1
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Yuan J, Ma L, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Wang C, Meng W, Tian Z, Zhou Y, Wang G. A recently evolved BAHD acetyltransferase, responsible for bitter soyasaponin A production, is indispensable for soybean seed germination. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2490-2504. [PMID: 37548097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are major small molecules that accumulate in soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Among them, type-A soyasaponins, fully acetylated at the terminal sugar of their C22 sugar chain, are responsible for the bitter taste of soybean-derived foods. However, the molecular basis for the acetylation of type-A soyasaponins remains unclear. Here, we identify and characterize GmSSAcT1, encoding a BADH-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase that catalyzes three or four consecutive acetylations on type-A soyasaponins in vitro and in planta. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical assays suggest that GmSSAcT1 likely evolved from acyltransferases present in leguminous plants involved in isoflavonoid acylation. Loss-of-function mutants of GmSSAcT1 exhibited impaired seed germination, which attribute to the excessive accumulation of null-acetylated type-A soyasaponins. We conclude that GmSSAcT1 not only functions as a detoxification gene for high accumulation of type-A soyasaponins in soybean seeds but is also a promising target for breeding new soybean varieties with lower bitter soyasaponin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute of Pasteur of Shanghai, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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2
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Ma Y, Shang Y. Is bitter actually better? Targeting a soyasaponin acetyltransferase affects soybean seed germination. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2409-2411. [PMID: 37665684 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This Highlight features a recent study showing that the soybean BAHD-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase GmSSAcT1 is responsible for three or four sequential acetylation steps in type-A soyasaponin biosynthesis and that loss of GmSSAcT1 function strongly inhibits soybean seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650092, China
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3
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Bljahhina A, Kuhtinskaja M, Kriščiunaite T. Development of Extraction Method for Determination of Saponins in Soybean-Based Yoghurt Alternatives: Effect of Sample pH. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112164. [PMID: 37297409 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of plant-based dairy alternative products on the market is growing rapidly. In the case of soybean-based yoghurt alternatives, it is important to trace the content of saponins, the phytomicronutrients with a disputable health effect, which are likely to be responsible for the bitter off-taste of the products. We present a new sample extraction method followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HILIC-MS) for identifying and quantifying soyasaponins in soybean-based yoghurt alternatives. Soyasaponin Bb, soyasaponin Ba, soyasaponin Aa, and soyasaponin Ab were quantified using commercially available standard compounds and with asperosaponin VI as the internal standard. As the recoveries of soyasaponins were unacceptable in yoghurt alternatives at their natural acidic pH, the adjustment of pH was performed as one of the first steps in the sample extraction procedure to achieve the optimum solubility of soyasaponins. The validation of the method included the assessment of linearity, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, and matrix effect. The average concentrations of soyasaponin Bb, soyasaponin Ba, soyasaponin Ab, and soyasaponin Aa in several measured soybean-based yoghurt alternatives utilising the developed method were 12.6 ± 1.2, 3.2 ± 0.7, 6.0 ± 2.4 mg/100 g, and below the LOQ, respectively. This method provides an efficient and relatively simple procedure for extracting soyasaponins from yoghurt alternatives followed by rapid quantification using HILIC-MS and could find a rightful application in the development of healthier and better-tasting dairy alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Bljahhina
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Kuhtinskaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kriščiunaite
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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4
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Yu B, Patterson N, Zaharia LI. Saponin Biosynthesis in Pulses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243505. [PMID: 36559617 PMCID: PMC9780904 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulses are a group of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for their dry seeds. As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, pulses are becoming important food crops worldwide. In addition to being a rich source of nutrients, pulses also contain saponins that are traditionally considered anti-nutrients, and impart bitterness and astringency. Saponins are plant secondary metabolites with great structural and functional diversity. Given their diverse functional properties and biological activities, both undesirable and beneficial, saponins have received growing attention. It can be expected that redirecting metabolic fluxes to control the saponin levels and produce desired saponins would be an effective approach to improve the nutritional and sensory quality of the pulses. However, little effort has been made toward understanding saponin biosynthesis in pulses, and, thus there exist sizable knowledge gaps regarding its pathway and regulatory network. In this paper, we summarize the research progress made on saponin biosynthesis in pulses. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships of putative biosynthetic enzymes among multiple pulse species provide a glimpse of the evolutionary routes and functional diversification of saponin biosynthetic enzymes. The review will help us to advance our understanding of saponin biosynthesis and aid in the development of molecular and biotechnological tools for the systematic optimization of metabolic fluxes, in order to produce the desired saponins in pulses.
