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Wei X, Li X, Liu P, Li L, Chen H, Li D, Liu J, Xie L. Integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analysis of thallium toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160265. [PMID: 36403832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have evaluated the effects of Thallium (Tl) in adult species of fish, the developmental toxicity of Tl has not been previously explored. In this study, zebrafish embryos (<4 h post fertilization (hpf)) were exposed to Tl at concentrations from 0.8 to 400 μg L-1 for 7 d. The results showed that the decreased hatching rate and increased malformation rate were observed in the larvae. The swimming velocity of larvae from 200 and 400 μg L-1 treatments was respectively reduced by ~26 % and 15 %. Histopathological analysis of liver indicated the number of cells of karyolysis (143 % and 202 %) and pyknosis (170 % and 131 %) were respectively increased in 200 and 400 μg L-1 Tl treatments. Meanwhile, the Tl body burden and metallothionein (MT) levels in the larvae were increased with elevated Tl concentrations. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased by ~20 to 51 % in all Tl treatments and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was decreased by ~12 % at 200 μg L-1. The activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and protease were inhibited in 200 and 400 μg L-1 Tl treatments. Moreover, the transcripts of genes (Nrf2, HO-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TGF) were significantly altered. In addition, a total of 930 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1549 DEGs were found in the 200 and 400 μg L-1 treatments with 458 overlapped DEGs by transcriptomic analysis. The protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, and complement and coagulation cascades pathways were shown to be the most significantly enriched pathways. This study helps better understand the molecular mechanisms of Tl toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Wei
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ping Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixia Li
- 810 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan 250014, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dan Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Nagel AH, Robinson ASR, Goss GG, Glover CN. Effect of thallium on phototactic behaviour in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81740-81748. [PMID: 35732894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a trace metal enriched in wastewaters associated with mining and smelting of base metals. The toxicity of Tl to aquatic biota is poorly understood, particularly with respect to its sublethal effects. In this study, phototactic behavioural responses of naïve (i.e. no previous exposure to Tl) Daphnia magna, a key regulatory freshwater crustacean species, were examined in waters containing Tl. Fed and fasted neonate daphnids (< 24 h old) and fed adults (10-15 days old) showed no significant response at any tested water Tl concentration. However, in fasted adults, an increase in the positive phototactic response (measured as a greater number of daphnids closer to the light source after a 5-min exposure) was seen at Tl concentrations of 917 and 2099 µg L-1, values representative of extreme environmental Tl concentrations. The presence of Tl also decreased the swimming speed of adult Daphnia towards a light source. In the presence of cimetidine, a histamine receptor blocker, the increase in positive phototaxis induced by Tl disappeared, suggesting that Tl acts to perturb the phototaxis response through sensory inhibition. Conversely, although there was a trend towards enhanced activity, Tl had no significant effect on acetylcholinesterase, a marker of locomotor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Nagel
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, AB, T9S 3A3, Canada.
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Yang CH, Tan SW, Cheng CJ, Chen PJ. Revealing the toxicity of monovalent and trivalent thallium to medaka fish in controlled exposure conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106258. [PMID: 35952427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a rare earth element increasingly being used in high-technology manufacturing. It is also an emerging pollutant with high exposure and toxicity risks to aquatic ecosystems. Tl exists in the environment in a monovalent [thallous, Tl(I)] or trivalent [thallic, Tl(III)] state. Currently, the stability of the two Tl species in natural water is uncertain and the toxicity in algae and daphnia are inconsistent due to lack of robust characterization of Tl species and matrix effects, while studies with fish are sparse. In this study, larvae of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were dosed with environmentally relevant concentrations of Tl(I) or Tl(III) spiked into synthetic and natural river water for 7 days to observe the toxic effects of two Tl species on fish. The transformation of Tl(I) and Tl(III) in water was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry. Analytical and toxicity results showed that Tl(I) is more stable presenting higher mortality and bioconcentration in medaka than Tl(III) in different water matrices. Tl(I)-induced LC50 and body burden in treated fish were highly correlated with its competitive ion, potassium (K), especially in waters containing medium K levels. This study provides reliable evidence regarding the stability and toxicity of Tl(I) and Tl(III) as well as the interaction of aqueous K versus Tl(I) in fish. Such information is useful for justifying water-quality guidelines and ecological risks of Tl pollution in natural water ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Tan
