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Naskou MC, Cochran A, Darzenta N, Golan ME, Stice SL, Martin DR. The Characteristics and Function of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Bone Marrow and Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are Influenced by Cell Culture Conditions. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:117-127. [PMID: 38164117 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-EVs) have been proposed as a novel therapeutic tool with numerous clinically related advantages. However, their characteristics and functionality are dependent on the source of MSCs and their cell culture conditions. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) provides a source of nutrients and growth factors to the cultured cells. However, certain pitfalls are associated with its supplementation to the culture media, including introduction of exogenous FBS-derived EVs to the cultured cells. Thus, recent practices recommend utilization of serum-free (SF) media or EV-depleted FBS. On the contrary, evidence suggests that the immunomodulatory ability of MSC-EVs can be improved by exposing MSCs to an inflammatory (IF) environment. The objective of this study was to (1) compare EVs isolated from two tissue sources of MSCs that were exposed to various cell culture conditions and (2) to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) were exposed to either a SF media environment, an IF environment, or media supplemented with 5% EV-depleted FBS. Following isolation of MSC-EVs, the isolates were quantified and evaluated for particle size, phenotypic changes, and their immunomodulatory potential. A statistically significant difference was not identified on the yield and protein concentration of different isolates of EVs from BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs, and all isolates had a circular appearance as evaluated via electron microscopy. A significant difference was identified on the phenotype of different EVs isolates; however, all isolates expressed classical markers such as CD9, CD63, and CD81. The addition of BM-derived MSC-EVs from FBS environment or UC-derived MSC-EVs from IF environment resulted in statistically significant downregulation of IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) in stimulated leukocytes. This study confirms that EVs produced by different MSC sources and cell culture conditions affect their phenotype and their immunomodulatory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Naskou
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Anna Cochran
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Nikolia Darzenta
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Morgane E Golan
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Ishan M, Wang Z, Zhao P, Yao Y, Stice SL, Wells L, Mishina Y, Liu HX. Taste papilla cell differentiation requires the regulation of secretory protein production by ALK3-BMP signaling in the tongue mesenchyme. Development 2023; 150:dev201838. [PMID: 37680190 PMCID: PMC10560570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Taste papillae are specialized organs, each of which comprises an epithelial wall hosting taste buds and a core of mesenchymal tissue. In the present study, we report that during early taste papilla development in mouse embryos, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling mediated by type 1 receptor ALK3 in the tongue mesenchyme is required for epithelial Wnt/β-catenin activity and taste papilla differentiation. Mesenchyme-specific knockout (cKO) of Alk3 using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre resulted in an absence of taste papillae at E12.0. Biochemical and cell differentiation analyses demonstrated that mesenchymal ALK3-BMP signaling governed the production of previously unappreciated secretory proteins, i.e. it suppressed those that inhibit and facilitated those that promote taste papilla differentiation. Bulk RNA-sequencing analysis revealed many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the tongue epithelium than in the mesenchyme in Alk3 cKO versus control. Moreover, we detected downregulated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling and found that taste papilla development in the Alk3 cKO was rescued by the GSK3β inhibitor LiCl, but not by Wnt3a. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the requirement of tongue mesenchyme in taste papilla cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhonghou Wang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Van Grouw A, Colonna MB, Maughon TS, Shen X, Larey AM, Moore SG, Yeago C, Fernández FM, Edison AS, Stice SL, Bowles-Welch AC, Marklein RA. Development of a Robust Consensus Modeling Approach for Identifying Cellular and Media Metabolites Predictive of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency. Stem Cells 2023; 41:792-808. [PMID: 37279550 PMCID: PMC10427967 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise in regenerative medicine applications due in part to their ability to modulate immune cells. However, MSCs demonstrate significant functional heterogeneity in terms of their immunomodulatory function because of differences in MSC donor/tissue source, as well as non-standardized manufacturing approaches. As MSC metabolism plays a critical role in their ability to expand to therapeutic numbers ex vivo, we comprehensively profiled intracellular and extracellular metabolites throughout the expansion process to identify predictors of immunomodulatory function (T-cell modulation and indoleamine-2,3-dehydrogenase (IDO) activity). Here, we profiled media metabolites in a non-destructive manner through daily sampling and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as MSC intracellular metabolites at the end of expansion using mass spectrometry (MS). Using a robust consensus machine learning approach, we were able to identify panels of metabolites predictive of MSC immunomodulatory function for 10 independent MSC lines. This approach consisted of identifying metabolites in 2 or more machine learning models and then building consensus models based on these consensus metabolite panels. Consensus intracellular metabolites with high predictive value included multiple lipid classes (such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins) while consensus media metabolites included proline, phenylalanine, and pyruvate. Pathway enrichment identified metabolic pathways significantly associated with MSC function such as sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and autophagy. Overall, this work establishes a generalizable framework for identifying consensus predictive metabolites that predict MSC function, as well as guiding future MSC manufacturing efforts through identification of high-potency MSC lines and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Van Grouw
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maxwell B Colonna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ty S Maughon
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xunan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew M Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samuel G Moore
- Systems Mass Spectrometry Core, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn Yeago
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Annie C Bowles-Welch
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Maughon TS, Shen X, Huang D, Michael AOA, Shockey WA, Andrews SH, McRae JM, Platt MO, Fernández FM, Edison AS, Stice SL, Marklein RA. Metabolomics and cytokine profiling of mesenchymal stromal cells identify markers predictive of T-cell suppression. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:137-148. [PMID: 34696960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in the field of regenerative medicine, as many studies have shown that MSCs possess immunomodulatory function. Despite this promise, no MSC therapies have been licensed by the Food and Drug Administration. This lack of successful clinical translation is due in part to MSC heterogeneity and a lack of critical quality attributes. Although MSC indoleamine 2,3-dioxygnease (IDO) activity has been shown to correlate with MSC function, multiple predictive markers may be needed to better predict MSC function. METHODS Three MSC lines (two bone marrow-derived, one induced pluripotent stem cell-derived) were expanded to three passages. At the time of harvest for each passage, cell pellets were collected for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS), and media were collected for cytokine profiling. Harvested cells were also cryopreserved for assessing function using T-cell proliferation and IDO activity assays. Linear regression was performed on functional data against NMR, MS and cytokines to reduce the number of important features, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to obtain predictive markers of T-cell suppression based on variable importance in projection scores. RESULTS Significant functional heterogeneity (in terms of T-cell suppression and IDO activity) was observed between the three MSC lines, as were donor-dependent differences based on passage. Omics characterization revealed distinct differences between cell lines using principal component analysis. Cell lines separated along principal component one based on tissue source (bone marrow-derived versus induced pluripotent stem cell-derived) for NMR, MS and cytokine profiles. PLSR modeling of important features predicted MSC functional capacity with NMR (R2 = 0.86), MS (R2 = 0.83), cytokines (R2 = 0.70) and a combination of all features (R2 = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The work described here provides a platform for identifying markers for predicting MSC functional capacity using PLSR modeling that could be used as release criteria and guide future manufacturing strategies for MSCs and other cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S Maughon
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xunan Shen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Danning Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adeola O Adebayo Michael
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Andrew Shockey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Seth H Andrews
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jon M McRae
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Passaro AP, Lebos AL, Yao Y, Stice SL. Immune Response in Neurological Pathology: Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676621. [PMID: 34177918 PMCID: PMC8222736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of neurological disorders and is an important therapeutic target; however, immunotherapies have been largely unsuccessful. In cases where these therapies have succeeded, particularly multiple sclerosis, they have primarily focused on one aspect of the disease and leave room for improvement. More recently, the impact of the peripheral immune system is being recognized, since it has become evident that the central nervous system is not immune-privileged, as once thought. In this review, we highlight key interactions between central and peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders. While traditional approaches have examined these systems separately, the immune responses and processes in neurological disorders consist of substantial crosstalk between cells of the central and peripheral immune systems. Here, we provide an overview of major immune effector cells and the role of the blood-brain barrier in regard to neurological disorders and provide examples of this crosstalk in various disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain cancer. Finally, we propose targeting central-peripheral immune interactions as a potential improved therapeutic strategy to overcome failures in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abraham L. Lebos
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Passaro AP, Aydin O, Saif MTA, Stice SL. Development of an objective index, neural activity score (NAS), reveals neural network ontogeny and treatment effects on microelectrode arrays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9110. [PMID: 33907294 PMCID: PMC8079414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are valuable tools for electrophysiological analysis, providing assessment of neural network health and development. Analysis can be complex, however, requiring intensive processing of large data sets consisting of many activity parameters, leading to information loss as studies subjectively report relatively few metrics in the interest of simplicity. In screening assays, many groups report simple overall activity (i.e. firing rate) but omit network connectivity changes (e.g. burst characteristics and synchrony) that may not be evident from basic parameters. Our goal was to develop an objective process to capture most of the valuable information gained from MEAs in neural development and toxicity studies. We implemented principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the high dimensionality of MEA data. Upon analysis, we found the first principal component was strongly correlated to time, representing neural culture development; therefore, factor loadings were used to create a single index score-named neural activity score (NAS)-reflecting neural maturation. For validation, we applied NAS to studies analyzing various treatments. In all cases, NAS accurately recapitulated expected results, suggesting viability of NAS to measure network health and development. This approach may be adopted by other researchers using MEAs to analyze complicated treatment effects and multicellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XRegenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDivision of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Onur Aydin
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - M. Taher A. Saif
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Steven L. Stice
