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Chen T, Ma W, Wang X, Ye Q, Hou X, Wang Y, Jiang C, Meng X, Sun Y, Cai J. Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00315-1. [PMID: 39097088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the gradual understanding of glioma development and the immune microenvironment, many immune cells have been discovered. Despite the growing comprehension of immune cell functions and the clinical application of immunotherapy, the precise roles and characteristics of immune cell subtypes, how glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells and its impact on glioma progression have yet to be understood. AIM OF THE REVIEW In this review, we comprehensively center on the four major immune cells within the glioma microenvironment, particularly neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and other significant immune cells. We discuss (1) immune cell subtype markers, (2) glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, (3) the mechanisms of each subtype influencing chemotherapy resistance, (4) therapies targeting immune cells, and (5) immune cell-associated single-cell sequencing. Eventually, we identified the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma, comprehensively summarized the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, and concluded the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In conclusion, we have analyzed the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance detailly, and have discovered prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qile Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xintong Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Six Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Pérez-Aliacar M, Ayensa-Jiménez J, Ranđelović T, Ochoa I, Doblaré M. Modelling glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide. A mathematical model to simulate cellular adaptation in vitro. Comput Biol Med 2024; 180:108866. [PMID: 39089107 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the biggest challenges in the fight against cancer. In particular, in the case of glioblastoma, the most lethal brain tumour, resistance to temozolomide (the standard of care drug for chemotherapy in this tumour) is one of the main reasons behind treatment failure and hence responsible for the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with this disease. In this work, we combine the power of three-dimensional in vitro experiments of treated glioblastoma spheroids with mathematical models of tumour evolution and adaptation. We use a novel approach based on internal variables for modelling the acquisition of resistance to temozolomide that was observed in experiments for a group of treated spheroids. These internal variables describe the cell's phenotypic state, which depends on the history of drug exposure and affects cell behaviour. We use model selection to determine the most parsimonious model and calibrate it to reproduce the experimental data, obtaining a high level of agreement between the in vitro and in silico outcomes. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the impact of each model parameter in the predictions. More importantly, we show how the model is useful for answering biological questions, such as what is the intrinsic adaptation mechanism, or for separating the sensitive and resistant populations. We conclude that the proposed in silico framework, in combination with experiments, can be useful to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind drug resistance in glioblastoma and to eventually set some guidelines for the design of new treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Aliacar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture, University of Zaragoza, C/ Maria de Luna, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - Jacobo Ayensa-Jiménez
- Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda. San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Teodora Ranđelović
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda. San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda. San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Manuel Doblaré
- Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda. San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Nanjing Tech University, China.
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Xing Z, Li X, He ZNT, Fang X, Liang H, Kuang C, Li A, Yang Q. IDO1 Inhibitor RY103 Suppresses Trp-GCN2-Mediated Angiogenesis and Counters Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:870. [PMID: 39065567 PMCID: PMC11279595 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is characterized by strong immunosuppression and excessive angiogenesis. Based on existing reports, it can be speculated that the resistance to anti-angiogenic drug vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antibody correlates to the induction of novel immune checkpoint indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), while IDO1 has also been suggested to be related to tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we aim to clarify the potential role of IDO1 in glioma angiogenesis and the mechanism behind it. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the expressions of IDO1 and angiogenesis markers VEGFA and CD34 were positively correlated and increased with pathological grade in glioma. IDO1-overexpression-derived-tryptophan depletion activated the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and upregulated VEGFA in glioma cells. The tube formation ability of angiogenesis model cells could be inhibited by IDO1 inhibitors and influenced by the activity and expression of IDO1 in condition medium. A significant increase in serum VEGFA concentration and tumor CD34 expression was observed in IDO1-overexpressing GL261 subcutaneous glioma-bearing mice. IDO1 inhibitor RY103 showed positive anti-tumor efficacy, including the anti-angiogenesis effect and upregulation of natural killer cells in GL261 glioma-bearing mice. As expected, the combination of RY103 and anti-angiogenesis agent sunitinib was proved to be a better therapeutic strategy than either monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhen Ning Tony He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Aiying Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China; (Z.X.); (X.L.); (Z.N.T.H.); (X.F.); (H.L.)
