1
|
Bo T, Gao L, Yao Z, Shao S, Wang X, Proud CG, Zhao J. Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Cell Metab 2024; 36:947-968. [PMID: 38718757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a major pathogenic factor in the progression of MASLD. In the liver, insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis and enhances de novo lipogenesis (DNL). During IR, there is a defect in insulin-mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis, but an unrestrained increase in hepatic lipogenesis persists. The mechanism of increased hepatic steatosis in IR is unclear and remains controversial. The key discrepancy is whether insulin retains its ability to directly regulate hepatic lipogenesis. Blocking insulin/IRS/AKT signaling reduces liver lipid deposition in IR, suggesting insulin can still regulate lipid metabolism; hepatic glucose metabolism that bypasses insulin's action may contribute to lipogenesis; and due to peripheral IR, other tissues are likely to impact liver lipid deposition. We here review the current understanding of insulin's action in governing different aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism under normal and IR states, with the purpose of highlighting the essential issues that remain unsettled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Zhang P, Di J, Han X, Tu Y, Yang D, Xu R, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Bao Y, Yin J, Yu H, Jia W, Han J. Associations of change in body fat percentage with baseline body composition and diabetes remission after bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:871-887. [PMID: 38515375 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the role of body fat percentage (BFP) changes in diabetes remission (DR) and the association between baseline body composition and its changes after bariatric surgery. METHODS We analyzed 203 patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Body composition was measured using a gold-standard-derived predictive equation and magnetic resonance imaging. Body composition changes were calculated as 100 × (baseline value - follow-up value)/baseline value. We verified the results in a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy cohort with 311 patients. RESULTS Compared with non-remission patients in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass cohort, those who achieved DR showed a higher baseline fat-free mass index (FFMI) and experienced the most significant changes in BFP (p < 0.001). In comparative analyses, BFP changes were significantly better than BMI changes in identifying short- and long-term DR. Linear regression analysis identified FFMI as the most significant baseline variable correlated with BFP changes (p < 0.001). Baseline BMI was positively correlated with changes in BFP but negatively correlated with changes in FFMI. These findings were replicated in the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy cohort. CONCLUSIONS BFP changes determine DR after bariatric surgery, and baseline FFMI is crucial for BFP changes. A low initial BMI is associated with a smaller BFP reduction and greater FFMI loss after bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Di
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinfang Tu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dirks ML, Jameson TSO, Andrews RC, Dunlop MV, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. The impact of forearm immobilization and acipimox administration on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy, young volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E277-E289. [PMID: 38231001 PMCID: PMC11193527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underpinning short-term muscle disuse atrophy and associated insulin resistance remain to be elucidated, perturbed lipid metabolism might be involved. Our aim was to determine the impact of acipimox administration [i.e., pharmacologically lowering circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability] on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity during short-term disuse. Eighteen healthy individuals (age: 22 ± 1 years; body mass index: 24.0 ± 0.6 kg·m-2) underwent 2 days forearm immobilization with placebo (PLA; n = 9) or acipimox (ACI; 250 mg Olbetam; n = 9) ingestion four times daily. Before and after immobilization, whole body glucose disposal rate (GDR), forearm glucose uptake (FGU; i.e., muscle insulin sensitivity), and amino acid kinetics were measured under fasting and hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp conditions using forearm balance and l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine infusions. Immobilization did not affect GDR but decreased insulin-stimulated FGU in both groups, more so in ACI (from 53 ± 8 to 12 ± 5 µmol·min-1) than PLA (from 52 ± 8 to 38 ± 13 µmol·min-1; P < 0.05). In ACI only, and in contrast to our hypothesis, fasting arterialized NEFA concentrations were elevated to 1.3 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1 postimmobilization (P < 0.05), and fasting forearm NEFA balance increased approximately fourfold (P = 0.10). Forearm phenylalanine net balance decreased following immobilization (P < 0.10), driven by an increased rate of appearance [from 32 ± 5 (fasting) and 21 ± 4 (clamp) preimmobilization to 53 ± 8 and 31 ± 4 postimmobilization; P < 0.05] while the rate of disappearance was unaffected by disuse or acipimox. Disuse-induced insulin resistance is accompanied by early signs of negative net muscle amino acid balance, which is driven by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux. Acutely elevated NEFA availability worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that 2 days of forearm cast immobilization in healthy young volunteers leads to the rapid development of insulin resistance, which is accompanied by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux in the absence of impaired muscle amino acid uptake. Acutely elevated fasting nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability as a result of acipimox supplementation worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S O Jameson
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rob C Andrews
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bahat G, Ozkok S. The Current Landscape of Pharmacotherapies for Sarcopenia. Drugs Aging 2024; 41:83-112. [PMID: 38315328 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-023-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder characterized by progressive and generalized decline in muscle mass and function. Although it is mostly known as an age-related disorder, it can also occur secondary to systemic diseases such as malignancy or organ failure. It has demonstrated a significant relationship with adverse outcomes, e.g., falls, disabilities, and even mortality. Several breakthroughs have been made to find a pharmaceutical therapy for sarcopenia over the years, and some have come up with promising findings. Yet still no drug has been approved for its treatment. The key factor that makes finding an effective pharmacotherapy so challenging is the general paradigm of standalone/single diseases, traditionally adopted in medicine. Today, it is well known that sarcopenia is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors, e.g., imbalance in protein turnover, satellite cell and mitochondrial dysfunction, hormonal changes, low-grade inflammation, senescence, anorexia of aging, and behavioral factors such as low physical activity. Therefore, pharmaceuticals, either alone or combined, that exhibit multiple actions on these factors simultaneously will likely be the drug of choice to manage sarcopenia. Among various drug options explored throughout the years, testosterone still has the most cumulated evidence regarding its effects on muscle health and its safety. A mas receptor agonist, BIO101, stands out as a recent promising pharmaceutical. In addition to the conventional strategies (i.e., nutritional support and physical exercise), therapeutics with multiple targets of action or combination of multiple therapeutics with different targets/modes of action appear to promise greater benefit for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Bahat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Ozkok
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hatay Training and Research Hospital, Hatay, 31040, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan J, Zhang J, Luo Q, Peng L. Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on sarcopenia: evidence from genetic methods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2709. [PMID: 38302636 PMCID: PMC10834579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
With the aging of the population, sarcopenia has become more common. Studies have shown a broad association between liver disease and sarcopenia. However, this link remains unclear. Our study explored the link between NAFLD and sarcopenia and predicting the pathogenesis. To begin, we investigated the causal relationship and genetic correlation between them using MR and LDSC. Second, each GWAS was annotated by MAGMA. The annotated genes were analyzed for pleiotropy using the PLACO approach. Finally, functional analysis was conducted on the identified pleiotropic genes. We observed a significant genetic correlation between NAFLD and sarcopenia. Subsequently, we conducted gene-level pleiotropy analysis using PLACO and identified a total of 153 genes with pleiotropic effects. Functional analysis revealed enrichment of these genes in various tissues, including pancreas, liver, heart, blood, brain, and muscle, with involvement in cellular regulation, intracellular function, and antigen response. Moreover, our MR analysis provided evidence of a causal relationship between NAFLD and sarcopenia. Our study has discovered the genetic and causal relationships between NAFLD and sarcopenia, providing further insights into their pathophysiological mechanisms. The identification of pleiotropic genes also offers potential targets for future drug therapies aimed at controlling or treating NAFLD and sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Yibin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lipeng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, Wang C, Wang Y, Yao S. Association of Uric Acid to Creatinine Ratio with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver in Non-Obese Individuals Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:131-142. [PMID: 38222031 PMCID: PMC10786728 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s445916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, which is usually associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. However, the incidence of MALFD in non-obese individuals without T2DM is increasing, and the pathogenesis is unclear. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio (sUA/Cr) can reflect overall metabolic status. This study aims to observe the association between sUA/Cr and MAFLD in non-obese individuals without T2DM. Methods A total of 21,996 individuals were included in this study. The subjects were divided into four subgroups: non-obese patients without T2DM, obese patients without T2DM, non-obese patients with T2DM, and obese patients with T2DM. Logistic regression analyzed the correlation between sUA/Cr and MAFLD subgroups. Receiver operating characteristics analyzed the predictive value of sUA/Cr for MAFLD subgroups. The stratified analyses by sex and age were performed. Results Non-obese MAFLD individuals without T2DM had higher sUA/Cr levels than their counterparts. sUA/Cr was significantly correlated positively with MAFLD in non-obese patients. Similar results were observed in both males and females and in populations at all age stages (all p<0.01). sUA/Cr was capable of discriminating MAFLD in non-obese individuals without T2DM (AUC: 0.667), especially for patients over 60 years old (AUC: 0.704). Conclusion The sUA/Cr ratio was correlated with MAFLD in non-obese patients without T2DM. The predictive value of sUA/Cr for MAFLD was observed. Hence, the sUA/Cr ratio might be given more concern for the risk of MAFLD in non-obese individuals without T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Che Wang
