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Morehouse ZP, Chance N, Ryan GL, Proctor CM, Nash RJ. A narrative review of nine commercial point of care influenza tests: an overview of methods, benefits, and drawbacks to rapid influenza diagnostic testing. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:39-47. [PMID: 35977624 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are becoming increasingly accurate, available, and reliable as the first line of testing when suspecting influenza infections, although the global burden of influenza infections remains high. Rapid diagnosis of influenza infections has been shown to reduce improper or delayed treatment and to increase access to diagnostic measures in public health, primary care, and hospital-based settings. OBJECTIVES As the use of RIDTs continues to expand in all healthcare settings, there is a multitude of molecular techniques being employed by these various testing platforms. With this in mind, we compare the sensitivity, specificity, and time to diagnosis for nine highly utilized commercial RIDTs. METHODS Nine commercially available RIDTs were identified from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, which were also referenced on PubMed by name within the title or abstract of peer-reviewed publications examining the sensitivity and specificity of each test against a minimum of three influenza A virus (IAV) strains as well as seasonal influenza B virus (IBV). Data from the peer-reviewed publications and manufacturers' websites were combined to discuss the sensitivity, specify, and time to diagnosis associated with each RIDT. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity across the examined RIDTs were greater than 85.0% for both IAV and IBV across all platforms, with the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays maintaining sensitivity and specificity greater than 95.0% for all viruses tested. However, the RT-PCR platforms were the longest in time to diagnosis when compared to the other molecular methods utilized in the examined RIDTs. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we discussed the benefits and limitations of nine commercially available RIDTs and the molecular techniques upon which they are based, showing the relative accuracy and speed of each test for IAV and IBV detection as reported by the peer-reviewed literature and commercial manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Omni International, Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA.,Jeevan Biosciences, Inc, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Nathan Chance
- Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rodney J Nash
- Omni International, Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA.,Jeevan Biosciences, Inc, Tucker, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Morehouse ZP, Proctor CM, Ryan GL, Nash RJ. A Novel PCR-Based Methodology for Viral Detection Utilizing Mechanical Homogenization. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4349. [PMID: 35592597 PMCID: PMC8918218 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of viral diseases on human health is becoming increasingly prevalent globally with the burden of disease being shared between resource-rich and poor areas. As seen in the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is a need to establish viral detection techniques applicable to resource-limited areas that provide sensitive and specific testing with a logistically conscious mindset. Herein, we describe a direct-to-PCR technology utilizing mechanical homogenization prior to viral PCR detection, which allows the user to bypass traditional RNA extraction techniques for accurate detection of human coronavirus. This methodology was validated in vitro, utilizing human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), and then clinically, utilizing patient samples to test for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this manuscript, we describe in detail the protocol utilized to determine the limit of detection for this methodology with in vitro testing of HCoV-229E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
,Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA
,Jeevan Biosciences LLC, Tucker, GA, USA
,
*For correspondence:
| | - Caleb M. Proctor
- Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | | | - Rodney J. Nash
- Jeevan Biosciences LLC, Tucker, GA, USA
,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Morehouse ZP, Nash RJ. Embracing industry sponsored research to expand osteopathic medical student research experiences. J Osteopath Med 2021; 121:915-916. [PMID: 34473919 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2021-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Omni International, Inc., A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Rodney J Nash
- Omni International, Inc., A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Morehouse ZP, Samikwa L, Proctor CM, Meleke H, Kamdolozi M, Ryan GL, Chaima D, Ho A, Nash RJ, Nyirenda TS. Validation of a direct-to-PCR COVID-19 detection protocol utilizing mechanical homogenization: A model for reducing resources needed for accurate testing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256316. [PMID: 34407126 PMCID: PMC8372900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and effective viral detection methodologies are a critical piece in the global response to COVID-19, with PCR-based nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab testing serving as the current gold standard. With over 100 million confirmed cases globally, the supply chains supporting these PCR testing efforts are under a tremendous amount of stress, driving the need for innovative and accurate diagnostic solutions. Herein, the utility of a direct-to-PCR method of SARS-CoV-2 detection grounded in mechanical homogenization is examined for reducing resources needed for testing while maintaining a comparable sensitivity to the current gold standard workflow of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab testing. In a head-to-head comparison of 30 patient samples, this initial clinical validation study of the proposed homogenization-based workflow demonstrated significant agreeability with the current extraction-based method utilized while cutting the total resources needed in half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
- Jeevan BioSciences, Tucker, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lyson Samikwa
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Caleb M. Proctor
- Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harry Meleke
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mercy Kamdolozi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gabriella L. Ryan
- Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Chaima
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney J. Nash
- Omni International Inc, A PerkinElmer Company, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
- Jeevan BioSciences, Tucker, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tonney S. Nyirenda
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
As the number of viral diseases are on the rise, it is critical to continue to innovate and advance diagnostic, treatment, and surveillance methods surrounding viral infections. Currently, one of the most reliable methods for viral infection detection are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays. These assays often involve procedures of swabbing a patient, processing the sample to lyse the virus, extract, and purify it’s nucleotides, and then run the purified genetic material via PCR for detection of a gene product needed to confirm the patient’s suspected diagnosis. This process requires time to complete and is dependent on the availability of the reagents and plastics required to complete the lysis, extraction, purification, and amplification procedures. Herein, we have developed a method to detect virus off a swab using solely shaker-mill based mechanical lysis and the transfer of the viral lysate directly to a PCR based assay, bypassing the reagent heavy and time consuming extraction and purification steps.
Methods
Using Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as a model system, we spiked swabs with clinically relevant levels of the virus for proof-of-concept testing. Swabs were spiked in serial dilutions from 1.2e7 copies/mL to 1.2e1 copies/mL. The swabs were then placed in 2mL tubes with viral transport media (VTM) to mimic the specimen collection procedures in the clinic prior to processing via shaker-mill homogenization. After homogenization, 1 uL of viral lysate was run in RT-qPCR for amplification of the nucleocapsid (N) gene, qualifying viral detection from the sample.
Results
HCoV-229E spiked swabs were run through the two-step process of homogenization direct to RT-qPCR for viral detection. After running 54 swabs, we confidently determined our limit of detection to be 1.2e3 viral copies/mL with 96.30% sensitivity in vitro.
Conclusion
We have successfully proven that shaker-mill homogenization provides sufficient viral lysis off swabs, where the resulting lysate can be used directly in PCR based assays for the detection of virus. This finding allows for decreased run time in traditional PCR based diagnostics and reduces the reagents and plastics required for each sample, ultimately reducing the cost and time of each viral test when compared to traditional PCR based methods.
