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Biczak R, Pawłowska B. Reaction of spring barley seedlings and H. incongruens crustaceans to the presence of acetylsalicylic acid in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113936. [PMID: 34700078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the more commonly used analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory as well as anticoagulant drugs available in the OTC (over the counter) segment. Due to the considerable use of this drug, an attempt was made to determine the effect of ASA on the crustacean Heterocypris incongruens and the monocotyledonous plant spring barley. The tested compounds were introduced into soil in which these organisms "lived". The study showed that ASA had an adverse effect on seed germination potential as well as a negative effect on spring barley growth; however, and photosynthetic pigments content was observed only at the highest concentrations of the studied compounds. ASA did not cause oxidative stress in plants but did also cause disturbances in the growth of H. incongruens, without causing their mortality. As a result, ASA may have certain negative effects on both crustaceans and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
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2
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Effect of diclofenac and naproxen and their mixture on spring barley seedlings and Heterocypris incongruens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103746. [PMID: 34536620 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a popular group of drugs used worldwide. These drugs are also available over the counter, which implies that their consumption is not strictly regulated. They are released through wastewater and feces and can have adverse effects on the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two NSAIDs, diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NAP), and their mixture (DCF + NAP) on spring barley seedlings and ostracods Heterocypris incongruens. The tested drugs had a negative impact on bivalve ostracods and the studied plants. DCF was the most toxic toward ostracods, while spring barley seedlings were affected the most by NAP. The application of the tested compounds and their mixture resulted in a decrease in fresh weight yield and the content of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, an increase in H2O2 and proline content and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, APX, CAT, and SOD) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
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3
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Cho CW, Pham TPT, Zhao Y, Stolte S, Yun YS. Review of the toxic effects of ionic liquids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147309. [PMID: 33975102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in ionic liquids (ILs), called green or designer solvents, has been increasing because of their excellent properties such as thermal stability and low vapor pressure; thus, they can replace harmful organic chemicals and help several industrial fields e.g., energy-storage materials production and biomaterial pretreatment. However, the claim that ILs are green solvents should be carefully considered from an environmental perspective. ILs, given their minimal vapor pressure, may not directly cause atmospheric pollution. However, they have the potential to cause adverse effects if leaked into the environment, for instance if they are spilled due to human mistakes or technical errors. To estimate the risks of ILs, numerous ILs have had their toxicity assessed toward several micro- and macro-organisms over the past few decades. Since the toxic effects of ILs depend on the method of estimating toxicity, it is necessary to briefly summarize and comprehensively discuss the biological effects of ILs according to their structure and toxicity testing levels. This can help simplify our understanding of the toxicity of ILs. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the key findings of toxicological information of ILs, collect some toxicity data of ILs to different species, and explain the influence of IL structure on their toxic properties. In the discussion, we estimated two different sensitivity values of toxicity testing levels depending on the experiment condition, which are theoretical magnitudes of the inherent sensitivity of toxicity testing levels in various conditions and their changes in biological response according to the change in IL structure. Finally, some perspectives, future research directions, and limitations to toxicological research of ILs, presented so far, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Woong Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Thi Phuong Thuy Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, HoChiMihn University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Hydrosciences, Institute of Water Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Beakje-dearo, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, South Korea.
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4
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Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Podsiadło C, Śnioszek M, Telesiński A. The reaction of cucumber to the introduction of ionic liquids into the soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34182-34198. [PMID: 32557039 PMCID: PMC7423810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the influence of two bromides, tetrabutylammonium and tetrabutylphosphonium, on the growth and development of cucumber seedlings. The tests were performed at two dates, i.e. 10 and 20 days, after the introduction of increasing amounts of ionic liquids (ILs) into the soil. The applied ILs showed phytotoxicity dependent mainly on the concentration of the substance, which is proved by the inhibition of the length of aboveground parts and their roots and the yield of cucumber fresh mass, from which EC50 values were calculated. The phytotoxicity symptoms were the result of oxidative stress, one of the manifestations of which was a decrease in assimilative pigments, linearly correlated with an increase in bromide concentration in the medium. The stress is also proven by the large increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and free proline in cucumber leaves. The reaction of this plant to oxidative stress was an increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase. As a result of statistical analysis, it was proved that all changes of biomarkers of phytotoxicity of examined ILs and oxidative stress indicators in cucumber seedlings depended more on the applied concentration of these salts than on the date of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Cezary Podsiadło
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyna Śnioszek
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
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5