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ju Cheng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Khalil SR, El-Hady EW, Elhady WM, Ismail TA, Marini C, Di Cerbo A, Abdel-Latif HMR. Immunosuppressive Effects of Thallium Toxicity in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings: Elucidating the Rescue Role of Astragalus membranaceus Polysaccharides. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:843031. [PMID: 35754552 PMCID: PMC9218348 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunotoxic effects of thallium (Tl) in Nile tilapia fingerlings and the recovery role of dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (ASs). An 8-week experiment was designed where 180 fishes were randomly and equally assigned in triplicates into the six groups: the control group (CNT) was reared in unpolluted water and fed a commercial diet, two groups were fed a well-balanced commercial diet plus 1.5 and 3.0 g AS/kg diet (AS0.15 and AS0.30), respectively, the fourth group was exposed to a sublethal dose of Tl (41.9 μg l-1) [equal to 1/10 of 96-h lethal concentration 50 (LC50)], and the last two groups were fed 0.15 and 0.3% AS, respectively, and concurrently exposed to Tl (41.9 μg l-1) (AS0.15+Tl and AS0.30+Tl). Fish hematobiochemical parameters, serum immunity [nitric oxide, total immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, and lysozyme activity], transcription of hepatic interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) were assessed. Hematobiochemical parameters and serum immune indices were significantly decreased in the fish group exposed to sublethal Tl concentration compared to the CNT group. Furthermore, Tl exposure significantly induced overexpression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ genes (4.22-, 5.45-, and 4.57-fold higher, respectively) compared to CNT values. Tl exposure also increased the cumulative mortality (%) in Nile tilapia challenged with A. hydrophila. Remarkably, the groups fed AS0.15+Tl and AS0.30+Tl significantly ameliorated all the aforementioned parameters, but did not reach CNT values. Our findings suggest the possible immunomodulating roles of dietary AS in recovering the immunotoxic effects of Tl in Nile tilapia. We can conclude that dietary AS would be useful for maintaining the immunity of Nile tilapia fingerlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman W El-Hady
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Elhady
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlotta Marini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Hsu YC, Thia E, Chen PJ. Monitoring of ion release, bioavailability and ecotoxicity of thallium in contaminated paddy soils under rice cultivation conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:126513. [PMID: 34246523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paddy soils contaminated by thallium (Tl) have been frequently reported; however, their ecotoxicological impact in the paddy field is less known. We used a novel soil-fish exposure system with larvae of rice fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) to assess the bioavailability of Tl from soils to fish and causal toxicity under simulated conditions of rice cultivation. Two acidic soils [Pingzhen (Pc) and Sankengtzu (Sk)] spiked with monovalent Tl [Tl(I), 75-250 mg/kg] released higher Tl+ into pore or overlying waters than neutral soils [Sangkang (Su)], which resulted in higher mortality to exposed fish. The addition of K fertilizers into the system did not significantly reduce Tl release and fish mortality, but a drainage/re-flooding treatment worked effectively. The acidic Pc soil contaminated with low Tl(I) (2.5 and 15 mg/kg) caused higher sublethal toxicity in medaka than the neutral Su soil, including altered growth and swimming behavior with increased Tl body burden. These Tl-induced effects by low-Tl soils were significantly alleviated by K addition. The Tl/K ratios in aqueous phases were correlated with the mortality or Tl body burden in exposed fish. This study provides useful bio-analytical evidence that can help assess the ecological risks of Tl pollution in paddy field-related ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eveline Thia
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Khalil SR, Moustafa AA, Mahmoud HK, Abdel-Latif HMR. Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides modulate growth, hemato-biochemical indices, hepatic antioxidants, and expression of HSP70 and apoptosis-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-lethal thallium toxicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:251-260. [PMID: 34509627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day experiment was performed to assess the efficacy of dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (ASP) in attenuation of sub-lethal thallium (Tl) toxicity in Nile tilapia. Six experimental groups (in triplicates) were designed where a fish group was raised in clean water and fed basal diet and served as control (CONT), two groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.15% and 0.30% ASP (ASPL and ASPH), Tl-intoxicated group exposed to 1/10 of 96-h LC50 (= 41.9 μg/L), and two other groups were fed 0.15% and 0.30% ASP and concomitantly exposed to 41.9 μg Tl/L (ASPL-Tl and ASPH-Tl). At the end of the experiment, fish behavioral responses, clinical signs, survivability, growth, whole-body composition, intestinal digestive enzymes, serum biochemical parameters, hepatic antioxidative biomarkers, and transcription of stress and apoptosis genes were assessed. Results showed that the whole-body composition, intestinal α-amylase and protease enzymes, serum