Disclosures
Zachary P. Morehouse, MS, OMS-III, Omni International Inc (Consultant) Caleb Proctor, BS, Omni International Inc (Employee) Gabriella Ryan, BS, Omni International Inc (Employee) Rodney J. Nash, PhD, Omni International Inc (Employee)
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
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Morehouse ZP, Proctor CM, Ryan GL, Nash RJ. A novel two-step, direct-to-PCR method for virus detection off swabs using human coronavirus 229E. Virol J 2020; 17:129. [PMID: 32843049 PMCID: PMC7445803 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, one of the most reliable methods for viral infection detection are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays. This process is time and resource heavy, requiring multiple steps of lysis, extraction, purification, and amplification procedures. Herein, we have developed a method to detect virus off swabs using solely shaker-mill based mechanical lysis and the transfer of the viral lysate directly to a PCR assay for virus detection, bypassing the substantial reagent and time investments required for extraction and purification steps. Methods Using Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as a model system, we spiked swabs in vitro for proof-of-concept testing. Swabs were spiked in serial dilutions from 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 101 copies/mL and then placed in 2 mL tubes with viral transport media (VTM) to mimic the specimen collection procedures in the clinic prior to processing via shaker-mill homogenization. After homogenization, 1 μL of lysate was processed using RT-qPCR for amplification of the nucleocapsid (N) gene, qualifying viral detection. Results HCoV-229E in vitro spiked swabs were processed in a novel two-step, direct-to-PCR methodology for viral detection. After running 54 swabs, we confidently determined our limit of detection to be 1.2 × 103 viral copies/mL with 96.30% sensitivity. Conclusion We have proven that the shaker-mill homogenization-based two-step, direct-to-PCR procedures provides sufficient viral lysis off swabs, where the resulting lysate can be used directly in PCR for the detection of HCoV-229E. This finding allows for reductions in the time and resources required for PCR based virus detection in comparison to the traditional extraction-to-PCR methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Morehouse
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Omni International Inc, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
| | - Caleb M Proctor
- Omni International Inc, Kennesaw, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Peidmont Ave SE, 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Gabriella L Ryan
- Omni International Inc, Kennesaw, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Peidmont Ave SE, 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Rodney J Nash
- Omni International Inc, Kennesaw, GA, USA. .,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Peidmont Ave SE, 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA. .,Jeevan Biosciences, Tucker, GA, USA.
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Easparro B, Soldat S, Proctor C, Nash RJ, Atwood J. Comparison of Tissue Preparation, Handling and Dissociation Methods for Total RNA. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.625.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Usta SN, Scharer CD, Xu J, Frey TK, Nash RJ. Chemically defined serum-free and xeno-free media for multiple cell lineages. Ann Transl Med 2014; 2:97. [PMID: 25405151 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture is one of the most common methods used to recapitulate a human disease environment in a laboratory setting. Cell culture techniques are used to grow and maintain cells of various types including those derived from primary tissues, such as stem cells and cancer tumors. However, a major confounding factor with cell culture is the use of serum and animal (xeno) products in the media. The addition of animal products introduces batch and lot variations that lead to experimental variability, confounds studies with therapeutic outcomes for cultured cells, and represents a major cost associated with cell culture. Here we report a commercially available serum-free, albumin-free, and xeno free (XF) media (Neuro-Pure(TM)) that is more cost-effective than other commercial medias. Neuro-Pure was used to maintain and differentiate various cells of neuronal lineages, fibroblasts, as well as specific cancer cell lines; without the use of contaminants such serum, albumin, and animal products. Neuro-Pure allows for a controlled and reproducible cell culture environment that is applicable to translational medicine and general tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyra Naz Usta
- 1 Jeevan Biosciences Inc., Dunwoody, GA, USA ; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; 3 Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- 1 Jeevan Biosciences Inc., Dunwoody, GA, USA ; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; 3 Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- 1 Jeevan Biosciences Inc., Dunwoody, GA, USA ; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; 3 Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teryl K Frey
- 1 Jeevan Biosciences Inc., Dunwoody, GA, USA ; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; 3 Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney J Nash
- 1 Jeevan Biosciences Inc., Dunwoody, GA, USA ; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA ; 3 Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Xu J, Nash RJ, Frey TK. Cellular responses to Sindbis virus infection of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:757. [PMID: 25343994 PMCID: PMC4307679 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sindbis virus (SINV) causes age-dependent encephalitis in mice, and therefore serves as a model to study viral encephalitis. SINV is used as a vector for the delivery of genes into selected neural stem cell lines; however, the toxicity and side effects of this vector have rarely been discussed. In this context, we investigated the cellular responses of human embryonic stem cell (hESCs) derived neural progenitors (hNPCs) to SINV infection by assessing susceptibility of the cells to SINV infection, analyzing the effect of infection on cell proliferation and cell death, and examining the impact of SINV infection on hNPCs markers of stemness. Findings We found that hNPCs are highly susceptible to SINV infection. Upon infection, the viruses induced apoptosis to hNPCs while not affecting the expression of cell proliferation markers. Lastly, SINV infections result in significant changes in the expression of key regulators of hNPCs’ plasticity and homeostasis. Conclusion The robust and versatile signaling, proliferation, and other cell responses of hESCs-derived hNPCs to virus infection demonstrated that it is a good model to study the pathogenesis of viral-induced neurodevelopmental and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, the toxicity of SINV to hNPCs cells cannot be ignored, and therefore extra care should be taken when using SINV as a vector to deliver genes into human stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teryl K Frey
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Sahasranaman V, Eilertson CD, Nash RJ, Usta SN, Kelly S, Rose M, Peraza R, Arumugham J, Stewart B, Stice SL, Nash RJ. Ethanol alters proliferation and differentiation of normal and chromosomally abnormal human embryonic stem cell-derived neurospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:283-95. [PMID: 23696232 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a powerful substance and, when consumed during pregnancy, has significant psychoactive and developmental effects on the developing fetus. These abnormalities include growth retardation, neurological deficits, and behavioral and cognitive deficiencies, commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The effect of ethanol has been reported to affect cellular development on the embryonic level, however, not much is known about mutations contributing to the influence of ethanol. The purpose of our study was to determine if mutation contribute to changes in differentiation patterning, cell-cycle regulatory gene expression, and DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells after ethanol exposure. We exposed human embryonic stem cells (with and without know DNA mutations) to a low concentration (20 mM) of ethanol and measured neurosphere proliferation and differentiation, glial protein levels, expression of various cell-cycle genes, and DNA methylation. Ethanol altered cell-cycle gene expression between the two cell lines; however, gene methylation was not affected in ether lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tucker-Burden C, Chappa P, Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Harris W, Usta SN, Eilertson