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XRegenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA ,grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDivision of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano- to micro- sized vesicles released from cells, have garnered attention in recent years for their role in intercellular communication. Specifically, EVs from various cell sources including stem cells, have shown to have an exacerbatory or therapeutic effect in the content of pro- and anti-inflammatory environments through their interaction with immune recipient cells. This review aims to the coalescence information surrounding EVs derived from various sources and their interaction with microglia in neutral, anti, and pro- inflammatory environments. Overall, in homeostatic environments, EVs from many CNS lineages have been shown to have specific interactions with recipient microglia. In complex inflammatory environments, such as the tumor micro-environment (TME), EVs have been shown to further influence immune dampening through transition of microglia to a more M2-like phenotype. While not advantageous in the TME, this effect can be harnessed therapeutically in proinflammatory neurological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. EVs derived from various stem cell and non-stem cell derived sources were found to attenuate proinflammatory responses in microglia in in vitro and in vivo models of these conditions. EVs loaded with anti-inflammatory therapeutics furthered this anti-inflammatory effect on recipient microglia. Graphical Abstract Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from multiple cells types modulate microglial polarization. Cartoon depicting common ways microglia are activated through inflammatory and disease processes. EVs, derived from stem and non-stem sources, have been shown to attenuate proinflammatory responses in in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- University System of Georgia MD/PhD Program, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Aruna Bio Inc, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Scheulin KM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy SE, Waters ES, Baker EW, Kinder HA, Simchick GA, Sneed SE, Grimes JA, Zhao Q, Stice SL, West FD. Exploring the predictive value of lesion topology on motor function outcomes in a porcine ischemic stroke model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3814. [PMID: 33589720 PMCID: PMC7884696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the maximum diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by including stroke lesion location in relation to specific structures that are associated with particular functions will likely increase the potential to predict functional deficit type, severity, and recovery in stroke patients. This exploratory study aims to identify key structures lesioned by a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that impact stroke recovery and to strengthen the predictive capacity of neuroimaging techniques that characterize stroke outcomes in a translational porcine model. Clinically relevant MRI measures showed significant lesion volumes, midline shifts, and decreased white matter integrity post-MCAO. Using a pig brain atlas, damaged brain structures included the insular cortex, somatosensory cortices, temporal gyri, claustrum, and visual cortices, among others. MCAO resulted in severely impaired spatiotemporal gait parameters, decreased voluntary movement in open field testing, and higher modified Rankin Scale scores at acute timepoints. Pearson correlation analyses at acute timepoints between standard MRI metrics (e.g., lesion volume) and functional outcomes displayed moderate R values to functional gait outcomes. Moreover, Pearson correlation analyses showed higher R values between functional gait deficits and increased lesioning of structures associated with motor function, such as the putamen, globus pallidus, and primary somatosensory cortex. This correlation analysis approach helped identify neuroanatomical structures predictive of stroke outcomes and may lead to the translation of this topological analysis approach from preclinical stroke assessment to a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sydney E Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Aruna Bio Inc, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Spellicy SE, Scheulin KM, Baker EW, Jurgielewicz BJ, Kinder HA, Waters ES, Grimes JA, Stice SL, West FD. Semi-Automated Cell and Tissue Analyses Reveal Regionally Specific Morphological Alterations of Immune and Neural Cells in a Porcine Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600441. [PMID: 33551749 PMCID: PMC7862775 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological analysis of cellular changes in the stroked brain provides critical information pertaining to inflammation, cell death, glial scarring, and other dynamic injury and recovery responses. However, commonly used manual approaches are hindered by limitations in speed, accuracy, bias, and the breadth of morphological information that can be obtained. Here, a semi-automated high-content imaging (HCI) and CellProfiler histological analysis method was developed and used in a Yucatan miniature pig permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model of ischemic stroke to overcome these limitations. Evaluation of 19 morphological parameters in IBA1+ microglia/macrophages, GFAP+ astrocytes, NeuN+ neuronal, FactorVIII+ vascular endothelial, and DCX+ neuroblast cell areas was conducted on porcine brain tissue 4 weeks post pMCAO. Out of 19 morphological parameters assessed in the stroke perilesional and ipsilateral hemisphere regions (38 parameters), a significant change in 3838 measured IBA1+ parameters, 3438 GFAP+ parameters, 3238 NeuN+ parameters, 3138 FactorVIII+ parameters, and 2838 DCX+ parameters were observed in stroked vs. non-stroked animals. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analyses demonstrated that stroke-induced significant and predictable morphological changes that demonstrated strong relationships between IBA1+, GFAP+, and NeuN+ areas. Ultimately, this unbiased, semi-automated HCI and CellProfiler histopathological analysis approach revealed regional and cell specific morphological signatures of immune and neural cells after stroke in a highly translational porcine model. These identified features can provide information of disease pathogenesis and evolution with high resolution, as well as be used in therapeutic screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Medical College of Georgia, University System of Georgia MD/Ph.D. Program, Augusta, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Aruna Bio Inc., Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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10
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Sneed SE, Scheulin KM, Kaiser EE, Fagan MM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Waters ES, Spellicy SE, Duberstein KJ, Platt SR, Baker EW, Stice SL, Kinder HA, West FD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gait Analysis Indicate Similar Outcomes Between Yucatan and Landrace Porcine Ischemic Stroke Models. Front Neurol 2021; 11:594954. [PMID: 33551956 PMCID: PMC7859633 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.594954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) has recommended that novel therapeutics be tested in a large animal model with similar anatomy and physiology to humans. The pig is an attractive model due to similarities in brain size, organization, and composition relative to humans. However, multiple pig breeds have been used to study ischemic stroke with potentially differing cerebral anatomy, architecture and, consequently, ischemic stroke pathologies. The objective of this study was to characterize brain anatomy and assess spatiotemporal gait parameters in Yucatan (YC) and Landrace (LR) pigs pre- and post-stroke using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gait analysis, respectively. Ischemic stroke was induced via permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MRI was performed pre-stroke and 1-day post-stroke. Structural and diffusion-tensor sequences were performed at both timepoints and analyzed for cerebral characteristics, lesion diffusivity, and white matter changes. Spatiotemporal and relative pressure gait measurements were collected pre- and 2-days post-stroke to characterize and compare acute functional deficits. The results from this study demonstrated that YC and LR pigs exhibit differences in gross brain anatomy and gait patterns pre-stroke with MRI and gait analysis showing statistical differences in the majority of parameters. However, stroke pathologies in YC and LR pigs were highly comparable post-stroke for most evaluated MRI parameters, including lesion volume and diffusivity, hemisphere swelling, ventricle compression, caudal transtentorial and foramen magnum herniation, showing no statistical difference between the breeds. In addition, post-stroke changes in velocity, cycle time, swing percent, cadence, and mean hoof pressure showed no statistical difference between the breeds. These results indicate significant differences between pig breeds in brain size, anatomy, and motor function pre-stroke, yet both demonstrate comparable brain pathophysiology and motor outcomes post-stroke. The conclusions of this study suggest pigs of these different breeds generally show a similar ischemic stroke response and findings can be compared across porcine stroke studies that use different breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madison M Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Aruna Bio, Inc., Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Passaro AP, Stice SL. Electrophysiological Analysis of Brain Organoids: Current Approaches and Advancements. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:622137. [PMID: 33510616 PMCID: PMC7835643 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.622137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids, or cerebral organoids, have become widely used to study the human brain in vitro. As pluripotent stem cell-derived structures capable of self-organization and recapitulation of physiological cell types and architecture, brain organoids bridge the gap between relatively simple two-dimensional human cell cultures and non-human animal models. This allows for high complexity and physiological relevance in a controlled in vitro setting, opening the door for a variety of applications including development and disease modeling and high-throughput screening. While technologies such as single cell sequencing have led to significant advances in brain organoid characterization and understanding, improved functional analysis (especially electrophysiology) is needed to realize the full potential of brain organoids. In this review, we highlight key technologies for brain organoid development and characterization, then discuss current electrophysiological methods for brain organoid analysis. While electrophysiological approaches have improved rapidly for two-dimensional cultures, only in the past several years have advances been made to overcome limitations posed by the three-dimensionality of brain organoids. Here, we review major advances in electrophysiological technologies and analytical methods with a focus on advances with applicability for brain organoid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Kaiser EE, Poythress JC, Scheulin KM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Lazar NA, Park C, Stice SL, Ahn J, West FD. An integrative multivariate approach for predicting functional recovery using magnetic resonance imaging parameters in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:842-850. [PMID: 33229718 PMCID: PMC8178783 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a clinically relevant, real-time imaging modality that is frequently utilized to assess stroke type and severity. However, specific MRI biomarkers that can be used to predict long-term functional recovery are still a critical need. Consequently, the present study sought to examine the prognostic value of commonly utilized MRI parameters to predict functional outcomes in a porcine model of ischemic stroke. Stroke was induced via permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. At 24 hours post-stroke, MRI analysis revealed focal ischemic lesions, decreased diffusivity, hemispheric swelling, and white matter degradation. Functional deficits including behavioral abnormalities in open field and novel object exploration as well as spatiotemporal gait impairments were observed at 4 weeks post-stroke. Gaussian graphical models identified specific MRI outputs and functional recovery variables, including white matter integrity and gait performance, that exhibited strong conditional dependencies. Canonical correlation analysis revealed a prognostic relationship between lesion volume and white matter integrity and novel object exploration and gait performance. Consequently, these analyses may also have the potential of predicting patient recovery at chronic time points as pigs and humans share many anatomical similarities (e.g., white matter composition) that have proven to be critical in ischemic stroke pathophysiology. The study was approved by the University of Georgia (UGA) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC; Protocol Number: A2014-07-021-Y3-A11 and 2018-01-029-Y1-A5) on November 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J C Poythress
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicole A Lazar
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cheolwoo Park
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeongyoun Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center; Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Jurgielewicz BJ, Yao Y, Stice SL. Kinetics and Specificity of HEK293T Extracellular Vesicle Uptake using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Nanoscale Res Lett 2020; 15:170. [PMID: 32833066 PMCID: PMC7445225 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-bound vesicles that are naturally secreted from most cell types as a communication mechanism to deliver proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Despite the therapeutic potential of EVs, there is limited information on EV uptake kinetics and specificity. Here, we optimized an imaging flow cytometry (IFC)-based platform to quantitatively assess dose, time, and recipient cell specificity effects on human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293T) EV internalization in a high-throughput manner. We found that HEK293T EV uptake is an active process that is dose and time dependent. Further, the selectivity of EV uptake was quantified in vitro, and we found that HEK293T EVs were internalized at higher quantities by cells of the same origin. Lastly, neural stem cells internalized significantly more HEK293T EVs relative to mature neurons, suggesting that stem cells or progenitors, which are more metabolically active than terminally differentiated cells, may have higher rates of active EV internalization. The characterization of EV uptake, notably specificity, dose and time dependence, and kinetic assays will help inform and develop targeted and efficient EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- ArunA Bio, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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14