- School of Qi Huang, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Qi Huang, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shukun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dirks ML, Jameson TS, Andrews RC, Dunlop MV, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. The impact of short-term forearm immobilization and acipimox administration on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy, young volunteers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561668. [PMID: 37873346 PMCID: PMC10592751 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning short-term muscle disuse atrophy remain to be elucidated, but perturbations in lipid metabolism may be involved. Specifically, positive muscle non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) balance has been implicated in the development of disuse-induced insulin and anabolic resistance. Our aim was to determine the impact of acipimox administration (i.e. pharmacologically lowering circulating NEFA availability) on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity during short-term disuse. Eighteen healthy individuals (age 22±1 years, BMI 24.0±0.6 kg·m-2) underwent 2 days of forearm cast immobilization with placebo (PLA; n=9, 5M/4F) or acipimox (ACI; 250 mg Olbetam; n=9, 4M/5F) ingestion four times daily. Before and after immobilization, whole-body glucose disposal rate (GDR), forearm glucose uptake (FGU, i.e. muscle insulin sensitivity), and amino acid kinetics were measured under fasting and hyperinsulinaemic-hyperaminoacidaemic-euglycaemic clamp conditions using arteriovenous forearm balance and intravenous L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusions. Immobilization did not affect GDR but decreased insulin-stimulated FGU in both groups, but to a greater degree in ACI (from 53±8 to 12±5 μmol·min-1) than in PLA (from 52±8 to 38±13 μmol·min-1; P<0.05). In ACI only, fasting arterialised NEFA concentrations were elevated to 1.3±0.1 mmol·L-1 post-immobilization (P<0.05), and fasting forearm NEFA balance increased ~4-fold (P=0.10). Forearm phenylalanine net balance tended to decrease following immobilization (P<0.10), driven by increases in phenylalanine rates of appearance (from 32±5 (fasting) and 21±4 (clamp) pre-immobilization to 53±8 and 31±4 post-immobilization; P<0.05) while rates of disappearance were unaffected and no effects of acipimox observed. Altogether, we show disuse-induced insulin resistance is accompanied by early signs of negative net muscle amino acid balance, which is driven by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux. Acutely elevated NEFA availability worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting muscle amino acid kinetics, suggesting that disuse-associated increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not represent an early mechanism causing anabolic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S.O. Jameson
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Rob C. Andrews
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Exeter Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V. Dunlop
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinclair AJ, Abdelhafiz AH. Metabolic Impact of Frailty Changes Diabetes Trajectory. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020295. [PMID: 36837914 PMCID: PMC9960364 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with increasing age. In older people with diabetes, frailty is a newly emerging and significant complication. Frailty induces body composition changes that influence the metabolic state and affect diabetes trajectory. Frailty appears to have a wide metabolic spectrum, which can present with an anorexic malnourished phenotype and a sarcopenic obese phenotype. The sarcopenic obese phenotype individuals have significant loss of muscle mass and increased visceral fat. This phenotype is characterised by increased insulin resistance and a synergistic increase in the cardiovascular risk more than that induced by obesity or sarcopenia alone. Therefore, in this phenotype, the trajectory of diabetes is accelerated, which needs further intensification of hypoglycaemic therapy and a focus on cardiovascular risk reduction. Anorexic malnourished individuals have significant weight loss and reduced insulin resistance. In this phenotype, the trajectory of diabetes is decelerated, which needs deintensification of hypoglycaemic therapy and a focus on symptom control and quality of life. In the sarcopenic obese phenotype, the early use of sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists is reasonable due to their weight loss and cardio-renal protection properties. In the malnourished anorexic phenotype, the early use of long-acting insulin analogues is reasonable due to their weight gain and anabolic properties, regimen simplicity and the convenience of once-daily administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Sinclair
- Foundation for Diabetes Research in Older People (fDROP), King’s College, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz
- Foundation for Diabetes Research in Older People (fDROP), King’s College, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham S60 2UD, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Joo SK, Kim W. Interaction between sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:S68-S78. [PMID: 36472051 PMCID: PMC10029947 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common health problems related to aging. Despite the differences in their diagnostic methods, several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have revealed the close link between sarcopenia and NAFLD. Sarcopenia and NAFLD are linked by several shared pathogenetic mechanisms, including insulin resistance, hormonal imbalance, systemic inflammation, myostatin and adiponectin dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, and physical inactivity, thus implicating a bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD. However, there is not sufficient data to support a direct causal relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD. Moreover, it is currently difficult to conclude whether sarcopenia is a risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or is a consequence of NASH. Therefore, this review intends to touch on the shared common mechanisms and the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sae Kyung Joo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Y, Lim WS, Jin X, Zin Nyunt MS, Fulop T, Gao Q, Lim SC, Larbi A, Ng TP. Lower insulin level is associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling frail and non-frail older adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:971622. [PMID: 36482911 PMCID: PMC9722960 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.971622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is common among older individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are conflicting evidence in support of the role of insulin in the development of age-related and T2DM-related sarcopenia. We investigated the relationships between the levels of fasting insulin and other blood biomarkers related to insulin or lipid metabolism with the presence of sarcopenia in two independent studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 246 pre-frail frail older individuals with (n = 41) and without T2DM (n = 205) in the Singapore Frailty Interventional Trial, sarcopenia was defined by low appendicular lean mass (ALM) relative to total body mass (skeletal muscle index, SMI = ALM/height2) and low lower limb strength or gait speed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria released in 2019, and related to levels of fasting insulin and glucose, C-peptide, IGF-1, leptin, and active ghrelin. This investigation was validated in another independent study sample of 189 robust and pre-frail frail elderly in the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study Wave 2 (SLAS-2). RESULTS Compared to non-sarcopenic individuals, those with sarcopenia and possible sarcopenia showed significantly lower fasting insulin (p < 0.05) in pre-frail/frail and non-frail older individuals. Consistent trends of relationships were observed for serum levels of C-peptide, IGF-1, leptin, and active ghrelin. In multivariable logistic regression models, sarcopenia was independently associated with low insulin (p < 0.05). Levels of fasting insulin, C-peptide, and leptin were also significantly associated with BMI, SMI, knee extension strength, gait speed, and physical activity score. CONCLUSION Dysregulated insulin secretion in diabetic and non-diabetic older individuals may play an important role in age-related and diabetes-related sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Lu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wee Shiong Lim
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xia Jin
- The Third Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ma Schwe Zin Nyunt
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Qi Gao
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Department of Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Biology of Ageing Laboratory, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jun JE, Lee SE, Lee YB, Kim G, Jin SM, Jee JH, Kim JH. Low skeletal muscle mass Accompanied by Abdominal Obesity Additively Increases the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:1173-1180. [PMID: 36394524 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low skeletal muscle mass often accompanies abdominal obesity in the aging process. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect of reduced skeletal muscle mass and its interaction with abdominal obesity on incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS This retrospective longitudinal study included a total of 36,304 diabetes-free Koreans who underwent two or more health check-ups annually or biennially. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and was presented as a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) adjusted for body weight. Pre-sarcopenia was defined as an SMI <1 standard deviation of the sex-specific mean for a healthy young reference group. Abdominal obesity was defined using waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women. Participants were classified into four groups of normal, pre-sarcopenia alone, abdominal obesity alone, and pre-sarcopenic obesity according to initial body composition. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 9.1% during the 7-year follow-up. Compared with the highest tertile, the lowest sex-specific SMI tertile was significantly associated with a greater risk of incident type 2 diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.45) in a fully adjusted model. Pre-sarcopenic obesity significantly increased incident diabetes risk (adjusted HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.42-1.73) compared with normal body composition, pre-sarcopenia alone, or abdominal obesity alone. CONCLUSIONS Low skeletal muscle mass and its coexistence with abdominal obesity additively increased the risk of incident type 2 diabetes independent of the glycometabolic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Jun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Ulsan, Korea
| | - You-Bin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jee