CD, Hadjipanayis CG, Stice SL, Brat DJ, Nash RJ. Lectins identify glycan biomarkers on glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2374-86. [PMID: 22435486 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Despite aggressive therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, nearly all patients succumb to disease within 2 years. Several studies have supported the presence of stem-like cells in brain tumor cultures that are CD133-positive, are capable of self-renewal, and give rise to all cell types found within the tumor, potentially perpetuating growth. CD133 is a widely accepted marker for glioma-derived cancer stem cells; however, its reliability has been questioned, creating a need for other identifiers of this biologically important subpopulation. We used a panel of 20 lectins to identify differences in glycan expression found in the glycocalyx of undifferentiated glioma-derived stem cells and differentiated cells that arise from them. Fluorescently labeled lectins that specifically recognize α-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and α-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) differentially bound to the cell surface based on the state of cellular differentiation. GalNAc and GlcNAc were highly expressed on the surface of undifferentiated cells and showed markedly reduced expression over a 12-day duration of differentiation. Additionally, the GalNAc-recognizing lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin was capable of specifically selecting and sorting glioma-derived stem cell populations from an unsorted tumor stock and this subpopulation had proliferative properties similar to CD133(+) cells in vitro and also had tumor-forming capability in vivo. Our preliminary results on a single cerebellar GBM suggest that GalNAc and GlcNAc are novel biomarkers for identifying glioma-derived stem cells and can be used to isolate cancer stem cells from unsorted cell populations, thereby creating new cell lines for research or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Tucker-Burden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Gregory F, Nash RJ, Arumugham J, Usta SN, Eilertson CD, Stice SL, Nash RJ. GABRB3 gene expression increases upon ethanol exposure in human embryonic stem cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:206-13. [PMID: 21619448 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.569723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic receptors are the target for most mood-defining compounds. Chronic exposure to ethanol (EtOH) alters receptor-mediated responses and the numbers of these channels and specific subunits; as well as induces anxiolytic, sedative, and anesthetic activity in the human brain. However, very little is known regarding the effects of EtOH on ionotropic receptor transcription during early human development (preimplantation). Using two separate human embryonic stem cell lines the study shows that low amounts of EtOH (20 mM) alters transcription of the ionotropic subunit GABRB3. Changes in ionotrophic receptor expression influence the central nervous system development and have been shown to produce brain abnormalities in animal models. These results suggest that low concentrations of EtOH can alter ionotropic receptor transcription during early human development (preimplantation), which may be a contributing factor to the neurological phenotypes seen in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
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Krishnamoorthy M, Gerwe BA, Scharer CD, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Gregory F, Nash RJ, Arumugham J, Stewart B, Stice SL, Nash RJ. Low ethanol concentration alters CHRNA5 RNA levels during early human development. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 30:489-92. [PMID: 20438829 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is common and consumption during pregnancy has been shown to lead to a myriad of physical and neurologic abnormalities commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Substance addiction, which includes alcohol, has been shown to involve the major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5. Using human embryonic stem cells as a model of early human development, we show that low concentrations of ethanol (20mM) can alter the expression of CHRNA5. Changes in CHRNA5 expression is linked to altered GABA and NMDA receptor expression, as well as abnormal development of the frontal cortex. These results suggest that alcohol exposure can alter early neurologic development, which may favor addiction and other developmental abnormalities in unborn children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Nash RJ, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Nash RJ. Heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor reduces ethanol-induced apoptosis and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. Growth Factors 2009; 27:362-9. [PMID: 19919524 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903159953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol affects approximately 1% (40,000) of new born infants each year and is the main preventable cause of mental retardation in the US. Ethanol alters cell signaling and promotes apoptosis and differentiation. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a member of the EGF family of growth factors, has been reported to prevent apoptosis and differentiation. We treated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with ethanol (20 mM) to reflect casual drinking, with and without HB-EGF to measure its ability to prevent ethanol-induced apoptosis and differentiation. Apoptosis was measured by DNA fragmentation (terminal dUTP nick-end labeling assays) and activated caspase-3, while differentiation was accessed by SSEA-1 and OCT-3/4; western blotting assessed MAPK signaling. HB-EGF reduced SSEA-1 and elevated OCT-3/4, while reducing the amount of activated caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis showed HB-EGF prevents ethanol from altering MAPK phosphorylation. This data suggests that ethanol-induced apoptosis was reduced by HB-EGF, while hESC pluripotency was maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney J Nash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Kato A, Yasuko H, Goto H, Hollinshead J, Nash RJ, Adachi I. Inhibitory effect of rhetsinine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa on aldose reductase activity. Phytomedicine 2009; 16:258-61. [PMID: 17498942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase inhibitors have considerable potential for the treatment of diabetic complications, without increased risk of hypoglycemia. Search for components inhibiting aldose reductase led to the discovery of active compounds contained in Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham (Rutaceae), which is the one of the component of Kampo-herbal medicine. The hot water extract from the E. rutaecarpa was subjected to distribution or gel filtration chromatography to give an active compound, N2-(2-methylaminobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-one (rhetsinine). It inhibited aldose reductase with IC(50) values of 24.1 microM. Furthermore, rhetsinine inhibited sorbitol accumulation by 79.3% at 100 microM. These results suggested that the E. rutaecarpa derived component, rhetsinine, would be potentially useful in the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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17
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Krishnamoorthy M, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Bargo AM, Nash RJ, Nash RJ. Heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and PD169316 prevent apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biochem 2008; 145:177-84. [PMID: 19010935 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an important outcome of cell fate and is influenced by several factors. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of growth factors and is synthesized as a membrane-associated precursor molecule (proHB-EGF). Under stressful conditions proHB-EGF is proteolytically cleaved and released as a soluble ligand (sHB-EGF) that activates the EGF receptor. We show that antibody against CD9, a membrane tetraspanin, induces apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells through the activation of specific EGF receptor residues (Y-1148 and Y-1173), caspase-3 and MAPK signalling. HB-EGF and the p38 inhibitor PD169316 act in a pro-survival manner by perturbing phosphorylation of EGFR Y-1173, suggesting its importance in inducing apoptosis. Caspase-3 activation was attenuated in the presence of HB-EGF and PD169316. Furthermore, HB-EGF and PD169316 prevent p38 phosphorylation while promoting the phosphorylation of the pro-survival SAPK/JNK and ERK. These results suggest a role for CD9 as an endogenous suppressor of apoptosis, an effect that is mimicked by HB-EGF and PD169316.