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Bai J, Zhang X, Meng W, Xu H, Liu Y, Zhong Y, Lin X, Wang J, Fan D, Lv G, Gu Y. Dioscin decreases M2 polarization via inhibiting a positive feedback loop between RBM47 and NF-κB in glioma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155417. [PMID: 38518642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment is pivotal in the development of gliomas. Discovering drugs that can traverse the blood-brain barrier and modulate the tumor microenvironment is crucial for the treatment of GBM. Dioscin, a steroidal saponin derived from various kinds of plants and herbs known to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, has shown its powerful anti-tumor activity. However, little is known about its effects on GBM microenvironment. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to assess the link between GBM patients and their prognosis. Multiple techniques, including RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot analysis, RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays, and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) analysis were employed to elucidate the mechanism through which Dioscin modulates the immune microenvironment. RESULTS Dioscin significantly impaired the polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype and enhanced the phagocytic ability of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. A strong correlation between high expression of RBM47 in GBM and a detrimental prognosis for patients was demonstrated. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed an association between RBM47 and the immune response. The inhibition of RBM47 significantly impaired the recruitment and polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype and enhanced the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Moreover, RBM47 could stabilize the mRNA of inflammatory genes and enhance the expression of these genes by activating the NF-κB pathway. In addition, NF-κB acts as a transcription factor that enhances the transcriptional activity of RBM47. Notably, we found that Dioscin could significantly inhibit the activation of NF-κB and then downregulate the expression of RBM47 and inflammatory genes protein. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that the positive feedback loop between RBM47 and NF-κB could promote immunosuppressive microenvironment in GBM. Dioscin effectively inhibits M2 polarization in GBM by disrupting the positive feedback loop between RBM47 and NF-κB, indicating its potential therapeutic effects in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xinxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Wanyao Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yichen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiangdan Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Gang Lv
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery. The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shen yang, 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yanting Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Wang H, Yang J, Li X, Zhao H. Current state of immune checkpoints therapy for glioblastoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24729. [PMID: 38298707 PMCID: PMC10828821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer, has limited treatment options. Recent years have witnessed the remarkable success of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy across various cancer types. Against this backdrop, several clinical trials investigating checkpoint inhibitors for GBM are underway in multiple countries. Furthermore, the integration of immunotherapy with traditional treatment approaches is now emerging as a highly promising strategy. This review summarizes the latest advancements in checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for GBM treatment. We provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of current GBM immunotherapy options. Additionally, this review underscores combination strategies and potential biomarkers for predicting response and resistance in GBM immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of medicine, Department of Breast surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
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Srivastava R, Dodda M, Zou H, Li X, Hu B. Tumor Niches: Perspectives for Targeted Therapies in Glioblastoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:904-922. [PMID: 37166370 PMCID: PMC10654996 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with a median survival rate of only 15 months and a 5-year survival rate of only 6.8%, remains largely incurable despite the intensive multimodal treatment of surgical resection and radiochemotherapy. Developing effective new therapies is an unmet need for patients with GBM. Recent Advances: Targeted therapies, such as antiangiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy, show great promise in treating GBM based upon increasing knowledge about brain tumor biology. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the plasticity, heterogeneity, and dynamics of tumor cells during GBM development and progression. Critical Issues: While antiangiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy have been highly effective in some types of cancer, the disappointing results from clinical trials represent continued challenges in applying these treatments to GBM. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity of GBM is developed temporally and spatially, which profoundly contributes to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Future Directions: Deciphering mechanisms of tumor heterogeneity and mapping tumor niche trajectories and functions will provide a foundation for the development of more effective therapies for GBM patients. In this review, we discuss five different tumor niches and the intercellular and intracellular communications among these niches, including the perivascular, hypoxic, invasive, immunosuppressive, and glioma-stem cell niches. We also highlight the cellular and molecular biology of these niches and discuss potential strategies to target these tumor niches for GBM therapy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 904-922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghana Dodda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Han Zou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Changsha, China
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. γδ T cells as a potential therapeutic agent for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273986. [PMID: 37928546 PMCID: PMC10623054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although γδ T cells comprise a small population of T cells, they perform important roles in protecting against infection and suppressing tumors. With their distinct tissue-localizing properties, combined with their various target recognition mechanisms, γδ T cells have the potential to become an effective solution for tumors that do not respond to current therapeutic procedures. One such tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is a malignant brain tumor with the highest World Health Organization grade and therefore the worst prognosis. The immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune-evasive glioma stem cells are major factors in GBM immunotherapy failure. Currently, encouraged by the strong anti-tumoral function of γδ T cells revealed at the preclinical and clinical levels, several research groups have shown progression of γδ T cell-based GBM treatment. However, several limitations still exist that block effective GBM treatment using γδ T cells. Therefore, understanding the distinct roles of γδ T cells in anti-tumor immune responses and the suppression mechanism of the GBM TME are critical for successful γδ T cell-mediated GBM therapy. In this review, we summarize the effector functions of γδ T cells in tumor immunity and discuss current advances and limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. Additionally, we suggest future directions to overcome the limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy to achieve successful treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Hu G, Fang Y, Xu H, Wang G, Yang R, Gao F, Wei Q, Gu Y, Zhang C, Qiu J, Gao N, Wen Q, Qiao H. Identification of Cytochrome P450 2E1 as a Novel Target in Glioma and Development of Its Inhibitor as an Anti-Tumor Agent. