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Palmer TM, Salt IP. Nutrient regulation of inflammatory signalling in obesity and vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1563-1590. [PMID: 34231841 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite obesity and diabetes markedly increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this association remain poorly characterised. In the last 20 years it has become apparent that chronic, low-grade inflammation in obese adipose tissue may contribute to the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, increased vascular pro-inflammatory signalling is a key event in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Overnutrition exacerbates pro-inflammatory signalling in vascular and adipose tissues, with several mechanisms proposed to mediate this. In this article, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which nutrients are proposed to regulate pro-inflammatory signalling in adipose and vascular tissues. In addition, we examine the potential therapeutic opportunities that these mechanisms provide for suppression of inappropriate inflammation in obesity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Palmer
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Park K, Li Q, Evcimen ND, Rask-Madsen C, Maeda Y, Maddaloni E, Yokomizo H, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Fu J, Gordin D, Khamaisi M, Pober D, Keenan H, King GL. Exogenous Insulin Infusion Can Decrease Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Rodents by Improving Lipids, Inflammation, and Endothelial Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:92-101. [PMID: 29162603 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate whether exogenously induced hyperinsulinemia may increase the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hyperinsulinemia, induced by exogenous insulin implantation in high-fat fed (60% fat HFD) apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) mice, exhibited insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Atherosclerosis was measured by the accumulation of fat, macrophage, and extracellular matrix in the aorta. After 8 weeks on HFD, ApoE-/- mice were subcutaneously implanted with control (sham) or insulin pellet, and phlorizin, a sodium glucose cotransporters inhibitor (1/2)inhibitor, for additional 8 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels were lower and insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) levels were 5.3- and 3.3-fold higher, respectively, in insulin-implanted compared with sham-treated ApoE-/- mice. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were decreased in mice with insulin implant, in parallel with increased lipoprotein lipase activities. Atherosclerotic plaque by en face and complexity staining showed significant reductions of fat deposits and expressions of vascular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and macrophages in arterial wall while exhibiting increased activation of pAKT and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P<0.05) comparing insulin-implanted versus sham HFD ApoE-/- mice. No differences were observed in atherosclerotic plaques between phlorizin-treated and sham HFD ApoE-/- mice, except phlorizin significantly lowered plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels while increased glucosuria. Endothelial function was improved only by insulin treatment through endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide activations and reduced proinflammatory (M1) and increased anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, which were inhibited by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous insulin decreased atherosclerosis by lowering inflammatory cytokines, macrophages, and plasma lipids in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistant and mildly diabetic ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Net Daş Evcimen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jialin Fu
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Gordin
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Pober
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hillary Keenan
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L King
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Mori Y, Chiang S, Bendeck MP, Giacca A. Insulin decreases atherosclerotic plaque burden and increases plaque stability via nitric oxide synthase in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E335-45. [PMID: 27221119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued whether insulin accelerates or prevents atherosclerosis. Although results from in vitro studies have been conflicting, recent in vivo mice studies demonstrated antiatherogenic effects of insulin. Insulin is a known activator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), leading to increased production of NO, which has potent antiatherogenic effects. We aimed to examine the role of NOS in the protective effects of insulin against atherosclerosis. Male apolipoprotein E-null mice (8 wk old) fed a high-cholesterol diet (1.25% cholesterol) were assigned to the following 12-wk treatments: control, insulin (0.05 U/day via subcutaneous pellet), N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME, via drinking water at 100 mg/l), and insulin plus l-NAME. Insulin reduced atherosclerotic plaque burden in the descending aorta by 42% compared with control (plaque area/aorta lumen area: control, 16.5 ± 1.9%; insulin, 9.6 ± 1.3%, P < 0.05). Although insulin did not decrease plaque burden in the aortic sinus, macrophage accumulation in the plaque was decreased by insulin. Furthermore, insulin increased smooth muscle actin and collagen content and decreased plaque necrosis, consistent with increased plaque stability. In addition, insulin treatment increased plasma NO levels, decreased inducible NOS staining, and tended to increase phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein staining in the plaques of the aortic sinus. All these effects of insulin were abolished by coadministration of l-NAME, whereas l-NAME alone showed no effect. Insulin also tended to increase phosphorylated endothelial NOS and total neuronal NOS staining, effects not modified by l-NAME. In conclusion, we demonstrate that insulin treatment decreases atherosclerotic plaque burden and increases plaque stability through NOS-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Simon Chiang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research TBEP/ University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Buras ED, Yang L, Saha P, Kim J, Mehta P, Yang Y, Hilsenbeck S, Kojima H, Chen W, Smith CW, Chan L. Proinsulin-producing, hyperglycemia-induced adipose tissue macrophages underlie insulin resistance in high fat-fed diabetic mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:3537-48. [PMID: 25953849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of obese type 2 diabetes. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity has been shown to lead to ATM accumulation in rodents; however, the impact of hyperglycemia on ATM dynamics in HFD-fed type 2 diabetic models has not been studied. We previously showed that hyperglycemia induces the appearance of proinsulin (PI)-producing proinflammatory bone marrow (BM)-derived cells (PI-BMDCs) in rodents. We fed a 60% HFD to C57BL6/J mice to produce an obese type 2 diabetes model. Absent in chow-fed animals, PI-BMDCs account for 60% of the ATMs in the type 2 diabetic mice. The PI-ATM subset expresses TNF-α and other inflammatory markers, and is highly enriched within crownlike structures (CLSs). We found that amelioration of hyperglycemia by different hypoglycemic agents forestalled PI-producing ATM accumulation and adipose inflammation in these animals. We developed a diphtheria toxin receptor-based strategy to selectively ablate PI-BMDCs among ATMs. Application of the maneuver in HFD-fed type 2 diabetic mice was found to lead to near total disappearance of complex CLSs and reversal of insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis in these animals. In sum, we have identified a novel ATM subset in type 2 diabetic rodents that underlies systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dale Buras