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Yu W, Ishan M, Yao Y, Stice SL, Liu HX. SOX10- Cre-Labeled Cells Under the Tongue Epithelium Serve as Progenitors for Taste Bud Cells That Are Mainly Type III and Keratin 8-Low. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:638-647. [PMID: 32098606 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells are specialized epithelial cells that undergo continuous turnover, and thus require active progenitors for their renewal and an intact taste function. Our previous studies suggested that a population of taste bud cells originates from outside of the surrounding tongue epithelium-previously regarded sole source of taste bud progenitors. In this study, we demonstrated that SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 10)-expressing cells, known to be in the migrating neural crest, were also distributed in taste bud-surrounding tissue compartments under the tongue epithelium, that is, the connective tissue core of taste papillae and von Ebner's glands. By lineage tracing of SOX10-expressing cells using SOX10-Cre, a Cre model driven by the endogenous SOX10 promoter, crossing with a Cre reporter line R26-tdTomato (tdT), we found SOX10-Cre-labeled tdT+ cells within taste buds in all three types of taste papillae (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate) as well as in the soft palate in postnatal mice. The tdT+ taste bud cells were progressively more abundant along the developmental stages, from virtually zero at birth to over 35% in adults. Most of tdT+ taste bud cells had a low intensity of immunosignals of Keratin 8 (a widely used taste bud cell marker). In circumvallate taste buds, tdT signals were co-localized principally with a type III taste bud cell marker, less so with type I and II cell makers. Together, our data demonstrate a novel progenitor source for taste buds of postnatal mice-SOX10-Cre-labeled cells in the connective tissue core and/or von Ebner's glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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15
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Aydin O, Passaro AP, Elhebeary M, Pagan-Diaz GJ, Fan A, Nuethong S, Bashir R, Stice SL, Saif MTA. Development of 3D neuromuscular bioactuators. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:016107. [PMID: 32161837 PMCID: PMC7064368 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal control of skeletal muscle bioactuators represents a critical milestone toward the realization of future biohybrid machines that may generate complex motor patterns and autonomously navigate through their environment. Animals achieve these feats using neural networks that generate robust firing patterns and coordinate muscle activity through neuromuscular units. Here, we designed a versatile 3D neuron-muscle co-culture platform to serve as a test-bed for neuromuscular bioactuators. We used our platform in conjunction with microelectrode array electrophysiology to study the roles of synergistic interactions in the co-development of neural networks and muscle tissues. Our platform design enables co-culture of a neuronal cluster with up to four target muscle actuators, as well as quantification of muscle contraction forces. Using engineered muscle tissue targets, we first demonstrated the formation of functional neuromuscular bioactuators. We then investigated possible roles of long-range interactions in neuronal outgrowth patterns and observed preferential outgrowth toward muscles compared to the acellular matrix or fibroblasts, indicating muscle-specific chemotactic cues acting on motor neurons. Next, we showed that co-cultured muscle strips exhibited significantly higher spontaneous contractility as well as improved sarcomere assembly compared to muscles cultured alone. Finally, we performed microelectrode array measurements on neuronal cultures, which revealed that muscle-conditioned medium enhances overall neural firing rates and the emergence of synchronous bursting patterns. Overall, our study illustrates the significance of neuron-muscle cross talk for the in vitro development of neuromuscular bioactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Aydin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | | | - Mohamed Elhebeary
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Gelson J. Pagan-Diaz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Anthony Fan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Sittinon Nuethong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
USA
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16
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Sun MK, Passaro AP, Latchoumane CF, Spellicy SE, Bowler M, Goeden M, Martin WJ, Holmes PV, Stice SL, Karumbaiah L. Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1358-1369. [PMID: 31774030 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) leaves patients with lifelong disabilities. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have demonstrated great promise for neural repair and regeneration. However, direct evidence to support their use as a cell replacement therapy for neural injuries is currently lacking. We hypothesized that NSC-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC EVs) mediate repair indirectly after TBI by enhancing neuroprotection and therapeutic efficacy of endogenous NSCs. We evaluated the short-term effects of acute intravenous injections of NSC EVs immediately following a rat TBI. Male NSC EV-treated rats demonstrated significantly reduced lesion sizes, enhanced presence of endogenous NSCs, and attenuated motor function impairments 4 weeks post-TBI, when compared with vehicle- and TBI-only male controls. Although statistically not significant, we observed a therapeutic effect of NSC EVs on brain lesion volume, nestin expression, and behavioral recovery in female subjects. Our study demonstrates the neuroprotective and functional benefits of NSC EVs for treating TBI and points to gender-dependent effects on treatment outcomes, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Sun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Austin P Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Charles-Francois Latchoumane
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Bowler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Morgan Goeden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Martin
- Animal Health Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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17
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Spellicy SE, Kaiser EE, Bowler MM, Jurgielewicz BJ, Webb RL, West FD, Stice SL. Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Disrupt Midline Shift Predictive Outcomes in Porcine Ischemic Stroke Model. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:776-788. [PMID: 31811639 PMCID: PMC7340639 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a clinically relevant non-invasive imaging tool commonly utilized to assess stroke progression in real time. This study investigated the utility of MRI as a predictive measure of clinical and functional outcomes when a stroke intervention is withheld or provided, in order to identify biomarkers for stroke functional outcome under these conditions. Fifteen MRI and ninety functional parameters were measured in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) porcine ischemic stroke model. Multiparametric analysis of correlations between MRI measurements and functional outcome was conducted. Acute axial and coronal midline shift (MLS) at 24 h post-stroke were associated with decreased survival and recovery measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS) and were significantly correlated with 52 measured acute (day 1 post) and chronic (day 84 post) gait and behavior impairments in non-treated stroked animals. These results suggest that MLS may be an important non-invasive biomarker that can be used to predict patient outcomes and prognosis as well as guide therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation in non-treated animals and potentially human patients that do not receive interventional treatments. Neural stem cell–derived extracellular vesicle (NSC EV) was a disruptive therapy because NSC EV administration post-stroke disrupted MLS correlations observed in non-treated stroked animals. MLS was not associated with survival and functional outcomes in NSC EV–treated animals. In contrast to untreated animals, NSC EVs improved stroked animal outcomes regardless of MLS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael M Bowler
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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18
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Goodfellow FT, Willard KA, Wu X, Scoville S, Stice SL, Brindley MA. Strain-Dependent Consequences of Zika Virus Infection and Differential Impact on Neural Development. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100550. [PMID: 30304805 PMCID: PMC6212967 DOI: 10.3390/v10100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy can result in neonatal abnormalities, including neurological dysfunction and microcephaly. Experimental models of congenital Zika syndrome identified neural progenitor cells as a target of viral infection. Neural progenitor cells are responsible for populating the developing central nervous system with neurons and glia. Neural progenitor dysfunction can lead to severe birth defects, namely, lissencephaly, microcephaly, and cognitive deficits. For this study, the consequences of ZIKV infection in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor (hNP) cells and neurons were evaluated. ZIKV isolates from Asian and African lineages displayed lineage-specific replication kinetics, cytopathic effects, and impacts on hNP function and neuronal differentiation. The currently circulating ZIKV isolates exhibit a unique profile of virulence, cytopathic effect, and impaired cellular functions that likely contribute to the pathological mechanism of congenital Zika syndrome. The authors found that infection with Asian-lineage ZIKV isolates impaired the proliferation and migration of hNP cells, and neuron maturation. In contrast, the African-lineage infections resulted in abrupt and extensive cell death. This work furthers the understanding of ZIKV-induced brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest T Goodfellow
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Katherine A Willard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | - Steven L Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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Webb RL, Kaiser EE, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy S, Scoville SL, Thompson TA, Swetenburg RL, Hess DC, West FD, Stice SL. Human Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Improve Recovery in a Porcine Model of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1248-1256. [PMID: 29650593 PMCID: PMC5916046 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent work from our group suggests that human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (NSC EV) treatment improves both tissue and sensorimotor function in a preclinical thromboembolic mouse model of stroke. In this study, NSC EVs were evaluated in a pig ischemic stroke model, where clinically relevant end points were used to assess recovery in a more translational large animal model. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and either NSC EV or PBS treatment was administered intravenously at 2, 14, and 24 hours post-MCAO. NSC EV effects on tissue level recovery were evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 84 days post-MCAO. Effects on functional recovery were also assessed through longitudinal behavior and gait analysis testing. RESULTS NSC EV treatment was neuroprotective and led to significant improvements at the tissue and functional levels in stroked pigs. NSC EV treatment eliminated intracranial hemorrhage in ischemic lesions in NSC EV pigs (0 of 7) versus control pigs (7 of 8). NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited a significant decrease in cerebral lesion volume and decreased brain swelling relative to control pigs 1-day post-MCAO. NSC EVs significantly reduced edema in treated pigs relative to control pigs, as assessed by improved diffusivity through apparent diffusion coefficient maps. NSC EVs preserved white matter integrity with increased corpus callosum fractional anisotropy values 84 days post-MCAO. Behavior and mobility improvements paralleled structural changes as NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited improved outcomes, including increased exploratory behavior and faster restoration of spatiotemporal gait parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time that in a large animal model novel NSC EVs significantly improved neural tissue preservation and functional levels post-MCAO, suggesting NSC EVs may be a paradigm changing stroke therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S).,Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Samantha Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Shelley L Scoville
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | - Tyler A Thompson
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | | | - David C Hess
- University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens; and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, GA (D.C.H.)