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301096. [PMID: 37283464 PMCID: PMC10427391 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating inflammation-related cancer for which novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. Previous studies of the authors indicate Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) as a novel inflammatory target and develop a specific inhibitor Q11. Here it is demonstrated that CYP2E1 overexpression is closely related to higher malignancy in GBM patients. CYP2E1 activity is positively correlated with tumor weight in GBM rats. Significantly higher CYP2E1 expression accompanied by increased inflammation is detected in a mouse GBM model. Q11, 1-(4-methyl-5-thialzolyl) ethenone, a newly developed specific inhibitor of CYP2E1 here remarkably attenuates tumor growth and prolongs survival in vivo. Q11 does not directly affect tumor cells but blocks the tumor-promoting effect of microglia/macrophage (M/Mφ) in the tumor microenvironment through PPARγ-mediated activation of the STAT-1 and NF-κB pathways and inhibition of the STAT-3 and STAT-6 pathways. The effectiveness and safety of targeting CYP2E1 in GBM are further supported by studies with Cyp2e1 knockout rodents. In conclusion, a pro-GBM mechanism in which CYP2E1-PPARγ-STAT-1/NF-κB/STAT-3/STAT-6 axis fueled tumorigenesis by reprogramming M/Mφ and Q11 as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for GBM treatment is uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Hu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityJingba RoadZhengzhou450014China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityJingba RoadZhengzhou450014China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Guanzhe Wang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Qingda Wei
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Yuhan Gu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Cunzhen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jinhuan Qiu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
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Anagnostakis F, Kokkorakis M, Markouli M, Piperi C. Impact of Solute Carrier Transporters in Glioma Pathology: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119393. [PMID: 37298344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are essential for brain physiology and homeostasis due to their role in transporting necessary substances across cell membranes. There is an increasing need to further unravel their pathophysiological implications since they have been proposed to play a pivotal role in brain tumor development, progression, and the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the upregulation and downregulation of various amino acid transporters. Due to their implication in malignancy and tumor progression, SLCs are currently positioned at the center of novel pharmacological targeting strategies and drug development. In this review, we discuss the key structural and functional characteristics of the main SLC family members involved in glioma pathogenesis, along with their potential targeting options to provide new opportunities for CNS drug design and more effective glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Anagnostakis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michail Kokkorakis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariam Markouli
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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10
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Erices JI, Bizama C, Niechi I, Uribe D, Rosales A, Fabres K, Navarro-Martínez G, Torres Á, San Martín R, Roa JC, Quezada-Monrás C. Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness: New Insights and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087047. [PMID: 37108208 PMCID: PMC10139189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain cancer in adults. Without treatment the mean patient survival is approximately 6 months, which can be extended to 15 months with the use of multimodal therapies. The low effectiveness of GBM therapies is mainly due to the tumor infiltration into the healthy brain tissue, which depends on GBM cells' interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The interaction of GBM cells with the TME involves cellular components such as stem-like cells, glia, endothelial cells, and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix, enhanced hypoxia, and soluble factors such as adenosine, which promote GBM's invasiveness. However, here we highlight the role of 3D patient-derived glioblastoma organoids cultures as a new platform for study of the modeling of TME and invasiveness. In this review, the mechanisms involved in GBM-microenvironment interaction are described and discussed, proposing potential prognosis biomarkers and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Erices
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Arnaldo Rosales
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karen Fabres
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ángelo Torres
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 8370003, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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11
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Li J, Chen Y, Fan Y, Wang H, Mu W, Liu X. Radiotherapy combined with anti-CEACAM1 immunotherapy to induce survival advantage in glioma. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:32. [PMID: 36928507 PMCID: PMC10020409 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to observe the effect of radiotherapy on the expression of immune checkpoint molecule CEACAM1 in patients with glioma and the therapeutical effect of radiotherapy combined with blockade of CEACAM1 in mice with intracranial gliomas. METHODS The expression of CEACAM1 on T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma was detected before and after radiotherapy; GL261 murine glioma cells (stably transfected with the luciferase gene) were implanted in the right caudate nucleus of C57BL/6 mice, and tumour growth was observed using the small animal in vivo imaging system. Mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) the isotype control; (2) the radiotherapy; (3) the anti-CEACAM1 treatment; and (4) the combination therapy. The survival of mice after treatment was recorded; the expression of CEACAM1 on murine glioma cells was detected by immunohistochemistry before and after radiotherapy; flow cytometry was adopted to detect CD8+ T-cells (Treg) (CD4+FoxP3+CD25+) among mouse brain-infiltrating T-cells; serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were detected by ELISA; proliferation and apoptosis were observed by immunohistochemistry; Retrospective RNA-seq data analysis was conducted in a cohort of 325 patients with glioma in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database and 702 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS The expression of CEACAM1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma was significantly higher 1 week after radiotherapy than before radiotherapy and was further increased 1 month after radiotherapy. Combined therapy notably inhibited the growth of intracranial tumours in mice and prolonged their survival time, with some mice being capable of surviving long-term (> 90 d). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of CEACAM1 in murine glioma tissues after radiotherapy was elevated in a time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in mouse brain-infiltrating CD8+ T-lymphocytes, a decrease in Treg cells, and an increase in CD8+ T/Treg cells after treatment. ELISA demonstrated the elevated levels of IFN and decreased levels of IL-10 in the serum of mice in the combination therapy group. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy combined with CEACAM1 inhibitors resulted in strong and durable anti-tumour immune responses against murine glioma and long-term survival of some mice. Hence, this study is expected to offer new effective immunotherapy strategies against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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12
