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North HL, Fu Z, Metz R, Stull MA, Johnson CD, Shirley X, Crumley K, Reisig D, Kerns DL, Gilligan T, Walsh T, Jiggins CD, Sword GA. Rapid Adaptation and Interspecific Introgression in the North American Crop Pest Helicoverpa zea. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae129. [PMID: 38941083 PMCID: PMC11259193 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect crop pests threaten global food security. This threat is amplified through the spread of nonnative species and through adaptation of native pests to control measures. Adaptations such as pesticide resistance can result from selection on variation within a population, or through gene flow from another population. We investigate these processes in an economically important noctuid crop pest, Helicoverpa zea, which has evolved resistance to a wide range of pesticides. Its sister species Helicoverpa armigera, first detected as an invasive species in Brazil in 2013, introduced the pyrethroid-resistance gene CYP337B3 to South American H. zea via adaptive introgression. To understand whether this could contribute to pesticide resistance in North America, we sequenced 237 H. zea genomes across 10 sample sites. We report H. armigera introgression into the North American H. zea population. Two individuals sampled in Texas in 2019 carry H. armigera haplotypes in a 4 Mbp region containing CYP337B3. Next, we identify signatures of selection in the panmictic population of nonadmixed H. zea, identifying a selective sweep at a second cytochrome P450 gene: CYP333B3. We estimate that its derived allele conferred a ∼5% fitness advantage and show that this estimate explains independently observed rare nonsynonymous CYP333B3 mutations approaching fixation over a ∼20-year period. We also detect putative signatures of selection at a kinesin gene associated with Bt resistance. Overall, we document two mechanisms of rapid adaptation: the introduction of fitness-enhancing alleles through interspecific introgression, and selection on intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L North
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Richard Metz
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Matt A Stull
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Charles D Johnson
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xanthe Shirley
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kate Crumley
- Agrilife Extension, Texas A&M University, Wharton, TX, USA
| | - Dominic Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Plymouth, NC, 27962, USA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Todd Gilligan
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tom Walsh
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Alshemmari H, Al-Kasbi MM, Kavil YN, Orif MI, Al-Hulwani EK, Al-Darii RJ, Al-Shukaili SM, Al-Balushi FAA, Chakraborty P. New and legacy pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in the agricultural region of the Sultanate of Oman. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132205. [PMID: 37604036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive air and surface soil monitoring was conducted for new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to fill the knowledge and data gap on the sources and fate of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Sultanate of Oman. DDTs in agricultural soil samples ranged from 0.013 to 95.80 ng/g (mean: 8.4 ± 25.06 ng/g), with a median value of 0.07 ng/g. The highest concentration was observed at Shinas, where intensive agricultural practice is prevalent. The dominance of p,p'-DDT in soil and air reflected technical DDT formulation usage in Oman. Among newly enlisted POPs, pentachlorobenzene had the maximum detection frequency in air (47%) and soil (41%). Over 90% of sites reflected extensive past use of hexachlorobenzene. Major OCP isomers and metabolites showed net volatilisation from the agricultural soil, thereby indicating concurrent emission and re-emission processes from the soil of Oman. However, the cleansing effect of oceanic air mass is the possible reason for relatively lower atmospheric OCP levels from a previous study. Although DDT displayed maximum cancer risk, the level is below the permissible limit. DDT primarily stemmed from obsolete stock and inadequate management practices. Hence, we suggest there is a need for DDT regulation in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammed M Al-Kasbi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Yasar N Kavil
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I Orif
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam K Al-Hulwani
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rawya J Al-Darii
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Suleiman M Al-Shukaili
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fawaz A A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Castro-Ramirez I, Rocha-Amador DO, Ruiz-Vera T, Alegría-Torres JA, Cruz-Jiménez G, Enciso-Donis I, Costilla-Salazar R. Environmental and biological monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the city of Salamanca, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2839-2856. [PMID: 36066703 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The former Tekchem Industrial Unit located in the city of Salamanca, Mexico, constitutes an environmental liability in which the presence of high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been reported. In the present study, levels of OCPs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 52 soil samples and in 88 blood samples from school-age children in the city of Salamanca. A median concentration of 70.6 ng/g (6.93-3299) was obtained for total OCPs in soil, while for the total sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) the value was 49.6 ng/g (6.93-3276). In children, the median level of the total sum of OCPs was 390 ng/g lipid (7.34-14,895), and for the total sum of DDT was 175 ng/g lipid (< LOD-14,802). The OCPs that resulted in highest concentrations in soil were DDT and its metabolites, as well as aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, while in blood the highest levels corresponded to 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites, followed by heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The spatial distribution of the concentrations of OCPs in soil shows that the facilities of Tekchem may be a significant potential source for the dispersion of these compounds toward the metropolitan area of Salamanca. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the presence of OCPs in soil and in child population, providing important bases to study the problem from a broader perspective, while reiterating the importance of continuing efforts to generate resolute and precautionary measures with respect to the environmental liability of Tekchem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Castro-Ramirez