- Department of Health Promotion Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Obesity remains a serious relevant public health concern throughout the world despite related countermeasures being well understood (i.e. mainly physical activity and an adjusted diet). Among different nutritional approaches, there is a growing interest in ketogenic diets (KD) to manipulate body mass (BM) and to enhance fat mass loss. KD reduce the daily amount of carbohydrate intake drastically. This results in increased fatty acid utilisation, leading to an increase in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) and therefore metabolic ketosis. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have focused on reducing dietary fat with little or conflicting positive results over the long term. Moreover, current nutritional guidelines for athletes propose carbohydrate-based diets to augment muscular adaptations. This review discusses the physiological basis of KD and their effects on BM reduction and body composition improvements in sedentary individuals combined with different types of exercise (resistance training or endurance training) in individuals with obesity and athletes. Ultimately, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of these nutritional interventions together with precautionary measures that should be observed in both individuals with obesity and athletic populations. A literature search from 1921 to April 2021 using Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus Databases was used to identify relevant studies. In summary, based on the current evidence, KD are an efficient method to reduce BM and body fat in both individuals with obesity and athletes. However, these positive impacts are mainly because of the appetite suppressive effects of KD, which can decrease daily energy intake. Therefore, KD do not have any superior benefits to non-KD in BM and body fat loss in individuals with obesity and athletic populations in an isoenergetic situation. In sedentary individuals with obesity, it seems that fat-free mass (FFM) changes appear to be as great, if not greater, than decreases following a low-fat diet. In terms of lean mass, it seems that following a KD can cause FFM loss in resistance-trained individuals. In contrast, the FFM-preserving effects of KD are more efficient in endurance-trained compared with resistance-trained individuals.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hypoglycaemic therapy in frail older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a choice determined by metabolic phenotype. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1949-1967. [PMID: 35723859 PMCID: PMC9208348 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a newly emerging complication of diabetes in older people and increasingly recognised in national and international clinical guidelines. However, frailty remains less clearly defined and frail older people with diabetes are rarely characterised. The general recommendation of clinical guidelines is to aim for a relaxed glycaemic control, mainly to avoid hypoglycaemia, in this often-vulnerable group of patients. With increasing age and development of frailty, body composition changes are characterised by an increase in visceral adipose tissue and a decrease in body muscle mass. Depending on the overall body weight, differential loss of muscle fibre types and body adipose/muscle tissue ratio, the presence of any associated frailty can be seen as a spectrum of metabolic phenotypes that vary in insulin resistance of which we have defined two specific phenotypes. The sarcopenic obese (SO) frail phenotype with increased visceral fat and increased insulin resistance on one side of spectrum and the anorexic malnourished (AM) frail phenotype with significant muscle loss and reduced insulin resistance on the other. In view of these varying metabolic phenotypes, the choice of hypoglycaemic therapy, glycaemic targets and overall goals of therapy are likely to be different. In the SO phenotype, weight-limiting hypoglycaemic agents, especially the new agents of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2 inhibitors, should be considered early on in therapy due to their benefits on weight reduction and ability to achieve tight glycaemic control where the focus will be on the reduction of cardiovascular risk. In the AM phenotype, weight-neutral agents or insulin therapy should be considered early on due to their benefits of limiting further weight loss and the possible anabolic effects of insulin. Here, the goals of therapy will be a combination of relaxed glycaemic control and avoidance of hypoglycaemia; and the focus will be on maintenance of a good quality of life. Future research is still required to develop novel hypoglycaemic agents with a positive effect on body composition in frailty and improvements in clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Katsuhara S, Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Umakoshi H, Matsuda Y, Iwahashi N, Kaneko H, Ogata M, Fukumoto T, Terada E, Sakamoto R, Ogawa Y. Impact of Cortisol on Reduction in Muscle Strength and Mass: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1477-e1487. [PMID: 34850018 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prolonged exposure to pathological cortisol, as in Cushing's syndrome causes various age-related disorders, including sarcopenia. However, it is unclear whether mild cortisol excess, for example, accelerates sarcopenia due to aging or chronic stress. OBJECTIVE We used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess whether cortisol was causally associated with muscle strength and mass. METHODS Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma cortisol concentrations in the CORtisol NETwork consortium (n = 12 597) were used as instrumental variables. Summary statistics with traits of interest were obtained from relevant genome-wide association studies. For the primary analysis, we used the fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis accounting for genetic correlations between variants. RESULTS One SD increase in cortisol was associated with SD reduction in grip strength (estimate, -0.032; 95% CI -0.044 to -0.020; P = 3e-04), whole-body lean mass (estimate, -0.032; 95% CI, -0.046 to -0.017; P = 0.004), and appendicular lean mass (estimate, -0.031; 95% CI, -0.049 to -0.012; P = 0.001). The results were supported by the weighted-median analysis, with no evidence of pleiotropy in the MR-Egger analysis. The association of cortisol with grip strength and lean mass was observed in women but not in men. The association was attenuated after adjusting for fasting glucose in the multivariable MR analysis, which was the top mediator for the association in the MR Bayesian model averaging analysis. CONCLUSION This MR study provides evidence for the association of cortisol with reduced muscle strength and mass, suggesting the impact of cortisol on the development of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Katsuhara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Terada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim Y, Chang Y, Ryu S, Cho IY, Kwon MJ, Wild SH, Byrne CD. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and the risk of low muscle mass in young and middle-aged Korean adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:477-487. [PMID: 35147511 PMCID: PMC8942330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the known benefit of vitamin D in reducing sarcopenia risk in older adults, its effect against muscle loss in the young population is unknown. We aimed to examine the association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] level and its changes over time with the risk of incident low muscle mass (LMM) in young and middle-aged adults. DESIGN This study is a cohort study. METHODS The study included Korean adults (median age: 36.9 years) without LMM at baseline followed up for a median of 3.9 years (maximum: 7.3 years). LMM was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass by body weight (ASM/weight) of 1 s.d. below the sex-specific mean for the young reference group. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS Of the 192,908 individuals without LMM at baseline, 19,526 developed LMM. After adjusting for potential confounders, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident LMM comparing 25(OH)D levels of 25-<50, 50-<75, and ≥75 nmol/L to 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L were 0.93 (0.90-0.97), 0.85 (0.81-0.89), and 0.77 (0.71-0.83), respectively. The inverse association of 25(OH)D with incident LMM was consistently observed in young (aged <40 years) and older individuals (aged ≥40 years). Individuals with increased 25(OH)D levels (<50-≥50 nmol/L) or persistently adequate 25(OH)D levels (≥50 nmol/L) between baseline and follow-up visit had a lower risk of incident LMM than those with persistently low 25(OH)D levels. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining sufficient serum 25(OH)D could prevent unfavourable changes in muscle mass in both young and middle-aged Korean adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Chang or S Ryu or S H Wild; or or
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Chang or S Ryu or S H Wild; or or
| | - In Young Cho
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center
- Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Chang or S Ryu or S H Wild; or or
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Banks NF, Rogers EM, Church DD, Ferrando AA, Jenkins NDM. The contributory role of vascular health in age-related anabolic resistance. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:114-127. [PMID: 34951146 PMCID: PMC8818606 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, or the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is an increasingly prevalent condition that contributes to reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in older adults. Older adults display blunted anabolic responses to otherwise anabolic stimuli-a phenomenon that has been termed anabolic resistance (AR)-which is likely a casual factor in sarcopenia development. AR is multifaceted, but historically much of the mechanistic focus has been on signalling impairments, and less focus has been placed on the role of the vasculature in postprandial protein kinetics. The vascular endothelium plays an indispensable role in regulating vascular tone and blood flow, and age-related impairments in vascular health may impede nutrient-stimulated vasodilation and subsequently the ability to deliver nutrients (e.g. amino acids) to skeletal muscle. Although the majority of data has been obtained studying younger adults, the relatively limited data on the effect of blood flow on protein kinetics in older adults suggest that vasodilatory function, especially of the microvasculature, strongly influences the muscle protein synthetic response to amino acid feedings. In this narrative review, we examine evidence of AR in older adults following amino acid and mixed meal consumption, examine the evidence linking vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance to age-related AR, review the influence of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 on age-related vascular dysfunction as it relates to AR, briefly review the potential causal role of arterial stiffness in promoting skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction and AR, and provide a brief overview and future considerations for research examining age-related AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nile F Banks
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily M Rogers
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David D Church
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zambon Azevedo V, Silaghi CA, Maurel T, Silaghi H, Ratziu V, Pais R. Impact of Sarcopenia on the Severity of the Liver Damage in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 8:774030. [PMID: 35111794 PMCID: PMC8802760 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.774030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of the literature shows a strong interrelationship between the pathogenic pathways of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia through the muscle-liver-adipose tissue axis. NAFLD is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases (CLD) affecting more than one-quarter of the general population worldwide. The disease severity spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and its complications: end-stage chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sarcopenia, defined as a progressive loss of the skeletal muscle mass, reduces physical performances, is associated with metabolic dysfunction and, possibly, has a causative role in NAFLD pathogenesis. Muscle mass is a key determinant of the whole-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and impacts fatty liver oxidation and energy homeostasis. These mechanisms drive the accumulation of ectopic fat both in the liver (steatosis, fatty liver) and in the muscle (myosteatosis). Myosteatosis rather than the muscle mass per se, seems to be closely associated with the severity of the liver injury. Sarcopenic obesity is a recently described entity which associates both sarcopenia and obesity and may trigger worse clinical outcomes including hepatic fibrosis progression and musculoskeletal disabilities. Furthermore, the muscle-liver-adipose tissue axis has a pivotal role in changes of the body composition, resulting in a distinct clinical phenotype that enables the identification of the "sarcopenic NAFLD phenotype." This review aims to bring some light into the complex relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD and critically discuss the key mechanisms linking NAFLD to sarcopenia, as well as some of the clinical consequences associated with the coexistence of these two entities: the impact of body composition phenotypes on muscle morphology, the concept of sarcopenic obesity, the relationship between sarcopenia and the severity of the liver damage and finally, the future directions and the existing gaps in the knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Zambon Azevedo