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Yates PS, Roberson J, Ramsue LK, Song BH. Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14387-14401. [PMID: 34843230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, prominent secondary plant metabolites, are recognized for their roles in plant defense and medicinal benefits. Soyasaponins, commonly derived from legumes, are a class of triterpenoid saponins that demonstrate significant potential for plant and human health applications. Previous research and reviews largely emphasize human health effects of soyasaponins. However, the biological effects of soyasaponins and their implications for plants in the context of human health have not been well-discussed. This review provides comprehensive discussions on the biological roles of soyasaponins in plant defense and rhizosphere microbial interactions; biosynthetic regulation and compound production; immunological effects and potential for therapeutics; and soyasaponin acquisition attributed to processing effects, bioavailability, and biotransformation processes based on recent soyasaponin research. Given the multifaceted biological effects elicited by soyasaponins, further research warrants an integrated approach to understand molecular mechanisms of regulations in their production as well as their applications in plant and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping S Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Julia Roberson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Lyric K Ramsue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
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Vernoud V, Lebeigle L, Munier J, Marais J, Sanchez M, Pertuit D, Rossin N, Darchy B, Aubert G, Le Signor C, Berdeaux O, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Thompson R. β-Amyrin Synthase1 Controls the Accumulation of the Major Saponins Present in Pea (Pisum sativum). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:784-797. [PMID: 33826728 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of pulses as ingredients for the production of food products rich in plant proteins is increasing. However, protein fractions prepared from pea or other pulses contain significant amounts of saponins, glycosylated triterpenes that can impart an undesirable bitter taste when used as an ingredient in foodstuffs. In this article, we describe the identification and characterization of a gene involved in saponin biosynthesis during pea seed development, by screening mutants obtained from two Pisum sativum TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) populations in two different genetic backgrounds. The mutations studied are located in a gene designated PsBAS1 (β-amyrin synthase1), which is highly expressed in maturing pea seeds and which encodes a protein previously shown to correspond to an active β-amyrin synthase. The first allele is a nonsense mutation, while the second mutation is located in a splice site and gives rise to a mis-spliced transcript encoding a truncated, nonfunctional protein. The homozygous mutant seeds accumulated virtually no saponin without affecting the seed nutritional or physiological quality. Interestingly, BAS1 appears to control saponin accumulation in all other tissues of the plant examined. These lines represent a first step in the development of pea varieties lacking bitterness off-flavors in their seeds. Our work also shows that TILLING populations in different genetic backgrounds represent valuable genetic resources for both crop improvement and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Ludivine Lebeigle
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
- University of Lausanne, Center for Integrative GenomicsLausanne 1015,Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Munier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Julie Marais
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Myriam Sanchez
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - David Pertuit
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie EA 4267, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Nadia Rossin
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Brigitte Darchy
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | | | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
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7
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Szparaga A, Kocira S, Findura P, Kapusta I, Zaguła G, Świeca M. Uncovering the multi-level response of Glycine max L. to the application of allelopathic biostimulant from Levisticum officinale Koch. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15360. [PMID: 34321544 PMCID: PMC8319131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest expressed by the agriculture in the category of innovative biostimulants is due to the intensive search for natural preparations. Our study is the first ever to report a complex approach to the use of allelopathic extracts from Levisticum officinale Koch. roots in soybean cultivation, includes analyses of morphological observations, and analyses of biochemical indicators. Hot method of aqueous extraction was applied. The extracts were administered via foliar application and soil treatment. Lovage extracts had high contents of polyphenolic compounds and rich micro- and macroelemental composition. The infusions did not contain gibberellic acid and indole-3-acetic acid but the abscisic acid and saccharose, glucose, and fructose were found. The extracts modified soybean plant physiology, as manifested by changes in biometric traits. Plants responded positively by increased yield. Seeds from the treated plants had higher contents of micro- and macroelements, as well as total concentrations of lipids (with a slight decrease in protein content). In addition, they featured changes in their amino acid profile and fatty acid composition. The application of allelopathic biostimulant caused increased concentrations of isoflavones and saponins. The natural biostimulants from Levisticum officinale may become a valuable tool in the sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szparaga
