiple myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) using B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL gene transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS HMCLs were retrovirally transduced with B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL cDNAs. Allogeneic or autologous T cells were stimulated by coculture with B7-1- and/or 4-1BBL-transduced HMCLs in the presence of interleukin-2. T cell clones were obtained by limiting dilution. T-cell activation was assessed by interferon-gamma Elispot assays and cytotoxicity by (51)Cr release assays. RESULTS Neither primary multiple myeloma cells (MMCs) nor HMCLs expressed B7-1 or 4-1BBL, and these molecules could not be induced by CD40 triggering. HMCLs failed to stimulate allogeneic or autologous T cells. Transduction of HMCLs with B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL retroviruses induced a high expression of B7-1 and 4-1BBL molecules and a strong T-cell activation ability. Long-term cultured CD8(+) T-cell lines could be obtained by stimulation with the autologous B7-1/4-1BBL XG-19 HMCL. These cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently killed the autologous parental XG-19 HMCL as well as autologous primary MMCs and allogeneic HMCLs. They did not kill autologous CD34 cells and autologous EBV cell line or natural killer target K562 cells. Cloned CTL could recognize allogeneic HMCLs, demonstrating that a shared anti-MMC repertoire was expanded. CONCLUSION Transduction with B7-1 and 4-1BBL retroviruses turned HMCLs into efficient APCs. It permitted the long-term expansion of autologous anti-tumor CTL with a shared anti-MMC repertoire, for one HMCL. These data suggest developing an immunotherapy using modified tumor cells in patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Condomines
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
- UFR de médecine
Université Montpellier IMontpellier,FR
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Karin Tarte
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Laure Nadal
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
| | | | - Jean-François Rossi
- Service d'hématologie et oncologie médicale
CHU Montpellier Hôpital LapeyronieUniversité Montpellier I34000 Montpellier,FR
| | | | - Bernard Klein
- Unité de thérapie cellulaire
CHU MontpellierFR
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
- UFR de médecine
Université Montpellier IMontpellier,FR
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Bernard Klein
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Marin V, Kakuda H, Dander E, Imai C, Campana D, Biondi A, D'Amico G. Enhancement of the anti-leukemic activity of cytokine induced killer cells with an anti-CD19 chimeric receptor delivering a 4-1BB-ζ activating signal. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1388-97. [PMID: 17656004 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing interest in the use of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in cancer therapy. In this study, we sought to maximize the antileukemic activity of anti-CD19 receptor-modified CIK cells against B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS CIK cells were transduced with retroviral vectors carrying different types of anti-CD19 chimeric receptors: anti-CD19-zeta, anti-CD19-DAP10, anti-CD19-4-1BB-zeta, and anti-CD19-CD28-zeta. A truncated form of the receptor was used as a control. Transduced CIK cells were then analyzed for their cytotoxic activity against ALL cells and for their capability to proliferate and to release cytokines after ALL encounter. RESULTS CIK cells were efficiently transduced with all the anti-CD19 retroviral vectors. Anti-CD19 receptor expression conferred powerful killing activity against ALL cells. However, there were clear advantages when receptors containing the co-stimulatory molecules 4-1BB or CD28 were transduced. Such cells had significantly more potent cytotoxicity than cells expressing the anti-CD19-zeta or anti-CD19-DAP10. Moreover, the presence of 4-1BB or CD28 in the receptor increased the production of interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8 elicited by coculture with ALL cells. Notably, anti-CD19-4-1BB-zeta CIK cells secreted particularly low levels of interleukin-10 and proliferated strongly after contact with ALL cells. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD19 chimeric receptors delivering primary and costimulatory signals render CIK cells powerfully cytotoxic against ALL cells and induce secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines and proliferation. These results support the testing of genetically modified CIK cells in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Marin
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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11
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Zhou Q, Johnson BD, Orentas RJ. Cellular immune response to an engineered cell-based tumor vaccine at the vaccination site. Cell Immunol 2007; 245:91-102. [PMID: 17543914 PMCID: PMC1949498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The engineered expression of the immune co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD137L on the surface of a neuroblastoma cell line converts this tumor into a cell-based cancer vaccine. The mechanism by which this vaccine activates the immune system was investigated by capturing and analyzing immune cells responding to the vaccine cell line embedded in a collagen matrix and injected subcutaneously. The vaccine induced a significant increase in the number of activated CD62L(-) CCR7(-) CD49b(+) CD8 effector memory T cells captured in the matrix. Importantly, vaccine responsive cells could be detected in the vaccine matrix within a matter of days as demonstrated by IFN-gamma production. The substitution of unmodified tumor cells for the vaccine during serial vaccination resulted in a significant decrease in activated T cells present in the matrix, indicating that immune responses at the vaccine site are a dynamic process that must be propagated by continued co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd. Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Bryon D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd. Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Rimas J. Orentas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd. Milwaukee, WI 53226
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12
