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PING Y, LIU J, WANG H, WANG Y, QIU H, ZHANG Y. Research progress in the treatment of an immune system disease-type 1 diabetes-by regulating the intestinal flora with Chinese medicine and food homologous drugs. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2024; 43:150-161. [PMID: 38966054 PMCID: PMC11220337 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a specific autoimmune disease related to genetic and autoimmune factors. Recent studies have found that the intestinal flora is one of the important environmental factors in the development of T1D. The gut microbiota is the largest microbiota in the human body and has a significant impact on material and energy metabolism. Related studies have found that the intestinal floras of T1D patients are unbalanced. Compared with normal patients, the abundance of beneficial bacteria is reduced, and various pathogenic bacteria are significantly increased, affecting the occurrence and development of diabetes. Medicinal and food homologous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a multicomponent, multitarget, and biphasic regulatory effect. Its chemical composition can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, improve the diversity of the intestinal flora, reduce blood sugar, and achieve the purpose of preventing and treating T1D by regulating the intestinal flora and its metabolites. Therefore, based on a review of T1D, intestinal flora, and TCM derived from medicine and food, this review describes the relationship between T1D and the intestinal flora, as well as the research progress of TCM interventions for T1D through regulation of the intestinal flora. Medicine and food homologous TCM has certain advantages in treating diabetes and regulating the intestinal flora. It can be seen that there is still great research space and broad development prospects for the treatment of diabetes by regulating the intestinal flora with drug and food homologous TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang PING
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiamusi
154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianing LIU
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huilin WANG
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan WANG
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongbin QIU
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu ZHANG
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007,
Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiamusi
154007, Heilongjiang, China
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2
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Chen D, Kakabadse D, Fishman S, Weinstein-Marom H, Davies J, Boldison J, Thayer TC, Wen L, Gross G, Wong FS. Novel engineered B lymphocytes targeting islet-specific T cells inhibit the development of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic Scid mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227133. [PMID: 37731505 PMCID: PMC10507356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we report a novel therapeutic approach using B lymphocytes to attract islet-specific T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and prevent the development of autoimmune diabetes. Rather than using the antibody receptor of B cells, this approach utilizes their properties as antigen-presenting cells to T cells. Methods Purified splenic B cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide, which increases regulatory B (Breg) cell function, then electroporated with mRNA encoding either chimeric MHC-I or MHC-II molecules covalently linked to antigenic peptides. Immunoregulatory functions of these engineered B cells (e-B cells) were tested by in vitro assays and in vivo co-transfer experiments with beta-cell-antigen-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cells in NOD.Scid mice, respectively. Results The e-B cells expressing chimeric MHC-I-peptide inhibited antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in vitro. The e-B cells expressing chimeric MHC-II-peptide induced antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to express the regulatory markers, PD-1, ICOS, CTLA-4, Lag3, and Nrp1. Furthermore, e-B cells encoding the chimeric MHC-I and MHC-II peptide constructs protected NOD.Scid mice from autoimmune diabetes induced by transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Discussion MHC-peptide chimeric e-B cells interacted with pathogenic T cells, and protected the host from autoimmune diabetes, in a mouse model. Thus, we have successfully expressed MHC-peptide constructs in B cells that selectively targeted antigen-specific cells, raising the possibility that this strategy could be used to endow different protective cell types to specifically regulate/remove pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Kakabadse
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sigal Fishman
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hadas Weinstein-Marom
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Joanne Davies
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Terri C. Thayer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gideon Gross