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18
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Moorby JM, Begley P, Nash RJ, Theodorou MK, Austin AR. Plasma metabolites indicate energy metabolism disruption during the preclinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection. Res Vet Sci 2002; 73:191-3. [PMID: 12204641 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the preclinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), significantly increased concentrations of lactic acid were measured in the blood of infected dairy cows. Other plasma metabolites, including alanine, leucine, serine, and glutamic acid, also showed significantly altered concentrations in the preclinical BSE animals compared to a control group. This appears consistent with the exaggerated stress response observed in clinical BSE, and precedes the development of clinical signs and overt behavioural changes. A number of other plasma metabolites including other amino acids and components of the plasma fatty acid content showed no association with BSE status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Moorby
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
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19
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Asano N, Yamashita T, Yasuda K, Ikeda K, Kizu H, Kameda Y, Kato A, Nash RJ, Lee HS, Ryu KS. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids isolated from mulberry trees (Morusalba L.) and silkworms (Bombyx mori L.). J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:4208-13. [PMID: 11559112 DOI: 10.1021/jf010567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
New polyhydroxylated alkaloids, (2R,3R,4R)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine-N-propionamide from the root bark of Morus alba L., and 4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-calystegine B(2) and 3 beta,6 beta-dihydroxynortropane from the fruits, were isolated by column chromatography using a variety of ion-exchange resins. Fifteen other polyhydroxylated alkaloids were also isolated. 1-Deoxynojirimycin, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, was concentrated 2.7-fold by silkworms feeding on mulberry leaves. Some alkaloids contained in mulberry leaves were potent inhibitors of mammalian digestive glycosidases but not inhibitors of silkworm midgut glycosidases, suggesting that the silkworm has enzymes specially adapted to enable it to feed on mulberry leaves. The possibility of preventing the onset of diabetes and obesity using natural dietary supplements containing 1-deoxynojirimycin and other alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in high concentration is of great potential interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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20
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Asano N, Yokoyama K, Sakurai M, Ikeda K, Kizu H, Kato A, Arisawa M, Höke D, Dräger B, Watson AA, Nash RJ. Dihydroxynortropane alkaloids from calystegine-producing plants. Phytochemistry 2001; 57:721-6. [PMID: 11397439 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three dihydroxynortropanes, 2alpha,7beta-dihydroxynortropane, 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxynortropane, and 3alpha,7beta-dihydroxynortropane, were isolated from calystegine-producing plants in the families Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae. 2alpha,7beta-Dihydroxynortropane was isolated from six species in the Convolvulaceae whereas only Calystegia soldanella contained it and 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxynortropane. Although neither of these were detectable in three species tested in the Solanaceae, 3alpha,7beta-dihydroxynortropane was, however, isolated from Duboisia leichhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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21
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Nash RJ. Who benefits from biopiracy? Phytochemistry 2001; 56:403-405. [PMID: 11261571 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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22
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Attanasio R, Brasky KM, Robbins SH, Jayashankar L, Nash RJ, Butler TM. Age-related autoantibody production in a nonhuman primate model. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:361-5. [PMID: 11298120 PMCID: PMC1906011 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibody production increases with ageing. However, the pathological significance of this increase as well as the corresponding underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To further our understanding of the role that ageing plays in the development of autoantibody responses, we used a novel nonhuman primate model consisting of healthy baboons of ages representing the entire lifespan of this animal species. Results from this study indicate that production of antinuclear antibodies, anticell extract antibodies and natural autoantibodies gradually and significantly increases from young age to old age without a corresponding increase in neither serum immunoglobulin concentration nor in levels of selected markers of immune dysregulation (sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, IL-2 sR alpha and IFN-gamma). Therefore, in the baboon model, autoantibodies may be produced in absence of recognizable pathological conditions of the ageing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Attanasio
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302 USA.
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23
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Abstract
Over one hundred polyhydroxylated alkaloids have been isolated from plants and micro-organisms. These alkaloids can be potent and highly selective glycosidase inhibitors and are arousing great interest as tools to study cellular recognition and as potential therapeutic agents. However, only three of the natural products so far have been widely studied for therapeutic potential due largely to the limited commercial availability of the other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Watson
- Molecular Nature Limited, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire, UK
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cowan
- Molecular Nature Limited, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, UK
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25
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Asano N, Yasuda K, Kizu H, Kato A, Fan JQ, Nash RJ, Fleet GW, Molyneux RJ. Novel alpha-L-fucosidase inhibitors from the bark of Angylocalyx pynaertii (Leguminosae). Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:35-41. [PMID: 11121099 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extract of bark of Angylocalyx pynaertii (Leguminosae) was found to potently inhibit mammalian alpha-L-fucosidases. A thorough examination of the extract resulted in the discovery of 15 polyhydroxylated alkaloids, including the known alkaloids from seeds of this plant, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB), 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) and 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-mannitol (6-deoxy-DMDP). Among them, eight sugar-mimic alkaloids showed the potent inhibitory activity towards bovine epididymis alpha-L-fucosidase and their Ki values are as follows: 6-deoxy-DMDP (83 microM), 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-L-glucitol (0.49 microM), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-fucitol (17 microM), 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-altritol (3.7 microM), DMJ (4.7 microM), N-methyl-DMJ (30 microM), 6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-DMJ (Rha-DMJ, 0.06 microM), and beta-L-homofuconojirimycin (beta-HFJ, 0.0053 microM). We definitively deduced the structural requirements of inhibitors of alpha-L-fucosidase for the piperidine alkaloids (DMJ derivatives). The minimum structural feature of alpha-L-fucosidase inhibitors is the correct configuration of the three hydroxyl groups on the piperidine ring corresponding to C2, C3 and C4 of L-fucose. Furthermore, the addition of a methyl group in the correct configuration to the ring carbon atom corresponding to C5 of L-fucose generates extremely powerful inhibition of alpha-L-fucosidase. The replacement of the methyl group of beta-HFJ by a hydroxymethyl group reduced its inhibitory potential about 80-fold. This suggests that there may be a hydrophobic region in or around the active site. The existence or configuration of a substituent group on the ring carbon atom corresponding to the anomeric position of L-fucose does not appear to be important for the inhibition. Interestingly, Rha-DMJ was a 70-fold more potent inhibitor of alpha-L-fucosidase than DMJ. This implies that the lysosomal alpha-L-fucosidase may have subsites recognizing oligosaccharyl structures in natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
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26
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Sarker SD, Latif Z, Nash RJ. Application of gradient-enhanced nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy GOESY) in the structure elucidation of plant secondary metabolites. Phytochem Anal 2001; 12:23-27. [PMID: 11704958 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1565(200101/02)12:1<23::aid-pca551>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gradient enhanced nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (GOESY) has been applied in the structural elucidation of five plant secondary metabolites: eucalyptin, arctigenin, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyisovalerophenone and N-feruloyltyramine. The importance and sensitivity of this technique in structure elucidation of plant secondary metabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Sarker
- School of Pharmacy, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10, 1FR, Scotland, UK.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sharp
- Molecular Nature Limited, IGER, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, UK
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28
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Abstract
Three lignans, pinoresinol (1), 8-hydroxypinoresinol (2) and olivil (3) have been isolated from the leaves of Strophanthus gratus by reversed-phase HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cowan
- Molecular Nature Ltd, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK
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29
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Abstract
Calendin (1), cinnamic acid (2), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (3), 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (4), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (5), syringic acid (6) and vanillic acid (7) have been isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the leaves and branches of Cassia laevigata.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jones
- Molecular Nature Ltd., Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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30
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Abstract
Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of a dichloromethane extract of the stem-barks of Rinorea welwitschii has afforded two pyranoisoflavones, alpinumisoflavone (1) and di-O-methylalpinumisoflavone (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stewart
- MolecularNature Ltd, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK
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31
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Abstract
High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of a dichloromethane extract of the stem-barks of Balanites aegyptiaca has yielded two known alkaloids, N-trans-feruloyltyramine (1) and N-cis-feruloyltyramine (2), and three common metabolites, vanillic acid, syringic acid and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Sarker
- MolecularNature Ltd, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, UK.