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McMillin DW, Hewes B, Gangadharan B, Archer DR, Mittler RS, Spencer HT. Complete Regression of Large Solid Tumors Using Engineered Drug-Resistant Hematopoietic Cells and Anti-CD137 Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:798-806. [PMID: 16942440 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy is problematic because chemotherapy can ablate the immune responses initiated by modulators of the immune system. We hypothesized that protection of immunocompetent cells from the toxic effects of chemotherapy, using drug resistance gene therapy strategies, would allow the combined use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In wild-type mice, the antitumor effectiveness of an immunotherapy regimen employing an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody is diminished with escalating doses of the antifolate trimetrexate (TMTX). Using retroviral gene transfer of a mutant form of dihydrofolate reductase (L22Y-DHFR), hematopoietic stem cells were genetically engineered to withstand the toxic effects of TMTX. Mice transplanted with L22Y-DHFR-modified bone marrow were then challenged with AG104 sarcoma cells and treated with TMTX only, anti-CD137 only, or a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Although tumor burden was transiently decreased during TMTX administration, no mice treated with TMTX alone survived the tumor challenge, whereas approximately 40% of transplanted mice treated with anti-CD137 alone survived. However, 100% of mice survived with complete tumor regression after transplantation with L22Y-DHFR-transduced bone marrow followed by combined treatment with TMTX and anti-CD137. In addition, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from cured mice extended the survival of tumor- bearing animals by approximately 3 weeks compared with controls. Therefore, protection of the hematopoietic system can allow for the combined administration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, which results in complete tumor clearance.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Drug Resistance/drug effects
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Drug Resistance/immunology
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Point Mutation
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Sarcoma/enzymology
- Sarcoma/genetics
- Sarcoma/immunology
- Sarcoma/therapy
- Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Trimetrexate/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W McMillin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, AFLAC Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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McMillin DW, Hewes B, Gangadharan B, Archer DR, Mittler RS, Spencer HT. Complete Regression of Large Solid Tumors Using Engineered Drug-Resistant Hematopoietic Cells and Anti-CD137 Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
T-cell activation in the absence of costimulation is futile because T-cells deprived of costimulatory signals enter a state of unresponsiveness or anergy. The interaction of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) activates an important costimulatory pathway with diverse and important roles in immune regulation. Signals relayed through 4-1BB generate strong CD8(+) T-cell responses rather than CD4(+) T-cell responses; this action results in cytokine induction and promotes T-cell survival. In recent years, 4-1BB-mediated immune regulation has gained great significance because of the seemingly contradictory dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB in vivo disease models. To date, agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody has shown therapeutic potential against a variety of tumors, CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. In addition, blockade of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction has produced therapeutic effects against coxsackievirus-induced myocardial inflammation, herpetic stromal keratitis, and graft rejection. We propose that the dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB--an enhanced effector function and a suppressor function--are mediated by a novel CD11c(+)CD8(+) T-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
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15
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Zhang H, Knutson KL, Hellstrom KE, Disis ML, Hellstrom I. Antitumor efficacy of CD137 ligation is maximized by the use of a CD137 single-chain Fv-expressing whole-cell tumor vaccine compared with CD137-specific monoclonal antibody infusion. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:149-55. [PMID: 16432173 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-destructive immune responses can be generated by engaging CD137 (4-1BB) via infusing a monoclonal antibody specific for CD137 or vaccinating with a single-chain Fv (scFv) CD137-expressing whole-cell tumor vaccine. We assessed whether such a vaccine can induce tumor rejection in the neu-transgenic (neu-Tg) mouse breast cancer model and compared the antitumor efficacy of vaccination with the infusion of a CD137-specific antibody. Mammary carcinoma cells (MMC) from a neu-Tg mouse were transfected to stably express surface scFv derived from the anti-CD137 rat hybridoma 1D8 or 3H3. The anti-CD137 scFv-expressing cells were rejected when transplanted into neu-Tg mice by a mechanism that involved both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and vaccination with such cells delayed the outgrowth of MMC cells transplanted 3 days previously. T cells from neu-Tg mice that had been vaccinated proliferated and produced IFN-gamma when stimulated by MMC but not by antigen-negative variant breast cancer cells that did not express the neu tumor antigen. In addition, antibodies binding to the MMC but not to antigen-negative variant cells were detected in sera from some but not all of the immunized mice. Complete regression of s.c. transplanted MMC tumors was observed in mice repeatedly immunized against MMC-1D8 starting on the day the MMC cells were transplanted. In contrast, repeated administration of either of two different anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies did not induce complete tumor regression, although tumor growth was delayed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Infusions, Parenteral
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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16
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Houtenbos I, Westers TM, Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA. Employing the immunological synapse in AML: Development of leukemic dendritic cells for active specific immunization. Immunobiology 2005; 210:249-57. [PMID: 16164032 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells directed against leukemic blasts have been observed in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, generation of efficient T-cell responses is hampered due to several factors that enable AML blasts to protect themselves from the patients immune system. Improved immune responses can be established by the differentiation of AML blasts into AML-derived dendritic cells (DC) thereby conserving their intrinsic leukemia specific antigens and obtaining full capacity to present these antigens to naive T cells. This review discusses increased immunogenicity of AML blasts by differentiation into AML-DC and describes ways to augment the AML-DC vaccination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Houtenbos
