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Back S, Kim JM, Choi H, Lee JH, Han K, Hwang D, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Genetic characterization of a locus responsible for low pungency using EMS-induced mutants in Capsicum annuum L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:101. [PMID: 38607449 PMCID: PMC11014816 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The pepper mutants ('221-2-1a' and '1559-1-2h') with very low pungency were genetically characterized. The Pun4 locus, responsible for the reduced pungency of the mutant fruits, was localized to a 208 Mb region on chromosome 6. DEMF06G16460, encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, was proposed as a strong candidate gene based on the genetic analyses of bulked segregants, DEG, and expression analyses. Capsaicinoids are unique alkaloids present in pepper (Capsicum spp.), synthesized through the condensation of by-products from the phenylpropanoid and branched-chain fatty acid pathways, and accumulating in the placenta. In this study, we characterized two allelic ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant lines with extremely low pungency ('221-2-1a' and '1559-1-2h'). These mutants, derived from the pungent Korean landrace 'Yuwolcho,' exhibited lower capsaicinoid content than Yuwolcho but still contained a small amount of capsaicinoid with functional capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes. Genetic crosses between the mutants and Yuwolcho or pungent lines indicated that a single recessive mutation was responsible for the low-pungency phenotype of mutant 221-2-1a; we named the causal locus Pungency 4 (Pun4). To identify Pun4, we combined genome-wide polymorphism analysis and transcriptome analysis with bulked-segregant analysis. We narrowed down the location of Pun4 to a 208-Mb region on chromosome 6 containing five candidate genes, of which DEMF06G16460, encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase associated with branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, is the most likely candidate for Pun4. The expression of capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes in placental tissues in Yuwolcho and the mutant was consistent with the branched-chain fatty acid pathway playing a pivotal role in the lower pungency observed in the mutant. We also obtained a list of differentially expressed genes in placental tissues between the mutant and Yuwolcho, from which we selected candidate genes using gene co-expression analysis. In summary, we characterized the capsaicinoid biosynthesis-related locus Pun4 through integrated of genetic, genomic, and transcriptome analyses. These findings will contribute to our understanding of capsaicinoid biosynthesis in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Back
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Koeun Han
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Hwang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kusaka H, Nakasato S, Sano K, Kobata K, Ohno S, Doi M, Tanaka Y. An evolutionary view of vanillylamine synthase pAMT, a key enzyme of capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway in chili pepper. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1453-1465. [PMID: 38117481 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pungent capsaicinoid is synthesized only in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.). The production of vanillylamine from vanillin is a unique reaction in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway. Although putative aminotransferase (pAMT) has been isolated as the vanillylamine synthase gene, it is unclear how Capsicum acquired pAMT. Here, we present a phylogenetic overview of pAMT and its homologs. The Capsicum genome contained 5 homologs, including pAMT, CaGABA-T1, CaGABA-T3, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that pAMT is a member of the Solanaceae cytoplasmic GABA-Ts. Comparative genome analysis found that multiple copies of GABA-T exist in a specific Solanaceae genomic region, and the cytoplasmic GABA-Ts other than pAMT are located in the region. The cytoplasmic GABA-T was phylogenetically close to pseudo-GABA-T harboring a plastid transit peptide (pseudo-GABA-T3). This suggested that Solanaceae cytoplasmic GABA-Ts occurred via duplication of a chloroplastic GABA-T ancestor and subsequent loss of the plastid transit signal. The cytoplasmic GABA-T may have been translocated from the specific Solanaceae genomic region during Capsicum divergence, resulting in the current pAMT locus. A recombinant protein assay demonstrated that pAMT had higher vanillylamine synthase activity than those of other plant GABA-Ts. pAMT was expressed exclusively in the placental septum of mature green fruit, whereas tomato orthologs SlGABA-T2/4 exhibit a ubiquitous expression pattern in plants. These findings suggested that both the increased catalytic efficiency and transcriptional changes in pAMT may have contributed to establish vanillylamine synthesis in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway. This study provides insights into the establishment of pungency in the evolution of chili peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kusaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Saika Nakasato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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3
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Burgos-Valencia E, Echevarría-Machado I, Ortega-Lule G, Medina-Lara F, García-Laynes F, Martínez-Estévez M, Narváez-Zapata J. Haplotype analysis, regulatory elements and docking simulation of structural models of different AT3 copies in the genus Capsicum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38354741 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are responsible for the pungency in Capsicum species. These are synthesized by the Capsaicin synthase (CS) encoded by the AT3 gene, which catalyzes the transference of an acyl moiety from a branched-chain fatty acid-CoA ester to the vanillylamine to produce capsaicinoids. Some AT3 gene copies have been identified on the Capsicum genome. The absence of capsaicinoid in some nonpungent accessions is related to mutant AT3 alleles. The differences between CS protein copies can affect the tridimensional structure of the protein and the affinity for its substrates, and this could affect fruit pungency. This study characterized 32 AT3 sequences covering Capsicum pungent and non-pungent accessions. These were clustered in AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 groups and representative sequences were analyzed. Genomic upstream analysis shows different regulatory elements, mainly responsive to light and abiotic stress. AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 gene expression was confirmed in fruit tissues of C. annuum. Amino acid substitutions close to the predictable HXXXD and DFGWG motifs were also identified. AT3 sequences were modeled showing a BAHD acyltransferase structure with two connected domains. A pocket with different shape, size and composition between AT3 models was found inside the protein, with the conserved motif HXXXD exposed to it, and a channel for their accessibility. CS substrates exhibit high interaction energies with the His and Asp conserved residues. AT3 models have different interaction affinities with the (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoyl-CoA, 8-methylnonanoyl-CoA and vanillylamine substrates. These results suggested that AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 sequences encode CS enzymes with different regulatory factors and substratum affinities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Burgos-Valencia
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gustavo Ortega-Lule
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fátima Medina-Lara
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Federico García-Laynes
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - José Narváez-Zapata