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Tania Ruiz-Vera
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
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Yao XF, Zhang N, Liu J, Yang H. Transport and Environmental Risks of Propachlor Within the Soil-Plant-Water Phase as Affected by Dissolved Organic Matter as a Nonionic Surfactant. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4694-4702. [PMID: 36777582 PMCID: PMC9909819 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Propachlor is a widely used acylaniline herbicide for weeding annual gramineous and dicot plants in farmland. As a toxic agricultural chemical, it is overused in crop production and has become one of the most serious environmental pollutants. Yet, understanding the impact of environmental factors on its behavior in farmland soils is critically important for healthy crop production and food safety. In this study, we characterized the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from rice straw on the mobility behavior of propachlor in farmland soil using comprehensive approaches such as the batch equilibrium experiment, soil thin-layer chromatography, soil column leaching, and wheat bioaccumulation with Triton X-100 (TX-100) as a reference surfactant. The application of DOM at 60 and 120 mg DOC L-1 and TX-100 at 96, 192, and 288 mg L-1 reduced the sorption and increased the desorption of propachlor in soil. Freundlich constant K f values (sorption) of propachlor declined with the expansion of DOM and TX-100 concentrations. The addition of DOM and TX-100 increased the mobility of propachlor and the total concentration of propachlor in the leachate of soil columns. The retention factors (R f) were evaluated in the soil thin-layer chromatography as 0.741 and 0.772 (for DOM) and 0.731, 0.763, and 0.791 (for TX-100), all of which were greater than the control (0.710) under the treatment. The application of DOM or TX-100 reduced root growth (biomass) and increased bioaccumulation of propachlor in the roots and shoots of wheat. The outcome of the study can provide important references for the rational use of propachlor and help agronomic management to minimize pesticide contamination in realistic crop production.
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Khuman SN, Park MK, Kim HJ, Hwang SM, Lee CH, Choi SD. Organochlorine pesticides in the urban, suburban, agricultural, and industrial soil in South Korea after three decades of ban: Spatial distribution, sources, time trend, and implicated risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119938. [PMID: 35970351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides in soil samples across urban, suburban, agricultural, and industrial sites were analyzed every year between 2013 and 2016 in South Korea. The study aims to understand the residual status, diminution of occurrence from the South Korean environment, and its risk to humans after three decades of the ban. A general decreasing trend of OCPs has been observed over the years. The OCP concentrations were below the guideline values prescribed for soil pollution. Metabolites like p,p'-DDD and endosulfan sulfate contributed a major portion to the total OCP concentration over the years. The agricultural sites showed higher OCP levels than other site types. Compositional profile and diagnostic ratios suggested that the occurrence of DDT and endosulfan residues were due to historical inputs, but those of HCH and chlordane reflect recent usage in some pockets. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk was within the safety limit for all age groups across the genders in the majority of the sites. It is evident that the OCP load on soil is decreasing since the ban on usage. However, regular monitoring with a special focus on metabolites can be an effective control measure to regulate and eliminate the contamination of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Alshemmari H. Past, present and future trends of selected pesticidal and industrial POPs in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3191-3214. [PMID: 34661833 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the background of current global initiatives for controlling persistent organic pollutants (POPs), an overview of the scientific knowledge about the POPs issues in Kuwait is presented in this study. Both acute and chronic exposure to POPs can be associated with a wide range of deleterious health effects, including illness and death. POPs have drawn significant political and scientific interest in their fate and actions, particularly where local releases have resulted in dispersed contamination far from the source regions. These concerns inevitably led to the establishment of the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs. In recent years, Kuwait has carried out a wide variety of environmental research, in particular, on the monitoring of POPs in different matrices. The technological development facilitated to achieve the opposite monitoring of pesticidal and industrial POPs. The majority of these POPs are from a point source. Kuwait does not have pesticide manufacturing facilities and has not produced pesticides for POPs in the past. In the agriculture sector, Kuwait primarily imports pesticides for pest and disease control. This review encompasses the historical presence and current status of (pesticidal) organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and (industrial POPs) PCBs and PBDEs in Kuwait based on the export, import, consumption and usage. This research also contrasts pesticide and industrial POP data from various Kuwaiti environmental matrices with data from other parts of Asia, the EU, the USA and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, State of Kuwait.
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, State of Kuwait.