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-620, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kocira
- Department of Machinery Exploitation and Management of Production Processes, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Pavol Findura
- Department of Machines and Production Biosystems, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, 949 76, Slovakia
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, College of Natural Science, University of Rzeszow, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zaguła
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Chitisankul WT, Itabashi M, Son H, Takahashi Y, Ito A, Varanyanond W, Tsukamoto C. Soyasaponin composition complexities in soyfoods relating nutraceutical properties and undesirable taste characteristics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Yin C, Zhao Q, Yue A, Du W, Liu D, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang M. Colorimetric Detection of Class A Soybean Saponins by G-Quadruplex-Based Hybridization Chain Reaction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8813239. [PMID: 33204574 PMCID: PMC7661121 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8813239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean saponin is one of the important secondary metabolites in seeds, which has various beneficial physiological functions to human health. GmSg-1 gene is the key enzyme gene for synthesizing class A saponins. It is of great significance to realize the visual and rapid detection of class A saponins at the genetic level. The hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was employed to the visual detection of GmSg-1 gene, which was implemented by changing the length of the target fragment to 92 bp and using the hairpin probes we designed to detect the GmSg-1 a and GmSg-1 b genes. The best condition of HCR reaction is hemin (1.2 μM), Triton X-100 (0.002%), ABTS (3.8 μM), and H2O2 (1.5 mM). It was found that HCR has high specificity for GmSg-1 gene and could be applied to the visual detection of different soybean cultivars containing Aa type, Ab type, and Aa/Ab type saponins, which could provide technical reference and theoretical basis for molecular breeding of soybean and development of functional soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yin
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongpo Zhang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
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10
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Li W, Wu G, Wang M, Yue A, Du W, Liu D, Zhao J. Colorimetric detection of class A soybean saponins by coupling DNAzyme with the gap ligase chain reaction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3361-3367. [PMID: 32930223 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Class A saponins are responsible for the taste of soybean products, and the rapid identification of class A saponins from soybean food is essential for both food safety and cultivar screening. In this study, we propose a colorimetric assay based on the coupling of gap ligase chain reaction (Gap-LCR) with DNAzyme to detect the target GmSg-1 genes of class A soybean saponins with the naked eye, without the involvement of expensive instruments. The limits of detection (LODs) for the GmSg-1a and GmSg-1b genes were determined to be 0.1618 and 0.1625 μM, respectively, with a linear range of 0.2-1.2 μM. The DNAzyme-based Gap LCR assay was successfully employed to identify the target genes from different soybean cultivars, providing a simple means for monitoring the quality of soybean products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Li
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Guorui Wu
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Aiqin Yue
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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11
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Nascimento YM, Abreu LS, Lima RL, Costa VCO, Melo JIMD, Braz-Filho R, Silva MS, Tavares JF. Rapid Characterization of Triterpene Saponins from Zornia brasiliensis by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142519. [PMID: 31295814 PMCID: PMC6680687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zornia brasiliensis Vogel (Leguminosae) is a species popularly known in Brazil as “urinária”, “urinana”, and “carrapicho”, it is popularly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of venereal diseases. A specific methodology to obtain a saponin-enriched fraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection, ion trap mass spectrometry, and TOF-MS (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) was applied for the analysis of triterpene saponins. The MS and MS/MS experiments were carried out by ionization in negative mode. Molecular mass and fragmentation data were used to support the structural characterization of the saponins. Based on retention times, high-resolution mass determination and fragmentation, 35 oleanane-triterpene saponins were tentatively identified in Z. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mangueira Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ramon Leal Lima
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vicente Carlos O Costa
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - José Iranildo Miranda de Melo
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Campina Grande 58429-500, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Center of Sciences and Technologies, Darcy Ribeiro Norte Fluminense State University, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-600, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral Silva
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil.
