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Larey AM, Spoerer TM, Daga KR, Morfin MG, Hynds HM, Carpenter J, Hines KM, Marklein RA. High throughput screening of mesenchymal stromal cell morphological response to inflammatory signals for bioreactor-based manufacturing of extracellular vesicles that modulate microglia. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:153-171. [PMID: 38549769 PMCID: PMC10972802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory function, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic with the potential to treat neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This function is mediated by secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Despite established safety, MSC clinical translation has been unsuccessful due to inconsistent clinical outcomes resulting from functional heterogeneity. Current approaches to mitigate functional heterogeneity include 'priming' MSCs with inflammatory signals to enhance function. However, comprehensive evaluation of priming and its effects on MSC-EV function has not been performed. Furthermore, clinical translation of MSC-EV therapies requires significant manufacturing scale-up, yet few studies have investigated the effects of priming in bioreactors. As MSC morphology has been shown to predict their immunomodulatory function, we screened MSC morphological response to an array of priming signals and evaluated MSC-EV identity and potency in response to priming in flasks and bioreactors. We identified unique priming conditions corresponding to distinct morphologies. These conditions demonstrated a range of MSC-EV preparation quality and lipidome, allowing us to discover a novel MSC-EV manufacturing condition, as well as gain insight into potential mechanisms of MSC-EV microglia modulation. Our novel screening approach and application of priming to MSC-EV bioreactor manufacturing informs refinement of larger-scale manufacturing and enhancement of MSC-EV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Spoerer
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kanupriya R. Daga
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria G. Morfin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jana Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ross A. Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Larey AM, Spoerer TM, Daga KR, Morfin MG, Hynds HM, Carpenter J, Hines KM, Marklein RA. High throughput screening of mesenchymal stromal cell morphological response to inflammatory signals for bioreactor-based manufacturing of extracellular vesicles that modulate microglia. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.19.567730. [PMID: 38014258 PMCID: PMC10680807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory function, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic with the potential to treat neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This function can be mediated by secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Despite established safety, MSC clinical translation has been unsuccessful due to inconsistent clinical outcomes resulting from functional heterogeneity. Current approaches to mitigate functional heterogeneity include 'priming' MSCs with inflammatory signals to enhance function. However, comprehensive evaluation of priming and its effects on MSC-EV function has not been performed. Clinical translation of MSC-EV therapies requires significant manufacturing scale-up, yet few studies have investigated the effects of priming in bioreactors. As MSC morphology has been shown to predict their immunomodulatory function, we screened MSC morphological response to an array of priming signals and evaluated MSC-EV identity and potency in response to priming in flasks and bioreactors. We identified unique priming conditions corresponding to distinct morphologies. These conditions demonstrated a range of MSC-EV preparation quality and lipidome, allowing us to discover a novel MSC-EV manufacturing condition, as well as gain insight into potential mechanisms of MSC-EV microglia modulation. Our novel screening approach and application of priming to MSC-EV bioreactor manufacturing informs refinement of larger-scale manufacturing and enhancement of MSC-EV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Spoerer
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kanupriya R. Daga
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria G. Morfin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jana Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ross A. Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Van Grouw A, Colonna MB, Maughon TS, Shen X, Larey AM, Moore SG, Yeago C, Fernández FM, Edison AS, Stice SL, Bowles-Welch AC, Marklein RA. Development of a Robust Consensus Modeling Approach for Identifying Cellular and Media Metabolites Predictive of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency. Stem Cells 2023; 41:792-808. [PMID: 37279550 PMCID: PMC10427967 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise in regenerative medicine applications due in part to their ability to modulate immune cells. However, MSCs demonstrate significant functional heterogeneity in terms of their immunomodulatory function because of differences in MSC donor/tissue source, as well as non-standardized manufacturing approaches. As MSC metabolism plays a critical role in their ability to expand to therapeutic numbers ex vivo, we comprehensively profiled intracellular and extracellular metabolites throughout the expansion process to identify predictors of immunomodulatory function (T-cell modulation and indoleamine-2,3-dehydrogenase (IDO) activity). Here, we profiled media metabolites in a non-destructive manner through daily sampling and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as MSC intracellular metabolites at the end of expansion using mass spectrometry (MS). Using a robust consensus machine learning approach, we were able to identify panels of metabolites predictive of MSC immunomodulatory function for 10 independent MSC lines. This approach consisted of identifying metabolites in 2 or more machine learning models and then building consensus models based on these consensus metabolite panels. Consensus intracellular metabolites with high predictive value included multiple lipid classes (such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins) while consensus media metabolites included proline, phenylalanine, and pyruvate. Pathway enrichment identified metabolic pathways significantly associated with MSC function such as sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and autophagy. Overall, this work establishes a generalizable framework for identifying consensus predictive metabolites that predict MSC function, as well as guiding future MSC manufacturing efforts through identification of high-potency MSC lines and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Van Grouw