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7
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Lopez-Carmen VA, Erickson TB, Escobar Z, Jensen A, Cronin AE, Nolen LT, Moreno M, Stewart AM. United States and United Nations pesticide policies: Environmental violence against the Yaqui indigenous nation. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 10:100255. [PMID: 36777691 PMCID: PMC9903935 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples suffer environmental violence related to pesticide exposure, including imported pesticides that are banned in the exporting countries (including the U.S.) due to their known detrimental health impacts and used in or near their traditional territories. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a U.S. statue that allows "pesticides that are not approved - or registered - for use in the U.S." to be manufactured in the U.S. and exported elsewhere. The UN Rotterdam Convention also allows the global exportation of "banned pesticides." The ongoing exportation of banned pesticides leads to disproportionately high rates of morbidity and mortality, most notably in Indigenous women and children. In this paper, we present evidence describing the documented harms of banned pesticides with a focus on the Yaqui Nation in Sonora, Mexico, give background on the problematic laws allowing these harms, and highlight concrete solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Lopez-Carmen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA,UN Global Indigenous Youth Caucus, Manhattan, NY, USA,Corresponding author at: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy B. Erickson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zara Escobar
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amanda M. Stewart
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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García-Hernández J, Leyva-Morales JB, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, Leyva-García GN, Valdez-Torres JB, Aguilar-Zarate G, Betancourt-Lozano M. A comparison of pesticide residues in soils from two highly technified agricultural valleys in northwestern Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:548-565. [PMID: 33999759 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1918977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A pesticide characterization is presented for two highly technified valleys in northwest Mexico: Culiacan Valley (CV) in Sinaloa and Yaqui Valley (YV) in Sonora. Approximately 250,000 kg of active ingredients are used every year, half of which are considered highly hazardous pesticides. Legacy pesticides are still present in the soils of these valleys. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify a wide variety of pesticides in soils and correlate their concentrations with historical and current use. Agricultural soils from both valleys were sampled and analyzed using accelerated solvent extraction and subsequent quantification by gas chromatography with selective detectors. The most frequently detected pesticides (mean, µg g-1) in CV were organochlorines (0.1967), organophosphates (0.0928), synthetic pyrethroids (0.2565), organonitrogen (0.0552), and miscellaneous pesticides (0.1851). In YV, the most frequently detected pesticides were organochlorines (0.8607), organophosphates (0.0001), synthetic pyrethroids (0.0124), and miscellaneous pesticides (0.0009). The pesticides were more diverse in CV compared to those of YV, which was based on the types of crops produced. Both locations presented highly hazardous pesticides, including concentrations above the action levels established by the Canadian Soil Quality Guide. A follow-up risk assessment is recommended to assess potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline García-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD) Coordinación Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora, México
| | - José Belisario Leyva-Morales
- Departamento de Salud-Licenciatura en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (Unidad Regional Guasave), Guasave, Sinaloa
- Doctorado en Sustentabilidad, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (Unidad Regional Guasave), Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Plaguicidas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Culiacán), Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Germán Nepomuceno Leyva-García
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD) Coordinación Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora, México
| | - José Benigno Valdez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Plaguicidas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Culiacán), Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Mazatlán), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Miguel Betancourt-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Mazatlán), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
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Ben Mukiibi S, Nyanzi SA, Kwetegyeka J, Olisah C, Taiwo AM, Mubiru E, Tebandeke E, Matovu H, Odongo S, Abayi JJM, Ngeno EC, Sillanpää M, Ssebugere P. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Uganda's honey as a bioindicator of environmental contamination and reproductive health implications to consumers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112094. [PMID: 33677382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey has multifaceted nutritional and medicinal values; however, its quality is hinged on the floral origin of the nectar. Taking advantage of the large areas that they cover; honeybees are often used as bioindicators of environmental contamination. The focus of the present paper was to examine the quality of honey from within the vicinity of an abandoned pesticide store in Masindi District in western Uganda. Surficial soils (<20 cm depths) and honey samples were collected from within the vicinity of the abandoned pesticide store and analysed for organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues using gas chromatograph coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The mean level of ∑DDTs in all the soil samples was 503.6 µg/kg dry weight (d.w). ∑DDTs contributed 92.2% to the ∑OCPs contamination loads in the soil samples, and others (lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfans) contributed only 7.8%. Ratio (p, p'-DDE+p, p'-DDD)/p, p'-DDT of 1.54 suggested historical DDT input in the area. In all the honey samples, the mean level of ∑DDTs was 20.9 µg/kg. ∑DDTs contributed 43.3% to ∑OCPs contamination loads in the honey samples, followed by lindane (29.8%), endosulfans (23.6%) and dieldrin (3.2%), with corresponding mean levels of 14.4, 11.4 and 1.55 µg/kg, respectively. Reproductive risk assessment was done based on the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) procedure. In our study, the calculated HIs for adults (102.38), and children (90.33) suggested high potential health risks to the honey consumers. Lindane, endosulfan and p, p'-DDD detected in the honey samples at levels exceeding the acute reference dose (ARfD) are known risk factors for spontaneous abortion, reduced implantation, menstrual cycle shortening, impaired semen quality, and prostate cancer in exposed individuals and experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Ben Mukiibi
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven Allan Nyanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justus Kwetegyeka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Adewale Matthew Taiwo
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Tebandeke
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Khuman SN, Vinod PG, Bharat G, Kumar YSM, Chakraborty P. Spatial distribution and compositional profiles of organochlorine pesticides in the surface soil from the agricultural, coastal and backwater transects along the south-west coast of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126699. [PMID: 32361015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