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang J, Li W, Du H, Geng S. Optimized Pepper Target SNP-Seq Applied in Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Analysis of 496 Pepper ( Capsicum spp.) Lines. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 38397204 PMCID: PMC10887817 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peppers are a major vegetable crop worldwide. With the completion of additional genome assemblies, a multitude of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be utilized for population structure and genetic diversity analysis. In this study, we used target SNP-sequencing as a new high-throughput sequencing technology, screening out 425 perfect SNPs for analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure among 496 pepper lines from five pepper species in China and abroad. The perfect SNP panel exhibited commendable discriminative ability, as indicated by the average values of polymorphism information content, observed heterozygosity, minor allele frequency, and genetic diversity, which were 0.346, 0.011, 0.371, and 0.449, respectively. Based on phylogenetic, population structure, and principal component analyses, 484 C. annuum lines were divided into four subpopulations according to the shape of fruit: blocky fruit, wide-horn fruit, narrow-horn fruit, and linear fruit. These subpopulations displayed clear clustering with minimal or no overlap. Moreover, F statistic (Fst) analysis revealed considerable distinctions among these subpopulations. Additionally, we established a set of 47 core SNPs that could effectively differentiate among all pepper lines. This core SNP set could precisely classify the C. annuum lines into four distinct fruit-shape groups. The blocky and narrow-horn fruit subpopulations displayed the lowest and highest genetic diversity, respectively. This study highlights the importance of fruit shape as a crucial trait in pepper breeding. Moreover, this work indicates the immense potential of optimized target SNP technology in the addition of foreground markers of important traits to improve molecular breeding efficiency, and demonstrates its broad application prospects in the genetic analysis and variety identification of peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Henan OULAND Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China;
| | - Heshan Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sansheng Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.W.); (B.C.)
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5
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McLeod L, Barchi L, Tumino G, Tripodi P, Salinier J, Gros C, Boyaci HF, Ozalp R, Borovsky Y, Schafleitner R, Barchenger D, Finkers R, Brouwer M, Stein N, Rabanus-Wallace MT, Giuliano G, Voorrips R, Paran I, Lefebvre V. Multi-environment association study highlights candidate genes for robust agronomic quantitative trait loci in a novel worldwide Capsicum core collection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1508-1528. [PMID: 37602679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Investigating crop diversity through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on core collections helps in deciphering the genetic determinants of complex quantitative traits. Using the G2P-SOL project world collection of 10 038 wild and cultivated Capsicum accessions from 10 major genebanks, we assembled a core collection of 423 accessions representing the known genetic diversity. Since complex traits are often highly dependent upon environmental variables and genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions, multi-environment GWAS with a 10 195-marker genotypic matrix were conducted on a highly diverse subset of 350 Capsicum annuum accessions, extensively phenotyped in up to six independent trials from five climatically differing countries. Environment-specific and multi-environment quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for 23 diverse agronomic traits. We identified 97 candidate genes potentially implicated in 53 of the most robust and high-confidence QTLs for fruit flavor, color, size, and shape traits, and for plant productivity, vigor, and earliness traits. Investigating the genetic architecture of agronomic traits in this way will assist the development of genetic markers and pave the way for marker-assisted selection. The G2P-SOL pepper core collection will be available upon request as a unique and universal resource for further exploitation in future gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding efforts by the pepper community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis McLeod
- INRAE, GAFL, Montfavet, France
- INRAE, A2M, Montfavet, France
| | - Lorenzo Barchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Plant Genetics, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tumino
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pasquale Tripodi
- Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ramazan Ozalp
- Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM), Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Yelena Borovsky
- The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Roland Schafleitner
- Vegetable Diversity and Improvement, World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan
| | - Derek Barchenger
- Vegetable Diversity and Improvement, World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Brouwer
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Corre, Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Casaccia Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Roeland Voorrips
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilan Paran
- The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Xu L, Zang E, Sun S, Li M. Main flavor compounds and molecular regulation mechanisms in fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11859-11879. [PMID: 35816297 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2097195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (F&V) are an indispensable part of a healthy diet. The volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in F&V constitute unique flavor substances. This paper reviews the main flavor substances present in F&V, as well as the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanisms of these compounds. A series of compounds introduced include aromatic substances, soluble sugars and organic acids, which constitute the key flavor substances of F&V. Esters, phenols, alcohols, amino acids and terpenes are the main volatile aromatic substances, and nonvolatile substances are represented by amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates; The combination of these ingredients is the cause of the sour, sweet, bitter, astringent and spicy taste of these foods. This provides a theoretical basis for the study of the interaction between volatile and nonvolatile substances in F&V, and also provides a research direction for the healthy development of food in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Shuying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Minhui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, China
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7