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12
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Komagamine K, Tsukamoto C, Chang JH, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Biosynthesis of DDMP saponins in soybean is regulated by a distinct UDP-glycosyltransferase. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:261-274. [PMID: 30414191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponins are one of the major saponin groups that are widely distributed in legumes such as pea, barrel medic, chickpea, and soybean. The steps involved in DDMP saponin biosynthesis remain uncharacterized at the molecular level. We isolated two recessive mutants that lack DDMP saponins from an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant population of soybean cultivar Pungsannamul. Segregation analysis showed that the production of DDMP saponins is controlled by a single locus, named Sg-9. The locus was physically mapped to a 130-kb region on chromosome 16. Nucleotide sequence analysis of candidate genes in the region revealed that each mutant has a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Glyma.16G033700 encoding a UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT73B4. Enzyme assays and mass spectrum-coupled chromatographic analysis reveal that the Sg-9 protein has glycosyltransferase activity, converting sapogenins and group B saponins to glycosylated products, and that mutant proteins had only partial activities. The tissue-specific expression profile of Sg-9 matches the accumulation pattern of DDMP saponins. This is the first report on a new gene and its function in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins. Our findings indicate that Sg-9 encodes a putative DDMP transferase that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Kumpei Komagamine
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
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13
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Takagi K, Yano R, Tochigi S, Fujisawa Y, Tsuchinaga H, Takahashi Y, Takada Y, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Seki H, Muranaka T, Ishimoto M. Genetic and functional characterization of Sg-4 glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of sugar chain structure at the C-3 position of soybean saponins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:96-105. [PMID: 30261341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are specialized metabolites, which are abundant in soybean seeds. They have a wide variety of effects on human health and physiology. The composition of sugar chain attached to the aglycone moiety of saponins can be controlled by genetic loci, such as Sg-1, 3, and 4. Among these, the homozygous recessive sg-4 impairs the accumulation of saponins that have an arabinose moiety at the second position of the C-3 sugar chain (i.e., saponins Ad and βa) in the hypocotyls. In this study, we found that sg-4 cultivars are disabled in Glyma.01G046300 expression in hypocotyls. This gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT73P10) and is a homolog of GmSGT2 (UGT73P2) whose recombinant protein has been previously shown, in vitro, to conjugate the second galactose moiety at the C-3 position of soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (SBMG). The sg-4 phenotype (absence of saponins Ad and βa in hypocotyls) was restored by introducing the Glyma.01G046300 genomic DNA fragment that was obtained from the Sg-4 cultivar 'Ibarakimame 7'. Although Glyma.01G046300 is expressed in the cotyledons even in the sg-4 cultivars such as 'Enrei', the induced premature stop codon mutation (W244*) resulted in impaired accumulation of saponin βa in this tissue also in the 'Enrei' genetic background. Furthermore, the recombinant Glyma.01G046300 protein was shown to conjugate the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of SBMG using UDP-Ara as a sugar donor. These results demonstrate that Sg-4 is responsible for conjugation of the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of soybean saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsuchinaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan; Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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14
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MacDonell EC, Rajcan I. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with soyasaponin I concentration in soybean seed. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2157-2165. [PMID: 30051334 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Key message Significant QTL for soyasaponin I, as the major component of the soyasaponin B, have been identified using an RIL soybean population, which could facilitate the development of functional food soybean cultivars. Soyasaponin B forms that are naturally found in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed, have been of interest to the food industry because of their functional food properties. The predominant form soyasaponin B is soyasaponin I. While some of the genes in the biosynthesis of soyasaponins have been characterized, the underlying genetics of soyasaponins as a quantitative trait is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the accumulation of soyasaponin I using a genetic mapping population. The population consisting of 186 F4:7 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of 'OAC Glencoe' and 'OAC Wallace' was grown in two Southern Ontario locations in 2015 and 2016. The concentration of soyasaponin I was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Putative QTL associated with the accumulation of soyasaponin I were identified through simple interval mapping and composite interval mapping on chromosomes 10 and 16, which explained up to 11% of the total phenotypic variation per QTL for the trait. A significant positive correlation was observed between soyasaponin I and seed protein concentration in the mapping population, which may be advantageous for the development of soybean lines with improved soyasaponin I profiles. QTL identified in this study may facilitate marker-assisted selection for the development of food-grade soybean lines with improved functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C MacDonell