South-west coast of India has a history of using pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) particularly endosulfan until aerial spraying was banned during early 2000. Since soil acts as a repository for such pesticidal persistent organic contaminants, we have monitored residues of seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface soil samples from the agricultural, coastal, and backwater transects along the south-west coast of India. OCPs concentration in soil were in the order agricultural > coastal > backwaters transects. Endrins, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and heptachlors were among the dominant OCPs quantified in this study. Dominance of metabolites such as dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and endosulfan sulfate indicates past usage. All the OCPs were dominant in the agricultural transect where plantations/agricultural activities are prevalent. In some specific sites, traces of HCH isomers showed ongoing usage of technical HCH in those sites contradicting the ban in agricultural sector. Backwater sites which are background locations showed positive correlation between soil organic carbon and soil borne OCPs thereby indicating an aged source possibly due to the short/long atmospheric transport from the site of application. Based on the policies regarding control, prevention and other measures for the management of pesticides in Kerala, it was concluded that the implementation on the ground level and the legal framework should be strengthened to prevent further illegal use of the banned pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P G Vinod
- GeoVin Solutions (P) Ltd, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Islam M, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Kafi MAH, Rahman M, Alam M, Sen D, Islam S, Pickering AJ, Hubbard AE, Luby SP, Arnold BF, Colford JM, Ercumen A. Child defecation and feces management practices in rural Bangladesh: Associations with fecal contamination, observed hand cleanliness and child diarrhea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236163. [PMID: 32687513 PMCID: PMC7371197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Child open defecation is common in low-income countries and can lead to fecal exposure in the domestic environment. We assessed associations between child feces management practices vs. measures of contamination and child diarrhea among households with children <5 years in rural Bangladesh. We visited 360 households quarterly and recorded caregiver-reported diarrhea prevalence, and defecation and feces disposal practices for children <5 years. We examined caregiver and child hands for visible dirt and enumerated E. coli in child and caregiver hand rinse and stored drinking water samples. Safe child defecation (in latrine/potty) and safe feces disposal (in latrine) was reported by 21% and 23% of households, respectively. Controlling for potential confounders, households reporting unsafe child defecation had higher E. coli prevalence on child hands (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.12, 1.04-1.20) and in stored water (PR = 1.12,1.03-1.21). Similarly, households reporting unsafe feces disposal had higher E. coli prevalence on child hands (PR = 1.11, 1.02-1.21) and in stored water (PR = 1.10, 1.03-1.18). Effects on E. coli levels were similar. Children in households with unsafe defecation and feces disposal had higher diarrhea prevalence but the associations were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that unsafe child feces management may present a source of fecal exposure for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Islam
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mostafizur Rahman
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuja Alam
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashis Sen
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Islam
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Alan E. Hubbard
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - John M. Colford
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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12
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Kwong LH, Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Unicomb L, Davis J, Luby SP. Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:205-216. [PMID: 30728484 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food, soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We quantified ingestion among 30 rural Bangladeshi children < 4 years old, recording every item touched or mouthed during 6-hour video observations that occurred annually for 3 years. We calculated the frequency and duration of mouthing and the prevalence of mouth contacts with soil and feces. We compared the mouthing frequency distributions to those from US children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying the US data to the Bangladeshi context. Median hand-mouthing frequency was 43-72 times/h and object-mouthing frequency 17-34 times/h among the five age groups assessed. For half of the observations, > 75% of all hand mouthing was associated with eating. The frequency of indoor hand mouthing not related to eating was similar to the frequency of all indoor hand mouthing among children in the United States. Object-mouthing frequency was higher among Bangladeshi children compared with US children. There was low intra-child correlation of mouthing frequencies over our longitudinal visits. Our results suggest that children's hand- and object-mouthing vary by geography and culture and that future exposure assessments can be cross-sectional if the goal is to estimate population-level distributions of mouthing frequencies. Of all observations, a child consumed soil in 23% and feces in 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Kwong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Núñez-Gastélum JA, Hernández-Carreón S, Delgado-Ríos M, Flores-Marguez JP, Meza-Montenegro MM, Osorio-Rosas C, Cota-Ruiz K, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Study of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in soils of the Juarez valley: an important agricultural region between Mexico and the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36401-36409. [PMID: 31722095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Juarez Valley is an important agricultural region in northern Mexico, conveniently organized into three modules (I to III). For decades, their soils have been exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also have been irrigated with wastewaters, which may contain heavy metals. Nowadays, there is very limited information regarding the presence of OCPs and heavy metals in these soils. Thus, the aim of this study was to diagnose these soils for OCPs and heavy metal content by using gas chromatography coupled with electron micro-capture detector and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The results indicated that 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane were primarily disseminated across the three modules since they were found in 100% and 97% of the analyzed soils, respectively. According to international regulations, none of the determined OCP concentrations are out of the limits. Additionally, the Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, and Mn were found in all sampled soils from the three modules. The highest concentration of Fe was found in module II (1902.7 ± 332.2 mg kg-1), followed by Mn in module III (392.43 ± 74.43 mg kg-1), Zn in module I (38.36 ± 26.57 mg kg-1), Pb in module II (23.48 ± 6.48 mg kg-1), and Cu in module I (11.04 ± 3.83 mg kg-1) (p ≤ 0.05). These values did not exceed the limits proposed by international standards. The Cd was detected in most of the analyzed soils and all their values, with an average of 2 mg kg-1, surpassed the Mexican standards (0.35 mg kg-1). This study has mapped the main OCPs and heavy metals in the Juarez Valley and can serve as a starting point to further monitor the behave of xenobiotics. Since these recalcitrant compounds might be bio-accumulated in biological systems, further analytical methods, as well as remediation techniques, should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Núñez-Gastélum
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México.