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maxwell B Colonna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ty S Maughon
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xunan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew M Larey
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samuel G Moore
- Systems Mass Spectrometry Core, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn Yeago
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Annie C Bowles-Welch
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Wu HF, Huang CW, Daga KR, Marklein RA, Ivanova N, Zeltner N. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived functional sympathetic neurons express ACE2 and RAAS components: a framework for studying the effect of COVID-19 on sympathetic responsiveness. Clin Auton Res 2022; 32:59-63. [PMID: 35091835 PMCID: PMC8799422 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fu Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kanupriya R Daga
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for Animal Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for Animal Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Daga KR, Priyadarshani P, Larey AM, Rui K, Mortensen LJ, Marklein RA. Shape up before you ship out: morphology as a potential critical quality attribute for cellular therapies. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Andrews SH, Klinker MW, Bauer SR, Marklein RA. Morphological landscapes from high content imaging reveal cytokine priming strategies that enhance mesenchymal stromal cell immunosuppression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:361-375. [PMID: 34716713 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful clinical translation of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products has not been achieved in the United States and may be in large part due to MSC functional heterogeneity. Efforts have been made to identify "priming" conditions that produce MSCs with consistent immunomodulatory function; however, challenges remain with predicting and understanding how priming impacts MSC behavior. The purpose of this study was to develop a high throughput, image-based approach to assess MSC morphology in response to combinatorial priming treatments and establish morphological profiling as an effective approach to screen the effect of manufacturing changes (i.e., priming) on MSC immunomodulation. We characterized the morphological response of multiple MSC lines/passages to an array of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-⍺ (TNF-⍺) priming conditions, as well as the effects of priming on MSC modulation of activated T cells and MSC secretome. Although considerable functional heterogeneity, in terms of T-cell suppression, was observed between different MSC lines and at different passages, this heterogeneity was significantly reduced with combined IFN-γ/TNF-⍺ priming. The magnitude of this change correlated strongly with multiple morphological features and was also reflected by MSC secretion of immunomodulatory factors, for example, PGE2, ICAM-1, and CXCL16. Overall, this study further demonstrates the ability of priming to enhance MSC function, as well as the ability of morphology to better understand MSC heterogeneity and predict changes in function due to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H Andrews
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Maughon TS, Shen X, Huang D, Michael AOA, Shockey WA, Andrews SH, McRae JM, Platt MO, Fernández FM, Edison AS, Stice SL, Marklein RA. Metabolomics and cytokine profiling of mesenchymal stromal cells identify markers predictive of T-cell suppression. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:137-148. [PMID: 34696960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in the field of regenerative medicine, as many studies have shown that MSCs possess immunomodulatory function. Despite this promise, no MSC therapies have been licensed by the Food and Drug Administration. This lack of successful clinical translation is due in part to MSC heterogeneity and a lack of critical quality attributes. Although MSC indoleamine 2,3-dioxygnease (IDO) activity has been shown to correlate with MSC function, multiple predictive markers may be needed to better predict MSC function. METHODS Three MSC lines (two bone marrow-derived, one induced pluripotent stem cell-derived) were expanded to three passages. At the time of harvest for each passage, cell pellets were collected for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS), and media were collected for cytokine profiling. Harvested cells were also cryopreserved for assessing function using T-cell proliferation and IDO activity assays. Linear regression was performed on functional data against NMR, MS and cytokines to reduce the number of important features, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to obtain predictive markers of T-cell suppression based on variable importance in projection scores. RESULTS Significant functional heterogeneity (in terms of T-cell suppression and IDO activity) was observed between the three MSC lines, as were donor-dependent differences based on passage. Omics characterization revealed distinct differences between cell lines using principal component analysis. Cell lines separated along principal component one based on tissue source (bone marrow-derived versus induced pluripotent stem cell-derived) for NMR, MS and cytokine profiles. PLSR modeling of important features predicted MSC functional capacity with NMR (R2 = 0.86), MS (R2 = 0.83), cytokines (R2 = 0.70) and a combination of all features (R2 = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The work described here provides a platform for identifying markers for predicting MSC functional capacity using PLSR modeling that could be used as release criteria and guide future manufacturing strategies for MSCs and other cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S Maughon