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Yano R, Takagi K, Tochigi S, Fujisawa Y, Nomura Y, Tsuchinaga H, Takahashi Y, Takada Y, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Seki H, Muranaka T, Ishimoto M. Isolation and Characterization of the Soybean Sg-3 Gene that is Involved in Genetic Variation in Sugar Chain Composition at the C-3 Position in Soyasaponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:792-805. [PMID: 29401289 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are specialized metabolites present in soybean seeds that affect the taste and quality of soy-based foods. The composition of the sugar chains attached to the aglycone moiety of soyasaponins is regulated by genetic loci such as sg-1, sg-3 and sg-4. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the Sg-3 gene, which is responsible for conjugating the terminal (third) glucose (Glc) at the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins. The gene Glyma.10G104700 is disabled in the sg-3 cultivar, 'Mikuriya-ao', due to the deletion of genomic DNA that results in the absence of a terminal Glc residue on the C-3 sugar chain. Sg-3 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT91H9), and its predicted protein sequence has a high homology with that of the product of GmSGT3 (Glyma.08G181000; UGT91H4), which conjugates rhamnose (Rha) to the third position of the C-3 sugar chain in vitro. A recombinant Glyma.10G104700 protein could utilize UDP-Glc as a substrate to conjugate the third Glc to the C-3 sugar chain, and introducing a functional Glyma.10G104700 transgene into the mutant complemented the sg-3 phenotype. Conversely, induction of a premature stop codon mutation in Glyma.10G104700 (W270*) resulted in the sg-3 phenotype, suggesting that Glyma.10G104700 was Sg-3. The gmsgt3 (R339H) mutant failed to accumulate soyasaponins with the third Rha at the C-3 sugar chain, and the third Glc and Rha conjugations were both disabled in the sg-3 gmsgt3 double mutant. These results demonstrated that Sg-3 and GmSGT3 are non-redundantly involved in conjugation of the third Glc and Rha at the C-3 sugar chain of soyasaponins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Saeko Tochigi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Yuhta Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsuchinaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Zentsuji, 765-8508 Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
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16
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Rehman HM, Nawaz MA, Shah ZH, Yang SH, Chung G. Functional characterization of naturally occurring wild soybean mutant (sg-5) lacking astringent saponins using whole genome sequencing approach. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:148-156. [PMID: 29362093 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are one of the most highly accumulated groups of functional components in soybean (Glycine max) and the oxidative reactions during their biosynthesis are required for their aglycone diversity. Natural mutants of soyasaponins in wild soybean (Glycine soja) are valuable resources for establishing the soyasaponin biosynthesis pathway and breeding new soybean varieties. In this study, we investigated the genetic mechanism behind the absence of group A saponins in a Korean wild soybean mutant, CWS5095. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of CWS5095 identified four point mutations [Val6 → Asp, Ile231 → Thr, His294 → Gln, and Arg376 → Lys] in CYP72A69 (Glyma15g39090), which oxygenate the C-21 position of soyasapogenol B or other intermediates to produce soyasapogenol A, leading to group A saponin production. An in vitro enzyme activity assay of single-sited mutated clones indicated that the Arg376 > Lys mutation (a highly conserved mutation based on a nucleotide change from G → A at the 1,127th position) may lead to loss of gene function in the sg-5 mutant. A very high normalized expression value of 377 reads per kilo base per million (RPKM) of Glyma15g39090 in the hypocotyl axis at the early maturation seed-development stage confirmed their abundant presence in seed hypocotyls. A molecular dynamics analysis of the Arg376 > Lys mutation based on the CYP3A4 (a human CYP450) protein structure found that it was responsible for the increase in axis length toward the heme (active site), which is critically important for biological activity and ligand binding. Our results provide important information on how to eradicate bitter and astringent saponins in soybean by utilizing the reported mutation in Glyma15g39090, and its importance for seed hypocotyl development based on transcript abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea.
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17
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Mukaiyama K, Tsukamoto C, Chang JH, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Molecular elucidation of a new allelic variation at the Sg-5 gene associated with the absence of group A saponins in wild soybean. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192150. [PMID: 29381775 PMCID: PMC5790262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In soybean, triterpenoid saponin is one of the major secondary metabolites and is further classified into group A and DDMP saponins. Although they have known health benefits for humans and animals, acetylation of group A saponins causes bitterness and gives an astringent taste to soy products. Therefore, several studies are being conducted to eliminate acetylated group A saponins. Previous studies have isolated and characterized the Sg-5 (Glyma.15g243300) gene, which encodes the cytochrome P450 72A69 enzyme and is responsible for soyasapogenol A biosynthesis. In this study, we elucidated the molecular identity of a novel mutant of Glycine soja, 'CWS5095'. Phenotypic analysis using TLC and LC-PDA/MS/MS showed that the mutant 'CWS5095' did not produce any group A saponins. Segregation analysis showed that the absence of group A saponins is controlled by a single recessive allele. The locus was mapped on chromosome 15 (4.3 Mb) between Affx-89193969 and Affx-89134397 where the previously identified Glyma.15g243300 gene is positioned. Sequence analysis of the coding region for the Glyma.15g243300 gene revealed the presence of four SNPs in 'CWS5095' compared to the control lines. One of these four SNPs (G1127A) leads to the amino acid change Arg376Lys in the EXXR motif, which is invariably conserved among the CYP450 superfamily proteins. Co-segregation analysis showed that the missense mutation (Arg376Lys) was tightly linked with the absence of group A saponins in 'CWS5095'. Even though Arg and Lys have similar chemical features, the 3D modelled protein structure indicates that the replacement of Arg with Lys may cause a loss-of-function of the Sg-5 protein by inhibiting the stable binding of a heme cofactor to the CYP72A69 apoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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18
