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Campoli C, Eskan M, McAllister T, Liu L, Shoesmith J, Prescott A, Ramsay L, Waugh R, McKim SM. A GDSL-motif Esterase/Lipase Affects Wax and Cutin Deposition and Controls Hull-Caryopsis Attachment in Barley. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:999-1013. [PMID: 38668634 PMCID: PMC11209556 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The cuticle covering aerial organs of land plants is well known to protect against desiccation. Cuticles also play diverse and specialized functions, including organ separation, depending on plant and tissue. Barley shows a distinctive cuticular wax bloom enriched in β-diketones on leaf sheaths, stem nodes and internodes and inflorescences. Barley also develops a sticky surface on the outer pericarp layer of its grain fruit leading to strongly adhered hulls, 'covered grain', important for embryo protection and seed dispersal. While the transcription factor-encoding gene HvNUDUM (HvNUD) appears essential for adherent hulls, little is understood about how the pericarp cuticle changes during adhesion or whether changes in pericarp cuticles contribute to another phenotype where hulls partially shed, called 'skinning'. To that end, we screened barley lines for hull adhesion defects, focussing on the Eceriferum (= waxless, cer) mutants. Here, we show that the cer-xd allele causes defective wax blooms and compromised hull adhesion, and results from a mutation removing the last 10 amino acids of the GDS(L) [Gly, Asp, Ser, (Leu)]-motif esterase/lipase HvGDSL1. We used severe and moderate HvGDSL1 alleles to show that complete HvGDSL1 function is essential for leaf blade cuticular integrity, wax bloom deposition over inflorescences and leaf sheaths and pericarp cuticular ridge formation. Expression data suggest that HvGDSL1 may regulate hull adhesion independently of HvNUD. We found high conservation of HvGDSL1 among barley germplasm, so variation in HvGDSL1 unlikely leads to grain skinning in cultivated barley. Taken together, we reveal a single locus which controls adaptive cuticular properties across different organs in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Campoli
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Mhmoud Eskan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Trisha McAllister
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Linsan Liu
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Shoesmith
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Alan Prescott
- DIF and Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD14HN, UK
| | - Luke Ramsay
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
| | - Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Errol road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK
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Gerasimova SV, Kolosovskaya EV, Vikhorev AV, Korotkova AM, Hertig CW, Genaev MA, Domrachev DV, Morozov SV, Chernyak EI, Shmakov NA, Vasiliev GV, Kochetov AV, Kumlehn J, Khlestkina EK. WAX INDUCER 1 Regulates β-Diketone Biosynthesis by Mediating Expression of the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076762. [PMID: 37047735 PMCID: PMC10095013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant surface properties are crucial determinants of resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. The outer layer of the plant cuticle consists of chemically diverse epicuticular waxes. The WAX INDUCER1/SHINE subfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORS regulates cuticle properties in plants. In this study, four barley genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtWIN1 gene were mutated using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Mutations in one of them, the HvWIN1 gene, caused a recessive glossy sheath phenotype associated with β-diketone deficiency. A complementation test for win1 knockout (KO) and cer-x mutants showed that Cer-X and WIN1 are allelic variants of the same genomic locus. A comparison of the transcriptome from leaf sheaths of win1 KO and wild-type plants revealed a specific and strong downregulation of a large gene cluster residing at the previously known Cer-cqu locus. Our findings allowed us to postulate that the WIN1 transcription factor in barley is a master mediator of the β-diketone biosynthesis pathway acting through developmental stage- and organ-specific transactivation of the Cer-cqu gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander V Vikhorev
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christian W Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Genaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Domrachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Shmakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennady V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Rajendran NR, Qureshi N, Pourkheirandish M. Genotyping by Sequencing Advancements in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931423. [PMID: 36003814 PMCID: PMC9394214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Barley is considered an ideal crop to study cereal genetics due to its close relationship with wheat and diploid ancestral genome. It plays a crucial role in reducing risks to global food security posed by climate change. Genetic variations in the traits of interest in crops are vital for their improvement. DNA markers have been widely used to estimate these variations in populations. With the advancements in next-generation sequencing, breeders could access different types of genetic variations within different lines, with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) being the most common type. However, genotyping barley with whole genome sequencing (WGS) is challenged by the higher cost and computational demand caused by the large genome size (5.5GB) and a high proportion of repetitive sequences (80%). Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocols based on restriction enzymes and target enrichment allow a cost-effective SNP discovery by reducing the genome complexity. In general, GBS has opened up new horizons for plant breeding and genetics. Though considered a reliable alternative to WGS, GBS also presents various computational difficulties, but GBS-specific pipelines are designed to overcome these challenges. Moreover, a robust design for GBS can facilitate the imputation to the WGS level of crops with high linkage disequilibrium. The complete exploitation of GBS advancements will pave the way to a better understanding of crop genetics and offer opportunities for the successful improvement of barley and its close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Raj Rajendran