- Doctoral School Physiology, Physiopathology and Therapeutics 394, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche de Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Alina Silaghi
- Department of Endocrinology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Thomas Maurel
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Horatiu Silaghi
- Department of Surgery V, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- Centre de Recherche de Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Raluca Pais
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMRS 938, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cespiati A, Meroni M, Lombardi R, Oberti G, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL. Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010182. [PMID: 35052859 PMCID: PMC8773740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle strength, mass and function and it is a predictor of mortality. Sarcopenia is not only a geriatric disease, but it is related to several chronic conditions, including liver diseases in both its early and advanced stages. Despite the increasing number of studies exploring the role of sarcopenia in the early stages of chronic liver disease (CLD), its prevalence and the relationship between these two clinical entities are still controversial. Myosteatosis is characterized by fat accumulation in the muscles and it is related to advanced liver disease, although its role in the early stages is still under researched. Therefore, in this narrative review, we firstly aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myosteatosis in the early stage of CLD across different aetiologies (mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis). Secondly, due to the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia worldwide, we aimed to revise the current and the future therapeutic approaches for the management of sarcopenia in CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cespiati
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-4192; Fax: +39-02-5503-3509
| | - Giovanna Oberti
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miyatake S, Hino K, Ebisu G, Fujita S. Oral administration of l-citrulline alters the vascular delivery of substances to rat skeletal muscles. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101149. [PMID: 34693038 PMCID: PMC8515244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial function deteriorates with age and disease, and the production of vasodilator factors like nitric oxide (NO) decreases. The free amino acid l-citrulline increases vasodilation and blood flow through increased NO production. We examined the effects of oral l-citrulline administration on vascular delivery of substances to skeletal muscles. In Experiment 1, following oral l-citrulline administration and subsequent intravenous Evans blue dye (EBD) administration to rats, EBD levels delivered to skeletal muscles were measured after 60 min. In Experiment 2, plasma concentrations of amino acids and NOx, an indicator of vasodilation, were measured over time after oral l-citrulline administration. In Experiment 3, we measured EBD levels in skeletal muscles of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats following l-citrulline administration. In these experiments, EBD levels in the soleus muscle were higher in the l-citrulline group than in the control group (19.9 ± 0.7 vs. 22.5 ± 1.9 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05). Plasma l-arginine, l-citrulline, and NOx levels were increased within 30 min after l-citrulline administration. EBD levels in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were higher in diabetic rats with l-citrulline administration (18.7 ± 2.2 vs. 25.0 ± 4.3 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05 and 8.0 ± 0.5 vs. 9.2 ± 0.8 μg/g tissue, p = 0.05, respectively). These data suggest that oral l-citrulline administration may increase the level of substances delivered to skeletal muscles by increasing the NO production in both normal and vascular endothelial dysfunction models. l-Citrulline (CIT) increases blood flow and induces vasorelaxation. CIT increased dye delivery to soleus but not gastrocnemius muscles in normal rats. CIT administration increased the blood levels of l-arginine and NOx. CIT led to higher dye delivery to soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in diabetic rats. CIT increase vascular delivery in skeletal muscles through increasing NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyatake
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hino
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Goro Ebisu
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Opazo R, Angel B, Márquez C, Lera L, Cardoso Dos Santos GR, Monnerat G, Albala C. Sarcopenic metabolomic profile reflected a sarcopenic phenotype associated with amino acid and essential fatty acid changes. Metabolomics 2021; 17:83. [PMID: 34498155 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although sarcopenia greatly affects health and quality of life in older people, its pathophysiological causes are not fully elucidated. To face this challenge, omics technologies can be used. The metabolome gives a vision of the interaction between the genome and the environment through metabolic networks, thus contributing in clarifying the pathophysiology of the sarcopenic phenotype. OBJECTIVES The main goal of this study was to compare the plasma metabolome of sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older people. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 20 sarcopenic and 21 non-sarcopenic older subjects with available frozen plasma samples. Non-targeted metabolomic study by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis with later bioinformatics data analysis. Once the significantly different metabolites were identified, the KEGG database was used on them to establish which were the metabolic pathways mainly involved. RESULTS From 657 features identified, 210 showed significant differences between the study groups, and 30 had a FoldChangeLog2 > 2. The most interesting metabolic pathways found with the KEGG database were the biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabolism, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, linoleic acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS The study results allowed us to confirm that the concept of "sarcopenic phenotype" is also witnessed at the plasma metabolite levels. The non-targeted metabolomics study can open a wide view of the sarcopenic features changes at the plasma level, which would be linked to the sarcopenic physiopathological alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Angel
- Unidad de Nutrición Pública INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Márquez
- Unidad de Nutrición Pública INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lydia Lera
- Unidad de Nutrición Pública INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Latin Division, Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Gustavo R Cardoso Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (LPDI-LADETEC), Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Monnerat
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (LPDI-LADETEC), Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Albala
- Unidad de Nutrición Pública INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Massimino E, Izzo A, Riccardi G, Della Pepa G. The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:1958. [PMID: 34440727 PMCID: PMC8393336 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass together with the loss of muscle power and function is defined sarcopenia. Mounting evidence suggests that the prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and different mechanisms may be responsible for this association such as impaired insulin sensitivity, chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycosylation end products, subclinical inflammation, microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glucose-lowering drugs prescribed for patients with T2DM might impact on these mechanisms leading to harmful or beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. Importantly, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, glucose-lowering drugs may affect per se the equilibrium between protein anabolism and catabolism through several mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle physiology, contributing to sarcopenia. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on sarcopenia in individuals with T2DM, focusing on the parameters used to define sarcopenia: muscle strength (evaluated by handgrip strength), muscle quantity/quality (evaluated by appendicular lean mass or skeletal muscle mass and their indexes), and physical performance (evaluated by gait speed or short physical performance battery). Furthermore, we also describe the plausible mechanisms by which glucose-lowering drugs may impact on sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.M.); (A.I.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Daher D, Deracinois B, Courcoux P, Baniel A, Chollet S, Froidevaux R, Flahaut C. Sensopeptidomic Kinetic Approach Combined with Decision Trees and Random Forests to Study the Bitterness during Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics of Micellar Caseins. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061312. [PMID: 34200404 PMCID: PMC8228083 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates are, in general, mixtures of amino acids and small peptides able to supply the body with the constituent elements of proteins in a directly assimilable form. They are therefore characterised as products with high nutritional value. However, hydrolysed proteins display an unpleasant bitter taste and possible off-flavours which limit the field of their nutrition applications. The successful identification and characterisation of bitter protein hydrolysates and, more precisely, the peptides responsible for this unpleasant taste are essential for nutritional research. Due to the large number of peptides generated during hydrolysis, there is an urgent need to develop methods in order to rapidly characterise the bitterness of protein hydrolysates. In this article, two enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics of micellar milk caseins were performed for 9 h. For both kinetics, the optimal time to obtain a hydrolysate with appreciable organoleptic qualities is 5 h. Then, the influence of the presence or absence of peptides and their intensity over time compared to the different sensory characteristics of hydrolysates was studied using heat maps, random forests and regression trees. A total of 22 peptides formed during the enzymatic proteolysis of micellar caseins and influencing the bitterness the most were identified. These methods represent simple and efficient tools to identify the peptides susceptibly responsible for bitterness intensity and predict the main sensory feature of micellar casein enzymatic hydrolysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Daher
- UMR Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Univ. Lille, INRAe, Univ. Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France; (D.D.); (B.D.); (S.C.); (R.F.)