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xunan Shen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Danning Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adeola O Adebayo Michael
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Andrew Shockey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Seth H Andrews
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jon M McRae
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Ross A Marklein
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Marklein RA, Klinker MW, Drake KA, Polikowsky HG, Lessey-Morillon EC, Bauer SR. Morphological profiling using machine learning reveals emergent subpopulations of interferon-γ-stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells that predict immunosuppression. Cytotherapy 2018; 21:17-31. [PMID: 30503100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a preponderance of pre-clinical data demonstrates the immunosuppressive potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), significant heterogeneity and lack of critical quality attributes (CQAs) based on immunosuppressive capacity likely have contributed to inconsistent clinical outcomes. This heterogeneity exists not only between MSC lots derived from different donors, tissues and manufacturing conditions, but also within a given MSC lot in the form of functional subpopulations. We therefore explored the potential of functionally relevant morphological profiling (FRMP) to identify morphological subpopulations predictive of the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs derived from multiple donors, manufacturers and passages. METHODS We profiled the single-cell morphological response of MSCs from different donors and passages to the functionally relevant inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ. We used the machine learning approach visual stochastic neighbor embedding (viSNE) to identify distinct morphological subpopulations that could predict suppression of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a multiplexed quantitative assay. RESULTS Multiple IFN-γ-stimulated subpopulations significantly correlated with the ability of MSCs to inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation and served as effective CQAs to predict the immunosuppressive capacity of additional manufactured MSC lots. We further characterized the emergence of morphological heterogeneity following IFN-γ stimulation, which provides a strategy for identifying functional subpopulations for future single-cell characterization and enrichment techniques. DISCUSSION This work provides a generalizable analytical platform for assessing functional heterogeneity based on single-cell morphological responses that could be used to identify novel CQAs and inform cell manufacturing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth C Lessey-Morillon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Lam J, Bellayr IH, Marklein RA, Bauer SR, Puri RK, Sung KE. Functional Profiling of Chondrogenically Induced Multipotent Stromal Cell Aggregates Reveals Transcriptomic and Emergent Morphological Phenotypes Predictive of Differentiation Capacity. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:664-675. [PMID: 30084545 PMCID: PMC6127231 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for bone and cartilage tissue repair strategies. However, the functional heterogeneity of MSCs derived from different donors and manufacturing conditions has limited clinical translation, emphasizing the need for improved methods to assess MSC chondrogenic capacity. We used functionally relevant morphological profiling to dynamically monitor emergent morphological phenotypes of chondrogenically induced MSC aggregates to identify morphological features indicative of MSC chondrogenesis. Toward this goal, we characterized the morphology of chondrogenically stimulated MSC aggregates from eight different human cell-lines at multiple passages and demonstrated that MSC aggregates exhibited unique morphological dynamics that were both cell line- and passage-dependent. This variation in 3D morphology was shown to be informative of long-term MSC chondrogenesis based on multiple quantitative functional assays. We found that the specific morphological features of spheroid area, radius, minimum feret diameter, and minor axis length to be strongly correlated with MSC chondrogenic synthetic activity but not gene expression as early as day 4 in 3D culture. Our high-throughput, nondestructive approach could potentially serve as a tool to identify MSC lines with desired chondrogenic capacity toward improving manufacturing strategies for MSC-based cellular products for cartilage tissue repair. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;1-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Lam
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian H Bellayr
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyung E Sung