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naeela Qureshi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Texcoco, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. Ecophysiology with barley eceriferum (cer) mutants: the effects of humidity and wax crystal structure on yield and vegetative parameters. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:301-313. [PMID: 32361758 PMCID: PMC7380459 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In addition to preventing water loss, plant cuticles must also regulate nutrient loss via leaching. The eceriferum mutants in Hordeum vulgare (barley) potentially influence these functions by altering epicuticular wax structure and composition. METHODS Cultivar 'Bonus' and five of its cer mutants were grown under optimal conditions for vegetative growth and maturation, and nine traits were measured. Nutrient and water amounts going through the soil and the amount of simulated rain as deionized water, affecting phyllosphere humidity, delivered during either the vegetative or maturation phase, were varied. Cer leaf genes and three wilty (wlt) mutations were characterized for reaction to toluidine blue and the rate of non-stomatal water loss. KEY RESULTS Vegetative phase rain on 'Bonus' significantly decreased kernel weight and numbers by 15-30 %, while in cer.j59 and .c36 decreases of up to 42 % occurred. Maturation phase findings corroborated those from the vegetative phase. Significant pleiotropic effects were identified: cer.j59 decreased culm and spike length and 1000-kernel weight, .c36 decreased kernel number and weight, .i16 decreased spike length and .e8 increased culm height. Excepting Cer.zv and .ym mutations, none of the other 27 Cer leaf genes or wlt mutations played significant roles, if any, in preventing water loss. Cer.zv and .ym mutants lost non-stomatal water 13.5 times faster than those of Cer.j, .yi, .ys and .zp and 18.3 times faster than those of four cultivars and the mutants tested here. CONCLUSIONS Using yield to measure the net effect of phyllosphere humidity and wax crystal structure revealed that the former is far more important than the latter. The amenable experimental setup described here can be used to delve deeper. Significant pleiotropic effects were identified for mutations in four Cer genes, of which one is known to participate in wax biosynthesis. Twenty-seven Cer leaf genes and three wlt mutations have little if any effect on water loss.
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5
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Pourkheirandish M, Golicz AA, Bhalla PL, Singh MB. Global Role of Crop Genomics in the Face of Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:922. [PMID: 32765541 PMCID: PMC7378793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of climate change resilient crops is necessary if we are to meet the challenge of feeding the growing world's population. We must be able to increase food production despite the projected decrease in arable land and unpredictable environmental conditions. This review summarizes the technological and conceptual advances that have the potential to transform plant breeding, help overcome the challenges of climate change, and initiate the next plant breeding revolution. Recent developments in genomics in combination with high-throughput and precision phenotyping facilitate the identification of genes controlling critical agronomic traits. The discovery of these genes can now be paired with genome editing techniques to rapidly develop climate change resilient crops, including plants with better biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and enhanced nutritional value. Utilizing the genetic potential of crop wild relatives (CWRs) enables the domestication of new species and the generation of synthetic polyploids. The high-quality crop plant genome assemblies and annotations provide new, exciting research targets, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and cis-regulatory regions. Metagenomic studies give insights into plant-microbiome interactions and guide selection of optimal soils for plant cultivation. Together, all these advances will allow breeders to produce improved, resilient crops in relatively short timeframes meeting the demands of the growing population and changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohan B. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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6
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Li C, Haslam TM, Krüger A, Schneider LM, Mishina K, Samuels L, Yang H, Kunst L, Schaffrath U, Nawrath C, Chen G, Komatsuda T, von Wettstein-Knowles P. The β-Ketoacyl-CoA Synthase HvKCS1, Encoded by Cer-zh, Plays a Key Role in Synthesis of Barley Leaf Wax and Germination of Barley Powdery Mildew. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:806-822. [PMID: 29401261 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle coats the primary aerial surfaces of land plants. It consists of cutin and waxes, which provide protection against desiccation, pathogens and herbivores. Acyl cuticular waxes are synthesized via elongase complexes that extend fatty acyl precursors up to 38 carbons for downstream modification pathways. The leaves of 21 barley eceriferum (cer) mutants appear to have less or no epicuticular wax crystals, making these mutants excellent tools for identifying elongase and modification pathway biosynthetic genes. Positional cloning of the gene mutated in cer-zh identified an elongase component, β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (CER-ZH/HvKCS1) that is one of 34 homologous KCSs encoded by the barley genome. The biochemical function of CER-ZH was deduced from wax and cutin analyses and by heterologous expression in yeast. Combined, these experiments revealed that CER-ZH/HvKCS1 has a substrate specificity for C16-C20, especially unsaturated, acyl chains, thus playing a major role in total acyl chain elongation for wax biosynthesis. The contribution of CER-ZH to water barrier properties of the cuticle and its influence on the germination of barley powdery mildew fungus were also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Krüger