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
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20
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Willard KA, Demakovsky L, Tesla B, Goodfellow FT, Stice SL, Murdock CC, Brindley MA. Zika Virus Exhibits Lineage-Specific Phenotypes in Cell Culture, in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes, and in an Embryo Model. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120383. [PMID: 29258204 PMCID: PMC5744157 DOI: 10.3390/v9120383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has quietly circulated in Africa and Southeast Asia for the past 65 years. However, the recent ZIKV epidemic in the Americas propelled this mosquito-borne virus to the forefront of flavivirus research. Based on historical evidence, ZIKV infections in Africa were sporadic and caused mild symptoms such as fever, skin rash, and general malaise. In contrast, recent Asian-lineage ZIKV infections in the Pacific Islands and the Americas are linked to birth defects and neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to compare replication, pathogenicity, and transmission efficiency of two historic and two contemporary ZIKV isolates in cell culture, the mosquito host, and an embryo model to determine if genetic variation between the African and Asian lineages results in phenotypic differences. While all tested isolates replicated at similar rates in Vero cells, the African isolates displayed more rapid viral replication in the mosquito C6/36 cell line, yet they exhibited poor infection rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes compared to the contemporary Asian-lineage isolates. All isolates could infect chicken embryos; however, infection with African isolates resulted in higher embryo mortality than infection with Asian-lineage isolates. These results suggest that genetic variation between ZIKV isolates can significantly alter experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Willard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Leah Demakovsky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Blanka Tesla
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Forrest T Goodfellow
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Steven L Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Tropical Emerging and Global Diseases, Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Riverbasin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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21
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Shao Q, Herrlinger S, Zhu YN, Yang M, Goodfellow F, Stice SL, Qi XP, Brindley MA, Chen JF. The African Zika virus MR-766 is more virulent and causes more severe brain damage than current Asian lineage and dengue virus. Development 2017; 144:4114-4124. [PMID: 28993398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) has two lineages, Asian and African, and their impact on developing brains has not been compared. Dengue virus (DENV) is a close family member of ZIKV and co-circulates with ZIKV. Here, we performed intracerebral inoculation of embryonic mouse brains with dengue virus 2 (DENV2), and found that DENV2 is sufficient to cause smaller brain size due to increased cell death in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons. Compared with the currently circulating Asian lineage of ZIKV (MEX1-44), DENV2 grows slower, causes less neuronal death and fails to cause postnatal animal death. Surprisingly, our side-by-side comparison uncovered that the African ZIKV isolate (MR-766) is more potent at causing brain damage and postnatal lethality than MEX1-44. In comparison with MEX1-44, MR-766 grows faster in NPCs and in the developing brain, and causes more pronounced cell death in NPCs and neurons, resulting in more severe neuronal loss. Together, these results reveal that DENV2 is sufficient to cause smaller brain sizes, and suggest that the ZIKV African lineage is more toxic and causes more potent brain damage than the Asian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Herrlinger
- Department of Genetics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mei Yang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Forrest Goodfellow
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiao-Peng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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22
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Yang X, Wu X, Brown KA, Le T, Stice SL, Bartlett MG. Determination of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites in cells and culture media by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:112-117. [PMID: 28858752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method to simultaneously quantitate chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon and the detoxified product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was developed using either liquid-liquid extraction for culture media samples, or protein precipitation for cell samples. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode was applied for the detection of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon, and selected ion recording in negative mode was applied to detect TCP. The method provided linear ranges from 5 to 500, 0.2-20 and 20-2000ng/mL for media samples and from 0.5-50, 0.02-2 and 2-200ng/million cells for CPF, CPO and TCP, respectively. The method was validated using selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, stability and dilution tests. All relative standard deviations (RSDs) and relative errors (REs) for QC samples were within 15% (except for LLOQ, within 20%). This method has been successfully applied to study the neurotoxicity and metabolism of chlorpyrifos in a human neuronal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Xian Wu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Thao Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States.
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23
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Patel AN, Spadaccio C, Kuzman M, Park E, Fischer DW, Stice SL, Mullangi C, Toma C. Improved Cell Survival in Infarcted Myocardium Using a Novel Combination Transmyocardial Laser and Cell Delivery System. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:899-905. [DOI: 10.3727/096368907783338253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been used to treat ischemic cardiac disease with promising early results. However, there has been limited success using cell therapy in infarcted tissue. The cells have an inadequate microvascular environment in order to survive once implanted into scar tissue. The goal of this study was to create a microvascular environment into infarcted myocardial tissue using transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) as a pretreatment before cell implantation and evaluate cell survival afterwards. Balloon occlusion catheter-based myocardial infarct of the circumflex artery was created in a porcine model. The infarct was allowed to mature for 2 weeks. Three groups consisting of TMR alone (TMR), TMR + fluorescent-labeled allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (TMR + Cells), and MSCs alone (Cells) were injected into the infarcted tissue using a combination TMR and cell delivery system (Phoenix™, Cardiogenesis). The hearts were explanted at 1 week after treatment for cell and tissue evaluation. The myocardial infarcts were verified in all animals using both ultrasound and direct visual imaging. All arms of the study were successful with a mean of 2.0 ± 106 MSCs injected per site into the scar tissue. All animals survived to explant at 1 week. On histological examination, 300 high-power fields were evaluated demonstrating that the TMR + Cells group had 25 ± 5 cells and the Cells group 5 ± 2 cells compared to baseline TMR alone by fluorescence. The use of TMR as a pretreatment for MSC injection increases early cell survival in infarcted tissue without increased adverse events. Further long-term functional and differentiation analysis will be required to evaluate the efficacy for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit N. Patel
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cristiano Spadaccio
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Kuzman
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eulsoon Park
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David W. Fischer
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chandra Mullangi
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catalin Toma
- Center for Cardiac Cell Therapy-Heart Lung Esophageal Surgical Institute and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC/McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Wu X, Yang X, Majumder A, Swetenburg R, Goodfellow FT, Bartlett MG, Stice SL. From the Cover: AstrocytesAre Protective Against Chlorpyrifos Developmental Neurotoxicity in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocyte-Neuron Cocultures. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:410-420. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | | | - Forrest T. Goodfellow
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
- ArunA Biomedical, Athens, Georgia 30602
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25
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Webb RL, Gallegos-Cárdenas A, Miller CN, Solomotis NJ, Liu HX, West FD, Stice SL. Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Rosettes Parallel Human Differentiation Into Sensory Neural Subtypes. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:88-94. [PMID: 28266869 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig is the large animal model of choice for study of nerve regeneration and wound repair. Availability of porcine sensory neural cells would conceptually allow for analogous cell-based peripheral nerve regeneration in porcine injuries of similar severity and size to those found in humans. After recently reporting that porcine (or pig) induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) differentiate into neural rosette (NR) structures similar to human NRs, here we demonstrate that pig NR cells could differentiate into neural crest cells and other peripheral nervous system-relevant cell types. Treatment with either bone morphogenetic protein 4 or fetal bovine serum led to differentiation into BRN3A-positive sensory cells and increased expression of sensory neuron TRK receptor gene family: TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC. Porcine sensory neural cells would allow determination of parallels between human and porcine cells in response to noxious stimuli, analgesics, and reparative mechanisms. In vitro differentiation of pig sensory neurons provides a novel model system for neural cell subtype specification and would provide a novel platform for the study of regenerative therapeutics by elucidating the requirements for innervation following injury and axonal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Amalia Gallegos-Cárdenas
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Colette N Miller
- 2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas J Solomotis
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven L Stice
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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26