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32
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Abstract
4-Isobutyl-6-methyl-5-oxo-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-inden-13-oic acid (named viscosumic acid) and quercetin 3-O-(6"-feruloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and the known 3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',5',7-tetramethoxyflavone have been isolated from Polygonum viscosum. The structures of these isolates were determined primarily on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses, notably, 13C PENDANT, COSY45, TOCSY, GOESY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Datta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Asano N, Nishida M, Miyauchi M, Ikeda K, Yamamoto M, Kizu H, Kameda Y, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Fleet GW. Polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine and piperidine alkaloids from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae). Phytochemistry 2000; 53:379-382. [PMID: 10703061 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae) yielded two new alkaloids, the 6-C-butyl derivative of 2R,5R-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) and alpha-1-C-ethyl-fagomine, together with the known alkaloids 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol, 1-deoxynojirimycin, and 1-deoxymannojirimycin. 6-C-Butyl-DMDP showed inhibitory activity toward almond beta-glucosidase (IC50 = 68 microM), whereas alpha-1-C-ethyl-fagomine inhibited bovine liver beta-galactosidase (IC50 = 29 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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34
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Ikeda K, Takahashi M, Nishida M, Miyauchi M, Kizu H, Kameda Y, Arisawa M, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Fleet GW, Asano N. Homonojirimycin analogues and their glucosides from Lobelia sessilifolia and Adenophora spp. (Campanulaceae). Carbohydr Res 2000; 323:73-80. [PMID: 10782288 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Dideoxy-7-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) 2,6-imino-D-glycero-L-gulo- heptitol (7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-homonojirimycin, 1) was isolated from the 50% methanol extract of the whole plant of Lobelia sessilifolia (Campanulaceae), which was found to potently inhibit rice alpha-glucosidase. Adenophorae radix, roots of Adenophora spp. (Campanulaceae), yielded new homonojirimycin derivatives, adenophorine (2), 1-deoxyadenophorine (3), 5-deoxyadenophorine (4), 1-C-(5-amino-5-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)butane (beta-1-C-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin, 5), and the 1-O-beta-D-glucosides of 2 (6) and 4 (7), in addition to the recently discovered alpha-1-C-ethylfagomine (8) and the known 1-deoxymannojirimycin (9) and 2R,5R-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3R,4R- dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP, 10). Compound 4 is a potent inhibitor of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 6.4 microM) and a reasonably good inhibitor of bovine liver beta-galactosidase (IC50 = 34 microM). Compound 5 is a very specific and potent inhibitor of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 0.71 microM). The glucosides 1 and 7 were potent inhibitors of various alpha-glucosidases, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 0.1 microM. Furthermore, 1 potently inhibited porcine kidney trehalase (IC50 = 0.013 microM) but failed to inhibit alpha-galactosidase, whereas 7 was a potent inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 1.7 microM) without trehalase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Kato A, Adachi I, Miyauchi M, Ikeda K, Komae T, Kizu H, Kameda Y, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Wormald MR, Fleet GW, Asano N. Polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Hyancinthoides non-scripta and Scilla campanulata. Carbohydr Res 1999; 316:95-103. [PMID: 10515698 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous ethanol extracts from the immature fruits and stalks of bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) were subjected to various ion-exchange column chromatographic steps to give 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (1),2(R),5(R)-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3(R),4(R)-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) (2), 6-deoxy-6-C-(2,5-dihydroxyhexyl)-DMDP (3),2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-DL-glycero-D-manno-heptitol (homoDMDP)(4),homoDMDP-7-O-apioside (5), homoDMDP-7-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (6), (1S*,2R*,3R*,5R*,7aR*)-1,2-dihydroxy-3,5- dihydroxymethylpyrrolizidine (7), and (1S*,2R*,3R*,5R*,6R*,7R*,7aR*)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-1,2,6,7 tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine (8). Bulbs of Scilla campanulata (Hyacinthaceae) yielded (1S*,2R*,3R*,5S*,7aR*)-1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-dihydroxy-methylpyrrol izidine (9) in addition to compounds 1-7. Compounds 3,6,7,8, and 9 are new natural products. Compound 4 is a potent competitive inhibitor with K(i) values of 1.5 microM for Caldocellum saccharolyticum beta-glucosidase and 2.2 microM for bovine liver beta-galactosidase. The 7-O-beta-D xyloside 6 was a stronger competitive inhibitor than 4 of C saccharolyticum beta-glucosidase and rat intestinal lactase, with K(i) values of 0.06 and 0.07 microM, respectively, but a weaker inhibitor of bovine liver beta-galactosidase. Furthermore, compound 4 is also a competitive inhibitor (K(i) = 1.8 microM) of porcine kidney trehalase, but 6 was inactive against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Asano N, Nishida M, Kato A, Kizu H, Matsui K, Shimada Y, Itoh T, Baba M, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Lilley PM, Watkin DJ, Fleet GW. Homonojirimycin isomers and N-alkylated homonojirimycins: structural and conformational basis of inhibition of glycosidases. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2565-71. [PMID: 9651160 DOI: 10.1021/jm970836l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of natural epimers of alpha-homonojirimycin and its N-alkylated derivatives have been prepared to investigate the contribution of the different chiral centers and conformation of the specificity and potency of inhibition of glycosidases. These epimers and N-alkylated derivatives are alpha-homonojirimycin (1), beta-homonojirimycin (2), alpha-homomannojirimycin (3), beta-homomannojirimycin (4), alpha-3,4-di-epi-homonojirimycin (5), beta-4,5-di-epi-homonojirimycin (6), N-methyl-alpha-homonojirimycin (7), and N-butyl-alpha-homonojirimycin (8). Compound 1 was a potent inhibitor of a range of alpha-glucosidases with IC50 values of 1 to 0.01 microM. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were surprisingly inactive as inhibitors of beta-glucosidase and alpha- and beta-mannosidases but were moderately good as inhibitors of rice and some mammalian alpha-glucosidases. Compound 4 was active in the micromolar range toward all alpha-glucosidases tested. Furthermore, compound 4, which superimposes well on beta-l-fucose, was a 10-fold more effective inhibitor of alpha-l-fucosidase than 1-deoxymannojirimycin (12) and 3, with a Ki value of 0.45 microM. Only compounds 5 and 6 showed inhibitory activity toward alpha- and beta-galactosidases (6with an IC50 value of 6.4 microM against alpha-galactosidase). The high-resolution structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction and showed a chair conformation with the C1 OH (corresponding to the C6 OH in 1-deoxynojirimycin) predominantly equatorial to the piperidine ring in the crystal structure. This preferred (C1 OH equatorial) conformation was also corroborated by 1H NMR coupling constants. The coupling constants for 7 suggest the axial orientation of the C1 OH, while in 8 the C1 OH axial conformation was not observed. The C1 OH axial conformation appears to be responsible for more potent inhibition toward processing alpha-glucosidase I than alpha-glucosidase II. It has been assumed that the anti-HIV activity of alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors results from the inhibition of processing alpha-glucosidase I, but 1, 7, and 8 were inactive against HIV-1 replication at 500 microg/mL as measured by inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. In contrast, the EC50 value for N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (11), which also inhibits processing alpha-glucosidase I, was 37 microg/mL. Compound 7 has been shown to be a better inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase I than 1 and 8 both in vitro and in the cell culture system. These data imply that inhibition of HIV by glycosidase inhibitors can be due to factors other than simply inhibition of processing alpha-glucosidase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-11, Japan.
