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de Groot DMG, Linders L, Kayser R, Nederlof R, de Esch C, Slieker RC, Kuper CF, Wolterbeek A, de Groot VJ, Veltien A, Heerschap A, van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, de Vries EFJ. Perinatal exposure to the immune-suppressant di-n-octyltin dichloride affects brain development in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:283-299. [PMID: 37946400 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2281610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the immune system during embryonic brain development by environmental chemicals was proposed as a possible cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. We previously found adverse effects of di-n-octyltin dichloride (DOTC) on maternal and developing immune systems of rats in an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study according to the OECD 443 test guideline. We hypothesize that the DOTC-induced changes in the immune system can affect neurodevelopment. Therefore, we used in-vivo MRI and PET imaging and genomics, in addition to behavioral testing and neuropathology as proposed in OECD test guideline 443, to investigate the effect of DOTC on structural and functional brain development. Male rats were exposed to DOTC (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of diet) from 2 weeks prior to mating of the F0-generation until sacrifice of F1-animals. The brains of rats, exposed to DOTC showed a transiently enlarged volume of specific brain regions (MRI), altered specific gravity, and transient hyper-metabolism ([18F]FDG PET). The alterations in brain development concurred with hyper-responsiveness in auditory startle response and slight hyperactivity in young adult animals. Genomics identified altered transcription of key regulators involved in neurodevelopment and neural function (e.g. Nrgrn, Shank3, Igf1r, Cck, Apba2, Foxp2); and regulators involved in cell size, cell proliferation, and organ development, especially immune system development and functioning (e.g. LOC679869, Itga11, Arhgap5, Cd47, Dlg1, Gas6, Cml5, Mef2c). The results suggest the involvement of immunotoxicity in the impairment of the nervous system by DOTC and support the hypothesis of a close connection between the immune and nervous systems in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didima M G de Groot
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Louisa Linders
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier Kayser
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Nederlof
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Celine de Esch
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Wolterbeek
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - V Jeroen de Groot
- Department of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research (as part of TNO Quality of Life), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Andor Veltien
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Lacombe J, Ferron M. VKORC1L1, An Enzyme Mediating the Effect of Vitamin K in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080970. [PMID: 30050002 PMCID: PMC6116193 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient involved in the regulation of blood clotting and tissue mineralization. Vitamin K oxidoreductase (VKORC1) converts vitamin K epoxide into reduced vitamin K, which acts as the co-factor for the γ-carboxylation of several proteins, including coagulation factors produced by the liver. VKORC1 is also the pharmacological target of warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant. Vertebrates possess a VKORC1 paralog, VKORC1-like 1 (VKORC1L1), but until very recently, the importance of VKORC1L1 for protein γ-carboxylation and hemostasis in vivo was not clear. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the structure, function and expression pattern of VKORC1L1, including recent data establishing that, in the absence of VKORC1, VKORC1L1 can support vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in the liver during the pre- and perinatal periods in vivo. We then provide original data showing that the partial redundancy between VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 also exists in bone around birth. Recent studies indicate that, in vitro and in cell culture models, VKORC1L1 is less sensitive to warfarin than VKORC1. Genetic evidence is presented here, which supports the notion that VKORC1L1 is not the warfarin-resistant vitamin K quinone reductase present in the liver. In summary, although the exact physiological function of VKORC1L1 remains elusive, the latest findings clearly established that this enzyme is a vitamin K oxidoreductase, which can support γ-carboxylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lacombe
- Integrative and Molecular Physiology research unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Integrative and Molecular Physiology research unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Programs of the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Dihingia A, Ozah D, Baruah PK, Kalita J, Manna P. Prophylactic role of vitamin K supplementation on vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes by regulating the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating Gla proteins. Food Funct 2018; 9:450-462. [PMID: 29227493 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no previous study that has examined the relationship between circulating vitamin K1 (VK1) and vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims to examine the hypothesis that circulating VK1 deficiency may be associated with higher inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D patients and that VK1 supplementation regulates the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins and reduces vascular inflammation. The results showed that plasma VK1 levels were significantly lower and MCP-1, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in T2D patients compared to those in the controls. The lower levels of VK1 in T2D patients were significantly and inversely correlated with MCP-1 and HOMA-IR, which suggests that VK1 supplementation may reduce the vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D. Using a high fat diet-fed T2D mice model this study further demonstrated that VK1 supplementation (1, 3, 5 μg per kg BW, 8 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the body weight gain, glucose intolerance, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, and cytokine secretion (MCP-1 and IL-6) in T2D mice. Further cell culture studies showed that VK1 supplementation (1, 5, or 10 nM) decreased NF-κB phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion and increased Nrf2 protein expression in high glucose (HG, 25 mM)-treated monocytes. Signal silencing studies with GGCX siRNA again depicted the role of VK-dependent Gla proteins in mediating the effect of VK1 on vascular inflammation in HG-treated cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that circulating VK1 has a positive effect in lowering vascular inflammation in T2D by regulating NF-κB/Nrf2 transcription factors via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Dihingia
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India.
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Varsha MKNS, Thiagarajan R, Manikandan R, Dhanasekaran G. Vitamin K1 alleviates streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes by mitigating free radical stress, as well as inhibiting NF-κB activation and iNOS expression in rat pancreas. Nutrition 2014; 31:214-22. [PMID: 25466668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism of action of vitamin K1 against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered 35 mg/kg STZ and after 3 d were treated with vitamin K1 (5 mg/kg, twice a week) for 3 months. Blood glucose was monitored twice a month. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed and pancreas dissected out and analyzed for free radicals, antioxidants, metabolic enzymes related to glucose, membrane ATPases, histopathological evaluation, and expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Glycated hemoglobin, plasma insulin, and islet area were determined at the end of the study. RESULTS Treatment of STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats with vitamin K1 reduced oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidants, and inhibited aldose reductase in pancreas. Vitamin K1 administration rescued endocrine pancreas from STZ-induced cell death, resulting in enhanced insulin secretion and normal blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Histologic analyses also showed the antidiabetic potential of vitamin K1. Measure of pancreatic islet area showed an increase in the islet area upon vitamin K1 treatment when compared with the STZ-administered group, suggesting the possibility of regeneration. To understand the mechanism involved in vitamin K1 mediated changes, we performed immunohistochemical analyses for NF-κB and iNOS enzyme. Vitamin K1 was shown to suppress NF-κB activation and iNOS expression in the islets upon administration of STZ. CONCLUSION This work shows, to our knowledge for the first time, the mechanism of action of vitamin K1 against type 1 diabetes and the possible therapeutic use of this vitamin in stimulating islet cell proliferation/regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K N Sai Varsha
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - R Thiagarajan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
| | - R Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - G Dhanasekaran
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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