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ochs J, Nissimov N, Torke S, Freier M, Grondey K, Koch J, Klein M, Feldmann L, Gudd C, Bopp T, Häusser-Kinzel S, Weber MS. Proinflammatory CD20 + T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4632. [PMID: 35353539 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The origin and function of CD20+ T cells are poorly understood. Here, we characterized CD20+ T cells in mice and humans and investigated how they are affected by anti-CD20 antibody treatment. We report that murine CD20+ T cells are unable to endogenously express the B cell lineage marker CD20; the development of CD20+ T cells in rodents requires the presence of CD20-expressing B cells. Our results demonstrated that both murine and human T cells acquire CD20 from B cells via trogocytosis while being activated by an antigen-presenting B cell. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), expression of CD20 on T cells is associated with an up-regulation of activation markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules, suggesting high pathogenic potential. Supporting this hypothesis, CD20+ T cells expand during active EAE in rodents; furthermore, adoptive transfer of CD20+ T cells into EAE-diseased mice worsened histological and clinical severity. Of direct therapeutic relevance, we demonstrate that the exclusive therapeutic elimination of CD20+ T cells effectively ameliorates EAE, independent of B cells. The results support the hypothesis that CD20+ T cells arise upon B cell-T cell interaction and that depletion of CD20+ T cells might contribute to the success of anti-CD20 antibody therapies in MS and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ochs
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nitzan Nissimov
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Freier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Grondey
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julian Koch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Paul-Klein-Center for Immunintervention, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Linda Feldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Gudd
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Paul-Klein-Center for Immunintervention, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Häusser-Kinzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Differences of Circulating CD25hi Bregs and Their Correlations with CD4 Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Autoantibody-Positive T1D Compared with Age-Matched Healthy Individuals. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2269237. [PMID: 35083339 PMCID: PMC8786465 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2269237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating CD25hi B cells, a subset of regulatory B cells in humans, are closely related to inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the alternation of CD25hi Bregs and their correlation with CD4 effector and regulatory T cells in T1D individuals. We included 68 autoantibody-positive T1D and 68 age-matched healthy individuals with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and assessed them with CD25hi Bregs and CD4 effector or regulatory T cells by flow cytometry. Here, we demonstrate that the frequency of CD25hi Bregs was significantly decreased in T1D subjects (P = 0.0016), but they were not affected by disease status (age at T1D diagnosis or duration) or T1D risk loci (rs2104286 or rs12251307) in IL2RA (all P > 0.05). Moreover, higher IgD (P = 0.043) and lower CD27 (P = 0.0003) expression was observed in CD25hi Bregs of T1D individuals, but not the expression of IgM, CD24, or CD38 (all P > 0.05). Although there was no correlation between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 effector T cell subsets in either T1D or healthy individuals (all P > 0.05), we found a positive correlation between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 Tregs in healthy controls (Sp. r = 0.3544, P = 0.0249), which disappeared in T1D subjects (Sp. r = 0.137, P = 0.401). In conclusion, our results suggest that decreased CD25hi Bregs and alternation of their phenotypes are features of T1D regardless of disease duration and T1D genetic risk loci, and an impaired balance between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 Tregs might contribute to the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Wei J, Tian J, Tang C, Fang X, Miao R, Wu H, Wang X, Tong X. The Influence of Different Types of Diabetes on Vascular Complications. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:3448618. [PMID: 35242879 PMCID: PMC8888068 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3448618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The final outcome of diabetes is chronic complications, of which vascular complications are the most serious, which is the main cause of death for diabetic patients and the direct cause of the increase in the cost of diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the main types of diabetes, and their pathogenesis is completely different. Type 1 diabetes is caused by genetics and immunity to destroy a large number of β cells, and insulin secretion is absolutely insufficient, which is more prone to microvascular complications. Type 2 diabetes is dominated by insulin resistance, leading to atherosclerosis, which is more likely to progress to macrovascular complications. This article explores the pathogenesis of two types of diabetes, analyzes the pathogenesis of different vascular complications, and tries to explain the different trends in the progression of different types of diabetes to vascular complications, in order to better prevent diabetes and its vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Wei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runyu Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haoran Wu
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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6
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Boldison J, Wong FS. Regulatory B Cells: Role in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746187. [PMID: 34616408 PMCID: PMC8488343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have an anti-inflammatory role and can suppress autoimmunity, by employing both cytokine secretion and cell-contact mediated mechanisms. Numerous Breg subsets have been described and have overlapping phenotypes in terms of their immune expression markers or cytokine production. A hallmark feature of Bregs is the secretion of IL-10, although IL-35 and TGFβ−producing B cells have also been identified. To date, few reports have identified an impaired frequency or function of Bregs in individuals with type 1 diabetes; thus our understanding of the role played by these Breg subsets in the pathogenesis of this condition is limited. In this review we will focus on how regulatory B cells are altered in the development of type 1 diabetes, highlighting both frequency and function and discuss both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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7