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Asano N, Kato A, Miyauchi M, Kizu H, Kameda Y, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Fleet GW. Nitrogen-containing furanose and pyranose analogues from Hyacinthus orientalis. J Nat Prod 1998; 61:625-628. [PMID: 9599261 DOI: 10.1021/np9705726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous methanol extracts from the bulbs of Hyacinthusorientalis were subjected to various ion-exchange column chromatographic steps to give 2(R),5(R)-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3(R),4(R)-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) (1), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-dl-glycero-d-manno-heptitol (homoDMDP) (2), 2,5-imino-2,5,6-trideoxy-d-manno-heptitol (6-deoxy-homoDMDP) (3), 2,5-imino-2,5,6-trideoxy-d-gulo-heptitol (4), 1-deoxynojirimycin (5), 1-deoxymannojirimycin (6), alpha-homonojirimycin (7), beta-homonojirimycin (8), alpha-homomannojirimycin (9), beta-homomannojirimycin (10), and 7-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-alpha-homonojirimycin (MDL 25,637) (11). The structures of the new natural products 3 and 4 were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies. Compound 2 was found to be a potent inhibitor of bacterial beta-glucosidase, mammalian beta-galactosidases, and mammalian trehalases, while 3 was a potent inhibitor of rice alpha-glucosidase and rat intestinal maltase. Compound 4 was observed to be a good inhibitor of alpha-l-fucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-11, Japan.
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Asano N, Kato A, Matsui K, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Molyneux RJ, Hackett L, Topping J, Winchester B. The effects of calystegines isolated from edible fruits and vegetables on mammalian liver glycosidases. Glycobiology 1997; 7:1085-8. [PMID: 9455909 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/7.8.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids called calystegines occur in many plants of the Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Moraceae families. Certain of these alkaloids exhibit potent inhibitory activities against glycosidases and the recently demonstrated occurrence of calystegines in the leaves, skins, and sprouts of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and in the leaves of the eggplant (S. melongena), has raised concerns regarding the safety of these vegetables in the human diet. We have surveyed the occurrence of calystegines in edible fruits and vegetables of the families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Moraceae by GC-MS. Calystegines A3, B1, B2, and C1 were detected in all the edible fruits and vegetables tested; sweet and chili peppers, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, Physalis fruits, sweet potatoes, and mulberries. Calystegines B1 and C1 were potent competitive inhibitors of the bovine, human, and rat beta-glucosidase activities, with Ki values of 150, 10, and 1.9 microM, respectively for B1 and 15, 1.5, and 1 microM, respectively, for C1. Calystegine B2 was a strong competitive inhibitor of the alpha-galactosidase activity in all the livers. Human beta-xylosidase was inhibited by all four nortropanes, with calystegine C1 having a Ki of 0.13 microM. Calystegines A3 and B2 selectively inhibited the rat liver beta-glucosidase activity. The potent inhibition of mammalian beta-glucosidase and alpha-galactosidase activities in vitro raises the possibility of toxicity in humans consuming large amounts of plants that contain these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Asano N, Kato A, Kizu H, Matsui K, Griffiths RC, Jones MG, Watson AA, Nash RJ. Enzymatic synthesis of the glycosides of calystegines B1 and B2 and their glycosidase inhibitory activities. Carbohydr Res 1997; 304:173-8. [PMID: 9449768 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several glycosides of calystegines B1 and B2 were synthesized by use of rice alpha-glucosidase and the whole cells of Rhodotorula lactosa, and their glycosidase inhibitory activities were investigated. Incubation of mixture of calystegine B1 and maltose with rice alpha-glucosidase gave 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylcalystegine B1 (2, 11.3%). An enzymatic beta-transglucosylation reaction of calystegines B1 or B2 with cellobiose using the whole cells of R. lactosa gave 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcalystegine B1 (1) (0.9%) or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylcalystegine B2 (3, 11.2%), respectively, while similar beta-transgalactosylation of calystegine B2 from lactose gave 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosylcalystegine B2 (4, 10.1%). The glycosylation of calystegines B1 and B2 markedly decreased or abolished their inhibition against beta-glucosidase, alpha- or beta-galactosidase. Compound 4 however retained more or less the potency of calystegine B2 against trehalase. Interestingly, compound 1 was a noncompetitive inhibitor of rice alpha-glucosidase, with a Ki value of 0.9 +/- 0.1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Asano N, Kato A, Miyauchi M, Kizu H, Tomimori T, Matsui K, Nash RJ, Molyneux RJ. Specific alpha-galactosidase inhibitors, N-methylcalystegines--structure/activity relationships of calystegines from Lycium chinense. Eur J Biochem 1997; 248:296-303. [PMID: 9346281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An examination of the roots of Lycium chinense (Solanaceae) has resulted in the discovery of 14 calystegines, a cycloheptane bearing an amino group and three hydroxyl groups, and two polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloids. Calystegines A7 and B5, in addition to the previously known calystegines A3, A5, A6, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2 and N1, were isolated and determined as 1alpha,2beta,4alpha-trihydroxy-nortropane and 1alpha,2alpha,4alpha,7alpha-tetrahydroxy-nort ropane, respectively. L. chinense also had two polyhydroxytropanes bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom, unlike the previously reported nortropane alkaloids. They were established as N-methylcalystegines B2 and C1, and their N-methyl groups were found to be axially oriented from NOE experiments. 