| | - Stephanie Hernández-Carreón
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Marcos Delgado-Ríos
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - Juan Pedro Flores-Marguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
| | - María M Meza-Montenegro
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - Claudia Osorio-Rosas
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - Keni Cota-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- NSF-ERC Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Center (NEWT), Houston, USA
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14
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Espinosa-Reyes G, Costilla-Salazar R, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, González-Mille DJ, Flores-Ramírez R, Del Carmen Cuevas-Díaz M, Medellin-Garibay SE, Ilizaliturri-Hernández CA. DNA damage in earthworms by exposure of Persistent Organic Pollutants in low basin of Coatzacoalcos River, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1236-1242. [PMID: 30360255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are stable organic chemicals that represent a potential risk for ecosystems due to their high toxicity, persistence and biomagnification through food chains. Bioindicators in ecosystems have emerged to assess the effect of environmental pollutants. Earthworms are some of the most common bioindicator organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the geontoxicity of POP exposure in wild earthworms captured at different levels of urbanization throughout the lower basin of the Coatzacoalcos River (industrial, urban and rural areas). POP soil and earthworm tissue concentrations were measured via Gas-Mass Chromatography, and earthworm DNA damage was evaluated through the comet assay. The greatest concentrations of ΣPOPs, DDT and HCH were found in soil from industrial sites, followed by urban and rural areas (504.68, 383.10, 298.16; 22.6, 4.6, 2.6 and 433.7, 364, 255.6 mg/kg, respectively). Unlike other pollutants, mean ΣPCBs values were highest for industrial soil samples, followed by those from rural and urban areas (41.10, 33.97 and 12.44 mg/kg respectively). For all earthworm tissue POP analyses, the highest concentrations were found in individuals from industrial sites, followed by the urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the highest levels of DNA damage were registered in the industrial area, followed by the urban and rural areas. These assays suggest a strong links among regional soil contamination, POPs bioavailability and the potential risk of detrimental health effects for organisms that inhabit surface soil (soil life). Earthworms contribute vital ecosystem services that could be affected by these results. This work provides evidence of the potential ecological risk that exists in the Lower Basin of the Coatzacoalcos River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | | | - Francisco J Pérez-Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Donaji J González-Mille
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Susana E Medellin-Garibay
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Cesar A Ilizaliturri-Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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15
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Thiombane M, Petrik A, Di Bonito M, Albanese S, Zuzolo D, Cicchella D, Lima A, Qu C, Qi S, De Vivo B. Status, sources and contamination levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in urban and agricultural areas: a preliminary review in central-southern Italian soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26361-26382. [PMID: 29981022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are synthetic chemicals commonly used in agricultural activities to kill pests and are persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They can be detected in different environmental media, but soil is considered an important reservoir due to its retention capacity. Many different types of OCPs exist, which can have different origins and pathways in the environment. It is therefore important to study their distribution and behaviour in the environment, starting to build a picture of the potential human health risk in different contexts. This study aimed at investigating the regional distribution, possible sources and contamination levels of 24 OCP compounds in urban and rural soils from central and southern Italy. One hundred and forty-eight topsoil samples (0-20 cm top layer) from 78 urban and 70 rural areas in 11 administrative regions were collected and analysed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Total OCP residues in soils ranged from nd (no detected) to 1043 ng/g with a mean of 29.91 ng/g and from nd to 1914 ng/g with a mean of 60.16 ng/g in urban and rural area, respectively. Endosulfan was the prevailing OCP in urban areas, followed by DDTs, Drins, Methoxychlor, HCHs, Chlordane-related compounds and HCB. In rural areas, the order of concentrations was Drins > DDTs > Methoxychlor > Endosulfans > HCHs > Chlordanes > HCB. Diagnostic ratios and robust multivariate analyses revealed that DDT in soils could be related to historical application, whilst (illegal) use of technical DDT or dicofol may still occur in some urban areas. HCH residues could be related to both historical use and recent application, whilst there was evidence that modest (yet significant) application of commercial technical HCH may still be happening in urban areas. Drins and Chlordane compounds appeared to be mostly related to historical application, whilst Endosulfan presented a complex mix of results, indicating mainly historical origin in rural areas as well as potential recent applications on urban areas. Contamination levels were quantified by Soil Quality Index (SoQI), identifying high levels in rural areas of Campania and Apulia, possibly due to the intensive nature of some agricultural practices in those regions (e.g., vineyards and olive plantations). The results from this study (which is in progress in the remaining regions of Italy) will provide an invaluable baseline for OCP distribution in Italy and a powerful argument for follow-up studies in contaminated areas. It is also hoped that similar studies will eventually constitute enough evidence to push towards an institutional response for more adequate regulation as well as a full ratification of the Stockholm Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matar Thiombane
- Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Attila Petrik
- Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Bonito