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Weng R, Liu S, Gu X, Zhong Z. Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:884-898. [PMID: 34522782 PMCID: PMC8402935 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known as a risk factor for coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Evidence suggests that B cells play a functional role in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in patients with ISR remains unclear. This study aims to profile the BCR repertoire in patients with coronary ISR/T2DM. A total of 21 CAD patients with or without ISR/T2DM were enrolled. PBMCs were isolated and examined for BCR repertoire profiles using DNA-seq. Our results showed that the diversity of amino acid sequences in ISR DM patients was higher than that in ISR -DM patients. The frequencies of 21 V/J paired genes differed between ISR DM and -ISR DM patients, while frequencies of 5 V/J paired genes differed between ISR DM and ISR -DM. The -ISR -DM group presented the highest clonotype overlap rate, while ISR DM patients presented the lowest overlap rate. Our study presented the BCR repertoires in patients with ISR/T2DM. The data suggested different BCR signatures between patients with ISR and T2DM. Further analysis of BCR profiles would enhance understanding of ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Weng
- Research Experimental Center, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sudong Liu
- Research Experimental Center, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Research Experimental Center, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou 514031, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Yang M, Yi P, Jiang J, Zhao M, Wu H, Lu Q. Dysregulated translational factors and epigenetic regulations orchestrate in B cells contributing to autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:1-25. [PMID: 34445929 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1964498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in antigen presentation, antibody production and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in adaptive immunity. Several translational factors including transcription factors and cytokines participate in the regulation of B cell development, with the cooperation of epigenetic regulations. Autoimmune diseases are generally characterized with autoreactive B cells and high-level pathogenic autoantibodies. The success of B cell depletion therapy in mouse model and clinical trials has proven the role of B cells in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The failure of B cell tolerance in immune checkpoints results in accumulated autoreactive naïve B (BN) cells with aberrant B cell receptor signaling and dysregulated B cell response, contributing to self-antibody-mediated autoimmune reaction. Dysregulation of translational factors and epigenetic alterations in B cells has been demonstrated to correlate with aberrant B cell compartment in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus and pemphigus. This review is intended to summarize the interaction of translational factors and epigenetic regulations that are involved with development and differentiation of B cells, and the mechanism of dysregulation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiao Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Long W, Zhang H, Yuan W, Lan G, Lin Z, Peng L, Dai H. The Role of Regulatory B cells in Kidney Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683926. [PMID: 34108975 PMCID: PMC8183681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells, commonly regarded as proinflammatory antibody-producing cells, are detrimental to individuals with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have shown that regulatory B (Breg) cells, an immunosuppressive subset of B cells, may exert protective effects against autoimmune diseases by secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10. In practice, Breg cells are identified by their production of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35, however, no specific marker or Breg cell-specific transcription factor has been identified. Multiple phenotypes of Breg cells have been found, whose functions vary according to their phenotype. This review summarizes the discovery, phenotypes, development, and function of Breg cells and highlights their potential therapeutic value in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Long
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjia Yuan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Gongbin Lan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Leete P, Morgan NG. Footprints of Immune Cells in the Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes; to "B" or Not to "B": Is That Still the Question? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:617437. [PMID: 33716971 PMCID: PMC7948999 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.617437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the phenotypes of circulating immune cell sub-populations in human type 1 diabetes but much less is known about the equivalent populations that infiltrate the islets to cause beta-cell loss. In particular, considerable uncertainties remain about the phenotype and role of B-lymphocytes in the pancreas. This gap in understanding reflects both the difficulty in accessing the gland to study islet inflammation during disease progression and the fact that the number and proportion of islet-associated B-lymphocytes varies significantly according to the disease endotype. In very young children (especially those <7 years at onset) pancreatic islets are infiltrated by both CD8+ T- and CD20+ B-lymphocytes in roughly equal proportions but it is widely held that the CD8+ T-lymphocytes are responsible for driving beta-cell toxicity. By contrast, the role played by B-lymphocytes remains enigmatic. This is compounded by the fact that, in older children and teenagers (those ≥13 years at diagnosis) the proportion of B-lymphocytes found in association with inflamed islets is much reduced by comparison with those who are younger at diagnosis (reflecting two endotypes of disease) whereas CD8+ T-lymphocytes form the predominant population in both groups. In the present paper, we review the current state of understanding and develop a proposal to stimulate further discussion of the roles played by islet-associated B-lymphocytes in human type 1 diabetes. We cite evidence indicating that sites of direct contact can be found between CD8+ and CD20+-lymphocytes in and around inflamed islets and propose that such interactions may be important in determining the efficiency of beta cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Leete
- Exeter Centre for Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Noel G. Morgan
- Exeter Centre for Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
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11
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Pearson JA, McKinney EF, Walker LSK. 100 years post-insulin: immunotherapy as the next frontier in type 1 diabetes. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab024. [PMID: 35156097 PMCID: PMC8826223 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterised by T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, the incidence of T1D is increasing globally. The discovery of insulin 100 years ago dramatically changed the outlook for people with T1D, preventing this from being a fatal condition. As we celebrate the centenary of this milestone, therapeutic options for T1D are once more at a turning point. Years of effort directed at developing immunotherapies are finally starting to pay off, with signs of progress in new onset and even preventative settings. Here, we review a selection of immunotherapies that have shown promise in preserving β cell function and highlight future considerations for immunotherapy in the T1D setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Eoin F McKinney
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, England, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute or Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by self-reactive T cells, it has become increasingly evident that B cells also play a major role in disease development, likely functioning as antigen-presenting cells. Here we review the biology of islet antigen-reactive B cells and their participation in autoimmune diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Relative to late onset, individuals who develop T1D at an early age display increased accumulation of insulin-reactive B cells in islets. This B-cell signature is also associated with rapid progression of disease and responsiveness to B-cell depletion therapy. Also suggestive of B-cell participation in disease is loss of anergy in high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells. Importantly, loss of anergy is seen in patient's healthy first-degree relatives carrying certain T1D risk alleles, suggesting a role early in disease development. SUMMARY Recent studies indicate that islet-reactive B cells may play a pathogenic role very early in T1D development in young patients, and suggest utility of therapies that target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Smith
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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13
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Boldison J, Da Rosa LC, Buckingham L, Davies J, Wen L, Wong FS. Phenotypically distinct anti-insulin B cells repopulate pancreatic islets after anti-CD20 treatment in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2052-2065. [PMID: 31444529 PMCID: PMC6805803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Autoreactive B cells escape immune tolerance and contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. While global B cell depletion is a successful therapy for autoimmune disease, the fate of autoreactive cells during this treatment in autoimmune diabetes is unknown. We aimed to identify and track anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets and understand their repopulation after anti-CD20 treatment. METHODS We generated a double transgenic system, the VH125.hCD20/NOD mouse. The VH125 transgenic mouse, expressing an increased frequency of anti-insulin B cells, was crossed with a human CD20 (hCD20) transgenic mouse, to facilitate B cell depletion using anti-CD20. B cells were analysed using multiparameter and ImageStream flow cytometry. RESULTS We demonstrated that anti-insulin B cells were recruited to the pancreas during disease progression in VH125.hCD20/NOD mice. We identified two distinct populations of anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets, based on CD19 expression, with both populations enriched in the CD138int fraction. Anti-insulin B cells were not identified in the plasma-cell CD138hi fraction, which also expressed the transcription factor Blimp-1. After anti-CD20 treatment, anti-insulin B cells repopulated the pancreatic islets earlier than non-specific B cells. Importantly, we observed that a CD138intinsulin+CD19- population was particularly enriched after B cell depletion, possibly contributing to the persistence of disease still observed in some mice after anti-CD20 treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our observations may indicate why the loss of C-peptide is only temporarily delayed following anti-CD20 treatment in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Larissa C Da Rosa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lucy Buckingham