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Yu H, Wang M, Wang X, Jiang X. Immune-related matrisomes are potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis and immune microenvironment of glioma patients. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 13:307-322. [PMID: 36560848 PMCID: PMC9900094 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a vital role in the progression and metastasis of glioma and is an important part of the tumor microenvironment. The matrisome is composed of ECM components and related proteins. There have been several studies on the effects of matrisomes on the glioma immune microenvironment, but most of these studies were performed on individual glioma immune-related matrisomes rather than integral analysis. Hence, an overall analysis of all potential immune-related matrisomes in gliomas is needed. Here, we divided 667 glioma patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database into low, moderate, and high immune infiltration groups. Immune-related matrisomes differentially expressed among the three groups were analyzed, and a risk signature was established. Eight immune-related matrisomes were screened, namely, LIF, LOX, MMP9, S100A4, SRPX2, SLIT1, SMOC1, and TIMP1. Kaplan-Meier analysis, operating characteristic curve analysis, and nomogram were constructed to analyze the relationships between risk signatures and the prognosis of glioma patients. The risk signature was significantly correlated with the overall survival of glioma patients. Both high- and low-risk signatures were also associated with some immune checkpoints. In addition, analysis of somatic mutations and anti-PD1/L1 immunotherapy responses in the high- and low-risk groups showed that the high-risk group had worse prognosis and a higher response to anti-PD1/L1 immunotherapy. Our analysis of immune-related matrisomes may improve understanding of the characteristics of the glioma immune microenvironment and provide direction for glioma immunotherapy development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeWuhanChina
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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13
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Niu ZS, Wang WH, Niu XJ. Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6433-6477. [PMID: 36569275 PMCID: PMC9782839 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i46.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatectomy is currently considered the most effective option for treating patients with early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the postoperative prognosis of patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory, predominantly because of high postoperative metastasis and recurrence rates. Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms of postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence will help develop effective intervention measures to prevent or delay HCC metastasis and recurrence and to improve the long-term survival of HCC patients. Herein, we review the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence to lay a foundation for improving the understanding of HCC metastasis and recurrence and for developing more precise prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Niu
- Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qingdao Shibei District People's Hospital, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Cannabis sativa ethanolic extract demonstrated significant anti-tumor effects associated with elevated expression of AXIN1 protein in glioblastoma U87-MG cell line. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Zeng J, Hua S, Liu J, Mungur R, He Y, Feng J. Identification of core genes as potential biomarkers for predicting progression and prognosis in glioblastoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:928407. [PMID: 36238156 PMCID: PMC9552700 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.928407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma is a common malignant neuroepithelial neoplasm with poor clinical outcomes and limited treatment options. It is extremely important to search and confirm diverse hub genes that are effective in the advance and prediction of glioblastoma. Methods: We analyzed GSE50161, GSE4290, and GSE68848, the three microarray datasets retrieved from the GEO database. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed using DAVID. The PPI network of the DEGs was analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database and visualized by Cytoscape software. Hub genes were identified through the PPI network and a robust rank aggregation method. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Oncomine database were used to validate the hub genes. In addition, a survival curve analysis was conducted to verify the correlation between the expression of hub genes and patient prognosis. Human glioblastoma cells and normal cells were collected, and then RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were conducted to validate the expression of the NDC80 gene. A cell proliferation assay was used to detect the proliferation of glioma cells. The effects of NDC80 expression on migration and invasion of GBM cell lines were evaluated by conducting scratch and transwell assays. Results: A total of 716 DEGs were common to all three microarray datasets, which included 188 upregulated DEGs and 528 downregulated DEGs. Furthermore, we found that among the common DEGs, 10 hub genes showed a high degree of connectivity. The expression of the 10 hub genes in TCGA and the Oncomine database was significantly overexpressed in glioblastoma compared with normal genes. Additionally, the survival analysis showed that the patients with low expression of six genes (BIR5C, CDC20, NDC80, CDK1, TOP2A, and MELK) had a significantly favorable prognosis (p < 0.01). We discovered that NDC80, which has been shown to be important in other cancers, also has an important role in malignant gliomas. The RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression level of NDC80 was significantly higher in human glioblastoma cells than in normal cells. Moreover, we identified that NDC80 increased the proliferation and invasion abilities of human glioblastoma cells. Conclusion: The six genes identified here may be utilized to form a panel of disease progression and predictive biomarkers of glioblastoma for clinical purposes. NDC80, one of the six genes, was discovered to have a potentially important role in GBM, a finding that needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Zeng,
| | - Shushan Hua
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rajneesh Mungur
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiugeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Remarkable immune and clinical value of novel ferroptosis-related genes in glioma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12854. [PMID: 35896732 PMCID: PMC9329323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a neoteric model of regulated cell death that shows great potential for the understanding of tumor immunology and as a target for therapy. The present study aimed to identify ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glioma and to explore their value through systematic analysis. Ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified through the Gene Expression Omnibus database in combination with the FerrDb database and analyzed in the Genotype-Tissue Expression database and The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Possible signaling pathways involved were explored by construction of enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction of these DEGs. Potential regulation of the immune microenvironment, immune checkpoint and chemokine was postulated by immune analysis. A prognosis model for glioma was developed using survival analysis, exhibited by the nomogram and evaluated by the calibration curve. The prognostic value of the model was validated by using an independent cohort. A total of 15 ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified, including 7 down-regulated and 8 up-regulated, with ATP6V1G2, GABARAPL1 and GOT1 as hub genes. The expression of all 3 hub genes was positively correlated with T follicular helper cells and natural killer CD56bright cells. These hub genes were negatively correlated with the macrophage cell type as well as B7H3, PDCD1, LAG3 and CXCL16, CXCR4, CCR5. Low expression of all 3 hub genes was associated with poor prognosis in glioma cases. ATP6V1G2 might be an independent prognostic factor and, as such, a high-precision prognostic model of glioma was constructed. We identified novel ferroptosis-related genes with clinical value in glioma and revealed their possible tumor immune relevance. Furthermore, in glioma, we pinpointed underlying critical elements of the chemokine, immune microenvironment and immune checkpoint, and were able to develop a predictive model of prognosis.