1Beta-amino-3beta,4beta,5alpha-trihydroxycyclohepta ne was also present in L. chinense and may be a biosynthetic precursor of the calystegines that occur in this plant. Two polyhydroxypiperidine alkaloids, fagomine and 6-deoxyfagomine, were isolated. Calystegine B2 is a potent competitive inhibitor of almond beta-glucosidase (Ki = 1.9 microM) and coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (Ki = 0.86 microM), while N-methylcalystegine B2 was a more potent competitive inhibitor of the latter enzyme (Ki = 0.47 microM) than the parent compound but showed a marked lack of inhibitory activities towards most other glycosidases. Since this compound is a very specific inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase and inhibits rat liver lysosomal alpha-galactosidase with a Ki of 1.8 microM, it may provide a useful experimental model for the lysosomal storage disorder, Fabry's disease. The addition of a hydroxyl group at C6exo, as in calystegines B1 and C1, enhances the inhibitory potential towards beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase but markedly lowers or abolishes inhibition towards alpha-galactosidase. Hence, the N-methylation of calystegine C1 did not enhance its inhibition of alpha-galactosidase. The chemical N-methylation of calystegines A3 and B4 markedly enhanced inhibition of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase, with Ki values of 5.2 microM and 36 microM, respectively, but almost eliminated their inhibitory potential towards beta-glucosidase and trehalase, respectively. Thus, methylation of the nitrogen atom significantly altered the specificity of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Homonojirimycin (HNJ) and N-methylhomonojirimycin (MHNJ) were tested as inhibitors of the purified glycoprotein processing enzymes, glucosidase I and glucosidase II. MHNJ was a reasonably good inhibitor of glucosidase I (Ki = 1 x 10(-6) M) and was about three times as effective on this enzyme as was HNJ. On the other hand, HNJ inhibited glucosidase II with a Ki of about 1 x 10(-6) M, whereas MHNJ was three times less effective (Ki = 3 x 10(-5) M). However, the butyl derivative of HNJ had very low activity toward these two processing glucosidases. HNJ and its methyl derivative were also tested in vivo using influenza virus-infected MDCK cells, and measuring the inhibition of N-linked oligosaccharide processing of the viral envelope glycoproteins. With 100 micrograms/ml of MHNJ in the medium, essentially all of the N-linked oligosaccharide chains of the virus were of the "high-mannose" type with the major structure being characterized as Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2. Similar results were obtained with HNJ although this compound was less effective in vivo as well as in vitro. These results are in keeping with these inhibitors being effective at the glucosidase I step. Both inhibitors were also tested in MDCK cell cultures to determine whether they affected the in vivo synthesis of proteins, or of lipid-linked saccharides. In contrast to deoxynojirimycin, which has been reported to inhibit the formation of lipid-linked saccharides, no effects were seen on either the incorporation of mannose into lipid-linked saccharides or the incorporation of leucine into protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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Abstract
A small perturbation introduced in the stochastic Leslie model leads to a long-lived stable population in a region or parameter space where the stochastic model predicts the demise of the population. This somewhat surprising result is understood by considering a related model with a density-dependent sex ratio which exhibits similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Quinn
- Department of Mathematics and Computing Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
GLC-MS analysis has been developed for screening plants of the family Solanaceae for new calystegines. GLC-MS analyses of the extract of Scopolia japonica showed the presence of a new tetrahydroxy-nor-tropane alkaloid in addition to the known calystegines A3, A5, B1, B2, B3, and C1. We gave this new alkaloid the trivial name calystegine B4. The structure of calystegine B4 was determined as 1 alpha, 2 beta, 3 alpha, 4 alpha-tetrahydroxy-nor-tropane from a variety of NMR spectral data. Calystegines B1, B2, and C1 are potent competitive inhibitors with Ki values ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-7) M for almond beta-glucosidase, while calystegine B4 inhibited this enzyme in a competitive manner, with a Ki value of 7.3 microM. Calystegine B2 is also a potent inhibitor of green coffee bean alpha-galactosidase, whereas calystegine B4 exhibited no significant activity for this enzyme. Among rat intestinal glycosidases, only trehalase was potently inhibited by calystegine B4, with an IC50 value of 9.8 microM. Furthermore, calystegine B4 potently inhibited pig kidney trehalase in a competitive manner, with a Ki value of 1.2 microM, but it was almost inactive against yeast and fungal trehalases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Ahmed SP, Nash RJ, Bridges CG, Taylor DL, Kang MS, Porter EA, Tyms AS. Antiviral activity and metabolism of the castanospermine derivative MDL 28,574, in cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 208:267-73. [PMID: 7887939 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 6-O-butanoyl derivative of castanospermine (MDL 28,574: BUCAST), an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing, blocked the growth of herpes simplex virus type-2 with the effect markedly enhanced by exposure of cells to the compound pre- as well as post-infection. The effectiveness of the derivative corresponded to an increased uptake with greatest accumulation after virus infection. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified the predominant component in MDL 28,574 treated cells as castanospermine, an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase 1. The effects of this compound on the synthesis of viral glycoprotein, gB, was determined with the increased molecular weight of the mannose-rich precursor evidence for the modulation of glycoprotein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ahmed
- MRC Collaborative Centre, Mill Hill, London, UK
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Bridges CG, Ahmed SP, Kang MS, Nash RJ, Porter EA, Tyms AS. The effect of oral treatment with 6-O-butanoyl castanospermine (MDL 28,574) in the murine zosteriform model of HSV-1 infection. Glycobiology 1995; 5:249-53. [PMID: 7780200 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/5.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral treatment of mice, cutaneously infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (strain SC16), with the alpha-glucosidase 1 inhibitor 6-O-butanoyl castanospermine (MDL 28,574) produced a significant delay in lesion development and reduced the amount of virus recovered from the brain. Virus load in the brains of mice, whose treatment started 2 days prior to infection, was reduced approximately 100-fold when compared to untreated controls. Treatment initiated at the time of infection, while less effective than pre-treatment, nevertheless reduced virus recovery from the brain by 10-fold. Consistent with its antiviral activity, orally administered MDL 28,574 was rapidly incorporated by brain tissue and mice fed with compound over extended periods maintained relatively high levels of drug at this site.