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Teraishi M, Tojo Y, Yamada N, Okumoto Y. Identification of environmentally stable QTLs controlling Saponin content in Glycine max. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:123-128. [PMID: 28588388 PMCID: PMC5445963 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. There are two major saponin precursors in soybean: soyasapogenol A, contributing to the undesirable taste, and soyasapogenol B, some of which have health benefits. It is important to control the ratio and content of the two major saponin groups to enhance the appeal of soybean as a health food. The structural diversity of saponin in the sugar chain composition makes it hard to quantify the saponin content. We measured the saponin content in soybean by removing the sugar chain from the saponin using acidic hydrolysis and detected novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for saponin content. Major QTLs in the hypocotyl were identified on chromosome 5 near the SSR marker, Satt 384, while those in the cotyledon were on chromosome 6 near Sat_312, which is linked to the T and E1 loci. Our results suggest that saponin contents in the hypocotyl and cotyledon are controlled by different genes and that it is difficult to increase the beneficial group B saponin and to decrease the undesirable group A saponin at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Yuka Tojo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamada
- Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experiment Station,
1066-1 Soga, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-6461,
Japan
| | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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19
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Yano R, Takagi K, Takada Y, Mukaiyama K, Tsukamoto C, Sayama T, Kaga A, Anai T, Sawai S, Ohyama K, Saito K, Ishimoto M. Metabolic switching of astringent and beneficial triterpenoid saponins in soybean is achieved by a loss-of-function mutation in cytochrome P450 72A69. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:527-539. [PMID: 27775214 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are major components of secondary metabolites in soybean seeds and are divided into two groups: group A saponins, and 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponins. The aglycone moiety of group A saponins consists of soyasapogenol A (SA), which is an oxidized β-amyrin product, and the aglycone moiety of the DDMP saponins consists of soyasapogenol B (SB). Group A saponins produce a bitter and astringent aftertaste in soy products, whereas DDMP saponins have known health benefits for humans. We completed map-based cloning and characterization of the gene Sg-5, which is responsible for SA biosynthesis. The naturally occurring sg-5 mutant lacks group A saponins and has a loss-of-function mutation (L164*) in Glyma15g39090, which encodes the cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP72A69. An enzyme assay indicated the hydroxylase activity of recombinant CYP72A69 against SB, which also suggested the production of SA. Additionally, induced Glyma15g39090 mutants (R44* or S348P) lacked group A saponins similar to the sg-5 mutant, indicating that Glyma15g39090 corresponds to Sg-5. Endogenous levels of DDMP saponins were higher in the sg-5 mutant than in the wild-type lines due to the loss of the enzyme activity that converts SB to SA. Interestingly, the genomes of palaeopolyploid soybean and the closely related common bean carry multiple Sg-5 paralogs in a genomic region syntenic to the soybean Sg-5 region. However, SA did not accumulate in common bean samples, suggesting that Sg-5 activity evolved after gene duplication event(s). Our results demonstrate that metabolic switching of undesirable saponins with beneficial saponins can be achieved in soybean by disabling Sg-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1-3-1 Senyu, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765-8508, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Mukaiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Chigen Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Sayama
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Genetic Resources Center, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi 1, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Sawai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
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20
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Jervis J, Kastl C, Hildreth SB, Biyashev R, Grabau EA, Saghai-Maroof MA, Helm RF. Metabolite Profiling of Soybean Seed Extracts from Near-Isogenic Low and Normal Phytate Lines Using Orthogonal Separation Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9879-87. [PMID: 26487475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomic profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was applied to lipid-depleted methanolic extracts of soybean seeds utilizing orthogonal chromatographic separations (reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction) in both positive and negative ionization modes. Four near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in mutations for two genes encoding highly homologous multidrug resistant proteins (MRPs) were evaluated. The double mutant exhibited a low phytate phenotype, whereas the other three NILs, the two single mutants and the wild type, did not. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the four LC-MS data sets fully separated the low phytate line from the other three. While the levels of neutral oligosaccharides were the same for all lines, there were significant metabolite differences residing in the levels of malonyl isoflavones, soyasaponins, and arginine. Two methanol-soluble polypeptides were also found as differing in abundance levels, one of which was identified as the allergen Gly m 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jervis