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Baker EW, Platt SR, Holmes SP, Wang L, Lau VW, Grace HE, Kinder HA, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJJ, Stice SL, Hess DC, Mao H, West FD. Abstract WP115: Transplanted Induced Neural Stem Cells Differentiate and Integrate Into the Brain Parenchyma of Ischemic Stroke Pigs Leading to Improved Tissue Recovery. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies in rodents have provided evidence that induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) have a multifunctional role in stroke recovery. iNSCs mitigate tissue loss due to secondary injury, promote tissue recovery through angiogenesis, and differentiate into mature neural cell types resulting in recovery and replacement of lost and damaged brain tissue. However, many stroke therapies developed in the rodent have failed in clinical trials, suggesting that iNSC therapy should be tested in a more translatable large animal model such as the pig. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of iNSCs to differentiate into mature neural cell types and characterize the effects of iNSCs on brain tissue recovery utilizing non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy approaches in a pig model. Eight male landrace pigs underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke surgery. After 5 days, 4 pigs received iNSC intraparenchymal injections and 4 pigs received vehicle only injections. Pigs underwent MRI assessment at 24 hrs post-stroke and 1, 4, and 12 wks post-injection, and brain tissues were collected 12 wks post-injection. At 12 wks post-injection, iNSC treated pigs showed significant improvement in white matter integrity with recovery of fractional anisotropy being 4-fold higher in treated pigs relative to non-treated pigs. Perfusion weighted imaging demonstrated significant improvement in cerebral blood volume (13%), time to peak (36%), and mean transit time (41%) in treated pigs at 12 wks post-injection vs. non-treated pigs. In addition, treated pigs showed significant improvement in neurometabolites NAA, Cr, and Cho at 12 wks post-injection relative to non-treated pigs. Gene expression analysis established significant increases in neurotrophic and angiogenic factors including BDNF and ANG1, respectively, in brain tissue of treated pigs vs. non-treated pigs suggesting potential modes of action. iNSCs were located in the brain parenchyma 12 wks post-injection, and the majority were positive for the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These results demonstrated that iNSCs are capable of neuronal differentiation and long term integration while promoting tissue recovery in a preclinical pig ischemic stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Liya Wang
- Dept of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | | | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Hui Mao
- Dept of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA
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27
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Susta L, He Y, Hutcheson JM, Lu Y, West FD, Stice SL, Yu P, Abdo Z, Afonso CL. Derivation of chicken induced pluripotent stem cells tolerant to Newcastle disease virus-induced lysis through multiple rounds of infection. Virol J 2016; 13:205. [PMID: 27919263 PMCID: PMC5139146 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a devastating disease of poultry and wild birds. ND is prevented by rigorous biocontainment and vaccination. One potential approach to prevent spread of the virus is production of birds that show innate resistance to NDV-caused disease. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allows adult cells to be reprogrammed into an embryonic stem cell-like state capable of contributing to live offspring and passing on unique traits in a number of species. Recently, iPSC approaches have been successfully applied to avian cells. If chicken induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) are genetically or epigenetically modified to resist NDV infection, it may be possible to generate ND resistant poultry. There is limited information on the potential of ciPSCs to be infected by NDV, or the capacity of these cells to become resistant to infection. The aim of the present work was to assess the characteristics of the interaction between NDV and ciPSCs, and to develop a selection method that would increase tolerance of these cells to NDV-induced cellular damage. Results Results showed that ciPSCs were permissive to infection with NDV, and susceptible to virus-mediated cell death. Since ciPSCs that survived infection demonstrated the ability to recover quickly, we devised a system to select surviving cells through multiple infection rounds with NDV. ciPSCs that sustained 9 consecutive infections had a statistically significant increase in survival (up to 36 times) compared to never-infected ciPSCs upon NDV infection (tolerant cells). Increased survival was not caused by a loss of permissiveness to NDV replication. RNA sequencing followed by enrichment pathway analysis showed that numerous metabolic pathways where differentially regulated between tolerant and never-infected ciPSCs. Conclusions Results demonstrate that ciPSCs are permissive to NDV infection and become increasingly tolerant to NDV under selective pressure, indicating that this system could be applied to study mechanisms of cellular tolerance to NDV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0659-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Susta
- US National Poultry Research Center, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30605, USA. .,Present address: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Ying He
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Present address: College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 53004, China
| | - Jessica M Hutcheson
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yangqing Lu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ping Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Claudio L Afonso
- US National Poultry Research Center, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
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28
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Wu X, Majumder A, Webb R, Stice SL. High content imaging quantification of multiple in vitro human neurogenesis events after neurotoxin exposure. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:62. [PMID: 27903287 PMCID: PMC5131404 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to test neural active compounds in a human developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) model that represents neural tube stages of vulnerability. Previously we showed that 14 days in vitro (DIV 14) was sufficient to generate cryopreserved neuronal cells for post thaw neurite recovery assays. However, short exposure and assessment may not detect toxicants that affect an early neurogenesis continuum, from a mitotic human neural progenitor (hNP) cell population through the course of neurite outgrowth in differentiating neurons. Therefore, we continuously exposed differentiating hNP cells from DIV 0 through DIV 14 to known toxicants and endocrine active compounds in order to assess at DIV 14 effects of these compounds in a human DNT maturation model for neurogenesis. Methods The Human DNT continuum (DIV 0 to DIV 14) was determined using immunocytochemistry for SOX1+ (proliferating hNP) and HuC/D+ (post mitotic neurons). The cumulative effects of five compounds was observed on neurite outgrowth in (βIII-tubulin+) and (HuC/D+) cells using high content imaging. All data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results During maturation in vitro, the neural cultures transitioned from uniform hNP cells (DIV 0) to predominantly mature post mitotic neuronal neurons (HuC/D+, 65%; DIV14) but also maintained a smaller population of hNP cells (SOX1+). Using this DNT maturation model system, Bis-1, testosterone, and β-estradiol inhibited neuronal maturation at micromolar levels but were unaffected by acetaminophen. β-estradiol also disrupted neurite extension at 10 μM. Treating cells in this window with Bisphenol A (BPA) significantly inhibited neurite outgrowth and branching in these continuum cultures but only at the highest concentrations tested (10 μM). Conclusions Cumulative effects of neurotoxicant exposure during a maturation continuum altered human neurogenesis at lower exposure levels than observed in acute exposure of static cryopreserved neurite recovery neurons cultures. Unlike prior acute studies, β-estradiol was highly toxic when present throughout the continuum and cytotoxicity was manifested starting early in the continuum via a non-estrogen receptor α (ER α) mechanism. Therefore, the effect of neural developmental neurotoxins can and should be determined during the dynamic process of human neural maturation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0107-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Robin Webb
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Goodfellow FT, Tesla B, Simchick G, Zhao Q, Hodge T, Brindley MA, Stice SL. Zika Virus Induced Mortality and Microcephaly in Chicken Embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1691-1697. [PMID: 27627457 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosive spread of the Zika virus (ZIKV) through South and Central America has been linked to an increase in congenital birth defects, specifically microcephaly. Representative rodent models for investigating infections include direct central nervous system (CNS) injections late in pregnancy and transplacental transmission in immunodeficient mice. Microcephaly in humans may be the result of infection occurring early in pregnancy, therefore recapitulating that the human course of ZIKV infection should include normal embryo exposed to ZIKV during the first trimester. In ovo development of the chicken embryo closely mirrors human fetal neurodevelopment and, as a comparative model, could provide key insights into both temporal and pathophysiological effects of ZIKV. Chick embryos were directly infected early and throughout incubation with ZIKV isolated from a Mexican mosquito in January 2016. High doses of virus caused embryonic lethality. In a subset of lower dosed embryos, replicating ZIKV was present in various organs, including the CNS, throughout development. Surviving ZIKV-infected embryos presented a microcephaly-like phenotype. Chick embryos were longitudinally monitored by magnetic resonance imaging that documented CNS structural malformations, including enlarged ventricles (30% increase) and stunted cortical growth (decreased telencephalon by 18%, brain stem by 32%, and total brain volume by 18%), on both embryonic day 15 (E15) and E20 of development. ZIKV-induced microcephaly was observed with inoculations of as few as 2-20 viral particles. The chick embryo model presented ZIKV embryonic lethal effects and progressive CNS damage similar to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest T Goodfellow
- 1 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Blanka Tesla
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Gregory Simchick
- 3 Bioimaging Research Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Qun Zhao
- 3 Bioimaging Research Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Thomas Hodge
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- 4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Population Health, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven L Stice
- 5 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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Goodfellow F, Simchick GA, Mortensen LJ, Stice SL, Zhao Q. Tracking and Quantification of Magnetically Labeled Stem Cells using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Adv Funct Mater 2016; 26:3899-3915. [PMID: 28751853 PMCID: PMC5526633 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell based therapies have critical impacts on treatments and cures of diseases such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disease. In vivo tracking of stem cells labeled with magnetic contrast agents is of particular interest and importance as it allows for monitoring of the cells' bio-distribution, viability, and physiological responses. Herein, recent advances are introduced in tracking and quantification of super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles-labeled cells with magnetic resonance imaging, a noninvasive approach that can longitudinally monitor transplanted cells. This is followed by recent translational research on human stem cells that are dual-labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and SPIO nanoparticles, then transplanted and tracked in a chicken embryo model. Cell labeling efficiency, viability, and cell differentiation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Bioimaging Research Center, Regenerative Bioscience Center, and Department of Physics University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Qun Zhao
- Bioimaging Research Center, Regenerative Bioscience Center, and Department of Physics University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602, USA