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Islam K, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Momo J, Ahmed I, Dubey M, Ramchiary N. Genetic Regulation, Environmental Cues, and Extraction Methods for Higher Yield of Secondary Metabolites in Capsicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37289974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum (chili pepper) is a widely popular and highly consumed fruit crop with beneficial secondary metabolites such as capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, among others. Interestingly, the secondary metabolite profile is a dynamic function of biosynthetic enzymes, regulatory transcription factors, developmental stage, abiotic and biotic environment, and extraction methods. We propose active manipulable genetic, environmental, and extraction controls for the modulation of quality and quantity of desired secondary metabolites in Capsicum species. Specific biosynthetic genes such as Pun (AT3) and AMT in the capsaicinoids pathway and PSY, LCY, and CCS in the carotenoid pathway can be genetically engineered for enhanced production of capsaicinoids and carotenoids, respectively. Generally, secondary metabolites increase with the ripening of the fruit; however, transcriptional regulators such as MYB, bHLH, and ERF control the extent of accumulation in specific tissues. The precise tuning of biotic and abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and chemical elicitors can maximize the accumulation and retention of secondary metabolites in pre- and postharvest settings. Finally, optimized extraction methods such as ultrasonication and supercritical fluid method can lead to a higher yield of secondary metabolites. Together, the integrated understanding of the genetic regulation of biosynthesis, elicitation treatments, and optimization of extraction methods can maximize the industrial production of secondary metabolites in Capsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India
| | - John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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8
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Shams M, Yuksel EA, Agar G, Ekinci M, Kul R, Turan M, Yildirim E. Biosynthesis of capsaicinoids in pungent peppers under salinity stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13889. [PMID: 36905231 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of capsaicinoids occurs in the placenta of the fruits of pungent peppers. However, the mechanism of capsaicinoids' biosynthesis in pungent peppers under salinity stress conditions is unknown. The Habanero and Maras genotypes, the hottest peppers in the world, were chosen as plant material for this study, and they were grown under normal and salinity (5 dS m-1 ) conditions. The results showed that salinity stress harmed plant growth but increased the capsaicin content by 35.11% and 37.00%, as well as the dihydrocapsaicin content by 30.82% and 72.89% in the fruits of the Maras and Habanero genotypes, respectively, at 30 days after planting. The expression analysis of key genes in capsaicinoids biosynthesis revealed that the PAL1, pAMT, KAS, and PUN1 genes were overexpressed in the vegetative and reproductive organs of pungent peppers under normal conditions. However, under salinity stress, overexpression of PAL1, pAMT, and PUN1 genes was identified in the roots of both genotypes, which was accompanied by an increase in capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content. The findings showed that salinity stress caused an enhancement in the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents in the roots, leaves, and fruits of pungent peppers. Nonetheless, it was found that the production of capsaicinoids is generally not restricted to the fruits of pungent peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafakamal Shams
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Esra Arslan Yuksel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Guleray Agar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Melek Ekinci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Raziye Kul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Metin Turan
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertan Yildirim
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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9
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Kondo F, Umeda K, Sudasinghe SP, Yamaguchi M, Aratani S, Kumanomido Y, Nemoto K, Nagano AJ, Matsushima K. Genetic analysis of pungency deficiency in Japanese chili pepper 'Shishito' (Capsicum annuum) revealed its unique heredity and brought the discovery of two genetic loci involved with the reduction of pungency. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:201-212. [PMID: 36374297 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensation of pungency generated by capsaicinoids is a characteristic trait of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), and the presence or absence of pungency is central in determining its usage as a spice or a vegetable. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the heredity and genetic factors involved in the deficiency of pungency (quite low pungency) that is uniquely observed in the Japanese chili pepper 'Shishito' (Capsicum annuum). First, the F2 population ('Shishito' × pungent variety 'Takanotsume') was used for segregation analysis, and pungency level was investigated using capsaicinoid quantification with high-performance liquid chromatography. Also, restriction site associated DNA sequencing of the F2 population was performed, and genetic map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping were implemented. The results indicated that the F2 population showed varying capsaicinoid content and two major QTLs were detected, Shql3 and Shql7, which explained 39.8 and 19.7% of the genetic variance, respectively. According to these results, the quite low pungency of 'Shishito' was a quantitative trait that involved at least the two loci. Further, this trait was completely separate from general non-pungent traits controlled by individual recessive genes, as described in previous studies. The present study is the first report to investigate the genetic mechanism of pungency deficiency in Japanese chili peppers, and our results provide new insights into the genetic regulation of pungency in chili pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Kondo
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Koyuki Umeda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Sathya Prabandaka Sudasinghe
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Moe Yamaguchi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shintaro Aratani
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yui Kumanomido
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nemoto
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly Faculty, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta, Ohe-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsushima
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly Faculty, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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10
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Yi S, Lee DG, Back S, Hong JP, Jang S, Han K, Kang BC. Genetic mapping revealed that the Pun2 gene in Capsicum chacoense encodes a putative aminotransferase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1039393. [PMID: 36388488 PMCID: PMC9664168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several genes regulating capsaicinoid biosynthesis including Pun1 (also known as CS), Pun3, pAMT, and CaKR1 have been studied. However, the gene encoded by Pun2 in the non-pungent Capsicum chacoense is unknown. This study aimed to identify the Pun2 gene by genetic mapping using interspecific (C. chacoense × Capsicum annuum) and intraspecific (C. chacoense × C. chacoense) populations. QTL mapping using the interspecific F2 population revealed two major QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 9. Two bin markers within the QTL regions on two chromosomes were highly correlated with the capsaicinoid content in the interspecific population. The major QTL, Pun2_PJ_Gibbs_3.11 on chromosome 3, contained the pAMT gene, indicating that the non-pungency of C. chacoense may be attributed to a mutation in the pAMT gene. Sequence analysis revealed a 7 bp nucleotide insertion in the 8th exon of pAMT of the non-pungent C. chacoense. This mutation resulted in the generation of an early stop codon, resulting in a truncated mutant lacking the PLP binding site, which is critical for pAMT enzymatic activity. This insertion co-segregated with the pungency phenotype in the intraspecific F2 population. We named this novel pAMT allele pamt11 . Taken together, these data indicate that the non-pungency of C. chacoense is due to the non-functional pAMT allele, and Pun2 encodes the pAMT gene.