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Marklein RA, Lam J, Guvendiren M, Sung KE, Bauer SR. Functionally-Relevant Morphological Profiling: A Tool to Assess Cellular Heterogeneity. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Lam J, Marklein RA, Jimenez-Torres JA, Beebe DJ, Bauer SR, Sung KE. Adaptation of a Simple Microfluidic Platform for High-Dimensional Quantitative Morphological Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Polystyrene-Based Substrates. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:646-661. [PMID: 28825968 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317726050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs, often called mesenchymal stem cells) have garnered significant attention within the field of regenerative medicine because of their purported ability to differentiate down musculoskeletal lineages. Given the inherent heterogeneity of MSC populations, recent studies have suggested that cell morphology may be indicative of MSC differentiation potential. Toward improving current methods and developing simple yet effective approaches for the morphological evaluation of MSCs, we combined passive pumping microfluidic technology with high-dimensional morphological characterization to produce robust tools for standardized high-throughput analysis. Using ultraviolet (UV) light as a modality for reproducible polystyrene substrate modification, we show that MSCs seeded on microfluidic straight channel devices incorporating UV-exposed substrates exhibited morphological changes that responded accordingly to the degree of substrate modification. Substrate modification also effected greater morphological changes in MSCs seeded at a lower rather than higher density within microfluidic channels. Despite largely comparable trends in morphology, MSCs seeded in microscale as opposed to traditional macroscale platforms displayed much higher sensitivity to changes in substrate properties. In summary, we adapted and qualified microfluidic cell culture platforms comprising simple straight channel arrays as a viable and robust tool for high-throughput quantitative morphological analysis to study cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Lam
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ross A Marklein
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jose A Jimenez-Torres
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kyung E Sung
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Bellayr IH, Marklein RA, Lo Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Puri RK. Identification of Predictive Gene Markers for Multipotent Stromal Cell Proliferation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:861-73. [PMID: 27036644 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are known for their distinctive ability to differentiate into different cell lineages, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. They can be isolated from numerous tissue sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and others. Because of their differentiation potential and secretion of growth factors, MSCs are believed to have an inherent quality of regeneration and immune suppression. Cellular expansion is necessary to obtain sufficient numbers for use; however, MSCs exhibit a reduced capacity for proliferation and differentiation after several rounds of passaging. In this study, gene markers of MSC proliferation were identified and evaluated for their ability to predict proliferative quality. Microarray data of human bone marrow-derived MSCs were correlated with two proliferation assays. A collection of 24 genes were observed to significantly correlate with both proliferation assays (|r| >0.70) for eight MSC lines at multiple passages. These 24 identified genes were then confirmed using an additional set of MSCs from eight new donors using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The proliferative potential of the second set of MSCs was measured for each donor/passage for confluency fraction, fraction of EdU+ cells, and population doubling time. The second set of MSCs exhibited a greater proliferative potential at passage 4 in comparison to passage 8, which was distinguishable by 15 genes; however, only seven of the genes (BIRC5, CCNA2, CDC20, CDK1, PBK, PLK1, and SPC25) demonstrated significant correlation with MSC proliferation regardless of passage. Our analyses revealed that correlation between gene expression and proliferation was consistently reduced with the inclusion of non-MSC cell lines; therefore, this set of seven genes may be more strongly associated with MSC proliferative quality. Our results pave the way to determine the quality of an MSC population for a particular cellular therapy in lieu of an extended in vitro or in vivo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Bellayr
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ross A Marklein
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Steven R Bauer
- 2 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Raj K Puri
- 1 Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research , US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Marklein RA, Lo Surdo JL, Bellayr IH, Godil SA, Puri RK, Bauer SR. High Content Imaging of Early Morphological Signatures Predicts Long Term Mineralization Capacity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells upon Osteogenic Induction. Stem Cells 2016; 34:935-47. [PMID: 26865267 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, often referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), represent an attractive cell source for many regenerative medicine applications due to their potential for multi-lineage differentiation, immunomodulation, and paracrine factor secretion. A major complication for current MSC-based therapies is the lack of well-defined characterization methods that can robustly predict how they will perform in a particular in vitro or in vivo setting. Significant advances have been made with identifying molecular markers of MSC quality and potency using multivariate genomic and proteomic approaches, and more recently with advanced techniques incorporating high content imaging to assess high-dimensional single cell morphological data. We sought to expand upon current methods of high dimensional morphological analysis by investigating whether short term cell and nuclear morphological profiles of MSCs from multiple donors (at multiple passages) correlated with long term mineralization upon osteogenic induction. Using the combined power of automated high content imaging followed by automated image analysis, we demonstrated that MSC morphology after 3 days was highly correlated with 35 day mineralization and comparable to other methods of MSC osteogenesis assessment (such as alkaline phosphatase activity). We then expanded on this initial morphological characterization and identified morphological features that were highly predictive of mineralization capacities (>90% accuracy) of MSCs from additional donors and different manufacturing techniques using linear discriminant analysis. Together, this work thoroughly demonstrates the predictive power of MSC morphology for mineralization capacity and motivates further studies into MSC morphology as a predictive marker for additional in vitro and in vivo responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian H Bellayr