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christin Kastl
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sherry B Hildreth
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ruslan Biyashev
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Grabau
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mohammad A Saghai-Maroof
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Richard F Helm
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, §Biological Sciences, and Plant Pathology, and ∥Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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21
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Effect of hydrocolloid on rheology and microstructure of high-protein soy desserts. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6435-44. [PMID: 26396388 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rheological and structural basis of texture perceived in semisolid foods, the aim of this work was to study the effects of two thickening agents, on rheology and microstructure of soy protein desserts. As rheological parameter values may not be enough to explain the possible perceived texture differences, the effect of composition on two instrumental indexes of oral consistency (apparent viscosity at 50 s(-1) and complex dynamic viscosity at 8 Hz) was also studied. Samples were prepared at two soy protein isolate (SPI) concentrations (6 and 8 % w/w), each with four modified starch concentrations (2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 % w/w) or four Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 % w/w). Two more samples without added thickener were prepared as control samples. The flow curves of all systems showed a typical shear-thinning behaviour and observable hysteresis loops. Control sample flow fitted well with the Ostwald-de Waele model and the flow of samples with thickener to the Herschel-Bulkley model. Viscoelastic properties of samples ranged from fluid-like to weak gel, depending on thickener and SPI concentrations. Starch-based samples exhibited a globular structure with SPI aggregates distributed among starch granules. In CMC-based samples, a coarse stranded structure with SPI aggregates partially embedded was observed. Variation of the two thickness index values with composition showed a similar trend with good correlation between them (R(2) = 0.92). Soy desserts with different composition but with similar rheological behaviour or instrumental thickness index values can be obtained.
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Seki H, Tamura K, Muranaka T. P450s and UGTs: Key Players in the Structural Diversity of Triterpenoid Saponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1463-71. [PMID: 25951908 PMCID: PMC7107090 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of next-generation sequencing techniques has facilitated transcriptome analyses of non-model plants. As a result, many of the genes encoding enzymes related to the production of specialized metabolites have been identified. Compounds derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene (the common precursor of sterols, steroids and triterpenoids), a linear compound of 30 carbon atoms produced through the mevalonate pathway, are called triterpenes. These include essential sterols, which are structural components of biomembranes; steroids such as the plant hormones, brassinolides and the toxin in potatoes, solanine; as well as the structurally diverse triterpenoids. Triterpenoids containing one or more sugar moieties attached to triterpenoid aglycones are called triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins have been shown to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic and antiviral effects. This review summarizes the recent progress in gene discovery and elucidates the biochemical functions of biosynthetic enzymes in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Special focus is placed on key players in generating the structural diversity of triterpenoid saponins, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Perspectives on further gene discovery and the use of biosynthetic genes for the microbial production of plant-derived triterpenoid saponins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Krishnamurthy P, Tsukamoto C, Takahashi Y, Hongo Y, Singh RJ, Lee JD, Chung G. Comparison of saponin composition and content in wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) before and after germination. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1988-96. [PMID: 25127168 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.946389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight wild soybean accessions with different saponin phenotypes were used to examine saponin composition and relative saponin quantity in various tissues of mature seeds and two-week-old seedlings by LC-PDA/MS/MS. Saponin composition and content were varied according to tissues and accessions. The average total saponin concentration in 1 g mature dry seeds of wild soybean was 16.08 ± 3.13 μmol. In two-week-old seedlings, produced from 1 g mature seeds, it was 27.94 ± 6.52 μmol. Group A saponins were highly concentrated in seed hypocotyl (4.04 ± 0.71 μmol). High concentration of DDMP saponins (7.37 ± 5.22 μmol) and Sg-6 saponins (2.19 ± 0.59 μmol) was found in cotyledonary leaf. In seedlings, the amounts of group A and Sg-6 saponins reduced 2.3- and 1.3-folds, respectively, while DDMP + B + E saponins increased 2.5-fold than those of mature seeds. Our findings show that the group A and Sg-6 saponins in mature seeds were degraded and/or translocated by germination whereas DDMP saponins were newly synthesized.
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