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11
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Kim GW, Hong JP, Lee HY, Kwon JK, Kim DA, Kang BC. Genomic selection with fixed-effect markers improves the prediction accuracy for Capsaicinoid contents in Capsicum annuum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac204. [PMID: 36467271 PMCID: PMC9714256 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids provide chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) with their characteristic pungency. Several structural and transcription factor genes are known to control capsaicinoid contents in pepper. However, many other genes also regulating capsaicinoid contents remain unknown, making it difficult to develop pepper cultivars with different levels of capsaicinoids. Genomic selection (GS) uses genome-wide random markers (including many in undiscovered genes) for a trait to improve selection efficiency. In this study, we predicted the capsaicinoid contents of pepper breeding lines using several GS models trained with genotypic and phenotypic data from a training population. We used a core collection of 351 Capsicum accessions and 96 breeding lines as training and testing populations, respectively. To obtain the optimal number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for GS, we tested various numbers of genome-wide SNP markers based on linkage disequilibrium. We obtained the highest mean prediction accuracy (0.550) for different models using 3294 SNP markers. Using this marker set, we conducted GWAS and selected 25 markers that were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis genes and quantitative trait loci for capsaicinoid contents. Finally, to develop more accurate prediction models, we obtained SNP markers from GWAS as fixed-effect markers for GS, where 3294 genome-wide SNPs were employed. When four to five fixed-effect markers from GWAS were used as fixed effects, the RKHS and RR-BLUP models showed accuracies of 0.696 and 0.689, respectively. Our results lay the foundation for developing pepper cultivars with various capsaicinoid levels using GS for capsaicinoid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Woo Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Pyo Hong
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Am Kim
- R&D Center, Hana Seed Co., Ltd., Anseong 17601, Republic of Korea
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12
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Sano K, Uzawa Y, Kaneshima I, Nakasato S, Hashimoto M, Tanaka Y, Nakatani S, Kobata K. Vanillin reduction in the biosynthetic pathway of capsiate, a non-pungent component of Capsicum fruits, is catalyzed by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12384. [PMID: 35858994 PMCID: PMC9300701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum fruits synthesize capsaicin from vanillylamine, which is produced from vanillin in a reaction catalyzed by a putative aminotransferase (pAMT). Capsiate, a non-pungent compound that is structurally similar to capsaicin, is synthesized from vanillyl alcohol rather than vanillylamine. Vanillyl alcohol is possibly generated by the enzymatic reduction of vanillin, but the enzyme responsible for this reaction is unknown. In the present study, we revealed that the vanillin reductase in the capsiate biosynthetic pathway is cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which is an enzyme involved in lignin synthesis. The reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol was greater in the mature red fruit placental extract than in the immature green fruit placental extract. This reduction was suppressed by both N-(O-hydroxyphenyl) sulfinamoyltertiobutyl acetate, a specific inhibitor of CAD, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a metalloenzyme inhibitor. The CaCAD1 transcript levels in the placenta were higher in the red fruits than in the green fruits. A recombinant CaCAD1 protein obtained using an Escherichia coli expression system reduced vanillin to vanillyl alcohol. This reaction was suppressed by the CAD inhibitors. These results strongly suggest that CAD is the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of vanillin to vanillyl alcohol during capsiate biosynthesis. Syntenic analyses indicated that genes encoding CAD and capsaicin synthase (Pun1) involved in capsiate biosynthesis were acquired before the pAMT gene during the evolution of the family Solanaceae. This raises the possibility that in the genus Capsicum, the capsiate biosynthetic pathway emerged before the pAMT-encoding gene was acquired as the final trigger for capsaicin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yuya Uzawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Itsuki Kaneshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saika Nakasato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Sachie Nakatani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
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13
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Shoji T, Umemoto N, Saito K. Genetic divergence in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism: insight into plant domestication and improvement. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:401-411. [PMID: 34114167 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of mutational changes in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism have occurred during plant domestication and improvement. Plant domestication and improvement entail genetic changes that underlie divergence in development and metabolism, providing a tremendous model of biological evolution. Plant metabolism produces numerous specialized alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and cyanogenic glucosides with indispensable roles in defense against herbivory and microbial infection. Many compounds toxic or deterrent to predators have been eliminated through domestication and breeding. Series of genes involved in defense metabolism are coordinately regulated by transcription factors that specifically recognize cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions of downstream target genes. Recent developments in DNA sequencing technologies and genomic approaches have facilitated studies of the metabolic and genetic changes in chemical defense that have occurred via human-mediated selection, many of which result from mutations in transcriptional regulators of defense metabolism. In this article, we review such examples in almond (Prunus dulcis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pepper (Capsicum spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and related species and discuss insights into the evolution and regulation of metabolic pathways for specialized defense compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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14