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Young GR, Abdelghany TM, Leitch AC, Dunn MP, Blain PG, Lanyon C, Wright MC. Changes in the gut microbiota of mice orally exposed to methylimidazolium ionic liquids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229745. [PMID: 32163446 PMCID: PMC7067480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are salts used in a variety of industrial processes, and being relatively non-volatile, are proposed as environmentally-friendly replacements for existing volatile liquids. Methylimidazolium ionic liquids resist complete degradation in the environment, likely because the imidazolium moiety does not exist naturally in biological systems. However, there is limited data available regarding their mammalian effects in vivo. This study aimed to examine the effects of exposing mice separately to 2 different methylimidazolium ionic liquids (BMI and M8OI) through their addition to drinking water. Potential effects on key target organs-the liver and kidney-were examined, as well as the gut microbiome. Adult male mice were exposed to drinking water containing ionic liquids at a concentration of 440 mg/L for 18 weeks prior to examination of tissues, serum, urine and the gut microbiome. Histopathology was performed on tissues and clinical chemistry on serum for biomarkers of hepatic and renal injury. Bacterial DNA was isolated from the gut contents and subjected to targeted 16S rRNA sequencing. Mild hepatic and renal effects were limited to glycogen depletion and mild degenerative changes respectively. No hepatic or renal adverse effects were observed. In contrast, ionic liquid exposure altered gut microbial composition but not overall alpha diversity. Proportional abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Clostridia and Coriobacteriaceae spp. were significantly greater in ionic liquid-exposed mice, as were predicted KEGG functional pathways associated with xenobiotic and amino acid metabolism. Exposure to ionic liquids via drinking water therefore resulted in marked changes in the gut microbiome in mice prior to any overt pathological effects in target organs. Ionic liquids may be an emerging risk to health through their potential effects on the gut microbiome, which is implicated in the causes and/or severity of an array of chronic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Young
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C. Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Dunn
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Lanyon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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6
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Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Probert PM, Dunn MP, Meyer SK, Palmer JM, Cooke MP, Blake LI, Morse K, Rosenmai AK, Oskarsson A, Bates L, Figueiredo RS, Ibrahim I, Wilson C, Abdelkader NF, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. The toxicity of the methylimidazolium ionic liquids, with a focus on M8OI and hepatic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111069. [PMID: 31883992 PMCID: PMC6996134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are a diverse range of charged chemicals with low volatility and often liquids at ambient temperatures. This characteristic has in part lead to them being considered environmentally-friendly replacements for existing volatile solvents. However, methylimidazolium ionic liquids are slow to break down in the environment and a recent study at Newcastle detected 1 octyl 3 methylimidazolium (M8OI) - an 8 carbon variant methylimidazolium ionic liquid - in soils in close proximity to a landfill site. The current M8OI toxicity database in cultured mammalian cells, in experimental animal studies and in model indicators of environmental impact are reviewed. Selected analytical data from the Newcastle study suggest the soils in close proximity to the landfill site, an urban soil lacking overt contamination, had variable levels of M8OI. The potential for M8OI - or a structurally related ionic liquid - to trigger primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease thought to be triggered by an unknown agent(s) in the environment, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Probert
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunn
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Morse
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucy Bates
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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7
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Phytotoxicity of ionic liquids. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124436. [PMID: 31356993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been one of the most interesting chemical entities over the last two decades and have been investigated by numerous scientists all over the world. However, during IL research, it has been shown that these compounds present toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic plants, among others. The phytotoxicity of ILs depends on the type of cation, the length of the alkyl chain in the substituent or enantioselectivity, on the concentration used, and, it appears that the type of anion may also have an impact on toxicity. The toxic effects of ILs on plants also depend on the conditions under which such tests are conducted. The results may help facilitate the development of protective environmental measures against IL-induced negative effects, but they may also be used in various landscape-related areas, such as herbology, to design new substances with weed killing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
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8
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Wang R, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Zhang W, Zhao X, Ahmad Z. Growth Inhibiting Effects of Four Antibiotics on Cucumber, Rape and Chinese Cabbage. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:187-192. [PMID: 30859247 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of manure resulted in high concentration of antibiotics in soil. Compared to the wide literature on the adverse effects of antibiotics on animals and human beings, the effects on plants are less investigated. In this study, we investigated the growth inhibiting effects of four antibiotics (OTC, DOX, OFL, and ENR) on cucumber, rape and Chinese cabbage using hydroponic methods. Seeds of three vegetable varieties were separately exposed to six concentrations of OTC and DOX (0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 mg/L) and OFL and ENR (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/L). The growth inhibiting effects of the four antibiotics on three vegetables were different. This study has shown that these antibiotics can induce potential growth inhibiting effects in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Pawłowska B, Feder-Kubis J, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Biochemical Responses of Wheat Seedlings on the Introduction of Selected Chiral Ionic Liquids to the Soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3086-3095. [PMID: 30802050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, new chiral ionic liquids (CILs) were obtained from the natural-origin material (1 R,2 S,5 R)-(-)-menthol. The physicochemical characteristics of the studied imidazolium salts were investigated. The obtained 3-ethyl-1-[(1 R,2 S,5 R)-(-)-menthoxy-methyl]imidazolium salts are nonvolatile, nonflammable, and stable in air, in contact with