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West FD, Platt SR, Holmes SP, Wang L, Lau VW, Baker EW, Grace HE, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJ, Stice SL, Hess DC, Mao H. Abstract 130: Induced Neural Stem Cell Treated Stroke Pigs Show Improved White Matter Integrity and Brain Metabolism Post-ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in rodent stroke models have shown that induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) can lead to a significant decrease in lesion size, immune response and improvement in functional deficits. These improvements are linked to the iNSC potential dual mode of action as they can perform as a cell replacement therapy and produce neuroprotective and regenerative signaling. These results are promising yet the vast majority of therapies developed in rodent stroke models have failed to translate in clinical trials; suggesting that iNSC therapy should be tested in a more human like model such as the pig. We hypothesize that iNSC treatment will lead to improved white matter integrity, brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow (CBF) as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS) in stroked pigs. Eight male landrace pigs underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke surgery. After 5 days, 4 pigs received iNSCs intraparenchymal injections and 4 pigs received vehicle only injections. Pigs underwent MRI and MRS assessment at 24 hrs post-injury and 1, 4 and 12 wks post-injection. MRI results at 24 hrs showed that all pigs had an ischemic stroke. At 1 wk post-injection, fractional anisotropy measurements of white matter integrity showed the affected side of the brain was 71% and 52% of normal, non-treated and treated respectively. At 12 wks, iNSC treated pigs showed a significant improvement in FA at 93% of normal, while non-treated pigs showed no improvement. MRS results demonstrated a significant decrease in NAA, Cr and Cho at 1 wk post-injection in treated and non-treated pigs. However, treated pigs showed a significant improvement in NAA, Cr and Cho at 12 wks post-injection, while non-treated pigs showed no improvement. At 12 wks, ischemic tissue in iNSC treated pigs had trending increases in CBF, while non-treated pigs showed no improvement. These results demonstrated that iNSC treated stroke pigs show improved white matter integrity, brain metabolism and CBF post-ischemic stroke and that iNSCs may one day be a viable clinical option for human stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Liya Wang
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | | | | | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Cntr, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Hui Mao
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA
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Shittu I, Zhu Z, Lu Y, Hutcheson JM, Stice SL, West FD, Donadeu M, Dungu B, Fadly AM, Zavala G, Ferguson-Noel N, Afonso CL. Development, characterization and optimization of a new suspension chicken-induced pluripotent cell line for the production of Newcastle disease vaccine. Biologicals 2015; 44:24-32. [PMID: 26586283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, substrates for production of viral poultry vaccines have been embryonated eggs or adherent primary cell cultures. The difficulties and cost involved in scaling up these substrates in cases of increased demand have been a limitation for vaccine production. Here, we assess the ability of a newly developed chicken-induced pluripotent cell line, BA3, to support replication and growth of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine strain. The characteristics and growth profile of the cells were also investigated. BA3 cells could grow in suspension in different media to a high density of up to 7.0 × 10(6) cells/mL and showed rapid proliferation with doubling time of 21 h. Upon infection, a high virus titer of 1.02 × 10(8) EID50/mL was obtained at 24 h post infection using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. In addition, the cell line was shown to be free of endogenous and exogenous Avian Leukosis viruses, Reticuloendotheliosis virus, Fowl Adenovirus, Marek's disease virus, and several Mycoplasma species. In conclusion, BA3 cell line is potentially an excellent candidate for vaccine production due to its highly desirable industrially friendly characteristics of growing to high cell density and capability of growth in serum free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Shittu
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ziying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica M Hutcheson
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Aly M Fadly
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 4279 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Guillermo Zavala
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Naola Ferguson-Noel
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Claudio L Afonso
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Gallegos-Cárdenas A, Webb R, Jordan E, West R, West FD, Yang JY, Wang K, Stice SL. Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Rosettes Developmentally Mimic Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Neural Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1901-11. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Gallegos-Cárdenas
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Girona, Perú
| | - Robin Webb
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Erin Jordan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rachel West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kai Wang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia
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Callihan P, Ali MW, Salazar H, Quach N, Wu X, Stice SL, Hooks SB. Convergent regulation of neuronal differentiation and Erk and Akt kinases in human neural progenitor cells by lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and LIF: specific roles for the LPA1 receptor. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/6/1759091414558416. [PMID: 25424429 PMCID: PMC4357610 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414558416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive lysophospholipids lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) have diverse effects on the developing nervous system and neural progenitors, but the molecular basis for their pleiotropic effects is poorly understood. We previously defined LPA and S1P signaling in proliferating human neural progenitor (hNP) cells, and the current study investigates their role in neuronal differentiation of these cells. Differentiation in the presence of LPA or S1P significantly enhanced cell survival and decreased expression of neuronal markers. Further, the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 fully blocked the effects of LPA, and differentiation in the presence of Ki16425 dramatically enhanced neurite length. LPA and S1P robustly activated Erk, but surprisingly both strongly suppressed Akt activation. Ki16425 and pertussis toxin blocked LPA activation of Erk but not LPA inhibition of Akt, suggesting distinct receptor and G-protein subtypes mediate these effects. Finally, we explored cross talk between lysophospholipid signaling and the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LPA/S1P effects on neuronal differentiation were amplified in the presence of LIF. Similarly, the ability of LPA/S1P to regulate Erk and Akt was impacted by the presence of LIF; LIF enhanced the inhibitory effect of LPA/S1P on Akt phosphorylation, while LIF blunted the activation of Erk by LPA/S1P. Taken together, our results suggest that LPA and S1P enhance survival and inhibit neuronal differentiation of hNP cells, and LPA1 is critical for the effect of LPA. The pleiotropic effects of LPA may reflect differences in receptor subtype expression or cross talk with LIF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Callihan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mourad W Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hector Salazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nhat Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shelley B Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Lu Y, West FD, Jordan BJ, Jordan ET, West RC, Yu P, He Y, Barrios MA, Zhu Z, Petitte JN, Beckstead RB, Stice SL. Induced Pluripotency in Chicken Embryonic Fibroblast Results in a Germ Cell Fate. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1755-64. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Brian J. Jordan
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Erin T. Jordan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rachel C. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ping Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ying He
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and New Technology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Miguel A. Barrios
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ziying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - James N. Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Yu P, Lu Y, Jordan BJ, Liu Y, Yang JY, Hutcheson JM, Ethridge CL, Mumaw JL, Kinder HA, Beckstead RB, Stice SL, West FD. Nonviral minicircle generation of induced pluripotent stem cells compatible with production of chimeric chickens. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:366-78. [PMID: 25084370 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens are vitally important in numerous countries as a primary food source and a major component of economic development. Efforts have been made to produce transgenic birds through pluripotent stem cell [primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)] approaches to create animals with improved traits, such as meat and egg production or even disease resistance. However, these cell types have significant limitations because they are hard to culture long term while maintaining developmental plasticity. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel class of stem cells that have proven to be robust, leading to the successful development of transgenic mice, rats, quail, and pigs and may potentially overcome the limitations of previous pluripotent stem cell systems in chickens. In this study we generated chicken (c) iPSCs from fibroblast cells for the first time using a nonviral minicircle reprogramming approach. ciPSCs demonstrated stem cell morphology and expressed key stem cell markers, including alkaline phosphatase, POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, and SSEA-1. These cells were capable of rapid growth and expressed high levels of telomerase. Late-passage ciPSCs transplanted into stage X embryos were successfully incorporated into tissues of all three germ layers, and the gonads demonstrated significant cellular plasticity. These cells provide an exciting new tool to create transgenic chickens with broad implications for agricultural and transgenic animal fields at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602
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Platt SR, Holmes SP, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJJ, Dove CR, Kinder HA, Wyatt EL, Linville AV, Lau VW, Stice SL, Hill WD, Hess DC, West FD. Development and characterization of a Yucatan miniature biomedical pig permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. Exp Transl Stroke Med 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24655785 PMCID: PMC3977938 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to develop stroke treatments have met with limited success despite an intense need to produce novel treatments. The failed translation of many of these therapies in clinical trials has lead to a close examination of the therapeutic development process. One of the major factors believed to be limiting effective screening of these treatments is the absence of an animal model more predictive of human responses to treatments. The pig may potentially fill this gap with a gyrencephalic brain that is larger in size with a more similar gray-white matter composition to humans than traditional stroke animal models. In this study we develop and characterize a novel pig middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic stroke model. METHODS Eleven male pigs underwent MCAO surgery with the first 4 landrace pigs utilized to optimize stroke procedure and 7 additional Yucatan stroked pigs studied over a 90 day period. MRI analysis was done at 24 hrs and 90 days and included T2w, T2w FLAIR, T1w FLAIR and DWI sequences and associated ADC maps. Pigs were sacrificed at 90 days and underwent gross and microscopic histological evaluation. Significance in quantitative changes was determined by two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's Pair-Wise comparisons. RESULTS MRI analysis of animals that underwent MCAO surgery at 24 hrs had hyperintense regions in T2w and DWI images with corresponding ADC maps having hypointense regions indicating cytotoxic edema consistent with an ischemic stroke. At 90 days, region of interest analysis of T1 FLAIR and ADC maps had an average lesion size of 59.17 cc, a loss of 8% brain matter. Histological examination of pig brains showed atrophy and loss of tissue, consistent with MRI, as well as glial scar formation and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS The MCAO procedure led to significant and consistent strokes with high survivability. These results suggest that the pig model is potentially a robust system for the study of stroke pathophysiology and potential diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Small Animal and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kylee Jo J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Robert Dove