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Sun B, Chen C, Song J, Zheng P, Wang J, Wei J, Cai W, Chen S, Cai Y, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Liu S, Lei J, Cheng G, Zhu Z. The Capsicum MYB31 regulates capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pepper pericarp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 176:21-30. [PMID: 35190336 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum) are consumed worldwide as vegetables and food additives due to their pungent taste. Capsaicinoids are the bioactive compounds that confer the desired pungency to pepper fruits. Capsaicinoid biosynthesis was thought to occur exclusively in fruit placenta. Recently, biosynthesis in the pericarp of extremely pungent varieties was discovered, however, the mechanism of capsaicinoid biosynthesis regulation in the pericarp remains largely unknown. Here, the capsaicinoid contents of placenta and pericarp were analyzed. The results indicated that the Capsicum chinense pericarp accumulated a vast amount of capsaicinoids. Expression of the master regulator MYB31 and capsaicinoid biosynthesis genes (CBGs) were significantly upregulated in the pericarp in C. chinense accessions compared to accessions in other tested species. Moreover, in fruit of extremely-pungent 'Trinidad Moruga Scorpion' (C. chinense) and low-pungent '59' inbred line (C. annuum), the capsaicinoid accumulation patterns in the pericarp were consistent with expression levels of CBGs and MYB31. Silencing MYB31 in 'Trinidad Moruga Scorpion' pericarp leads to a significantly decreased CBGs transcription level and capsaicinoids content. Taken together, our results provide insights into the molecular mechanism arising from the expression of MYB31 in the pericarp that results in exceedingly hot peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiali Song
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianlang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yutong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Shuanglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Guoju Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhangsheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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15
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Nieto-Garibay A, Barraza A, Caamal-Chan G, Murillo-Amador B, Troyo-Diéguez E, Burgoa-Cruz CA, Jaramillo-Limón JN, Loera-Muro A. Habanero pepper ( Capsicum chinense) adaptation to water-deficit stress in a protected agricultural system. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:295-306. [PMID: 35130477 DOI: 10.1071/fp20394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major factors limiting global crop yield. In Mexico, agriculture is expected to be severely affected by drought. The Capsicum genus has several crop species of agricultural importance. In this work, we analysed the Capsicum chinense plant physiological responses and differentially expressed genes under water stress mainly focused on the responses elicited following recovery through repetitive stress. Plants were cultivated in an experimental block. Each block consisted of plants under water deficit and a control group without deficit. Morphometric and functional parameters, and the expression of genes related to resistance to abiotic stresses were measured. Morphological differences were observed. Plants subjected to water deficit showed impaired growth. Nonetheless, in the physiological parameters, no differences were observed between treatments. We selected abiotic stress-related genes that include heat-shock proteins (HSPs), heat-shock factors (HSFs), transcription factors related to abiotic stress (MYB, ETR1 , and WRKY ), and those associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses (Jar1 and Lox2 ). HSF, HSP, MYB72, ETR1, Jar1, WRKYa , and Lox2 genes were involved in the response to water-deficit stress in C. chinense plants. In conclusion, our work may improve our understanding of the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying hydric stress response in C. chinense .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Nieto-Garibay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Aarón Barraza
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Goretty Caamal-Chan
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Murillo-Amador
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Enrique Troyo-Diéguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alexis Burgoa-Cruz
- Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz, Boulevard Forjadores de Baja California Sur 4720, 8 de Octubre 2da Secc, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Mexico
| | - Jhesy Nury Jaramillo-Limón
- Universidad de Occidente, Unidad los Mochis Boulevard Macario Gaxiola SN Col. Las Malvinas, C.P. 81216, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico
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16
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Villa-Rivera MG, Ochoa-Alejo N. Transcriptional Regulation of Ripening in Chili Pepper Fruits ( Capsicum spp.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12151. [PMID: 34830031 PMCID: PMC8624906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili peppers represent a very important horticultural crop that is cultivated and commercialized worldwide. The ripening process makes the fruit palatable, desirable, and attractive, thus increasing its quality and nutritional value. This process includes visual changes, such as fruit coloration, flavor, aroma, and texture. Fruit ripening involves a sequence of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that must be finely regulated at the transcriptional level. In this review, we integrate current knowledge about the transcription factors involved in the regulation of different stages of the chili pepper ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
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17
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Islam K, Rawoof A, Ahmad I, Dubey M, Momo J, Ramchiary N. Capsicum chinense MYB Transcription Factor Genes: Identification, Expression Analysis, and Their Conservation and Diversification With Other Solanaceae Genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721265. [PMID: 34721453 PMCID: PMC8548648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Myeloblastosis (MYB) genes are important transcriptional regulators of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolic biosynthesis pathways, such as capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum. Although MYB genes have been identified in Capsicum annuum, no comprehensive study has been conducted on other Capsicum species. We identified a total of 251 and 240 MYB encoding genes in Capsicum chinense MYBs (CcMYBs) and Capsicum baccatum MYBs (CbMYBs). The observation of twenty tandem and 41 segmental duplication events indicated expansion of the MYB gene family in the C. chinense genome. Five CcMYB genes, i.e., CcMYB101, CcMYB46, CcMYB6, CcPHR8, and CcRVE5, and two CaMYBs, i.e., CaMYB3 and CaHHO1, were found within the previously reported capsaicinoid biosynthesis quantitative trait loci. Based on phylogenetic analysis with tomato MYB proteins, the Capsicum MYBs were classified into 24 subgroups supported by conserved amino acid motifs and gene structures. Also, a total of 241 CcMYBs were homologous with 225 C. annuum, 213 C. baccatum, 125 potato, 79 tomato, and 23 Arabidopsis MYBs. Synteny analysis showed that all 251 CcMYBs were collinear with C. annuum, C. baccatum, tomato, potato, and Arabidopsis MYBs spanning over 717 conserved syntenic segments. Using transcriptome data from three fruit developmental stages, a total of 54 CcMYBs and 