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17
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Xiao S, Yan Z, Zeng F, Lu Y, Qiu J, Zhu X. Identification of a pyroptosis-related prognosis gene signature and its relationship with an immune microenvironment in gliomas. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29391. [PMID: 35839032 PMCID: PMC11132325 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common type of primary brain cancer, and the prognosis of most patients with glioma is poor. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered inflammatory programmed cell death. However, the expression of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in glioma and its correlation with prognosis are unclear. METHODS 27 pyroptosis genes differentially expressed between glioma and adjacent normal tissues were identified. All glioma cases could be stratified into 2 subtypes based on these differentially expressed PRGs. The prognostic value of each PRG was evaluated to construct a prognostic model. RESULTS A novel 16-gene signature was constructed by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression method. Then, patients with glioma were divided into low- and high-risk groups in the TCGA cohort. The survival rate of patients in the low-risk group was significantly higher than that in the high-risk group (P = .001). Patients with glioma from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort were stratified into 2 risk groups by using the median risk score. The overall survival (OS) of the low-risk group was longer than that of the high-risk group (P = .001). The risk score was considered an independent prognostic factor of the OS of patients with glioma. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encylopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the differentially expressed PRGs were mainly related to neutrophil activation involved in immune responses, focal adhesion, cell cycle, and p53 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PRGs could predict the prognosis of glioma and play significant roles in a tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410016, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguang Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningxiang Hospital Affiliated to Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Ningxiang, Hunan, 410600, P.R. China
| | - Furen Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410016, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Lu
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410016, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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18
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Li G, Zhu Y, Gu J, Zhang T, Wang F, Huang K, Gu C, Xu K, Zhan R, Shen J. RNA modification patterns based on major RNA modifications define tumor microenvironment characteristics in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10278. [PMID: 35717510 PMCID: PMC9206649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications play a major role in tumorigenicity and progression, but the expression and function in glioblastoma (GBM) have not been well described. In this study, we developed a GBM score based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups showing RNA modification patterns. We assessed the association between the GBM score and tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics. Based on the gene expression of these regulators, we identified two clusters with distinct RNA modification patterns. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that patients in cluster 1 had worse survival than those in cluster 2. Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that GBM scores (based on DEGs between RNA modification patterns) are an independent predictive biomarker for patient prognosis. Besides, we found that samples with high scores were significantly associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune checkpoints, while samples with low scores were associated with cell cycle regulation. Importantly, GBM-score markedly positively correlated drug resistance, while negatively correlated with drug sensitive. The responders of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy tend to have a lower GBM score than non-responders. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis of multiple RNA modifications in GBM revealed that RNA modification regulators were closely correlated with TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenjie Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kangli Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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19
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Baskar G, Palaniyandi T, Viswanathan S, Rajendran BK, Ravi M, Sivaji A. Development of patient derived organoids for cancer drug screening applications. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151895. [PMID: 35486967 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterised by abnormal cell growth that can invade or spread to other regions of the body. Organoids are three-dimensional ex vivo tissue cultures made from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells or tissue that serve as a physiological model for cancer research. These are designed to recapitulate the in vivo properties of tumours. Importantly, effective recapitulation of the structure of tissues and function is believed to predict patient response, allowing for the creation of personalised therapy in a timely manner that may be used in the clinic. This Review discusses the pre-clinical model and different types of human organoids as models for the development of high throughput drug screening and also aims to highlight how organoids are shaping the future of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomathy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India.
| | - Sandhiya Viswanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India
| | | | - Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Asha Sivaji
- Department of Biochemistry, DKM College for Women, Vellore, Tamil nadu, India
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20
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Bausart M, Préat V, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 35078492 PMCID: PMC8787896 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Debom GN, Rubenich DS, Braganhol E. Adenosinergic Signaling as a Key Modulator of the Glioma Microenvironment and Reactive Astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:648476. [PMID: 35069091 PMCID: PMC8766410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are numerous glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in brain homeostasis. These cells can directly communicate with neurons by releasing gliotransmitters, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate, into the multipartite synapse. Moreover, astrocytes respond to tissue injury in the CNS environment. Recently, astrocytic heterogeneity and plasticity have been discussed by several authors, with studies proposing a spectrum of astrocytic activation characterized by A1/neurotoxic and A2/neuroprotective polarization extremes. The fundamental roles of astrocytes in communicating with other cells and sustaining homeostasis are regulated by purinergic signaling. In the CNS environment, the gliotransmitter ATP acts cooperatively with other glial signaling molecules, such as cytokines, which may impact CNS functions by facilitating/inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Adenosine (ADO), the main product of extracellular ATP metabolism, is an important homeostatic modulator and acts as a neuromodulator in synaptic transmission via P1 receptor sensitization. Furthermore, purinergic signaling is a key factor in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as damaged cells release ATP, leading to ADO accumulation in the TME through the ectonucleotidase cascade. Indeed, the enzyme CD73, which converts AMP to ADO, is overexpressed in glioblastoma cells; this upregulation is associated with tumor aggressiveness. Because of the crucial activity of CD73 in these cells, extracellular ADO accumulation in the TME contributes to sustaining glioblastoma immune escape while promoting A2-like activation. The present review describes the importance of ADO in modulating astrocyte polarization and simultaneously promoting tumor growth. We also discuss whether targeting of CD73 to block ADO production can be used as an alternative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Debom
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dominique S Rubenich
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Cardiologia - Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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A new signature based on alternative polyadenylation for prognostic prediction and therapeutic responses in low-grade glioma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:826-844. [PMID: 35042833 PMCID: PMC8833112 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from research supports the significant role of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the development of cancer. The aim of this study is to explore the prognostic and therapeutic value of APA events for patients with low-grade gliomas (LGG). METHODS The gene expression and APA profiles of patients with low-grade gliomas were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. All patients were sorted randomly into training and test sets. The prognostic-associated events of alternative splicing were screened by univariate Cox regression. Subsequently, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator and multivariate Cox analysis were performed to construct a prognostic signature. The patients were sorted into the high and low-risk groups based on their median risk score. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify genetic variation, pathway activation, immune heterogeneity, and drug response differences between the two groups. RESULTS A prognostic signature was constructed shown to be capable of accurately predicting prognosis of patients with LGG. Notable variations were observed in the tumor mutation burden and copy number variations between the high-risk and low-risk patients. Besides, the high-risk group had enhanced immune cell abundance and immune checkpoint gene expression. In terms of drug response, we further found that the patients of high-risk group were more sensitive to immunotherapy, but chemotherapy was suggestively more appropriate for the low-risk group patients. CONCLUSION Our findings give new insights and methods related to prognosis prediction and treatment methods for LGG patients, and expand the understanding regarding the role of alternative splicing in LGG.