- Ingredia S.A. 51 Av. Lobbedez-CS 60946, CEDEX, 62033 Arras, France;
| | - Barbara Deracinois
- UMR Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Univ. Lille, INRAe, Univ. Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France; (D.D.); (B.D.); (S.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Philippe Courcoux
- Oniris, StatSC, rue de la Géraudière, 44322 Nantes, France;
- INRA USC1381, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Alain Baniel
- Ingredia S.A. 51 Av. Lobbedez-CS 60946, CEDEX, 62033 Arras, France;
| | - Sylvie Chollet
- UMR Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Univ. Lille, INRAe, Univ. Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France; (D.D.); (B.D.); (S.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Rénato Froidevaux
- UMR Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Univ. Lille, INRAe, Univ. Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France; (D.D.); (B.D.); (S.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- UMR Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Univ. Lille, INRAe, Univ. Liège, UPJV, JUNIA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France; (D.D.); (B.D.); (S.C.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-321791780
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amarasekera AT, Chang D, Schwarz P, Tan TC. Does vascular endothelial dysfunction play a role in physical frailty and sarcopenia? A systematic review. Age Ageing 2021; 50:725-732. [PMID: 33951149 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is strongly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes; however, the underlying pathophysiological processes are largely unknown. Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) is the earliest stage of cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression and predicts long-term CVD outcomes. Both these conditions share an elevated inflammatory state as a common pathological factor. OBJECTIVE Systematic literature review was conducted to examine the evidence supporting an association between VED and physical frailty and/or sarcopenia, in electronic databases including Scopus, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, ProQuest Health & Medicine and Embase from January 1980 to August 2019. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. VED is independently associated with increased frailty phenotypes and measures of sarcopenia. Several markers of VED, including higher levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, abnormal ankle brachial index, pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure and lower levels of flow-mediated dilatation, peripheral blood flow and endothelial progenitor cell counts, have been associated with frailty/sarcopenia measurements. Some studies demonstrated the effect of inflammation on the association. CONCLUSIONS Recent studies, although limited, showed that VED could be one of the underlying mechanisms of frailty. It is entirely possible that inflammation-related pathological changes in the vascular endothelium are involved in the early causative mechanisms in physical frailty. The exact mechanism(s) underlying this association are still unclear and will need to be evaluated. The outcomes of these future research studies could potentially inform early preventative strategies for physical frailty and sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjalee Thanuja Amarasekera
- Blacktown Clinical and Research School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Schwarz
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology PE and Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Risk of sarcopenia among older persons with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with different status of albuminuria: A dose-responsive association. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 95:104338. [PMID: 33652335 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia has been reported before, but little was known regarding associations between albuminuria status in the development of sarcopenia. This study aimed to explore the associations between albuminuria status and sarcopenia among older patients with T2DM. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited T2DM patients aged 65 years and older from the DM shared care center in a regional hospital who were grossly absent from functional impairment. Demographic characteristics were collected and functional assessments were performed for all participants. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was obtained by spot urine exams, whereas UACR ≥ 30 mg/g was defined as microalbuminuria, and UACR > 300 mg/g as macroalbuminuria. Appendicular lean mass (ASM) was measured by the dual X-ray absorptiometry, and the relative appendicular muscle mass (RASM) was calculated as the ASM divided by height square (kg/m2).The definition of sarcopenia was made according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and muscle quality was defined as handgrip strength (kg) divided by RASM. RESULTS Overall, 180 participants (mean age: 72.5±5.3 years, 53.3% males) were enrolled for study. Higher HbA1c levels and poorer renal function were significantly associated with more severe albuminuria status.Besides, sarcopenia and low handgrip strength also showed dose-responsive associations with albuminuria status, which was similar in muscle quality.The receiver operating characteristic curve determine that the UACR of 13.7 mg/g was the optimal cutoff for sarcopenia diagnosis, which was lower than the conventionally definition of microalbuminuria (<30 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS Albuminuria status was dose-responsively associated with sarcopenia among older persons with T2DM, and the risk started to escalate from minimal albuminuria (UACR 9.18 mg/g in men and 18.4 mg/g in women). Further intervention studies are needed to evaluate potential benefits of better diabetes control in preventing sarcopenia and its outcomes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yin M, Zhang H, Liu Q, Ding F, Deng Y, Hou L, Wang H, Yue J, He Y. Diagnostic Performance of Clinical Laboratory Indicators With Sarcopenia: Results From the West China Health and Aging Trend Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:785045. [PMID: 34956096 PMCID: PMC8702640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.785045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is an age-related and skeletal muscle disorder involving the loss of muscle mass or strength, and physiological function. Although the diagnostic indicators used in the different guidelines are for muscle mass, strength and physical performance, there are currently no uniform diagnostic criteria. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between a series of biomarkers with sarcopenia in southwest China. METHODS We included 4302 patients from West China Health and Aging Trend (WCHAT) study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. Thyroxine、albumin、total protein、prealbumin、albumin to globulin ratio (A/G)、25(OH)VD、fasting insulin、adrenal cortisol、triglyceride、high-density lipoprotein、hemoglobin and aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT) were measured. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were established to describe the predictive value for sarcopenia and we also used multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors of the disease. RESULTS In terms of protein state, patients with sarcopenia had lower value in total protein, albumin, prealbumin, A/G than the control (P<0.001). Patients had lower value in triglyceride but higher value in high-density lipoprotein compared with the healthy in the indicators of lipid metabolism (P<0.001). In the aspect of hormone state, patients had lower free triiodothyronine, fasting insulin but higher free tetraiodothyronine and adrenal cortisol than the healthy (P<0.001). The fasting insulin level (AUC=0.686) and the AST/ALT ratio (AUC=0.682) were the best predictors of sarcopenia among biomarkers. The diagnostic performance of fasting insulin combined with the AST/ALT ratio (AUC=0.720) is equal to multiple indicators (AUC=0.742). CONCLUSION The fasting insulin combined with the AST/ALT ratio exhibits good diagnostic performance for sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianhui Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Deng
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lisha Hou
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirong Yue
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jirong Yue, ; Yong He,
| | - Yong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jirong Yue, ; Yong He,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qiao YS, Chai YH, Gong HJ, Zhuldyz Z, Stehouwer CDA, Zhou JB, Simó R. The Association Between Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Sarcopenia: Accumulated Evidences From Observational Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:782391. [PMID: 35002965 PMCID: PMC8734040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.782391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the association between the presence of sarcopenia and HbA1c, prediabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications. METHOD The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 2021. We included full-text English language articles that reported the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with and without diabetes. Quality assessment was performed according to the Newcastle- Ottawa scale for observational studies. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Three studies showed that high HbA1c levels lead to loss of muscle mass, and one study involving prediabetes showed that people with prediabetes had lower muscle mass, strength, and performance than non-diabetic population. Seven studies showed that people with diabetes had a higher risk of sarcopenia than those without diabetes (combined OR: 2.09, 95% CI:1.62-2.70). The remaining five studies suggested that diabetic complications increased the risk of sarcopenia (combined OR: 2.09,95% CI:1.62-2.70). CONCLUSION High HbA1c levels, prediabetes, diabetes and diabetes complications were associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia. Therapeutic strategies addressed to avoid the conversion of IGT to diabetes and to optimize glycemic control are warranted to prevent or arrest sarcopenia in the diabetic population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Qiao
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-He Chai
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jian Gong
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jian-Bo Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Bo Zhou,
| | - Rafael Simó
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Derpartment, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee EJ, Jang HC, Koo KH, Kim HY, Lim JY. Mechanical Properties of Single Muscle Fibers: Understanding Poor Muscle Quality in Older Adults with Diabetes. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020; 24:267-273. [PMID: 33389973 PMCID: PMC7781968 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.20.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While aging causes muscle weakness, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is also considered a high-risk factor for the induction of skeletal muscle weakness. Previous studies have reported increased collagen content in insulin-resistant skeletal muscles. Here, we studied the mechanical properties of aged skeletal muscle in patients with T2DM to investigate whether aged skeletal muscles with T2DM induce higher passive tension due to the abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM) inside or outside of the muscle fibers. Methods Samples from the gluteus maximus muscles of older adults with diabetes (T2DM) and non-diabetic (non-DM) older adults who underwent elective orthopedic surgery were collected. Permeabilized single muscle fibers from these samples were used to identify their mechanical properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to quantify titin and fiber type distributions in these samples. Results We confirmed a significant predominance of type I fiber ratio in both T2DM and non-DM aged muscles. While the average cross-sectional area and maximal active tension of the single fibers were smaller in the T2DM group than those in the non-DM group, the difference was not statistically significant. T2DM subjects showed significantly greater passive tension and lower titin-/ECM-based passive tension ratios than those in non-DM subjects, which indicated that more ECM but less titin contributed to the total passive tension. Conclusion Based on our findings, we concluded that T2DM may cause increased passive stiffness of single skeletal muscle fibers in older adults because of an excessive accumulation of ECM in and around single muscle fibers due to increased insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Science, Concordia University Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoi Koo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Division of Liberal Arts and Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chakravarthy MV, Siddiqui MS, Forsgren MF, Sanyal AJ. Harnessing Muscle-Liver Crosstalk to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592373. [PMID: 33424768 PMCID: PMC7786290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions, affecting an estimated one-quarter of the world's adult population. Multiple organ systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of NAFLD; however, the role of skeletal muscle has until recently been largely overlooked. A growing body of evidence places skeletal muscle-via its impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation-and the muscle-liver axis at the center of the NAFLD pathogenic cascade. Population-based studies suggest that sarcopenia is an effect-modifier across the NAFLD spectrum in that it is tightly linked to an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced liver fibrosis, all independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies suggest that increases in skeletal muscle mass over time may both reduce the incidence of NAFLD and improve preexisting NAFLD. Adverse muscle composition, comprising both low muscle volume and high muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis), is highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD. The risk of functional disability conferred by low muscle volume in NAFLD is further exacerbated by the presence of myosteatosis, which is twice as common in NAFLD as in other chronic liver diseases. Crosstalk between muscle and liver is influenced by several factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, ectopic fat deposition, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory mediators. In this perspective review, we discuss key pathophysiological processes driving sarcopenia in NAFLD: anabolic resistance, insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility and systemic inflammation. Interventions that modify muscle quantity (mass), muscle quality (fat), and physical function by simultaneously engaging multiple targets and pathways implicated in muscle-liver crosstalk may be required to address the multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and provide effective and durable therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad S. Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mikael F. Forsgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sugimoto K, Ikegami H, Takata Y, Katsuya T, Fukuda M, Akasaka H, Tabara Y, Osawa H, Hiromine Y, Rakugi H. Glycemic Control and Insulin Improve Muscle Mass and Gait Speed in Type 2 Diabetes: The MUSCLES-DM Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 22:834-838.e1. [PMID: 33278348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for sarcopenia. Evidence on the prevention of sarcopenia using blood glucose-lowering therapy is limited. We aimed to examine the relationship between changes in glycemic control and sarcopenia and the effect of antidiabetic agents against sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN We conducted an observational longitudinal study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS In total, 588 Japanese patients with diabetes of an ongoing multicenter study completed 1-year follow-up measurements for sarcopenia and clinical data. METHODS The data set of the Multicenter Study for Clarifying Evidence for Sarcopenia in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (the MUSCLES-DM study) was analyzed. RESULTS During the follow-up period, the frequency of sarcopenia marginally increased, and the means of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip strength, and gait speed did not show any changes. However, on dividing into 5 groups depending on the degree of changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value, the patients with a decrease of ≥1% in HbA1c exhibited a significant increase in SMI. Our analysis revealed similar results for gait speed but not handgrip strength. Using the multiple linear regression model, we identified that a ≥1% decrease in HbA1c value was an independent determinant of the changes in SMI and gait speed. We also determined that insulin use at baseline was an independent factor for the changes in SMI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Correction of poor glycemic control and use of insulin were significantly associated with the increase in skeletal muscle mass or gait speed in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. The current finding increases our understanding of the importance of glycemic control for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegami
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takata
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Katsuya Clinic, Amagasaki, Japan; Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hiromine
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kang S, Moon MK, Kim W, Koo BK. Association between muscle strength and advanced fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a Korean nationwide survey. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1232-1241. [PMID: 32638541 PMCID: PMC7567158 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association between muscle strength and the prevalence of advanced fibrosis among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using a nationwide cross-sectional survey. METHODS Individuals, 20 to 79 years of age, from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2014 to 2016 were selected (N = 14 861), with sample weights applied. Muscle strength was quantified as the handgrip strength divided by the body mass index (BMI); low muscle strength (LMS) was defined as the lowest quartile (Q1 ) of the handgrip strength/BMI for our sample population. NAFLD was defined as hepatic steatosis index >36. Advanced fibrosis was defined as a fibrosis-4 index score ≥1.30 (FibrosisFIB4 ). RESULTS The mean age of the study population was 45.6 ± 0.2 years, and 42.4% were male. As muscle strength increased, the mean BMI and age decreased accordingly, and the proportions of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and obesity decreased significantly (P < 0.001 for all). In a crude analysis, the LMS was associated with an increased prevalence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.25-4.03, P < 0.001), which remained significant even after adjustment for age, sex, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.16, P < 0.001). In this logistic regression model, the prevalence of NAFLD decreased by 24% with each quartile increment in muscle strength (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.85, P < 0.001). Among individuals with NAFLD (n = 2092), LMS was significantly associated with the presence of advanced fibrosis (FibrosisFIB4 ) independently of age, sex, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.01-2.49, P = 0.015), which lost its statistical significance after additional adjustment for insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Low muscle strength is independently associated with NAFLD. The significant association between LMS and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD may be mediated through insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyong Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abdulla H, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb M, Jandova T, Bass JJ, Rankin D, Cegielski J, Sayda M, Crossland H, Williams JP, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 infusions overcome anabolic resistance to feeding in older human muscle. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13202. [PMID: 32744385 PMCID: PMC7511886 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its known insulin‐independent effects, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) role in muscle protein turnover has not been explored under fed‐state conditions or in the context of older age, when declines in insulin sensitivity and protein anabolism, as well as losses of muscle mass and function, occur. Methods Eight older‐aged men (71 ± 1 year, mean ± SEM) were studied in a crossover trial. Baseline measures were taken over 3 hr, prior to a 3 hr postprandial insulin (~30 mIU ml−1) and glucose (7–7.5 mM) clamp, alongside I.V. infusions of octreotide and Vamin 14 (±infusions of GLP‐1). Four muscle biopsies were taken, and muscle protein turnover was quantified via incorporation of 13C6 phenylalanine and arteriovenous balance kinetics, using mass spectrometry. Leg macro‐ and microvascular flow was assessed via ultrasound and anabolic signalling by immunoblotting. GLP‐1 and insulin were measured by ELISA. Results GLP‐1 augmented muscle protein synthesis (MPS; fasted: 0.058 ± 0.004% hr−1 vs. postprandial: 0.102 ± 0.005% hr−1, p < 0.01), in comparison with non‐GLP‐1 trials. Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) was reduced throughout clamp period, while net protein balance across the leg became positive in both groups. Total femoral leg blood flow was unchanged by the clamp; however, muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) was significantly elevated in both groups, and to a significantly greater extent in the GLP‐1 group (MBF: 5 ± 2 vs. 1.9 ± 1 fold change +GLP‐1 and −GLP‐1, respectively, p < 0.01). Activation of the Akt‐mTOR signalling was similar across both trials. Conclusion GLP‐1 infusion markedly enhanced postprandial microvascular perfusion and further stimulated muscle protein metabolism, primarily through increased MPS, during a postprandial insulin hyperaminoacidaemic clamp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Heartlands Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Marie Limb
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Tereza Jandova
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Debbie Rankin
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Mariwan Sayda
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - John P. Williams
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Department of Anaesthesia University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ferrari U, Then C, Rottenkolber M, Selte C, Seissler J, Conzade R, Linkohr B, Peters A, Drey M, Thorand B. Longitudinal association of type 2 diabetes and insulin therapy with muscle parameters in the KORA-Age study. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1057-1063. [PMID: 32246270 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin treatment with changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults. METHODS In 731 participants of the population-based KORA-Age study aged 74.6 ± 6.2 years (T2D: n = 118; insulin treatment: n = 20), skeletal muscle index (SMI [kg/m2]), hand grip strength (GS [kg]), and a timed up and go test (TUG [s]) were performed at baseline and after a follow-up time of 3 years. The association of T2D and insulin therapy with changes in muscle parameters was analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, and multimorbidity, T2D was associated with the change in SMI during follow-up (β - 0.1 (95% CI - 0.3 to - 0.02) kg/m2; p = 0.02), but not with a change in GS (β - 0.9 (95% CI - 1.9 to 0.04) kg) or TUG (β - 0.1 (95% CI - 0.7 to 0.5) s). Insulin therapy was positively associated with change in SMI (β 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.9) kg/m2; p = 0.001), but not in GS (β - 1.6 (95% CI - 4.1 to 0.8) kg) or TUG (β 1.6 (95% CI - 0.2-3.4) s) in comparison with treatment with oral anti-diabetic medication alone. CONCLUSIONS Participants with T2D showed an accelerated decline in muscle mass compared to non-diabetic participants. Insulin therapy was associated with preserved muscle mass, but not muscle function parameters, indicating a discrepancy between muscle mass and function in this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ferrari
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Then
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marietta Rottenkolber
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Canan Selte
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Romy Conzade
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Drey
- Geriatrie, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wall BT, Cruz AM, Otten B, Dunlop MV, Fulford J, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Stephens FB, Dirks ML. The Impact of Disuse and High-Fat Overfeeding on Forearm Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5821526. [PMID: 32303743 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anabolic resistance is mechanistically implicated in muscle disuse atrophy. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess whether anabolic resistance is associated with reduced postprandial amino acid uptake or exacerbated by excess lipid availability. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Twenty men underwent 7 days of forearm immobilization while consuming a eucaloric (CON; n = 11) or high-fat overfeeding (HFD; n = 9; 50% excess energy as fat) diet (parallel design) within our Nutritional Physiology Research Unit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preimmobilization and postimmobilization we measured forearm muscle cross-sectional area (aCSA), and postabsorptive and postprandial (3-hour postingestion of a liquid, protein-rich, mixed meal) forearm amino acid metabolism using the arterialized venous-deep venous balance method and infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS Immobilization did not affect forearm muscle aCSA in either group, but tended to reduce postabsorptive phenylalanine (P = .07) and leucine (P = .05) net balances equivalently in CON and HFD. Mixed-meal ingestion switched phenylalanine and leucine net balances from negative to positive (P < .05), an effect blunted by immobilization (P < .05) and to a greater extent in HFD than CON (P < .05). Preimmobilization, meal ingestion increased leucine rates of disappearance (Rd; P < .05), with values peaking at 191% (from 87 ± 38 to 254 ± 60 µmol·min-1·100 mL forearm volume-1) and 183% (from 141 ± 24 to 339 ± 51 µmol·min-1·100 mL-1) above postabsorptive rates in CON and HFD, respectively, with meal-induced increases not evident postimmobilization in either group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Disuse impairs the ability of a protein-rich meal to promote positive muscle amino acid balance, which is aggravated by dietary lipid oversupply. Moreover, disuse reduced postprandial forearm amino acid uptake; however, this is not worsened under high-fat conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Ana M Cruz