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini 59/A, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini 59/A, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Chengkai Qu
- Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Pegaso University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132, Naples, Italy
- Benecon Scarl, Dip. Ambiente e Territorio, Via S. Maria di Costantinopoli 104, 80138, Naples, Italy
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16
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Sánchez-Osorio JL, Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Bidleman TF. Organochlorine pesticides in residential soils and sediments within two main agricultural areas of northwest Mexico: Concentrations, enantiomer compositions and potential sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:275-287. [PMID: 28113064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural Mexicali and Yaqui valleys (MV, YV) in northwest Mexico were heavily treated with organochlorine pesticides in the past. Residential soils and agricultural drain sediments were sampled in 2008-2009 and analyzed for DDTs (o,p'- and p,p'- isomers of DDE, DDD and DDT); hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) and chlordanes (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlor exo-epoxide). Geometric means (GMs) (ng g-1 dry weight) were: MV soils (n = 27) ΣDDT 22, ΣHCH 0.80, ΣCHL 0.88; YV soils (n = 25) ΣDDT 5.0, ΣHCH 0.23, ΣCHL 0.67; MV sediments (n = 3) ΣDDT 5.0, ΣHCH 0.23, ΣCHL 0.53; YV sediments (n = 8) ΣDDT 2.6, ΣHCH 0.12, ΣCHL 0.090. GMs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in MV than YV soils for ΣDDT and ΣHCH, but not for ΣCHL. Comparison to worldwide regulatory guideline values (RGVs) for residential soils showed all compounds below mean or GM RGVs, but above the lowest RGV in some cases. Low p,p'-DDT/(p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE) in most soils indicated aged residues. Lack of p,p'-DDT metabolism might account for its dominance in a few soils. HCH isomer profiles suggested aged technical HCH in the YV, and technical HCH + lindane in the MV. Heptachlor dominated the ΣCHL, probably from application of technical heptachlor as well as chlordane. Chiral compounds were nonracemic in soils and sediments and indicated enantioselective microbial degradation of (+)α-HCH, (-)trans-chlordane, (-)cis-chlordane and (+)o,p'-DDT. Depletion of (+)o,p'-DDT in soils may account for similar enantiomer signatures previously reported in air of northwest Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sánchez-Osorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - José Vinicio Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden.
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17
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Gulan L, Milenkovic B, Zeremski T, Milic G, Vuckovic B. Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and radioactivity in the urban soil of Priština City, Kosovo and Metohija. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:415-426. [PMID: 28033572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals content and radioactivity levels were measured in 27 soil samples collected from Priština, the capital of Kosovo and Metohija. The sixteen PAHs, twelve OCPs and six PCBs congeners were determined by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. Although the use of PCBs and OCPs was prohibited decades ago residues of those compounds still existed in measurable concentrations in soils of Priština. PAHs were also present in analyzed samples but their mean concentration was significantly lower than mean concentrations of PAHs previously reported in urban areas in the world. The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by the EDTA extraction protocols, along with their extractable concentrations. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) were determined by gamma spectrometry method. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test found that activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were normally distributed. Radiological risk was estimated through the annual effective dose, gonadal dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indexes. Spearman correlation coefficient was used for analysis of correlations between physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents and radionuclide activity concentrations. Strong positive correlation between 226Ra and 232Th was found, as well as among pairs of As-Cd and Co-Mn. Very strong positive correlation (0.838) at the 0.01 significance level was noted for Pb-Zn pair. Strong correlations indicate common occurrence of these elements in the nature, as well as geogenic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Gulan
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Milenkovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Tijana Zeremski
- Institute of Field & Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Milic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Vuckovic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
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18
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Li Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Zhou Q, Chen X, Tu C, Luo Y, Christie P, Hu X, Li L. Characteristics of residual organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land-use types on a coastal plain of the Yellow River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:535-547. [PMID: 26141791 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in soils covering five types of land use along a salinity gradient on the Yellow River Delta. The most prominent OCPs were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT, arithmetic mean = 5.11 μg kg(-1)), hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH, 1.69 μg kg(-1)) and ∑endosulfan (10.4 μg kg(-1)). The spatial variability of OCPs composition shifted from γ-HCH and o,p'-DDT dominated pesticides in coastal soils to p,p'-DDE dominated pesticides in inland soils. In different land-use types, the percentages of β-HCH and p,p'-DDE are characterized by more recalcitrant components in decreasing order of vegetable fields, cereal fields, cotton fields, wetlands and tidal flats with increasing soil salinity. However, the less recalcitrant components, γ-HCH and o,p'-DDT, showed an opposite trend. Endosulfan sulfate predominated in all land-use types. Residual levels of β-HCH were affected by soil organic matter. The correlations between γ-HCH and clay content and between p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT and salinity might associate with the influence of sediment cotransport by the Yellow River and the density of anthropogenic activities in coastal region. Depth distribution of the OCPs in typical soil profiles also implied that local historical usage and sediment transport by the Yellow River both affected the OCPs residual in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Peter Christie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