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23
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Unravelling glioblastoma heterogeneity by means of single-cell RNA sequencing. Cancer Lett 2021; 527:66-79. [PMID: 34902524 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most invasive and deadliest brain cancer in adults. Its inherent heterogeneity has been designated as the main cause of treatment failure. Thus, a deeper understanding of the diversity that shapes GBM pathobiology is of utmost importance. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have begun to uncover the hidden composition of complex tumor ecosystems. Herein, a semi-systematic search of reference literature databases provided all existing publications using scRNA-seq for the investigation of human GBM. We compared and discussed findings from these works to build a more robust and unified knowledge base. All aspects ranging from inter-patient heterogeneity to intra-tumoral organization, cancer stem cell diversity, clonal mosaicism, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) are comprehensively covered in this report. Tumor composition not only differs across patients but also involves a great extent of heterogeneity within itself. Spatial and cellular heterogeneity can reveal tumor evolution dynamics. In addition, the discovery of distinct cell phenotypes might lead to the development of targeted treatment approaches. In conclusion, scRNA-seq expands our knowledge of GBM heterogeneity and helps to unravel putative therapeutic targets.
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Déry L, Charest G, Guérin B, Akbari M, Fortin D. Chemoattraction of Neoplastic Glial Cells with CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL11 as a Paradigm for a Promising Therapeutic Approach for Primary Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212150. [PMID: 34830041 PMCID: PMC8626037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattraction is a normal and essential process, but it can also be involved in tumorigenesis. This phenomenon plays a key role in glioblastoma (GBM). The GBM tumor cells are extremely difficult to eradicate, due to their strong capacity to migrate into the brain parenchyma. Consequently, a complete resection of the tumor is rarely a possibility, and recurrence is inevitable. To overcome this problem, we proposed to exploit this behavior by using three chemoattractants: CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL11, released by a biodegradable hydrogel (GlioGel) to produce a migration of tumor cells toward a therapeutic trap. To investigate this hypothesis, the agarose drop assay was used to test the chemoattraction capacity of these three chemokines on murine F98 and human U87MG cell lines. We then studied the potency of this approach in vivo in the well-established syngeneic F98-Fischer glioma-bearing rat model using GlioGel containing different mixtures of the chemoattractants. In vitro assays resulted in an invasive cell rate 2-fold higher when chemokines were present in the environment. In vivo experiments demonstrated the capacity of these specific chemoattractants to strongly attract neoplastic glioblastoma cells. The use of this strong locomotion ability to our end is a promising avenue in the establishment of a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Déry
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriel Charest
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (G.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - David Fortin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (G.C.); (D.F.)
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25
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Burster T, Traut R, Yermekkyzy Z, Mayer K, Westhoff MA, Bischof J, Knippschild U. Critical View of Novel Treatment Strategies for Glioblastoma: Failure and Success of Resistance Mechanisms by Glioblastoma Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695325. [PMID: 34485282 PMCID: PMC8415230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the invasive nature of glioblastoma, which is the most common form of malignant brain tumor, the standard care by surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy is particularly challenging. The presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and the surrounding tumor microenvironment protects glioblastoma from recognition by the immune system. Conventional therapy concepts have failed to completely remove glioblastoma cells, which is one major drawback in clinical management of the disease. The use of small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunotherapy, including peptide and mRNA vaccines, and virotherapy came into focus for the treatment of glioblastoma. Although novel strategies underline the benefit for anti-tumor effectiveness, serious challenges need to be overcome to successfully manage tumorigenesis, indicating the significance of developing new strategies. Therefore, we provide insights into the application of different medications in combination to boost the host immune system to interfere with immune evasion of glioblastoma cells which are promising prerequisites for therapeutic approaches to treat glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Rebecca Traut
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhanerke Yermekkyzy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Katja Mayer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Passaro AP, Lebos AL, Yao Y, Stice SL. Immune Response in Neurological Pathology: Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676621. [PMID: 34177918 PMCID: PMC8222736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of neurological disorders and is an important therapeutic target; however, immunotherapies have been largely unsuccessful. In cases where these therapies have succeeded, particularly multiple sclerosis, they have primarily focused on one aspect of the disease and leave room for improvement. More recently, the impact of the peripheral immune system is being recognized, since it has become evident that the central nervous system is not immune-privileged, as once thought. In this review, we highlight key interactions between central and peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders. While traditional approaches have examined these systems separately, the immune responses and processes in neurological disorders consist of substantial crosstalk between cells of the central and peripheral immune systems. Here, we provide an overview of major immune effector cells and the role of the blood-brain barrier in regard to neurological disorders and provide examples of this crosstalk in various disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain cancer. Finally, we propose targeting central-peripheral immune interactions as a potential improved therapeutic strategy to overcome failures in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abraham L. Lebos
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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MXRA5 Is a Novel Immune-Related Biomarker That Predicts Poor Prognosis in Glioma. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6680883. [PMID: 34211612 PMCID: PMC8211501 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and is associated with poor prognosis. Identifying effective biomarkers for glioma is particularly important. MXRA5, a secreted glycoprotein, is involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling and has been reported to be expressed in many cancers. However, the role and mechanism of action of MXRA5 in gliomas remain unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the role of MXRA5 at the transcriptome level and its clinical prognostic value. Methods In this study, RNA microarray data of 301 glioma patients from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were collected as a training cohort and RNA-seq data of 702 glioma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used for validation. We analyzed the clinical and molecular characteristics as well as the prognostic value of MXRA5 in glioma. In addition, the expression level of MXRA was evaluated in 28 glioma tissue samples. Results We found that MXRA5 expression was significantly upregulated in high-grade gliomas and IDH wild-type gliomas compared to controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that MXRA5 is a potential marker of the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We found that MXRA5 expression is highly correlated with immune checkpoint molecule expression levels and tumor-associated macrophage infiltration. High MXRA5 expression could be used as an independent indicator of poor prognosis in glioma patients. Conclusion Our study suggests that MXRA5 expression is associated with the clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis of gliomas. MXRA5 may play an important role in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma. As a secreted glycoprotein, MXRA5 is a potential circulating biomarker for glioma, deserving further investigation.