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lina Yang
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Pradip Saha
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jongoh Kim
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Pooja Mehta
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yisheng Yang
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Susan Hilsenbeck
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Wenhao Chen
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - C Wayne Smith
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lawrence Chan
- *Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Xiu F, Stanojcic M, Diao L, Jeschke MG. Stress hyperglycemia, insulin treatment, and innate immune cells. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:486403. [PMID: 24899891 PMCID: PMC4034653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/486403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia (HG) and insulin resistance are the hallmarks of a profoundly altered metabolism in critical illness resulting from the release of cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines, as well as glucagon and growth hormone. Recent studies have proposed a fundamental role of the immune system towards the development of insulin resistance in traumatic patients. A comprehensive review of published literatures on the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin on innate immunity in critical illness was conducted. This review explored the interaction between the innate immune system and trauma-induced hypermetabolism, while providing greater insight into unraveling the relationship between innate immune cells and hyperglycemia. Critical illness substantially disturbs glucose metabolism resulting in a state of hyperglycemia. Alterations in glucose and insulin regulation affect the immune function of cellular components comprising the innate immunity system. Innate immune system dysfunction via hyperglycemia is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality in critical illness. Along with others, we hypothesize that reduction in morbidity and mortality observed in patients receiving insulin treatment is partially due to its effect on the attenuation of the immune response. However, there still remains substantial controversy regarding moderate versus intensive insulin treatment. Future studies need to determine the integrated effects of HG and insulin on the regulation of innate immunity in order to provide more effective insulin treatment regimen for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Xiu
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mile Stanojcic
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Li Diao
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Marc G. Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Marc G. Jeschke:
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Subramanian S, Turner MS, Ding Y, Goodspeed L, Wang S, Buckner JH, O'Brien K, Getz GS, Reardon CA, Chait A. Increased levels of invariant natural killer T lymphocytes worsen metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerosis in obese mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2831-41. [PMID: 23922382 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory state characterized by infiltration of adipose tissue by immune cell populations, including T lymphocytes. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a specialized lymphocyte subset recognizing lipid antigens, can be pro- or anti-inflammatory. Their role in adipose inflammation continues to be inconclusive and contradictory. In obesity, the infiltration of tissues by invariant NKT (iNKT) cells is decreased. We therefore hypothesized that an excess iNKT cell complement might improve metabolic abnormalities in obesity. Vα14 transgenic (Vα14tg) mice, with increased iNKT cell numbers, on a LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) background and control Ldlr(-/-) mice were placed on an obesogenic diet for 16 weeks. Vα14tg.Ldlr(-/-) mice gained 25% more weight and had increased adiposity than littermate controls. Transgenic mice also developed greater dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Increased macrophage Mac2 immunostaining and proinflammatory macrophage gene expression suggested worsened adipose inflammation. Concurrently, these mice had increased atherosclerotic lesion area and aortic inflammation. Thus, increasing the complement of iNKT cells surprisingly exacerbated the metabolic, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic features of obesity. These findings suggest that the reduction of iNKT cells normally observed in obesity may represent a physiological attempt to compensate for this inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Subramanian
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Umemoto T, Subramanian S, Ding Y, Goodspeed L, Wang S, Han CY, Teresa AS, Kim J, O'Brien KD, Chait A. Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption decreases atherosclerosis but not adipose tissue inflammation. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2380-9. [PMID: 22956784 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular disease risk in obesity. We previously showed that addition of cholesterol to a diet rich in saturated fat and refined carbohydrate significantly worsens dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, adipose tissue macrophage accumulation, systemic inflammation, and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice. To test whether inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption would improve metabolic abnormalities and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, we administered ezetimibe, a dietary and endogenous cholesterol absorption inhibitor, to Ldlr(-/-) mice fed chow or high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets without or with 0.15% cholesterol (HFHS+C). Ezetimibe blunted weight gain and markedly reduced plasma lipids in the HFHS+C group. Ezetimibe had no effect on glucose homeostasis or visceral adipose tissue macrophage gene expression in the HFHS+C fed mice, although circulating inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SSA) and serum amyloid P (SSP) levels decreased. Nevertheless, ezetimibe treatment led to a striking (>85%) reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area with reduced lesion lipid and macrophage content in the HFHS+C group. Thus, in the presence of dietary cholesterol, ezetimibe did not improve adipose tissue inflammation in obese Ldlr(-/-) mice, but it led to a major reduction in atherosclerotic lesions associated with improved plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Umemoto
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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