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Juárez-Santacruz L, García-Nieto E, García-Gallegos E, Romo-Gómez C, Ortiz-Ortiz E, Costilla-Salazar R, Luna-Zendejas HS. DNA Damage in Vicia faba by Exposure to Agricultural Soils from Tlaxcala, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:764-769. [PMID: 26385693 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to quantify some POPs, such as p,p' DDT, p,p' DDE, and PCBs in agricultural soils of Tlaxcala, Mexico and evaluate their capacity for eliciting DNA damage, using Vicia faba as bioindicator. The values of ΣDDTs and ΣPCBs ranged from 8-24 to 118-26,983 µg/kg, respectively. The samples T1 (HQ = 9.3) and T2 (HQ = 53.9) showed concentrations of ΣPCBs higher than Canadian guidelines (SQGE = 500 µg/kg). The genotoxicity testing produced percentages of DNA fragmentation higher than negative control and statistically significant (p < 0.05), both in agricultural soils and organic extracts. The soils T2, T3, N4, and N5 showed a DICA from 2.6 to 3.1 times, statistically higher (p < 0.05) than negative control. In general, the agricultural soils have greater genotoxic capacity than the organic extracts, suggesting a potential risk to biota that depends upon this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Juárez-Santacruz
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista San Martín-Tlaxcala Km. 10.5, 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - E García-Nieto
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista San Martín-Tlaxcala Km. 10.5, 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - E García-Gallegos
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista San Martín-Tlaxcala Km. 10.5, 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - C Romo-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, 42076, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - E Ortiz-Ortiz
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Av. Ribereña S/N, Col. Centro, 90000, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - R Costilla-Salazar
- División Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad Autónoma de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - H S Luna-Zendejas
- Centro de Investigación en Cambio Climatico, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista San Martín-Tlaxcala Km. 10.5, 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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20
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Granados-Galván IA, Rodríguez-Meza DG, Luna-González A, González-Ocampo HA. Human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in snappers (Lutjanus) fish from the Navachiste Lagoon complex, Mexico. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 97:178-187. [PMID: 26095985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues were determined in fillets of Lutjanus colorado, L. argentiventris, and L. novemfasciatus. Fillet samples were collected bimonthly from February 2012 to February 2013. OCPs average concentrations do not differ significantly according to size, weight, or season, nor do they relate with the physico-chemical parameters of the sea water. The highest concentration and most frequently encountered OCPs were endosulfan sulfate, δ-HCH, and heptachlor epoxide, which indicates their use in the recent past and confirms their persistence. Average concentrations of ∑HCHs, ∑chlordane, and ∑heptachlor in samples were above cancer MRLs according to data from monthly consumed portions. HCHs and heptachlor are listed in Appendix III of the Rotterdam Convention of chemicals placed on a prior informed consent procedure for import and export purposes; they are considered illegal in Mexico. The OCPs concentrations above cancer MRLs in Lutjanus spp. turn its frequent consumption into a human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Alejandra Granados-Galván
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes #250, C.P. 81101. Centro. Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Durga Guadalupe Rodríguez-Meza
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes #250, C.P. 81101. Centro. Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Antonio Luna-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes #250, C.P. 81101. Centro. Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Héctor Abelardo González-Ocampo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes #250, C.P. 81101. Centro. Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Islas-García A, Vega-Loyo L, Aguilar-López R, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Evaluation of hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides and their tolerant microorganisms from an agricultural soil to define its bioremediation feasibility. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:99-108. [PMID: 25587779 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.975605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), nutrients and tolerant microorganisms in an agricultural soil from a locality in Tepeaca, Puebla, Mexico, were determined to define its feasibility for bioremediation. The OCPs detected were heptachlor, aldrin, trans-chlordane, endosulfán I, endosulfán II, 1,1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-trichloroethane (4,4'-DDT), 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (4,4'-DDE) and endrin aldehyde, with values of 0.69-30.81 ng g(-1). The concentration of hydrocarbons in the soil of Middle Hydrocarbons Fraction (MHF), C10 to C28, was 4608-27,748 mg kg(-1) and 1117-19,610 mg kg(-1) for Heavy Hydrocarbons Fraction (HHF), C28 to C35, due to an oil spill from the rupture of a pipeline. The soil was deficient in nitrogen (0.03-0.07%) and phosphorus (0 ppm), and therefore it was advisable to fertilize to bio-stimulate the native microorganisms of soil. In the soil samples, hydrocarbonoclast fungi 3.72 × 10(2) to 44.6 × 10(2) CFU g(-1) d.s. and hydrocarbonoclast bacteria (0.17 × 10(5) to 8.60 × 10(5) CFU g(-1) d.s.) were detected, with a tolerance of 30,000 mg kg(-1) of diesel. Moreover, pesticideclast fungi (5.13 × 10(2) to 42.2 × 10(2) CFU g(-1) d.s.) and pesticideclast bacteria (0.15 × 10(5) to 9.68 × 10(5) CFU g(-1) d.s.) were determined with tolerance to 20 mg kg(-1) of OCPs. Fungi and bacteria tolerant to both pollutants were also quantified. Therefore, native microorganisms had potential to be stimulated to degrade hydrocarbons and pesticides or both pollutants. The concentration of pollutants and the microbial activity analyzed indicated that bioremediation of the soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and pesticides using bio-stimulation of native microorganisms was feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Islas-García