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28
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The Multifunctional Role of EMP3 in the Regulation of Membrane Receptors Associated with IDH-Wild-Type Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105261. [PMID: 34067658 PMCID: PMC8156612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) is a tetraspan membrane protein overexpressed in isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type (IDH-wt) glioblastoma (GBM). Several studies reported high EMP3 levels as a poor prognostic factor in GBM patients. Experimental findings based on glioma and non-glioma models have demonstrated the role of EMP3 in the regulation of several membrane proteins known to drive IDH-wt GBM. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about EMP3 biology. We discuss the regulatory effects that EMP3 exerts on a variety of oncogenic receptors and discuss how these mechanisms may relate to IDH-wt GBM. Lastly, we enumerate the open questions towards EMP3 function in IDH-wt GBM.
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29
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Oncogenesis, Microenvironment Modulation and Clinical Potentiality of FAP in Glioblastoma: Lessons Learned from Other Solid Tumors. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051142. [PMID: 34068501 PMCID: PMC8151573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase family, which has catalytic activity and is engaged in protein recruitment and scaffolds. Recent studies have found that FAP expression in different types of cells within the GBM microenvironment is typically upregulated compared with that in lower grade glioma and is most pronounced in the mesenchymal subtype of GBM. As a marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with tumorigenic activity, FAP has been proven to promote tumor growth and invasion via hydrolysis of molecules such as brevican in the extracellular matrix and targeting of downstream pathways and substrates, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In addition, based on its ability to suppress antitumor immunity in GBM and induce temozolomide resistance, FAP may be a potential target for immunotherapy and reversing temozolomide resistance; however, current studies on therapies targeting FAP are still limited. In this review, we summarized recent progress in FAP expression profiling and the understanding of the biological function of FAP in GBM and raised the possibility of FAP as an imaging biomarker and therapeutic target.
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30
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Scheffel TB, Grave N, Vargas P, Diz FM, Rockenbach L, Morrone FB. Immunosuppression in Gliomas via PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Adenosine Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 10:617385. [PMID: 33659213 PMCID: PMC7919594 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.617385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant and lethal subtype of glioma. Despite progress in therapeutic approaches, issues with the tumor immune landscape persist. Multiple immunosuppression pathways coexist in the tumor microenvironment, which can determine tumor progression and therapy outcomes. Research in immune checkpoints, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, has renewed the interest in immune-based cancer therapies due to their ability to prevent immunosuppression against tumors. However, PD-1/PD-L1 blockage is not completely effective, as some patients remain unresponsive to such treatment. The production of adenosine is a major obstacle for the efficacy of immune therapies and is a key source of innate or adaptive resistance. In general, adenosine promotes the pro-tumor immune response, dictates the profile of suppressive immune cells, modulates the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and induces the expression of alternative immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, thus maintaining a loop of immunosuppression. In this context, this review aims to depict the complexity of the immunosuppression in glioma microenvironment. We primarily consider the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and adenosine pathway, which may be critical points of resistance and potential targets for tumor treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Becker Scheffel
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathália Grave
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mendonça Diz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liliana Rockenbach
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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31
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Chen H, Li M, Guo Y, Zhong Y, He Z, Xu Y, Zou J. Immune response in glioma's microenvironment. Innov Surg Sci 2021; 5:20190001. [PMID: 33511267 PMCID: PMC7810204 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system. In this review, we outline the immunobiological factors that interact with glioma cells and tumor microenvironment (TME), providing more potential targets for clinical inhibition of glioma development and more directions for glioma treatment. Content Recent studies have shown that glioma cells secrete a variety of immune regulatory factors and interact with immune cells such as microglial cells, peripheral macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes in the TME. In particular, microglia plays a key role in promoting glioma growth. Infiltrating immune cells induce local production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. Further leads to immune escape of malignant gliomas. Summary and Outlook The complex interaction of tumor cells with the TME has largely contributed to tumor heterogeneity and poor prognosis. We review the immunobiological factors, immune cells and current immunotherapy of gliomas, provide experimental evidence for future research and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houminji Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provical People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Guo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Zhong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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32
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Tan YQ, Li YT, Yan TF, Xu Y, Liu BH, Yang JA, Yang X, Chen QX, Zhang HB. Six Immune Associated Genes Construct Prognostic Model Evaluate Low-Grade Glioma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606164. [PMID: 33408717 PMCID: PMC7779629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunotherapy of Glioma has always been a research hotspot. Although tumor associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) proves to be important in glioma progression and drug resistance, our knowledge about how TAMs influence glioma remains unclear. The relationship between glioma and TAMs still needs further study. Methods We collected the data of TAMs in glioma from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) that included 20 glioma samples and 15 control samples from four datasets. Six genes were screened from the Differential Expression Gene through Gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and single-cell sequencing analysis. A risk score was then constructed based on the six genes and patients' overall survival rates of 669 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The efficacy of the risk score in prognosis and prediction was verified in Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). Results Six genes, including CD163, FPR3, LPAR5, P2ry12, PLAUR, SIGLEC1, that participate in signal transduction and plasma membrane were selected. Half of them, like CD163, FPR3, SIGLEC1, were mainly expression in M2 macrophages. FPR3 and SIGLEC1 were high expression genes in glioma associated with grades and IDH status. The overall survival rates of the high risk score group was significantly lower than that of the low risk score group, especially in LGG. Conclusion Joint usage of the 6 candidate genes may be an effective method to diagnose and evaluate the prognosis of glioma, especially in Low-grade glioma (LGG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Qiu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Teng Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji An Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Critical role of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) in gliomas. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1525-1546. [PMID: 32978667 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, gliomas are associated with high morbidity and mortality, mainly attributed to the rapid growth rate, excessive invasiveness, and molecular heterogeneity, as well as regenerative potential of cancer stem cells. Therefore, elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the identification of potential molecular diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are of paramount importance. HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a well-studied long noncoding RNA, playing an emerging role in tumorigenesis of several human cancers. A growing amount of preclinical and clinical evidence highlights the pro-oncogenic role of HOTAIR in gliomas, mainly attributed to the enhancement of proliferation and migration, as well as inhibition of apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that HOTAIR modulates the activity of specific transcription factors, such as MXI1, E2F1, ATF5, and ASCL1, and regulates the expression of cell cycle-associated genes along with related signaling pathways, like the Wnt/β-catenin axis. Moreover, it can interact with specific miRNAs, including miR-326, miR-141, miR-148b-3p, miR-15b, and miR-126-5p. Of importance, HOTAIR has been demonstrated to enhance angiogenesis and affect the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier, thus modulating the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Herein, we provide evidence on the functional role of HOTAIR in gliomas and discuss the benefits of its targeting as a novel approach toward glioma treatment.
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34
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Bhargav AG, Mondal SK, Garcia CA, Green JJ, Quiñones‐Hinojosa A. Nanomedicine Revisited: Next Generation Therapies for Brain Cancer. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adip G. Bhargav
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic 4500 San Pablo Rd. Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Sujan K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 200 Lothrop Street Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Cesar A. Garcia
- Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic 4500 San Pablo Rd. Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurosurgery, Oncology, Ophthalmology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Bloomberg‐Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Nanobiotechnology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 400 N. Broadway, Smith 5017 Baltimore MD 21231 USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones‐Hinojosa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic 4500 San Pablo Rd. Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery/Audiology Neuroscience, Cancer Biology, and Anatomy Mayo Clinic 4500 San Pablo Rd. Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
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35
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Chang K, Wang G, Lou J, Hao S, Lv R, Duan D, Zhang W, Guo Y, Wang P. lncRNA TTN‑AS1 upregulates RUNX1 to enhance glioma progression via sponging miR‑27b‑3p. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1064-1074. [PMID: 32705233 PMCID: PMC7388303 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the tumorigeneses of numerous types of cancer, including glioma. The present study was designed to unveil a novel lncRNA functioning in glioma and explore the underlying mechanisms. lncRNA titin-antisense RNA1 (TTN-AS1), miR-27b-3p and Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) expression in glioma tissues and cell lines was estimated by RT-qPCR. Si-TTN-AS1 was transfected into glioma cell lines (U251 and LN229), and CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell assays were applied to estimate the function of TTN-AS1 in glioma cells. miR-27b-3p inhibitor was used to explore the mechanisms. The results revealed that TTN-AS1 was highly expressed in glioma specimens and cell lines. Downregulation of TTN-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of the glioma cells, as well as increased the rate of apoptosis. In vivo, the tumor growth was also inhibited by TTN-AS1 depletion in nude mice. Furthermore, we revealed that TTN-AS1 exerted oncogenic effects via sponging miR-27b-3p and thereby positively regulating RUNX1 expression. In conclusion, the present study supported that TTN-AS1 acts as an oncogene in glioma by targeting miR-27b-3p to release RUNX1. This finding may contribute to gene therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Genwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Sha Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Ranbo Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhai Hospital of Kaifeng City, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Desheng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third People's Hospital of Anyang, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Wanhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- Department of Intervention Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Pingyu, Pingyu, Henan 463400, P.R. China
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36
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Mirchia K, Richardson TE. Beyond IDH-Mutation: Emerging Molecular Diagnostic and Prognostic Features in Adult Diffuse Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1817. [PMID: 32640746 PMCID: PMC7408495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are among the most common adult central nervous system tumors with an annual incidence of more than 16,000 cases in the United States. Until very recently, the diagnosis of these tumors was based solely on morphologic features, however, with the publication of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, revised 4th edition in 2016, certain molecular features are now included in the official diagnostic and grading system. One of the most significant of these changes has been the division of adult astrocytomas into IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant categories in addition to histologic grade as part of the main-line diagnosis, although a great deal of heterogeneity in the clinical outcome still remains to be explained within these categories. Since then, numerous groups have been working to identify additional biomarkers and prognostic factors in diffuse gliomas to help further stratify these tumors in hopes of producing a more complete grading system, as well as understanding the underlying biology that results in differing outcomes. The field of neuro-oncology is currently in the midst of a "molecular revolution" in which increasing emphasis is being placed on genetic and epigenetic features driving current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive considerations. In this review, we focus on recent advances in adult diffuse glioma biomarkers and prognostic factors and summarize the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanish Mirchia
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
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