water, and in commonly used organic solvents. The influences of the obtained chiral salts on physiological and biochemical parameters were determined for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Both salts led to changes in plant metabolism, which resulted in decreased assimilation pigments, decreased fresh weight, and increased dry weight and proline in wheat seedlings. Moreover, the growth of the above-ground parts and roots was inhibited. Additionally, there was a drop in the potential and germination capacity of wheat seeds after using the highest concentrations of the ionic liquids. The salts caused oxidative stress in wheat seedlings, which was demonstrated by increased malondialdehyde content. In response, the plants engaged their defensive system against free oxygen radicals, which resulted in increased catalase and peroxidase activity and decreased H2O2 levels in the plants. There were no changes in the activity of superoxide dismutase. All of the changes observed in the levels of determined biomarkers of oxidative stress in the plants were linearly correlated with the increase in the concentrations of the chiral ionic liquids in the soil. The salt with hexafluorphosphate anion exhibited slightly higher toxicity toward wheat seedlings than the other salt. The CILs led to premature aging of plants, which was demonstrated by the increase in peroxidase activity and a decrease of chlorophyll in the seedlings. The experiment also showed good correlation between the increase in peroxidase activity and the decrease in chlorophyll level, which proves that the decrease in chlorophyll content resulted from not only the increase in CILs concentration in the soil but also the increased POD activity, which leads to the damage of chlorophyll particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa , 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av. , 42-200 Częstochowa , Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17 , 71-434 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa , 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av. , 42-200 Częstochowa , Poland
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10
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Tot A, Vraneš M, Maksimović I, Putnik-Delić M, Daničić M, Gadžurić S. Evaluation of the impact of different alkyl length and type of substituent in imidazolium ionic liquids on cucumber germination, growth and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35594-35601. [PMID: 30353431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect on cucumber growth of seven different imidazolium-based ionic liquids, namely 1-(2-oxybutyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C2OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-oxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C1OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3eIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC2mIm][Cl], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl] and imidazolium chloride, [Im][Cl], were examined. The influence of polarity of the alkyl side chain of the imidazolium cation on the reduction of the ionic liquid's toxicity is investigated. For all investigated seedlings, significant reduction of biomass was noted, with the incoherent influence of the ionic liquid (IL) concentration. The total inhibition of germination was shown at the highest used concentration for some of the used ionic liquids. Although investigated ILs affected root and shoot growth of cucumber, the effect on stress marker (MDA) as well as biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids was negligible. The data collected in this research suggest that tuning of the lipophilicity of imidazolium cations by the introduction of polar groups in the side alkyl chain does not have pronounced effect on cucumber, as it was shown for other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Tot
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Maksimović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Marina Putnik-Delić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milena Daničić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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11
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Chen Z, Zhou Q, Guan W, Wang J, Li Y, Yu N, Wei J. Effects of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different anions on wheat seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:20-27. [PMID: 29195090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of five imidazolium ionic liquids with different anions were studied in hydroponically grown wheat seedlings at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg L-1. The results showed that shoots and roots grew shorter and dry weight decreased with increasing concentrations of ionic liquids. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme activities decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was greater in the leaves of wheat seedlings subjected to ionic liquid (IL) treatments. The order of influence of ionic liquids on these indexes was [C4mim][TfO]> [C4mim][Cl]> [C4mim][BF4]> [C4mim][Lact]> [C4mim][Ala]. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe leaf and root cellular structures, such as chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, in wheat exposed to ionic liquids at a concentration of 150 mg L-1. The results showed that the cellular structures of wheat were affected, and the degree of the effect of five ILs was consistent with the general trend of the measured indexes in this study. Ionic liquids influence the growth of plants by impeding growth, disrupting metabolic physiology and changing cellular structures. The degree of toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different anions varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Wei Guan
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Ning Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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12
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Environmental Concerns Regarding Ionic Liquids in Biotechnological Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 168:241-328. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Shao Y, Du Z, Zhang C, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J. Acute Toxicity of Imidazole Nitrate Ionic Liquids with Varying Chain Lengths to Earthworms (Eisenia foetida). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:213-217. [PMID: 28393305 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When ionic liquids (ILs) first came into use, we thought that they were safe. However, upon further investigation, researchers found that ILs are not harmless. In this study, the model soil organism, earthworms (Eisenia foetida), were used to study the acute toxicity of imidazole nitrate ionic liquids with varying chain lengths from 2 to 12. The experiment used two different methods, a filter paper contact test (48 h) and an artificial soil test (14 days), to determine the toxicity. These results demonstrated that the toxicity increased with the length of carbon chains until C8 and that the cut-off effect occurred at 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazole nitrates.Then, the toxicity began to increase again. At the same time, the concentrations of [C10mim]NO3 and [C12mim]NO3 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and demonstrated that ILs were stable throughout the experiment. The present study revealed the acute toxicity of ILs with varying chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