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily L Wyatt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amie V Linville
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Duberstein KJ, Platt SR, Holmes SP, Dove CR, Howerth EW, Kent M, Stice SL, Hill WD, Hess DC, West FD. Gait analysis in a pre- and post-ischemic stroke biomedical pig model. Physiol Behav 2013; 125:8-16. [PMID: 24286894 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Severity of neural injury including stroke in human patients, as well as recovery from injury, can be assessed through changes in gait patterns of affected individuals. Similar quantification of motor function deficits has been measured in rodent animal models of such injuries. However, due to differences in fundamental structure of human and rodent brains, there is a need to develop a large animal model to facilitate treatment development for neurological conditions. Porcine brain structure is similar to that of humans, and therefore the pig may make a more clinically relevant animal model. The current study was undertaken to determine key gait characteristics in normal biomedical miniature pigs and dynamic changes that occur post-neural injury in a porcine middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion ischemic stroke model. Yucatan miniature pigs were trained to walk through a semi-circular track and were recorded with high speed cameras to detect changes in key gait parameters. Analysis of normal pigs showed overall symmetry in hindlimb swing and stance times, forelimb stance time, along with step length, step velocity, and maximum hoof height on both fore and hindlimbs. A subset of pigs were again recorded at 7, 5 and 3 days prior to MCA occlusion and then at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days following surgery. MRI analysis showed that MCA occlusion resulted in significant infarction. Gait analysis indicated that stroke resulted in notable asymmetries in both temporal and spatial variables. Pigs exhibited lower maximum front hoof height on the paretic side, as well as shorter swing time and longer stance time on the paretic hindlimb. These results support that gait analysis of stroke injury is a highly sensitive detection method for changes in gait parameters in pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee Jo Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Small Animal and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Robert Dove
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Sahasranaman V, Eilertson CD, Nash RJ, Usta SN, Kelly S, Rose M, Peraza R, Arumugham J, Stewart B, Stice SL, Nash RJ. Ethanol alters proliferation and differentiation of normal and chromosomally abnormal human embryonic stem cell-derived neurospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:283-95. [PMID: 23696232 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a powerful substance and, when consumed during pregnancy, has significant psychoactive and developmental effects on the developing fetus. These abnormalities include growth retardation, neurological deficits, and behavioral and cognitive deficiencies, commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The effect of ethanol has been reported to affect cellular development on the embryonic level, however, not much is known about mutations contributing to the influence of ethanol. The purpose of our study was to determine if mutation contribute to changes in differentiation patterning, cell-cycle regulatory gene expression, and DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells after ethanol exposure. We exposed human embryonic stem cells (with and without know DNA mutations) to a low concentration (20 mM) of ethanol and measured neurosphere proliferation and differentiation, glial protein levels, expression of various cell-cycle genes, and DNA methylation. Ethanol altered cell-cycle gene expression between the two cell lines; however, gene methylation was not affected in ether lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Singh A, Suri S, Lee T, Chilton JM, Cooke MT, Chen W, Fu J, Stice SL, Lu H, McDevitt TC, García AJ. Adhesion strength-based, label-free isolation of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2013; 10:438-44. [PMID: 23563795 PMCID: PMC3641175 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently isolate undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (UD-hiPSCs) as colonies from contaminating non-pluripotent cells is a crucial step in the stem cell field to maintain hiPSC survival, purity, and karyotype stability. Here we demonstrate significant differences in ‘adhesive signature’ among UD-hiPSCs, parental cells, partially reprogrammed cells, and differentiated progeny. The distinct adhesive signature of hiPSCs was exploited to rapidly (~10 min) and efficiently isolate fully reprogrammed bona fide hiPSCs as intact colonies from heterogeneous reprogramming cultures and differentiated progeny using microfluidics. hiPSCs were isolated in a label-free fashion and enriched to > 95–99% purity and survival without adversely affecting the transcriptional profile, differentiation potential or karyotype of the pluripotent cells. This rapid and label-free strategy is applicable to isolate UD-hPSCs (hiPSCs, hESCs) from heterogeneous cultures during reprogramming and routine cultures and can be expanded to purify stem cells of specific lineages, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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41
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Majumder A, Dhara SK, Swetenburg R, Mithani M, Cao K, Medrzycki M, Fan Y, Stice SL. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases induces astrocytic differentiation of neural progenitors. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:574-86. [PMID: 23644509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to specify rapid differentiation of human neural progenitor towards enriched non-transformed human astrocyte progenitors will provide a critical cell source to further our understanding of how astrocytes play a pivotal role in neural function and development. Human neural progenitors derived from pluripotent embryonic stem cells and propagated in adherent serum-free cultures provide a fate restricted renewable source for quick production of neural cells; however, such cells are highly refractive to astrocytogenesis and show a strong neurogenic bias, similar to neural progenitors from the early embryonic central nervous system (CNS). We found that several astrocytic genes are hypermethylated in such progenitors potentially preventing generation of astrocytes and leading to the proneuronal fate of these progenitors. However, epigenetic modification by Azacytidine (Aza-C) and Trichostatin A (TSA), with concomitant signaling from BMP2 and LIF in neural progenitor cultures shifts this bias, leading to expression of astrocytic markers as early as 5days of differentiation, with near complete suppression of neuronal differentiation. The resultant cells express major astrocytic markers, are amenable to co-culture with neurons, can be propagated as astrocyte progenitors and are cryopreservable. Although previous reports have generated astrocytes from pluripotent cells, the differentiation required extensive culture or selection based on cell surface antigens. The development of a label free and rapid differentiation process will expedite future derivation of astrocytes from various sources pluripotent cells including, but not limited to, human astrocytes associated with various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Majumder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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42
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Liu Y, Yang JY, Lu Y, Yu P, Dove CR, Hutcheson JM, Mumaw JL, Stice SL, West FD. α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase Knockout Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Cell Source for the Production of Xenotransplant Pigs. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:107-16. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Jeong Yeh Yang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Ping Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - C. Robert Dove
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Jessica M. Hutcheson
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Jennifer L. Mumaw
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
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Majumder A, Banerjee S, Harrill JA, Machacek DW, Mohamad O, Bacanamwo M, Mundy WR, Wei L, Dhara SK, Stice SL. Neurotrophic effects of leukemia inhibitory factor on neural cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2387-99. [PMID: 22899336 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various growth factor cocktails have been used to proliferate and then differentiate human neural progenitor (NP) cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ESC) for in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been largely overlooked. Here, we demonstrate that LIF significantly enhanced in vitro survival and promoted differentiation of human ESC-derived NP cells. In NP cells, as well as NP-derived neurons, LIF reduced caspase-mediated apoptosis and reduced both spontaneous and H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species in culture. In vitro, NP cell proliferation and the yield of differentiated neurons were significantly higher in the presence of LIF. In NP cells, LIF enhanced cMyc phosphorylation, commonly associated with self-renewal/proliferation. Also, in differentiating NP cells LIF activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways, associated with cell survival and reduced apoptosis. When differentiated in LIF+ media, neurite outgrowth and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were potentiated together with increased expression of gp130, a component of the LIF receptor complex. NP cells, pretreated in vitro with LIF, were effective in reducing infarct volume in a model of focal ischemic stroke but LIF did not lead to significantly improved initial NP cell survival over nontreated NP cells. Our results show that LIF signaling significantly promotes human NP cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation in vitro. Activated LIF signaling should be considered in cell culture expansion systems for future human NP cell-based therapeutic transplant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Majumder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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44
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Zhu A, Ma J, Grace H, Stice SL, West FD, Hoda MN, Kondrikova G, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Johnson MH, Hess M, Carroll JE, Hill WD, Hess DC. Abstract WP101: Localization of Stereotactic Injections of Human iNP cells One Week Post-MCAL Stroke is Critical in Reducing Stroke Lesion Injury. Stroke 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.awp101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is interest in therapeutic approaches to improve stroke injuries beyond the current 4.5 hour window of opportunity available for tPA treatment. We are interested in determining if neural progenitor cells can provide protection one week out from a stroke injury, and if the location of the cells relative to the core or penumbra of the injury site is important.