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Saniya A Godil
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of stem cell interactions with their environment are leading to the development of new materials-based approaches to control stem cell behavior toward cellular culture and tissue regeneration applications. Materials can provide cues based on chemistry, mechanics, structure, and molecule delivery that control stem cell fate decisions and matrix formation. These approaches are helping to advance clinical translation of a range of stem cell types through better expansion techniques and scaffolding for use in tissue engineering approaches for the regeneration of many tissues. With this in mind, this progress report covers basic concepts and recent advances in the use of materials for manipulating stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Ramanan VV, Katz JS, Guvendiren M, Cohen ER, Marklein RA, Burdick JA. Photocleavable side groups to spatially alter hydrogel properties and cellular interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Carpenedo RL, Bratt-Leal AM, Marklein RA, Seaman SA, Bowen NJ, McDonald JF, McDevitt TC. Homogeneous and organized differentiation within embryoid bodies induced by microsphere-mediated delivery of small molecules. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2507-15. [PMID: 19162317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell specification and tissue formation during embryonic development are precisely controlled by the local concentration and temporal presentation of morphogenic factors. Similarly, pluripotent embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate in vitro into specific phenotypes in response to morphogen treatment. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are commonly differentiated as 3D spheroids referred to as embryoid bodies (EBs); however, differentiation of cells within EBs is typically heterogeneous and disordered. In this study, we demonstrate that in contrast to soluble morphogen treatment, delivery of morphogenic factors directly within EB microenvironments in a spatiotemporally controlled manner using polymer microspheres yields homogeneous, synchronous and organized ESC differentiation. Degradable PLGA microspheres releasing retinoic acid were incorporated directly within EBs and induced the formation of cystic spheroids uniquely resembling the phenotype and structure of early streak mouse embryos (E6.75), with an exterior of FOXA2+ visceral endoderm enveloping an epiblast-like layer of OCT4+ cells. These results demonstrate that controlled morphogen presentation to stem cells using degradable microspheres more efficiently directs cell differentiation and tissue formation than simple soluble delivery methods and presents a unique route to study the spatiotemporal effects of morphogenic factors on embryonic developmental processes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenedo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA
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17
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Baker BM, Gee AO, Metter RB, Nathan AS, Marklein RA, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electrospun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2348-58. [PMID: 18313138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aligned electrospun scaffolds are promising tools for engineering fibrous musculoskeletal tissues, as they reproduce the mechanical anisotropy of these tissues and can direct ordered neo-tissue formation. However, these scaffolds suffer from a slow cellular infiltration rate, likely due in part to their dense fiber packing. We hypothesized that cell ingress could be expedited in scaffolds by increasing porosity, while at the same time preserving overall scaffold anisotropy. To test this hypothesis, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (a slow-degrading polyester) and poly(ethylene oxide) (a water-soluble polymer) were co-electrospun from two separate spinnerets to form dual-polymer composite fiber-aligned scaffolds. Adjusting fabrication parameters produced aligned scaffolds with a full range of sacrificial (PEO) fiber contents. Tensile properties of scaffolds were functions of the ratio of PCL to PEO in the composite scaffolds, and were altered in a predictable fashion with removal of the PEO component. When seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), increases in the starting sacrificial fraction (and porosity) improved cell infiltration and distribution after three weeks in culture. In pure PCL scaffolds, cells lined the scaffold periphery, while scaffolds containing >50% sacrificial PEO content had cells present throughout the scaffold. These findings indicate that cell infiltration can be expedited in dense fibrous assemblies with the removal of sacrificial fibers. This strategy may enhance in vitro and in vivo formation and maturation of functional constructs for fibrous tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Baker
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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18
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McDevitt TC, Carpenedo RL, Sargent CY, Berguig GY, Marklein RA, Seaman S. Engineering the 3D microenvironment of embryonic stem cells undergoing differentiation. Biomed Mater Eng 2008; 18:179-181. [PMID: 19065018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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19
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McDevitt TC, Carpenedo RL, Sargent CY, Berguig GY, Marklein RA, Seaman S. Engineering the 3D microenvironment of embryonic stem cells undergoing differentiation. Biomed Mater Eng 2008. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-2008-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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