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Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Murphy MF, Nash RJ. Alzheimer's patients should be included in phase I clinical trials to evaluate compounds for Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992; 5:192-4. [PMID: 1418362 DOI: 10.1177/002383099200500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dosage and tolerance are critical issues in successful drug therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A clear distinction among patient populations and AD patient subpopulations is necessary to ensure a thorough assessment of new central nervous system-active compounds. Phase I inpatient trials, in which tolerance and safety are evaluated under double-blind conditions in the target population, provide valuable information for use in planning multicenter outpatient trials. In similar studies, even those involving the elderly, tolerance and safety outcomes in healthy volunteers are not always predictable. An early trial of the effects of velnacrine in healthy, elderly, male volunteers was followed by a trial in the target population. A group of volunteers, aged 60 to 74 years who did not have AD, received 300 mg of velnacrine each day. This dosage was well tolerated for 28 days. Diarrhea, generally of moderate severity, was the only reported adverse effect. No subjects were required to discontinue taking velnacrine. In contrast, a similar trial showed a dosage of 300 mg of velnacrine each day intolerable among patients with AD. Adverse reactions to dosages greater than 225 mg/day included dizziness, fainting, nausea and/or vomiting, headache, and severe diarrhea. A velnacrine dosage of 225 mg/day appeared to be safe and well tolerated in a small population of healthy patients with AD. Based on the inpatient experience with AD subjects, a maximum dose of 225 mg/day was adopted for outpatient studies. Although factors that may contribute to drug sensitivity in patients with AD vary beyond conclusive parameters, the observed sensitivity within the target AD group may indicate a safety/tolerance study as a worthwhile antecedent to multicenter efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Cutler
- California Clinical Trials, Beverly Hills
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Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Murphy MF, Nash RJ. Implications of the study population in the early evaluation of anticholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Pharmacother 1992; 26:1118-22. [PMID: 1421679 DOI: 10.1177/106002809202600914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Velnacrine testing for tolerance and safety in both normal elderly subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reviewed to illustrate the importance of Phase I trials in the target group as more predictive of safety and tolerance for subsequent multicenter trials than those conducted in healthy elderly subjects. DESIGN Both a single-dose and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending, multiple-dose study were performed with healthy, elderly men. In the multiple-dose study, the subjects were randomized to four groups of 14, with 10 subjects receiving velnacrine and 4 receiving placebo. The doses were velnacrine 25 (group 1), 50 (group 2), and 100 mg (group 3), respectively, administered twice daily; group 4 received 100 mg three times daily for 28 days. Blood and urine were collected serially for the pharmacokinetic assessment. With AD patients, 24 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or velnacrine for 10 days in a double-blind, sequential escalation study in a hospital setting. There were three groups of 8 subjects. Six patients in each group received velnacrine and 2 placebo. The three groups received respective dosages of 450, 300, and 225 mg/d three times daily. Adverse events were closely monitored and recorded. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS The multiple-dose test in healthy elderly men included 56 men, aged 60-74 years. Rigorous screening for any potential complications that could affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion preceded patient entry in the AD patient study. Patients with a history of major psychiatric, neurologic, and cardiovascular disorders were excluded. The patients ranged in age from 56 to 89 years, and were equally distributed between gender. INTERVENTION Velnacrine was administered in various doses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We emphasize the extreme adverse effects encountered in the AD patient group compared with the healthy group. Plasma concentrations of velnacrine over time in both groups are given, as well as the drug's half-life and excretion rates. RESULTS The tolerable dosage predicted by studies performed in healthy elderly subjects was 300 mg/d. This dosage was not tolerable among the AD patients. A dosage as high as 450 mg/d resulted in a tonic seizure in one patient. The predicted dosage of 300 mg/d produced an adverse effect profile in AD patients that included dizziness, nausea and/or vomiting, headaches, and severe diarrhea. AD patients tolerated a dosage of 225 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS A velnacrine dosage of 300 mg/d that was tolerated in healthy elderly subjects was not tolerated by AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Cutler
- California Clinical Trials, Beverly Hills 90211
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Nash RJ, Beaumont J, Veitch NC, Reynolds T, Benner J, Hughes CN, Dring JV, Bennett RN, Dellar JE. Phenylethylamine and piperidine alkaloids in aloe species. Planta Med 1992; 58:84-7. [PMID: 17226441 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-961396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Of the approximately 300 species of ALOE (Liliaceae) native to Africa and Arabia, leaf extracts of 224 species have been examined chromatographically for alkaloids using ninhydrin, Dragendorff's reagent, nitroprusside, and iodoplatinate as revealing agents. From these, 48 (21%) species contained compounds giving a strong colorimetric reaction with at least one of these reagents. Tyramine derivatives were identified in 18 species and piperidine derivatives in a further 6 species. The other coloured zones remain unidentified but often appeared to represent common amino acids. Some taxonomic correlations are suggested. The presence of the toxic hemlock alkaloids in aloes readily available for potential medicinal use by local inhabitants sounds a note of caution against the unthinking use of these otherwise useful plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Nash
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, U. K
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Nash RJ, Huff FJ, Murphy MF. Measurement of quality of life in dementia drug trials. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15 Suppl 1 Pt A:604A-605A. [PMID: 1498969 DOI: 10.1097/00002826-199201001-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Nash
- Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc., Somerville, NJ
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Abstract
HP 029 (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridin-1-ol-maleate) is a cholinesterase inhibitor and one of a series of compounds synthesized at Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc. (HRPI) as a potential therapeutic agent for senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). An ongoing clinical development program for HP 029 (velnacrine maleate) reflects a rational, traditional progression from therapeutic concept through clinical evaluation. Prior to the initiation of outpatient studies, sufficient data had been obtained from normal volunteers and hospitalized patients to support the following conclusions: the pharmacokinetic profile of HP 029 in young and elderly normal men is predictable; tolerance and safety data for HP 029 using normal volunteers poorly correlates with experience in patients with SDAT; patients with SDAT exhibit marked intersubject variability in tolerance within a suspected therapeutic dose range; mandatory endpoints for drug discontinuation for outpatients can be reliably established in an inpatient environment. Subsequently, Protocol 201 was initiated as a multicenter, multistage investigation of HP 029 in patients with probable SDAT (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria). A dose-ranging component determined patient eligibility for a subsequent dose-replication phase based upon explicit safety and efficacy criteria defined within protocol. One a priori specified interim analysis was conducted by the sponsor (HRPI) for administrative purposes after completing approximately 50% of the planned sample (September 1989). Results suggested that (1) beneficial effects of HP 029 existed on key and secondary measures for the approximately 30% of enrolled patients; (2) interim results would provide an accurate reflection of the results at the conclusion of the study (1991); (3) HP 029-induced hepatocellular injury appeared to be a reversible, predominantly dose-related event; and (4) cholinergically mediated adverse events are infrequent and clinically inconsequential at dosages less than or equal to 225 mg/day. Post hoc hypotheses based on the interim dataset suggest that: (1) carry-over effects of HP 029 exist within a dose-ranging/dose-replication paradigm that militate against the utility of an "enriched population" design; (2) beneficial effects are more robust on initial exposure to HP 029 with effects discerned on both memory and arousal; (3) patient characteristics associated with toxicity or response are not identified; (4) dosage reduction in subsequent efficacy trials may reduce hepatocellular injury and yield clinically unimportant differences in overall efficacy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Murphy
- Clinical Neuroscience and Biostatistics, Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc., Somerville, New Jersey 08876
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