81 CaMYBs showed significant differential expression patterns. Furthermore, the expression of 24 CcMYBs from the transcriptome data was validated by quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis. Eight out of the 24 CcMYBs validated by the qRT-PCR were highly expressed in fiery hot C. chinense than in the lowly pungent C. annuum. Furthermore, the co-expression analysis revealed several MYB genes clustered with genes from the capsaicinoid, anthocyanin, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid, and flavonoids biosynthesis pathways, and related to determining fruit shape and size. The homology modeling of 126 R2R3 CcMYBs showed high similarity with that of the Arabidopsis R2R3 MYB domain template, suggesting their potential functional similarity at the proteome level. Furthermore, we have identified simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs in the CcMYB genes, which could be used in Capsicum breeding programs. The functional roles of the identified CcMYBs could be studied further so that they can be manipulated for Capsicum trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
| | - John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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18
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Tanaka Y, Watachi M, Nemoto W, Goto T, Yoshida Y, Yasuba KI, Ohno S, Doi M. Capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits is associated with a placental septum-like transcriptome profile and tissue structure. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1859-1874. [PMID: 34283265 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits occurs with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. Capsaicinoid (CAP) is a pungent ingredient of chili pepper fruits. Generally, CAP biosynthesis is limited to the placental septum of fruits, but it has been reported that its biosynthesis occurs even in the pericarp of some extremely pungent varieties, resulting in a substantial increase in total content. To examine the mechanism of CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp, comparative transcriptome analysis of a variety that produces CAP in the pericarp (MY) and a variety that does not (HB) was carried out. RNA-seq revealed that 2264 genes were differentially expressed in the MY pericarp compared with the HB pericarp. PCA analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the MY pericarp has a gene expression profile more like placental septum than the HB pericarp. The gene expression of CAP biosynthesis-related genes in the MY pericarp changed coordinately with the placental septum during fruit development. In most Capsicum accessions including HB, the distribution of slender epidermal cells producing CAP was limited to the placental septum, and the morphological boundary between the placental septum and pericarp was clear. In some extremely pungent varieties such as MY, slender epidermal cells ranged from the placental septum to the pericarp region, and the pericarp was morphologically similar to the placental septum, such as the absence of large sub-epidermal cells and abundant spaces in the parenchymal tissue. Our data suggest that CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp occurred with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. These findings contribute to further enhancement of CAP production in chili pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Watachi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wakana Nemoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tanjuro Goto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Yasuba
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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19
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Park SI, Kim HB, Jeon HJ, Kim H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Capsicum annuum Gene Editing in Two Cultivars, Hot Pepper CM334 and Bell Pepper Dempsey. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3921. [PMID: 33920210 PMCID: PMC8070316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are the most widespread and cultivated species of Solanaceae in subtropical and temperate countries. These vegetables are economically attractive worldwide. Although whole-genome sequences of peppers and genome-editing tools are currently available, the precision editing of peppers is still in its infancy because of the lack of a stable pepper transformation method. Here, we employed three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains-AGL1, EHA101, and GV3101-to investigate which Agrobacterium strain could be used for pepper transformation. Hot pepper CM334 and bell pepper Dempsey were chosen in this study. Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 induced the highest number of calli in cv. Dempsey. All three strains generated similar numbers of calli for cv. CM334. We optimized a suitable concentration of phosphinothricin (PPT) to select a CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector (pBAtC) for both pepper types. Finally, we screened transformed calli for PPT resistance (1 and 5 mg/L PPT for cv. CM334 and Dempsey, respectively). These selected calli showed different indel frequencies from the non-transformed calli. However, the primary indel pattern was consistent with a 1-bp deletion at the target locus of the C. annuumMLO gene (CaMLO2). These results demonstrate the different sensitivity between cv. CM334 and Dempsey to A. tumefaciens-mediated callus induction, and a differential selection pressure of PPT via pBAtC binary vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-il Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Bin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hyun-Ji Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Gene Family in Chili Pepper ( Capsicum spp.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052229. [PMID: 33668082 PMCID: PMC7956556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor family is very large and functionally diverse in plants, however, only a few members of this family have been reported and characterized in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.). In the present study, we performed genome-wide analyses of the MYB family in Capsicum annuum, including phylogenetic relationships, conserved domain, gene structure organization, motif protein arrangement, chromosome distribution, chemical properties predictions, RNA-seq expression, and RT-qPCR expression assays. A total of 235 non-redundant MYB proteins were identified from C. annuum, including R2R3-MYB, 3R-MYB, atypical MYB, and MYB-related subclasses. The sequence analysis of CaMYBs compared with other plant MYB proteins revealed gene conservation, but also potential specialized genes. Tissue-specific expression profiles showed that CaMYB genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that they are functionally divergent. Furthermore, the integration of our data allowed us to propose strong CaMYBs candidates to be regulating phenylpropanoid, lignin, capsaicinoid, carotenoid, and vitamin C biosynthesis, providing new insights into the role of MYB transcription factors in secondary metabolism. This study adds valuable knowledge about the functions of CaMYB genes in various processes in the Capsicum genus.