- Department of Plant Physiology, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lizette M Schneider
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, SW-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kohei Mishina
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hongxing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Penny von Wettstein-Knowles
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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7
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Li C, Chen G, Mishina K, Yamaji N, Ma JF, Yukuhiro F, Tagiri A, Liu C, Pourkheirandish M, Anwar N, Ohta M, Zhao P, Lundqvist U, Li X, Komatsuda T. A GDSL-motif esterase/acyltransferase/lipase is responsible for leaf water retention in barley. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00025. [PMID: 31245672 PMCID: PMC6508521 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle covers the surface of the most aerial organs of land plants. The barley mutant eceriferum-zv (cer-zv), which is hypersensitive to drought, is unable to accumulate a sufficient quantity of cutin in its leaf cuticle. The mutated locus has been mapped to a 0.02 cM segment in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 4H. As a map-based cloning approach to isolate the gene was therefore considered unlikely to be feasible, a comparison was instead made between the transcriptomes of the mutant and the wild type. In conjunction with extant genomic information, on the basis of predicted functionality, only two genes were considered likely to encode a product associated with cutin formation. When eight independent cer-zv mutant alleles were resequenced with respect to the two candidate genes, it was confirmed that the gene underlying the mutation in each allele encodes a Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-motif esterase/acyltransferase/lipase. The gene was transcribed in the epidermis, and its product was exclusively deposited in cell wall at the boundary of the cuticle in the leaf elongation zone, coinciding with the major site of cutin deposition. CER-ZV is speculated to function in the deposition of cutin polymer. Its homologs were found in green algae, moss, and euphyllophytes, indicating that it is highly conserved in plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Kohei Mishina
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Fumiko Yukuhiro
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Crop Research InstituteShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJi'nanChina
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of Agriculture and EnvironmentPlant Breeding InstituteThe University of SydneyCobbittyNSWAustralia
| | - Nadia Anwar
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masaru Ohta
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Pengshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | | | - Xinrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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8
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Jacq A, Pernot C, Martinez Y, Domergue F, Payré B, Jamet E, Burlat V, Pacquit VB. The Arabidopsis Lipid Transfer Protein 2 (AtLTP2) Is Involved in Cuticle-Cell Wall Interface Integrity and in Etiolated Hypocotyl Permeability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:263. [PMID: 28289427 PMCID: PMC5326792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) belong to a complex multigenic family implicated in diverse physiological processes. However, their function and mode of action remain unclear probably because of functional redundancy. Among the different roles proposed for nsLTPs, it has long been suggested that they could transport cuticular precursor across the cell wall during the formation of the cuticle, which constitutes the first physical barrier for plant interactions with their aerial environment. Here, we took advantage of the Arabidopsis thaliana etiolated hypocotyl model in which AtLTP2 was previously identified as the unique and abundant nsLTP member in the cell wall proteome, to investigate its function. AtLTP2 expression was restricted to epidermal cells of aerial organs, in agreement with the place of cuticle deposition. Furthermore, transient AtLTP2-TagRFP over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells resulted in its localization to the cell wall, as expected, but surprisingly also to the plastids, indicating an original dual trafficking for a nsLTP. Remarkably, in etiolated hypocotyls, the atltp2-1 mutant displayed modifications in cuticle permeability together with a disorganized ultra-structure at the cuticle-cell wall interface completely recovered in complemented lines, whereas only slight differences in cuticular composition were observed. Thus, AtLTP2 may not play the historical purported nsLTP shuttling role across the cell wall, but we rather hypothesize that AtLTP2 could play a major structural role by maintaining the integrity of the adhesion between the mainly hydrophobic cuticle and the hydrophilic underlying cell wall. Altogether, these results gave new insights into nsLTP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Jacq
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clémentine Pernot
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Fédération de Recherche FR3450–Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS Université de Bordeaux–INRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse III, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie B. Pacquit
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Valérie B. Pacquit,
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9