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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14
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Xu X, Shen M, Zhao R, Cai Y, Jiang H, Shen Z, Gao R, Xu K, Chen H, Yang T. Follicular regulatory T cells are associated with β-cell autoimmunity and the development of type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4199-4213. [PMID: 31095320 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells enhance T follicular helper (Tfh) cells activity, resulting in the expansion of autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production. However, the role of Tfr cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unclear. METHODS We evaluated the expression and changes in function of circulating Tfr cells by studying patients with T1D alongside those with type 2 diabetes(T2D), first-degree relatives of T1D patients (T1D-FRs) and healthy controls. We also investigated the effects of Tfr cells on disease development in NOD mice and in an adoptive transfer model. RESULTS Tfr cells were significantly decreased in both patient groups. However, they showed different correlations with fasting C-peptide (C-P) and the area under the curve of blood C-peptide (C-PAUC) in patients with T1D and T2D. The frequency of Tfr cells was associated with the number of positive autoantibodies and the titer of GAD autoantibody in T1D patients. Furthermore, Tfr cells decreased significantly after 1 year of follow-up. We also observed Tfr cells in four T1D patients treated with rituximab. After rituximab therapy, the frequency of CXCR5+PD-1+ Tfr cells was decreased and of CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfr cells was increased in three patients. We also found that Tfr cells were associated with the development of diabetes in NOD mice and an adoptive transfer model. CONCLUSIONS Tfr cell deficiency could be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Therapy with Tfr cells has potential value for T1D. Modulation of these cells may be enhance protective immunity to inhibit autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Li Z, Shi X, Liu J, Shao F, Huang G, Zhou Z, Zheng P. Artesunate prevents type 1 diabetes in NOD mice mainly by inducing protective IL‐4—producing T cells and regulatory T cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:8241-8248. [PMID: 30916998 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900146r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Li
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Xiajie Shi
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Junbin Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyCentral South UniversityMinistry of EducationNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
- Department of EndocrinologyShenzhen People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyThe Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University Shenzhen China
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Moritoki Y, Tsuneyama K, Nakamura Y, Kikuchi K, Shiota A, Ohsugi Y, Lian ZX, Zhang W, Yang GX, Ueki S, Takeda M, Omokawa A, Saga T, Saga A, Watanabe D, Miura M, Ueno Y, Leung PSC, Tanaka A, Gershwin ME, Hirokawa M. Anti-drug Antibodies Against a Novel Humanized Anti-CD20 Antibody Impair Its Therapeutic Effect on Primary Biliary Cholangitis in Human CD20- and FcγR-Expressing Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2534. [PMID: 30450101 PMCID: PMC6224429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in expanding B cell-targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases. However, clinical trials in human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) using a chimeric antibody against human CD20 (hCD20) have showed limited efficacy. Two potential explanations for these disappointing results are the appearance of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and the high frequency of patients with moderate PBC or patients who had failed ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Here, we studied a novel humanized IgG1 antibody against hCD20 and explored its efficacy in early stage PBC using a well-defined murine model. We developed a unique murine model consisting of dnTGF-βRII mice expressing hCD20 and human Fcγ receptors (hFcγRs). Beginning at 4–6 weeks of age, equivalent to stage I/II human PBC, female mice were given weekly injections of an anti-hCD20 antibody (TKM-011) or vehicle control, and monitored for liver histology as well as a broad panel of immunological readouts. After 16 weeks' treatment, we observed a significant reduction in portal inflammation, a decrease in liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells as well as a reduction in liver CD8+ T cells. Importantly, direct correlations between numbers of liver non-B cells and B cells (r = 0.7426, p = 0.0006) and between numbers of liver memory CD8+ T cells and B cells (r = 0.6423, p = 0.0054) were apparent. Accompanying these changes was a dramatic reduction in anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-5, and elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory chemokine CXCL1/KC. In mice that developed ADAs, clinical improvements were less pronounced. Sustained treatment with B cell-targeted therapies may broadly inhibit effector pathways in PBC, but may need to be administered early in the natural history of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,Center for Medical Education and Training, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan.,SimTiki Simulation Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Department of Fourth Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shiota
- Institute of Immunology, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayumi Omokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Omagari Kosei Medical Center, Omagari, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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