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The pungent-variable sweet chili pepper 'Shishito' (Capsicum annuum) provides insights regarding the relationship between pungency, the number of seeds, and gene expression involving capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:591-603. [PMID: 33599813 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pungent traits caused by capsaicinoids are characteristic of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), and the pungent-variable sweet chili pepper 'Shishito' (Capsicum annuum) is unique in being known for the pungency in fruits with few seeds. In the present study, we tried to clarify the relationship between the number of seeds and pungency in 'Shishito'. First, we investigated the pungency of 'Shishito' by simple sensory evaluations and quantifications of capsaicinoids by high-performance liquid chromatography. As a result, few-seeded fruits had a larger fluctuation of capsaicinoid content than many-seeded ones. This indicates that the number of seeds, in particular a decrease of the seeds, has some sort of connection with the pungency of 'Shishito'. Then, we analyzed the relationship between pungency and gene expression involving capsaicinoid biosynthesis at the individual fruit level. We vertically separated the placental septum in which capsaicinoids are synthesized and performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for 18 genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis. We also used the placental septum for capsaicinoid quantification so that the gene expression levels and capsaicinoid contents in the same fruits were obtained, and their correlations were analyzed using 20 biological replicates. Among the 18 genes, expression levels of 11 genes (WRKY9, CaMYB31, AT3, BCAT, BCKDH, KAS I, KAS III, ACL, CaKR1, FAT, and pAMT) had a significant positive correlation with the capsaicinoid concentration, and they were considered to upregulate capsaicinoid biosynthesis. These results provide new insights regarding the environmental variation of the pungency traits in chili peppers and the relationship between pungency, the number of seeds, and gene expression involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis.
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Zhang B, Hu F, Cai X, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Lin H, Hu K, Wu Z. Integrative Analysis of the Metabolome and Transcriptome of a Cultivated Pepper and Its Wild Progenitor Chiltepin ( Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) Revealed the Loss of Pungency During Capsicum Domestication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:783496. [PMID: 35069640 PMCID: PMC8767146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pungency is a unique characteristic of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) caused by capsaicinoids. The evolutionary emergence of pungency is thought to be a derived trait within the genus Capsicum. However, it is not well-known how pungency has varied during Capsicum domestication and specialization. In this study, we applied a comparative metabolomics along with transcriptomics analysis to assess various changes between two peppers (a mildly pungent cultivated pepper BB3 and its hot progenitor chiltepin) at four stages of fruit development, focusing on pungency variation. A total of 558 metabolites were detected in two peppers. In comparison with chiltepin, capsaicinoid accumulation in BB3 was almost negligible at the early stage. Next, 412 DEGs associated with the capsaicinoid accumulation pathway were identified through coexpression analysis, of which 18 genes (14 TFs, 3 CBGs, and 1 UGT) were deemed key regulators due to their high coefficients. Based on these data, we speculated that downregulation of these hub genes during the early fruit developmental stage leads to a loss in pungency during Capsicum domestication (from chiltepin to BB3). Of note, a putative UDP-glycosyltransferase, GT86A1, is thought to affect the stabilization of capsaicinoids. Our results lay the foundation for further research on the genetic diversity of pungency traits during Capsicum domestication and specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Cai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaowen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailin Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kailin Hu,
| | - Zhiming Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Zhiming Wu,
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Tolosa LN, Zhang Z. The Role of Major Transcription Factors in Solanaceous Food Crops under Different Stress Conditions: Current and Future Perspectives. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010056. [PMID: 31906447 PMCID: PMC7020414 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and productivity are adversely affected by environmental stresses such as drought (osmotic stress), soil salinity, cold, oxidative stress, irradiation, and diverse diseases. These impacts are of increasing concern in light of climate change. Noticeably, plants have developed their adaptive mechanism to respond to environmental stresses by transcriptional activation of stress-responsive genes. Among the known transcription factors, DoF, WRKY, MYB, NAC, bZIP, ERF, ARF and HSF are those widely associated with abiotic and biotic stress response in plants. Genome-wide identification and characterization analyses of these transcription factors have been almost completed in major solanaceous food crops, emphasizing these transcription factor families which have much potential for the improvement of yield, stress tolerance, reducing marginal land and increase the water use efficiency of solanaceous crops in arid and semi-arid areas where plant demand more water. Most importantly, transcription factors are proteins that play a key role in improving crop yield under water-deficient areas and a place where the severity of pathogen is very high to withstand the ongoing climate change. Therefore, this review highlights the role of major transcription factors in solanaceous crops, current and future perspectives in improving the crop traits towards abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and beyond. We have tried to accentuate the importance of using genome editing molecular technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, Virus-induced gene silencing and some other methods to improve the plant potential in giving yield under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemessa Negasa Tolosa
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebie Laboratory of Agricultural Water Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shijiazhuang 050021, China;
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebie Laboratory of Agricultural Water Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shijiazhuang 050021, China;
