1
|
BDE-47 Induces Immunotoxicity in RAW264.7 Macrophages through the Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052036. [PMID: 36903282 PMCID: PMC10004313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are classic and emerging pollutants that are potentially harmful to the human immune system. Research on their immunotoxicity and mechanisms suggests that they play an important role in the resulting pernicious effects of PBDEs. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabrominated biphenyl ether (BDE-47) is the most biotoxic PBDE congener, and, in this study, we evaluated its toxicity toward RAW264.7 cells of mouse macrophages. The results show that exposure to BDE-47 led to a significant decrease in cell viability and a prominent increase in apoptosis. A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an increase in cytochrome C release and caspase cascade activation thus demonstrate that cell apoptosis induced by BDE-47 occurs via the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, BDE-47 inhibits phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells, changes the related immune factor index, and causes immune function damage. Furthermore, we discovered a significant increase in the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the regulation of genes linked to oxidative stress was also demonstrated using transcriptome sequencing. The degree of apoptosis and immune function impairment caused by BDE-47 could be reversed after treatment with the antioxidant NAC and, conversely, exacerbated by treatment with the ROS-inducer BSO. These findings indicate that oxidative damage caused by BDE-47 is a critical event that leads to mitochondrial apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages, ultimately resulting in the suppression of immune function.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ataei Y, Sun Y, Liu W, S. Ellie A, Dong H, Ahmad UM. Health Effects of Exposure to Indoor Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Chinese Building Environment: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:678. [PMID: 36613006 PMCID: PMC9819628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
People spend a considerable portion of their lives indoors; thus, the quality of the indoor environment is crucial. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are among the primary indoor pollutants responsible for various health risks. This paper systematically reviews the impact of SVOC exposure on human health in Chinese built environments. Based on a set of criteria, we judged 12 publications as providing sufficient information on both SVOC exposure and health effects to inform the relationship. Out of six studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three observed a positive association between PAH exposure and lung cancer. Out of six studies of phthalate exposure, two studies reported a significant positive association between DEP and DiBP and asthma, between DEP and DEHP and dry cough among children, and between DBP and rhinitis among younger adults. The results of this review suggest that there might be a link between phthalate exposure and asthma and allergies, as well as a link between PAH exposure and lung cancer. However, due to the limited number of studies conducted, more evidence is necessary to definitively guide the establishment of standards for SVOC control in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Ataei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Agnes S. Ellie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Umme Marium Ahmad
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran LT, Kieu TC, Bui HM, Nguyen NT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen HTA, Le TH, Takahashi S, Tu MB, Hoang AQ. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dusts from industrial factories, offices, and houses in northern Vietnam: Contamination characteristics and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2375-2388. [PMID: 34196882 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dusts from various industrial sectors in Southeast Asia is still scarce. In this study, concentrations and congener-specific profiles of PBDEs were determined in indoor dusts from industrial factories, offices, and houses in northern Vietnam. Levels of Σ8PBDEs were higher in the office dusts (median 270; range 230-300 ng/g) and factory dusts (170; 89-510 ng/g) than in the house dusts (61; 25-140 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener, accounting for 27-98% (average 62%) of Σ8PBDEs, suggesting the abundance of products treated with deca-BDE mixtures. Residential, commercial, and industrial activities in the studied locations of this survey were not significant sources of PBDEs as compared to those of informal waste processing activities in Vietnam. Relatively low PBDE concentrations detected in our dust samples partially reflect effectiveness of the global PBDE phase-out. Human exposure and health risk associated with dust-bound PBDEs were estimated, indicating acceptable levels of risk (i.e., neurobehavioral effects). The contributions of workplace dusts in total daily intake doses of PBDEs via dust ingestion were more important for local workers in informal recycling areas than factory workers and general population, raising the need of appropriate labor protection measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieu Thi Tran
- Viet Nam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tien Cao Kieu
- Viet Nam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hien Minh Bui
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nghia Trong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, 17000, Hung Yen, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Dat Tien Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Anh Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Huu Le
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bu Z, Xu X, Xu Q, Mmereki D, Wang J, Cheng Z, Li K, Dong C. Indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban China: An exposure and risk assessment based on settled dust from selected urban regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136808. [PMID: 31982732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, measurements of seven typical polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor settled dust were summarized in selected urban regions of China. BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in settled dust (1.4-101 μg/g), with a mean contribution of 95%. Indoor exposures to PBDEs were estimated via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption. The average daily intake of ΣPBDE was 4.9 to 19.1 ng/day/kg for all the population groups, with >80% of the total exposures from dust ingestion. Exposures in commuting environments (contributing 60%-80% of the total exposures) were higher than those in other microenvironments. The means of hazard indexes ranged from 1.66 × 10-3 to 5.26 × 10-3, which were mainly as a result of exposure to BDE-209, BDE-47, and BDE-99. The average lifetime cancer risks were from 0.03 × 10-9 to 2.37 × 10-9, which indicated the acceptable health risks resulting from indoor PBDE exposure for the Chinese population. The present study could provide valuable information that could be helpful for decision-makers, analysts and researchers to develop, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for the reduction of exposures to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for large population groups in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- Hangzhou Architectural and Civil Engineering Design Institute Company Limited, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown Education Campus, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Institute of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Zhu Cheng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|