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Britt Otten
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, USA
| | - Doaa Reda Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, USA
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen YS, Cai YX, Kang XR, Zhou ZH, Qi X, Ying CT, Zhang YP, Tao J. Predicting the risk of sarcopenia in elderly patients with patellar fracture: development and assessment of a new predictive nomogram. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8793. [PMID: 32328345 PMCID: PMC7166043 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a risk prediction model for postoperative sarcopenia in elderly patients with patellar fractures in China. Patients and methods We conducted a community survey of patients aged ≥55 years who underwent surgery for patellar fractures between January 2013 and October 2018, through telephone interviews, community visits, and outpatient follow-up. We established a predictive model for assessing the risk of sarcopenia after patellar fractures. We developed the prediction model by combining multivariate logistic regression analysis with the least absolute shrinkage model and selection operator regression (lasso analysis) as well as the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The predictive quality and clinical utility of the predictive model were determined using C-index, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis. We also conducted internal sampling methods for qualitative assessment. Result We recruited 137 participants (53 male; mean age, 65.7 years). Various risk factors were assessed, and low body mass index and advanced age were identified as the most important risk factor (P < 0.05). The prediction rate of the model was good (C-index: 0.88; 95% CI [0.80552–0.95448]), with a satisfactory correction effect. The C index is 0.97 in the validation queue and 0.894 in the entire cohort. Decision curve analysis suggested good clinical practicability. Conclusion Our prediction model shows promise as a cost-effective tool for predicting the risk of postoperative sarcopenia in elderly patients based on the following: advanced age, low body mass index, diabetes, less outdoor exercise, no postoperative rehabilitation, different surgical methods, diabetes, open fracture, and removal of internal fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xian Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ran Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ting Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smeuninx B, Greig CA, Breen L. Amount, Source and Pattern of Dietary Protein Intake Across the Adult Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32232047 PMCID: PMC7086014 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Sub-optimal dietary protein consumption may partially underlie the age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Specifically, dose, timing, source and distribution of dietary protein across the day might influence muscle anabolism in individuals from across the lifespan. Design: The present study aimed to assess daily and meal-specific protein intake, protein source and protein intake pattern in 40 young (23.8 ± 4.3 years), 40 middle-aged (51.6 ± 4.1 years), and 40 old (77.4 ± 7.4 years) individuals using 3-day weighed food diaries. Results: Old individuals consumed on average 83.4 ± 24.6 g of daily protein, which was significantly lower compared with young but not middle-aged individuals who consumed, respectively, 105.1 ± 43.0 g and 97.0 ± 31.1 g of daily protein (P = 0.013). No significant difference in daily protein intake was found with middle-aged individuals. Dietary protein intake pattern was uneven across meals for all groups (P < 0.001 for all). Sources of protein consumption were similar between groups except at lunch where old individuals ingested lower quality proteins compared with middle aged and young individuals. Conclusion: Although total daily protein intake was sufficient in the majority of participants, per-meal protein intake and protein distribution contend the current knowledge regarding optimal protein intakes. Increasing protein intake, especially at breakfast and lunch, could mitigate age-related muscle loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim G, Kim JH. Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Metabolic Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:1-6. [PMID: 32207258 PMCID: PMC7090295 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is regarded as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Muscle-derived secretory proteins, referred to as myokines, mediate interactions between skeletal muscle mass and other organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, bone, and the cardiovascular system. As individuals age, reduced levels of physical activity and sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength) are associated with physical frailty and disability. Recently, several studies have suggested that the loss of skeletal muscle mass may contribute to metabolic disease. Therefore, herein, we focus on the relationships between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Anti-Aging Effects of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus Extract: Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity and Muscle Function in Aged Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5642149. [PMID: 31781273 PMCID: PMC6875301 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5642149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schisandrae chinensis Fructus has a long history of medicinal use as a tonic, a sedative, and an antitussive drug. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus ethanol extract (SFe) on metabolism in an aged mouse model. Sixteen-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with a diet supplemented with SFe for 4 months. Insulin sensitivity was lower at 20 months of age than at 16 months of age; however, the decrease in insulin sensitivity was less in SFe-fed mice. SFe supplementation also appeared to improve glucose tolerance. Body weight gain was lower in SFe-fed mice than in mice fed the control diet. Body fat mass was lower and the lean mass was higher in SFe-fed mice. In addition, the grip strength was enhanced in SFe-fed mice. Histological analysis of the tibialis anterior muscle showed that the size of myofiber and slow-twitch red muscle was increased by SFe supplementation. The expression of proteins related to muscle protein synthesis such as phospho-Erk1 and phospho-S6K1 was increased by SFe supplementation. The mRNA expression of genes related to myogenesis and their encoded proteins such as MyoD, Myf5, MRF4, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain, was increased, whereas that of genes related to muscle degradation, such as atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and myostatin, were decreased relative to control mice. These results suggest that SFe supplementation might have beneficial effects for the improvement of insulin sensitivity and inhibition of muscle loss that occur with aging.
Collapse
|
40
|
Age-dependent effects of caloric restriction on mTOR and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in skeletal muscles. GeroScience 2019; 41:871-880. [PMID: 31676964 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscles, calorie restriction (CR) preserves muscle mass in middle-aged rats but not younger rats. The underlying mechanisms for this age-specific response are unknown. Skeletal muscle mass depends on several factors, with protein synthesis and degradation playing major roles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether CR affects younger and older animals differently on mTOR signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). Four-, 8-, and 16-month-old rats, with or without 40% CR for a duration of 14 weeks, were sacrificed after an overnight fasting. Total protein content and the phosphorylation level of AKT, mTOR, S6K, and 4EBP1 and protein content of key markers in the UPP (FOXO3a, atrogin, MuRF1, ubiquitinated proteins, proteasome subunits alpha 7 and beta 5) were determined. Unlike younger rats, CR decreased the content of phosphorylated mTOR, S6K, phosphorylated S6K, FOXO3a, and ubiquitinated proteins in middle-aged rats. In conclusion, CR-induced reduction of content/ phosphorylation levels of key proteins in mTOR signaling and the UPP occurred in the middle-aged rats but not younger rats. The age-dependent effects of CR on mTOR signaling and the UPP indirectly explained the age-related effects of CR on muscle mass of animals.
Collapse
|
41
|
Moro T, Brightwell CR, Phalen DE, McKenna CF, Lane SJ, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB, Fry CS. Low skeletal muscle capillarization limits muscle adaptation to resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110723. [PMID: 31518665 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adequate muscle perfusion supports the transport of nutrients, oxygen and hormones into muscle fibers. Aging is associated with a substantial decrease in skeletal muscle capillarization, fiber size and oxidative capacity, which may be improved with regular physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle capillarization and indices of muscle hypertrophy (i.e. lean mass; fiber cross sectional area (CSA)) in older adults before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training (RET). DESIGN Interventional study SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 19 subjects (10 male and 9 female; 71.1 ± 4.3 years; 27.6 ± 3.2 BMI) were enrolled in the study and performed a whole body RET program for 12 weeks. Subjects where then retrospectively divided into a LOW or HIGH group, based on their pre-RET capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index (CFPE). Physical activity level, indices of capillarization (capillaries-to-fiber ratio, C:Fi; CFPE index and capillary-to-fiber interface, LC-PF index), muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein turnover and mitochondrial function were assessed before and after RET. RESULTS Basal capillarization (C:Fi; CFPE and LP-CF index) correlates with daily physical activity level (C:Fi, r = 0.57, p = 0.019; CFPE index, r = 0.55, p = 0.024; LC-PF index, r = 0.56, p = 0.022) and CFPE and LC-PF indices were also positively associated with oxidative capacity (respectively r = 0.45, p = 0.06; r = 0.67, p = 0.004). Following RET, subjects in the HIGH group underwent hypertrophy with significant improvements in muscle protein synthesis and muscle fiber CSA (p < 0.05). However, RET did not promote muscle hypertrophy in the LOW group, but RET significantly increased muscle capillary density (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS Muscle fiber capillarization before starting an exercise training program may be predictive of the muscle hypertrophic response to RET in older adults. Increases in muscle fiber size following RET appear to be blunted when muscle capillarization is low, suggesting that an adequate initial capillarization is critical to achieve a meaningful degree of muscle adaptation to RET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle E Phalen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha J Lane