AST and blood urea levels, and hepatic GSH were not significantly different among groups (P > 0.05). The Tl-intoxicated fish group was off food, had darkened skin, showed restlessness and hyperexcitability, and high mortalities. FBW, WG, SGR and FI were significantly decreased alongside increase FCR in the Tl-exposed group. Tl exposure caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in intestinal lipase enzyme and serum indices such as ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and cortisol levels. Moreover, a significant decreases in hepatic CAT and SOD enzyme activities and significant increases in hepatic MDA contents were also noticed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Tl exposure induced significant upregulation of hepatic HSP70 and apoptosis-related genes (p53 and caspase 3). Interestingly, dietary supplementation with ASP in ASPL-Tl and ASPH-Tl groups modulated the parameters mentioned above but still not reached the CONT values. Altogether, this study suggests that ASP could be beneficial in the modulation of sub-lethal Tl toxicity effects in Nile tilapia. Additionally, we can conclude that using natural feed supplements such as ASP in aquafeed might be necessary for maintaining the overall health performances of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr A Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hemat K Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt.
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Nagel AH, Cuss CW, Goss GG, Shotyk W, Glover CN. Chronic toxicity of waterborne thallium to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115776. [PMID: 33069041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information regarding the toxicity of the trace element thallium (Tl) to aquatic biota, most of which assesses acute toxicity and bioaccumulation. The relative lack of chronic Tl toxicity data compromises the establishment of water quality criteria for this trace metal. In the presented work, chronic toxicity endpoints (final body weight (a proxy measure of growth), survival, and reproduction) and Tl body burden were measured in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna during a 21-day exposure to dissolved Tl. Thallium caused complete mortality in daphnids between exposure concentrations of 424 and 702 μg L-1. In contrast with previously published work examining acute Tl toxicity, exposure to Tl for 21 days was not associated with changes in whole-body potassium concentration. This was despite a 710-fold increase in Tl body burden in animals exposed to 424 μg L-1 relative to the control. Median effect concentrations (EC50's) for growth and reproduction (total neonates produced), were 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.0-3.1) and 11.1 (95% confidence interval: 5.5-21.8) μg Tl L-1, respectively. A no observable effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.9 μg Tl L-1 for growth, and a NOEC range of 0.9-83 μg Tl L-1 for a variety of reproductive metrics, was measured. A lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 8.8 μg Tl L-1 was determined for the effects of Tl on growth and most of the reproductive endpoints examined. These data indicate that under controlled laboratory conditions D. magna is significantly less sensitive to Tl than the species on which the current Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment regulatory guideline value of 0.8 μg L-1 is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Nagel
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Chad W Cuss
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
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Nagel AH, Cuss CW, Goss GG, Shotyk W, Glover CN. The Effect of Major Ions and Dissolved Organic Matter on Complexation and Toxicity of Dissolved Thallium to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2472-2479. [PMID: 31386757 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a trace element associated with base metal mining and processing, but little is known regarding how its toxicity is influenced by water chemistry. In the present study, the 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of Tl to Daphnia magna was determined in a standard laboratory water, and toxicity was reassessed under conditions of varying cation (Ca2+ , K+ , Na+ ), anion (Cl- , HCO-3 ), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations. The calculated 48-h LC50 of 1.86 mg Tl/L was consistent with previous work on Tl toxicity to D. magna. At the 48-h LC50 concentration, changes in water chemistry had no statistically significant effect on mortality, although there was a trend toward lower Tl toxicity with elevated water K+ . Test waters containing 10 mM CaCl2 did not support control survival. The measurement of Tl complexation with DOM using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation confirmed the outcomes of biogeochemical speciation modeling: Tl speciation was relatively unaffected by water chemistry, and the majority of Tl remained in the ionic form across all treatments. These data indicate that Tl toxicity is largely independent of speciation, a property that will greatly simplify risk assessments for this metal in freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2472-2479. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Nagel
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chad W Cuss
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
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Uncommon Heavy Metals, Metalloids and Their Plant Toxicity: A Review. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9654-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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