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence:
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Tanaka Y, Asano T, Kanemitsu Y, Goto T, Yoshida Y, Yasuba K, Misawa Y, Nakatani S, Kobata K. Positional differences of intronic transposons in pAMT affect the pungency level in chili pepper through altered splicing efficiency. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:693-705. [PMID: 31323150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are unique compounds that give chili pepper fruits their pungent taste. Capsaicinoid levels vary widely among pungent cultivars, which range from low pungency to extremely pungent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this quantitative variation have not been elucidated. Our previous study identified various loss-of-function alleles of the pAMT gene which led to low pungency. The mutations in these alleles are commonly defined by Tcc transposon insertion and its footprint. In this study, we identified two leaky pamt alleles (pamtL1 and pamtL2 ) with different levels of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) activity. Notably, both alleles had a Tcc transposon insertion in intron 3, but the locations of the insertions within the intron were different. Genetic analysis revealed that pamtL1 , pamtL2 and a loss-of-function pamt allele reduced capsaicinoid levels to about 50%, 10% and less than 1%, respectively. pamtL1 and pamtL2 encoded functional pAMT proteins, but they exhibited lower transcript levels than the functional type. RNA sequencing analysis showed that intronic transposons disrupted splicing in intron 3, which resulted in simultaneous expression of functional pAMT mRNA and non-functional splice variants containing partial sequences of Tcc. The non-functional splice variants were more dominant in pamtL2 than in pamtL1 . This suggested that the difference in position of the intronic transposons could alter splicing efficiency, leading to different pAMT activities and reducing capsaicinoid content to different levels. Our results provide a striking example of allelic variations caused by intronic transposons; these variations contribute to quantitative differences in secondary metabolite contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takaya Asano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yorika Kanemitsu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tanjuro Goto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yasuba
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Sachie Nakatani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
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Arce-Rodríguez ML, Ochoa-Alejo N. Biochemistry and molecular biology of capsaicinoid biosynthesis: recent advances and perspectives. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1017-1030. [PMID: 30941502 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The most widely known characteristic of chili pepper fruits is their capacity to produce capsaicinoids, which are responsible for the pungent sensation. The capsaicinoids have several uses in different areas, such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agronomic industries, among others. They are synthesized by the condensation of vanillylamine (derived from phenylalanine) with a branched-chain fatty acid (from valine or leucine precursors), and they generally accumulate in the placental tissue of the chili pepper fruits. The pungency grade depends on the genotype of the plant but is also affected by external stimuli. In recent years, new structural and regulatory genes have been hypothesized to participate in the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, the role of some of these genes has been investigated. Substantial progress has been made in discerning the molecular biology of this pathway; however, many questions remain unsolved. We previously reviewed some aspects of the biochemistry and molecular biology of capsaicinoid biosynthesis (Aza-González et al. Plant Cell Rep 30:695-706. Aza-González et al., Plant Cell Rep 30:695-706, 2011), and in this review, we describe advances made by different researchers since our previous review, including the contribution of omics to the knowledge of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Lisette Arce-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento norte carretera Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento norte carretera Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico.
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Can H, Kal U, Ozyigit II, Paksoy M, Turkmen O. Construction, characteristics and high throughput molecular screening methodologies in some special breeding populations: a horticultural perspective. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Zhu Z, Sun B, Cai W, Zhou X, Mao Y, Chen C, Wei J, Cao B, Chen C, Chen G, Lei J. Natural variations in the MYB transcription factor MYB31 determine the evolution of extremely pungent peppers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:922-938. [PMID: 31087356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce countless specialized metabolites crucial for their development and fitness, and many are useful bioactive compounds. Capsaicinoids are intriguing genus-specialized metabolites that confer a pungent flavor to Capsicum fruits, and they are widely applied in different areas. Among the five domesticated Capsicum species, Capsicum chinense has a high content of capsaicinoids, which results in an extremely hot flavor. However, the species-specific upregulation of capsaicinoid-biosynthetic genes (CBGs) and the evolution of extremely pungent peppers are not well understood. We conducted genetic and functional analyses demonstrating that the quantitative trait locus Capsaicinoid1 (Cap1), which is identical to Pun3 contributes to the level of pungency. The Cap1/Pun3 locus encodes the Solanaceae-specific MYB transcription factor MYB31. Capsicum species have evolved placenta-specific expression of MYB31, which directly activates expression of CBGs and results in genus-specialized metabolite production. The capsaicinoid content depends on MYB31 expression. Natural variations in the MYB31 promoter increase MYB31 expression in C. chinense via the binding of the placenta-specific expression of transcriptional activator WRKY9 and augmentation of CBG expression, which promotes capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide insights into the evolution of extremely pungent C. chinense, which is due to natural variations in the master regulator, and offers targets for engineering or selecting flavor in Capsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Binmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianlang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bihao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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