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kouw IWK, van Dijk JW, Horstman AMH, Kramer IF, Goessens JPB, van Dielen FMH, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Basal and Postprandial Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ between Lean and Obese Middle-Aged Men. J Nutr 2019; 149:1533-1542. [PMID: 31174213 PMCID: PMC6736155 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess lipid availability has been associated with the development of anabolic resistance. As such, obesity may be accompanied by impairments in muscle protein metabolism. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that basal and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates are lower in obese than in lean men. METHODS Twelve obese men [mean ± SEM age: 48 ± 2 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 37.0 ± 1.5; body fat: 32 ± 2%] and 12 age-matched lean controls (age: 43 ± 3 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.4; body fat: 21 ± 1%) received primed continuous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine infusions and ingested 25 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled whey protein. Repeated blood and muscle samples were obtained to assess protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, and basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates increased after protein ingestion in both groups (P < 0.001), with a total of 53 ± 1% and 53 ± 2% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation over the 5-h postprandial period in lean and obese men, respectively (P = 0.82). After protein ingestion, whole-body protein synthesis and oxidation rates increased to a greater extent in lean men than in the obese (P-interaction < 0.05), resulting in a higher whole-body protein net balance in the lean than in the obese (7.1 ± 0.2 and 4.6 ± 0.4 µmol phenylalanine · h-1 · kg-1, respectively; P-interaction < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased from 0.030 ± 0.002 and 0.028 ± 0.003%/h in the postabsorptive period to 0.034 ± 0.002 and 0.035 ± 0.003%.h-1 in the 5-h postprandial period (P = 0.03) in lean and obese men, respectively, with no differences between groups (P-interaction = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Basal, postabsorptive myofibrillar protein synthesis rates do not differ between lean and obese middle-aged men. Postprandial protein handling, including protein digestion and amino acid absorption, and the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response after the ingestion of 25 g whey protein are not impaired in obese men. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR4060.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem van Dijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee TH, Hurwitz EL, Cooney RV, Wu YY, Wang CY, Masaki K, Grandinetti A. Late life insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease and dementia: The Kuakini Honolulu heart program. J Neurol Sci 2019; 403:133-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
44
|
Okamura T, Miki A, Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, Osaka T, Hamaguchi M, Yamazaki M, Fukui M. Shortage of energy intake rather than protein intake is associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort. J Diabetes 2019; 11:477-483. [PMID: 30407749 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy intake is important for the maintenance of muscle mass. The relationship between energy intake and sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been unclear. METHODS Using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire we assessed habitual food and nutrient intake of patients with T2D aged ≥65 years, all of whom were Japanese and physically active, taking part in the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study. Patients' body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance analysis. Sarcopenia was defined as having both a grip strength of <26 kg for men and <18 kg for women and a skeletal muscle mass index of <7.0 kg/m2 for men and <5.7 kg/m2 for women. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the effect of energy intake on the presence of sarcopenia in this cross-sectional study of 391 patients (205 men, 186 women). RESULTS Fifty-five patients (14.1%) were diagnosed as having sarcopenia. Energy intake was significantly lower in patients with sarcopenia than without sarcopenia (mean ± SD [n = 366] 1498.8 ± 389.4 vs 1786.2 ± 706.7 kcal/d, respectively; P = 0.016). After adjusting for age, sex, exercise, smoking status, HbA1c, and body mass index, patients' energy intake (per 100 kcal) was negatively associated with the presence of sarcopenia (odds ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.78-0.95; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Energy intake was negatively associated with the presence of sarcopenia in elderly patients with T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akane Miki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Osaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduated School of Medicine Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee N, Choi CJ. Smoking and Diabetes as Predictive Factors of Accelerated Loss of Muscle Mass in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Six-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:1391-1398. [PMID: 31120314 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preservation of muscle mass during aging reduces the risk of frailty and age-related chronic diseases. We investigated the lifestyle, psychological factors, and common cardiometabolic diseases associated with accelerated muscle loss in middle-aged and older women. Materials and Methods: A total of 881 women aged 40 years and older who underwent regular health checkup at a tertiary care hospital in Korea in 2010-2011 and underwent a 6-year follow-up were included in this study. Lifestyle and health statuses were evaluated through a standardized questionnaire and laboratory testing. Muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: The accelerated loss group showing appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) loss >3% for 6 years represented 24.4% (n = 215) of the total participants. Current smoking women presented a higher odds ratio (OR) for accelerated loss of ASM than nonsmoking individuals after adjusting for age, body mass index, exercise, caloric intake, alcohol consumption, menopausal state, and diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 3.53, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.28-9.74, p = 0.015). Women with DM showed a higher OR than non-DM individuals after adjusting for the aforementioned variables and smoking status (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.39-6.14, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Current smoking and DM are predictors for accelerated muscle mass loss in middle-aged and older women. Smokers and DM patients need to monitor muscle mass changes and apply preventive intervention steps. Smoking cessation and good glycemic control are required not only for reducing cardiovascular risk but also for improving muscle health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nara Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nascimento CM, Ingles M, Salvador-Pascual A, Cominetti MR, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:42-49. [PMID: 30176345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a major component of the frailty syndrome, both being considered as strong predictors of morbidity, disability, and death in older people. In this review, we explore the definitions of sarcopenia and frailty and summarize the current knowledge on their relationship with oxidative stress and the possible therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat them, including exercise-based interventions and multimodal strategies. We highlight the relevance of the impairment of the nervous system and of the anabolic response (protein synthesis) in muscle aging leading to frailty and sarcopenia. We also discuss the importance of malnutrition and physical inactivity in these geriatric syndromes. Finally, we propose multimodal interventions, including exercise programs and nutritional supplementation, as the strategies to prevent and treat both sarcopenia and frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Biologia do Envelhecimento (LABEN), Departamento de Gerontologia UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M Ingles
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiotherapy. University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Spain
| | - A Salvador-Pascual
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Spain
| | - M R Cominetti
- Laboratorio de Biologia do Envelhecimento (LABEN), Departamento de Gerontologia UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M C Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - J Viña
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and CT-Measured Skeletal Muscle Mass. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100310. [PMID: 30274215 PMCID: PMC6211085 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between NAFLD and skeletal muscle mass measured by computed tomography (CT). The clinical records of individuals visiting our center for a routine health check-up who underwent abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT scanning were retrospectively reviewed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to body mass index (BMI)-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, which was measured by CT (CT-measured skeletal muscle index (SMICT)). Of the 1828 subjects (1121 males; mean age 54.9 ± 9.5 years), 487 (26.6%) were obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), and 454 (24.8%) had low muscle mass. Sarcopenic subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD than nonsarcopenic subjects, regardless of obesity (35.9% vs. 26.8%, p = 0.004 in the nonobese group; 76.6% vs. 63.0%, p = 0.003 in the obese group). Sarcopenia was significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)), 1.51 (1.15–1.99)), and the risk of NAFLD increased with increasing severity of sarcopenia (adjusted OR (95% CI), 1.45 (1.09–1.92) vs. 2.51 (1.16–5.56), mild vs. severe sarcopenia, respectively). When the risk of NAFLD was analyzed according to the SMICT quartiles, the adjusted OR and 95% CI for the lowest muscle mass quartile compared to the highest were 1.78 (1.17–2.72) in males and 2.39 (1.13–5.37) in females. Low skeletal muscle mass, which was precisely measured by CT, is independently associated with NAFLD, suggesting that sarcopenia is a risk factor for NAFLD.
Collapse
|
48
|
Tessier AJ, Chevalier S. An Update on Protein, Leucine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Functional Decline. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1099. [PMID: 30115829 PMCID: PMC6116139 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with sarcopenia and functional decline, leading to frailty and disability. As a modifiable risk factor, nutrition may represent a target for preventing or postponing the onset of these geriatric conditions. Among nutrients, high-quality protein, leucine, vitamin D, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are of particular interest for their demonstrated effects on skeletal muscle health. This narrative review aims to examine the recent observational and interventional evidence on the associations and the role of these nutrients in the muscle mass, strength, mobility, and physical function of free-living older adults, who are either healthy or at risk of frailty. Recent evidence supports a higher protein intake recommendation of 1.0⁻1.2 g/kg/day in healthy older adults; an evenly distributed mealtime protein intake or minimal protein per meal may be beneficial. In addition, vitamin D supplementation of 800⁻1000 IU, particularly when vitamin D status is low, and doses of ~3 g/day of n-3 PUFA may be favorable for physical function, muscle mass, and strength. Reviewed studies are highly heterogenous, yet the quantity, quality, and timing of intakes should be considered when designing intervention studies. Combined protein, leucine, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA supplements may convey added benefits and may represent an intervention strategy in the prevention of sarcopenia and functional decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Julie Tessier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Morais JA, Jacob KW, Chevalier S. Effects of aging and insulin resistant states on protein anabolic responses in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
50
|
Moro T, Brightwell CR, Deer RR, Graber TG, Galvan E, Fry CS, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle Protein Anabolic Resistance to Essential Amino Acids Does Not Occur in Healthy Older Adults Before or After Resistance Exercise Training. J Nutr 2018; 148:900-909. [PMID: 29796648 PMCID: PMC6251608 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The muscle protein anabolic response to contraction and feeding may be blunted in older adults. Acute bouts of exercise can improve the ability of amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, but it is not known whether exercise training may improve muscle sensitivity to amino acid availability. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if muscle protein anabolism is resistant to essential amino acids (EAAs) and whether resistance exercise training (RET) improves muscle sensitivity to EAA in healthy older adults. Methods In a longitudinal study, 19 healthy older adults [mean ± SD age: 71 ± 4 y body mass index (kg/m2): 28 ± 3] were trained for 12 wk with a whole-body program of progressive RET (60-75% 1-repetition maximum). Body composition, strength, and metabolic health were measured pre- and posttraining. We also performed stable isotope infusion experiments with muscle biopsies pre- and posttraining to measure MPS and markers of amino acid sensing in the basal state and in response to 6.8 g of EAA ingestion. Results RET increased muscle strength by 16%, lean mass by 2%, and muscle cross-sectional area by 27% in healthy older adults (P < 0.05). MPS and mTORC1 signaling (i.e., phosphorylation status of protein kinase B, 4E binding protein 1, 70-kDa S6 protein kinase, and ribosomal protein S6) increased after EAA ingestion (P < 0.05) pre- and posttraining. RET increased basal MPS by 36% (P < 0.05); however, RET did not affect the response of MPS and mTORC1 signaling to EAA ingestion. Conclusion RET increases strength and basal MPS, promoting hypertrophy in healthy older adults. In these subjects, a small dose of EAAs stimulates muscle mTORC1 signaling and MPS, and this response to EAAs does not improve after RET. Our data indicate that anabolic resistance to amino acids may not be a problem in healthy older adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999802.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|