Methods:
We used a unilateral permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (MCAL) stroke injury model in C57B6 mice (male 3 months old) that generates a modest cortical lesion with limited subcortical injury. A single 3 ul Stereotactic injection was made either in the stroke core, or outside the injury site penumbra under the ipsilateral hippocampus. We injected 100,000 neural progenitor cells (iNPs) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human fibroblasts. Previous work showed that injection in a matrix enhanced iNP survival, therefore, the cells were injected either in a hydrogel matrix (n=4) or in matrigel (n=5) one week post-MCAL. Hydrogel (n=5) and Matrigel (n=4) only control groups were also used. Mice were sacrificed three weeks post-MCAL (two weeks post-transplant) and evaluated for lesion size as a percent of cortex.
Results:
Mice that received stem cells placed into the core of the lesion, regardless of the specific matrix, had significantly smaller cortical lesions (p=0.0021) than those who did not receive stem cells (hydrogel alone control 36.0% mean cortical lesion (10.7% SD); Hydrogel + iNP cells 15.6% (3.1%); Matrigel alone control 30.4% (10.0%), matrigel + iNP cells 19.4% (8.6%). There was no difference between the controls: saline only, matrigel only, or hydrogel only. Using the same approach a second set of mice received 100,000 iNP cells outside of the lesion site, below the ipsilateral hippocampus (matrigel + iNPs (n=9), matrigel alone (n=9), or saline (n=8). In contrast there was no reduction in lesion size.
Conclusion:
This suggests that iNPs in the region of greatest injury can provide protection even one week following stroke, but that these effects are spatially limited. Future studies will focus on aged male and female populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Zhu
- Georgia Health Sciences Univ, Augusta, GA
| | - Jun Ma
- Georgia Health Sciences Univ, Augusta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Md N Hoda
- Georgia Health Sciences Univ, Augusta, GA
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45
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Abstract
Chimeric animals generated from livestock-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have opened the door of opportunity to genetically manipulate species for the production of biomedical models, improving traits of agricultural importance and potentially providing a system to test novel iPSC therapies. The potential of pluripotent stem cells in livestock has long been recognized, with many attempts being chronicled to isolate, culture and characterize pluripotent cells from embryos. However, in most cases, livestock stem cells derived from embryonic sources have failed to reach a pluripotent state marked by the inability to form chimeric animals. The in-depth understanding of core pluripotency factors and the realization of how these factors can be harnessed to reprogram adult cells into an induced pluripotent state has changed the paradigm of livestock stem cells. In this review, we will examine the advancements in iPSC technology in mammalian and avian livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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46
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Guo X, Stice SL, Boyd NL, Chen SY. A novel in vitro model system for smooth muscle differentiation from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C289-98. [PMID: 23220114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00298.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a novel in vitro model for smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells (hES-MCs). We found that hES-MCs were differentiated to SMCs by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a dose- and time-dependent manner as demonstrated by the expression of SMC-specific genes smooth muscle α-actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. Under normal growth conditions, however, the differentiation capacity of hES-MCs was very limited. hES-MC-derived SMCs had an elongated and spindle-shaped morphology and contracted in response to the induction of carbachol and KCl. KCl-induced calcium transient was also evident in these cells. Compared with the parental cells, TGF-β-treated hES-MCs sustained the endothelial tube formation for a longer time due to the sustained SMC phenotype. Mechanistically, TGF-β-induced differentiation was both Smad- and serum response factor/myocardin dependent. TGF-β regulated myocardin expression via multiple signaling pathways including Smad2/3, p38 MAPK, and PI3K. Importantly, we found that a low level of myocardin was present in mesoderm prior to SMC lineage determination, and a high level of myocardin was not induced until the differentiation process was initiated. Taken together, our study characterized a novel SMC differentiation model that can be used for studying human SMC differentiation from mesoderm during vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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47
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Keefer CL, Stice SL, Paprocki AM, Golueke P. In vitro culture of bovine IVM-IVF embryos: Cooperative interaction among embryos and the role of growth factors. Theriogenology 2012; 41:1323-31. [PMID: 16727487 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1993] [Accepted: 02/16/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a cooperative interaction among bovine embryos during in vitro culture. Furthermore, culture medium was supplemented with the growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), to determine if these factors had a stimulatory effect on bovine embryo development similar to that seen in mouse development. In vitro matured - in vitro fertilized bovine embryos (2- to 8-cell) were cultured singly and in groups of five in 25 mul of medium (CR1 + amino acids + fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin) with or without EGF and TGF-beta1. Bovine embryos cultured in groups had a significantly higher rate of development to the blastocyst stage than embryos cultured singly. Neither EGF (10 ng/ml) nor TGF-beta1 (2 ng/ml) affected blastocyst development, hatching or the cell number of the embryos cultured in groups. Epidermal growth factor stimulated hatching of embryos cultured singly from the 8-cell stage, but did not significantly affect blastocyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Keefer
- ABS Specialty Genetics American Breeders Service 6908 River Road DeForest, WI 53532-0459 USA
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48
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West FD, Henderson WM, Yu P, Yang JY, Stice SL, Smith MA. Metabolomic response of human embryonic stem cell-derived germ-like cells after exposure to steroid hormones. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:9-20. [PMID: 22649186 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the potential risks of human exposure to endocrine active compounds (EACs), the mechanisms of toxicity must first be identified and characterized. Currently, there are no robust in vitro models for identifying the mechanisms of toxicity in germ cells resulting from EAC exposure. Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into numerous functional cell types including germ-like cells (GLCs). These cells possess characteristics indicative of a germ cell state, suggesting they offer a novel system to investigate the consequences of chemical exposure on normal germ cell processes. To characterize these processes, a metabolomic-based approach was employed to determine the response of GLCs following exposure to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100µM estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone for 48h. Following exposure, cellular extracts underwent gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. Models were then constructed using principal component analysis on acquired spectra to discriminate among steroid hormones as well as doses for each hormone. t-test comparisons generated a preliminary list of metabolites that were statistically significant in GLC's biochemical response to these steroid hormones. Steroid hormone exposures caused fluxes in intracellular pathways such as amino acid synthesis and metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, as well as cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. Further pathway analysis, based on these identified metabolites, will aid in modeling the response of GLCs to endogenous steroid hormones and allow for identification of biomarkers delineating germ cell-based developmental and reproductive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30603, USA.
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49
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Tucker-Burden C, Chappa P, Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Harris W, Usta SN, Eilertson CD, Hadjipanayis CG, Stice SL, Brat DJ, Nash RJ. Lectins identify glycan biomarkers on glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2374-86. [PMID: 22435486 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Despite aggressive therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, nearly all patients succumb to disease within 2 years. Several studies have supported the presence of stem-like cells in brain tumor cultures that are CD133-positive, are capable of self-renewal, and give rise to all cell types found within the tumor, potentially perpetuating growth. CD133 is a widely accepted marker for glioma-derived cancer stem cells; however, its reliability has been questioned, creating a need for other identifiers of this biologically important subpopulation. We used a panel of 20 lectins to identify differences in glycan expression found in the glycocalyx of undifferentiated glioma-derived stem cells and differentiated cells that arise from them. Fluorescently labeled lectins that specifically recognize α-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and α-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) differentially bound to the cell surface based on the state of cellular differentiation. GalNAc and GlcNAc were highly expressed on the surface of undifferentiated cells and showed markedly reduced expression over a 12-day duration of differentiation. Additionally, the GalNAc-recognizing lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin was capable of specifically selecting and sorting glioma-derived stem cell populations from an unsorted tumor stock and this subpopulation had proliferative properties similar to CD133(+) cells in vitro and also had tumor-forming capability in vivo. Our preliminary results on a single cerebellar GBM suggest that GalNAc and GlcNAc are novel biomarkers for identifying glioma-derived stem cells and can be used to isolate cancer stem cells from unsorted cell populations, thereby creating new cell lines for research or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Tucker-Burden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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50
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West FD, Uhl EW, Liu Y, Stowe H, Lu Y, Yu P, Gallegos-Cardenas A, Pratt SL, Stice SL. Brief report: chimeric pigs produced from induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrate germline transmission and no evidence of tumor formation in young pigs. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1640-3. [PMID: 22039609 DOI: 10.1002/stem.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) capable of generating chimeric animals, a feat not previously accomplished with embryonic stem cells or iPSCs in a species outside of rodents, has opened the doors for in-depth study of iPSC tumorigenicity, autologous transplantation, and other key aspects to safely move iPSC therapies to the clinic. The study of iPSC tumorigenicity is critical as previous research in the mouse showed that iPSC-derived chimeras possessed large numbers of tumors, rising significant concerns about the safety of iPSC therapies. Additionally, piPSCs capable of generating germline chimeras could revolutionize the transgenic animal field by enabling complex genetic manipulations (e.g., knockout or knockin of genes) to produce biomedically important large animal models or improve livestock production. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time in a nonrodent species germline transmission of iPSCs with the live birth of a transgenic piglet that possessed genome integration of the human POU5F1 and NANOG genes. In addition, gross and histological examination of necropsied porcine chimeras at 2, 7, and 9 months showed that these animals lacked tumor formation and demonstrated normal development. Tissue samples positive for human POU5F1 DNA showed no C-MYC gene expression, further implicating C-MYC as a cause of tumorigenicity. The development of germline-competent porcine iPSCs that do not produce tumors in young chimeric animals presents an attractive and powerful translational model to study the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapies and perhaps to efficiently produce complex transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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