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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DeMarco RA, Fink MP, Lotze MT. Monocytes promote natural killer cell interferon gamma production in response to the endogenous danger signal HMGB1. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:433-44. [PMID: 15607795 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial attention has been paid to the role of the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of late and their role in regulating the innate immune response. They serve as exogenous danger signals important in informing and driving the distal adaptive immune response to pathogens. Less clear has been the role of the nominal endogenous danger signals released and recognized in stressed cells following genotoxic or metabolic stress as occurs in progressively growing tumors. HMGB1 (high-mobility group B1) is a nuclear protein well characterized for its ability to modify DNA access to transcriptional proteins that is released from necrotic cells as well as secreted through the endosomal route from hematopoietic cells, serving as a late mediator of sepsis. It interacts with high-affinity RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and TLR2 receptors. Here we show that HMGB1 enhances interferon gamma release from macrophage (but not dendritic cell)-stimulated NK cells. This is effective only when coupled with other pro-inflammatory cytokines particularly with IL-2 in combination with IL-1 or IL-12. We have used this information to suggest that HMGB1, which also promotes epithelial migration and proliferation, drives repair in the absence or inhibition of other factors but enhances inflammation in their presence. The implications for tumorigenesis and tumor progression are quite important as they may be for other states of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A DeMarco
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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18
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Abstract
Although tumor vaccines have been studied for decades, there is no vaccine approved as a clinical product. Nevertheless, recent advances in immunology and tumor biology justify a renewed interest. First, cancer cells express many antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, some with high tumor selectivity. Second, knowledge about immune regulation, including the importance of costimulatory signals, has been successfully applied to the studies of tumors. Third, mechanisms of how tumors can escape from immunological control have been identified, setting the stage to discover agents to decrease their impact. Rejection of established mouse tumors has been accomplished as a result of therapeutic tumor vaccination and there are encouraging findings from vaccine trials in humans.
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19
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Abstract
The activation of T cells plays a central role in antitumor immunity. In order to activate naïve T cells, two key signals are required. Signal one is provided through the T-cell receptor (TCR) while signal two is that of costimulation. The CD28:B7 molecules are one of the best-studied costimulatory pathways, thought to be the main mechanism through which primary T-cell stimulation occurs. However, a number of molecules have been identified which serve to amplify and diversify the T-cell response, following initial T-cell activation. These include the more recently described 4-1BB:4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) molecules. 4-1BB:4-1BBL are a member of the TNFR:TNF ligand family, which are expressed on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), respectively. Therapies utilizing the 4-1BB:4-1BBL signaling pathway have been shown to have antitumor effects in a number of model systems. In this paper, we focus on the 4-1BB:4-1BBL costimulatory molecules. In particular, we will describe the structure and function of the 4-1BB molecule, its receptor and how 4-1BB:4-1BBL costimulation has and may be used for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T C Cheuk
- Leukaemia Science Laboratories, Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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20
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Yan X, Johnson BD, Orentas RJ. Murine CD8 lymphocyte expansion in vitro by artificial antigen-presenting cells expressing CD137L (4-1BBL) is superior to CD28, and CD137L expressed on neuroblastoma expands CD8 tumour-reactive effector cells in vivo. Immunology 2004; 112:105-16. [PMID: 15096190 PMCID: PMC1782467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to expand tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in vitro has been greatly enhanced by the use of antigen-independent mechanisms of immune cell costimulation. We have produced human, using the K562 cell line, and murine, using YAC-1 cells, artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) and demonstrate that these cell types stimulate murine lymphocyte populations in distinct ways. Using aAPC that have been transfected with CD137L (4-1BBL) and CD32 (FcRgammaII), as a means to bind anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody, we found that CD4 cells preferentially expanded in vitro with K562 aAPC, while CD8 cells expanded with both K562 and YAC-1 aAPC. Co-stimulation mediated by CD137L on aAPC was superior to that mediated by anti-CD28 antibody. This was seen in both long and short-term expansion assays, and by the rapid induction of a CD8+ DX5+ population. DX5 serves, under these in vitro conditions, as a general marker for lymphocyte activation. In vivo, the superiority of CD137L was demonstrated by the induction of T helper 1 effectors seen in freshly isolated splenocytes from mice immunized with CD137L-expressing neuroblastoma tumour vaccines. The ability to stimulate a strong CD8 CTL response in vivo correlated with the induction of a DX5+ cell population in splenocytes with a memory-effector phenotype. The presence of this unique DX5+ cell population, phenotypically distinct with regards to CD69 and CD62L expression from DX5+ cells induced by aAPC in vitro, may be associated with the ability of CD137L to induce strong anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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