- a Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Distrito Federal , México
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Velasco A, Hernández S, Ramírez M, Ortíz I. Detection of residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural soil in Rio Verde region of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:498-504. [PMID: 24813984 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.896670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides were intensively used in Mexico from 1950 until their ban and restriction in 1991. However, the presence of these compounds is commonly reported in many regions of the country. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural soil in Rio Verde region, San Luis Potosi state, which has been identified as possibly polluted by pesticides. Composed samples from 24 zones covering an area of approximately 5,440 ha were analyzed. The most frequently found pesticides were p,p'-DDT followed by ,p,p'-DDE, heptachlor, endosulfan and γ-HCH whose frequency rates were 100, 91, 83 and 54%, respectively. The concentration of p,p'-DDT in the crops grown in these soils was in the following order: chili > maize > tomato > alfalfa. The results obtained in this study show that p,p'-DDT values are lower or similar to those found in other agricultural regions of Mexico. Methyl and ethyl parathion were the most frequent organophosphate pesticide detected in 100% and 62.5% of the samples with average concentrations of 25.20 and 47.48 μg kg(-1), respectively. More research is needed to establish the background levels of pesticides in agricultural soils and their potential ecological and human health effects in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Velasco
- a Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático , México D.F. , México
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Meza-Montenegro MM, Valenzuela-Quintanar AI, Balderas-Cortés JJ, Yañez-Estrada L, Gutiérrez-Coronado ML, Cuevas-Robles A, Gandolfi AJ. Exposure assessment of organochlorine pesticides, arsenic, and lead in children from the major agricultural areas in Sonora, Mexico. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:519-27. [PMID: 23254566 PMCID: PMC4023507 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of information of exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and some metals, such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), both of which were used as arsenicals pesticides, in children living in the major agricultural areas of Mexico. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure of children to different OCP, As, and Pb in the Yaqui and Mayo valleys of Sonora to generate population baseline levels of these toxins. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 165 children (age 6-12 years old) from 10 communities from both valleys during 2009. Blood samples were analyzed for OCP and Pb and first morning void urine for inorganic As (InAs). All of the blood samples had detectable levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) ranging from 0.25 to 10.3 μg/L. However lindane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), aldrin, and endosulfan were detected in far less of the population (36.4, 23.6, 9.1, and 3 %, respectively). Methoxychlor and endrin were not found in any sample. The average value of Pb in this population was 3.2 μg Pb/dL (range 0.17-9.0) with 8.5 % of the samples having levels <5.0 μg Pb/dL. Urinary As levels ranged from 5.4 to 199 μg As/L with an average value of 31.0 μg As/L. Levels > 50 μg/L were observed in 12.7 % of the samples. Our results show that is important to start a risk-reduction program to decrease exposure to these toxins in Mexican communities. In addition, the results can be used to establish the baseline levels of exposure to these toxins in this agricultural region and may be used as a reference point for regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Meza-Montenegro
- Department of Natural Resources, ITSON, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Zona Centro, 85000, Cd. Obregon, Sonora, Mexico.
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Gao J, Zhou H, Pan G, Wang J, Chen B. Factors influencing the persistence of organochlorine pesticides in surface soil from the region around the Hongze Lake, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23178885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) was examined in surface soils from paddy, upland and wetland fields in the region around the Hongze Lake in 2009, and some factors influencing residual levels of OCPs in soils were analyzed. DDTs and HCHs were the predominant contaminants in soils. The residual levels of OCPs in cultivated soils were significantly higher than those of corresponding counterparts in wetland soils. It indicated the agricultural usage amount of OCPs principally accounted for the presence of their residues in soil. Among these organochlorines and their metabolites detected in the soil samples, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the two dominant substances of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The ratio of w(DDT)/w(DDD+DDE) and the ratio α-HCH/γ-HCH also suggested residual HCHs and DDTs in soil resulted from technical HCH (no elimination of Lindane) and DDT applied in this region in the past and there has been no recent input. The analysis of linear correlation indicated that soil pH and TOC influenced the residues of α-HCH and β-HCH, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the contents of OCPs in soils probably were related to their usage amount in the past and octanol-water coefficient (Kow). Compared with the corresponding data from other places and the protection guidelines of Netherlands, US EPA and China, the region around the Hongze Lake may be generally categorized as a slightly polluted area and it is suitable for agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
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