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Li C, Liu C, Ma X, Wang A, Duan R, Nawrath C, Komatsuda T, Chen G. Characterization and genetic mapping of eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), a cutin deficient barley mutant with impaired leaf water retention capacity. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:327-32. [PMID: 26366115 PMCID: PMC4542933 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle covers the aerial parts of land plants, where it serves many important functions, including water retention. Here, a recessive cuticle mutant, eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) showed abnormally glossy spikes, sheaths, and leaves. The cer-ym mutant plant detached from its root system was hypersensitive to desiccation treatment compared with wild type plants, and detached leaves of mutant lost 41.8% of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration under laboratory conditions, while that of the wild type plants lost only 7.1%. Stomata function was not affected by the mutation, but the mutant leaves showed increased cuticular permeability to water, suggesting a defective leaf cuticle, which was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. The mutant leaves showed a substantial reduction in the amounts of the major cutin monomers and a slight increase in the main wax component, suggesting that the enhanced cuticle permeability was a consequence of cutin deficiency. cer-ym was mapped within a 0.8 cM interval between EST marker AK370363 and AK251484, a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H. The results indicate that the desiccation sensitivity of cer-ym is caused by a defect in leaf cutin, and that cer-ym is located in a chromosome 4H pericentromeric region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000,
China
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000,
China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000,
China
| | - Ruijun Duan
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000,
China
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne,
Lausanne CH-1015,
Switzerland
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000,
China
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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10
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Liu F, Xiong X, Wu L, Fu D, Hayward A, Zeng X, Cao Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Wu G. BraLTP1, a lipid transfer protein gene involved in epicuticular wax deposition, cell proliferation and flower development in Brassica napus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110272. [PMID: 25314222 PMCID: PMC4196963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) constitute large multigene families that possess complex physiological functions, many of which remain unclear. This study isolated and characterized the function of a lipid transfer protein gene, BraLTP1 from Brassica rapa, in the important oilseed crops Brassica napus. BraLTP1 encodes a predicted secretory protein, in the little known VI Class of nsLTP families. Overexpression of BnaLTP1 in B. napus caused abnormal green coloration and reduced wax deposition on leaves and detailed wax analysis revealed 17-80% reduction in various major wax components, which resulted in significant water-loss relative to wild type. BnaLTP1 overexpressing leaves exhibited morphological disfiguration and abaxially curled leaf edges, and leaf cross-sections revealed cell overproliferation that was correlated to increased cytokinin levels (tZ, tZR, iP, and iPR) in leaves and high expression of the cytokinin biosynthsis gene IPT3. BnaLTP1-overexpressing plants also displayed morphological disfiguration of flowers, with early-onset and elongated carpel development and outwardly curled stamen. This was consistent with altered expression of a a number of ABC model genes related to flower development. Together, these results suggest that BraLTP1 is a new nsLTP gene involved in wax production or deposition, with additional direct or indirect effects on cell division and flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Alice Hayward
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xinhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinglong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pu Y, Gao J, Guo Y, Liu T, Zhu L, Xu P, Yi B, Wen J, Tu J, Ma C, Fu T, Zou J, Shen J. A novel dominant glossy mutation causes suppression of wax biosynthesis pathway and deficiency of cuticular wax in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:215. [PMID: 24330756 PMCID: PMC3881019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aerial parts of land plants are covered with cuticular waxes that limit non-stomatal water loss and gaseous exchange, and protect plants from ultraviolet radiation and pathogen attack. This is the first report on the characterization and genetic mapping of a novel dominant glossy mutant (BnaA.GL) in Brassica napus. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cuticle ultrastructure of GL mutant leaf and stem were altered dramatically compared with that of wide type (WT). Scanning electron microscopy corroborated the reduction of wax on the leaf and stem surface. A cuticular wax analysis of the GL mutant leaves further confirmed the drastic decrease in the total wax content, and a wax compositional analysis revealed an increase in aldehydes but a severe decrease in alkanes, ketones and secondary alcohols. These results suggested a likely blockage of the decarbonylation step in the wax biosynthesis pathway. Genetic mapping narrowed the location of the BnaA.GL gene to the end of A9 chromosome. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip assay in combination with bulk segregant analysis (BSA) also located SNPs in the same region. Two SNPs, two single sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one IP marker were located on the flanking region of the BnaA.GL gene at a distance of 0.6 cM. A gene homologous to ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) was located in the mapped region. A cDNA microarray chip assay revealed coordinated down regulation of genes encoding enzymes of the cuticular wax biosynthetic pathway in the glossy mutant, with BnCER1 being one of the most severely suppressed genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that surface wax biosynthesis is broadly affected in the glossy mutant due to the suppression of the BnCER1 and other wax-related genes. These findings offer novel clues for elucidating the molecular basis of the glossy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanli Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0 W9, Canada
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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