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14
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Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Kapuśniak J. Role of cation structure in the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids: growth inhibition and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:18444-18457. [PMID: 28643283 PMCID: PMC5554276 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study determines the influence of three ionic liquids (ILs) containing cations with diversified structure on the growth and development of spring barley seedlings and common radish leaves. Increasing amounts of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrrol][PF6], 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium hexafluorophosphate [Piper][PF6], and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrid][PF6] were added to the soil on which both plants were cultivated. The results of this studies showed that the applied ILs were highly toxic for plants, demonstrated by the inhibition of length of plant shoots and roots, decrease of fresh mass, and increase of dry weight content. Common radish turned out to be the plant with higher resistance to the used ILs. The differences in the cation structure did not influence phytotoxity of ILs for spring barley. Furthermore, all ILs led to a decrease of photosynthetic pigments, which was directly followed by decreased primary production in plants. Oxidative stress in plants occurred due to the presence of ILs in the soil, which was demonstrated by the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, changes in the H2O2 level, and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). The changes in the chlorophyll contents and the increase of POD activity turned out to be the most significant oxidative stress biomarkers in spring barley and common radish. Both spring barley and radish exposed to ILs accumulated a large amount of fluoride ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kapuśniak
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
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15
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Płatkowski M, Stręk M, Śnioszek M, Biczak R. Reaction of Spring Barley and Common Radish on the Introduction of Ionic Liquids Containing Asymmetric Cations to the Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4562-4571. [PMID: 28537731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The harmful effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on the environment is one of the important elements of scientific research conducted around the world. This study presents the effect of ionic liquids, containing the asymmetric cations benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [BenzTMA][Cl] and benzyltriethylammonium chloride [BenzTEA][Cl], on physiological and biochemical changes in common radish plants and spring barley seedlings. The examined ILs demonstrated low toxicity to higher plants. The compound that exhibited higher phytotoxicity to these plant species was [BenzTMA][Cl], whereas the plant that was more resistant to such ILs was common radish. Both the ionic liquids, particularly at higher concentrations, led to changes in the metabolism of plants, which resulted in a decrease of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids content. The observed changes were positively correlated with increasing concentrations of the examined ILs in the soil. In the case of spring barley, a decrease in the fresh weight and an increase in the dry weight of the seedlings were also observed. The evidence of oxidative stress occurrence in spring barley was observed due to the accumulation of malondialdehyde and free proline, as well as due to an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase. The changes in these biomarkers indicating oxidative stress occurrence in common radish plants were much lower. An increase in the content of chloride ions was observed in both the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pawłowska
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa , 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - A Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Płatkowski
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Stręk
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Śnioszek
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - R Biczak
- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa , 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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16
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Biczak R, Śnioszek M, Telesiński A, Pawłowska B. Growth inhibition and efficiency of the antioxidant system in spring barley and common radish grown on soil polluted ionic liquids with iodide anions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:463-471. [PMID: 28213323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) constitute a huge group of substances that are increasingly common in the commercial use. This situation may lead to the contamination of the soil environment which being the basic of plants vegetation. This paper presents the effect of four ILs with I- anion on the growth and development of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers) and changes in metabolism of the plants. Seedlings of spring barley and common radish cultivated on soil with increasing ILs concentration exhibited typical phytotoxicity symptoms. A considerable reduction of shoot and root lengths, decrease of fresh weight (FW) and increase of dry weight (DW) occurred in both test plants. Ionic liquids concentration increase in soil was correlated with the decrease of concentrations of all photosynthetic pigments in the plants. The observed increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and changes in the H2O2 level indicated presence of oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish, which usually led to the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity. The most reliable biomarker of oxidative stress was chlorophyll level and changes in POD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Martyna Śnioszek
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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17
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Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Ciesielski W. The effect of the number of alkyl substituents on imidazolium ionic liquids phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:519-528. [PMID: 27681108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amounts of two ILs: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMMIM][PF6], were introduced to soil in which spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) seedlings were cultivated, in order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids with imidazolium cation with two or three alkyl substituents attached. The results of the study i.e. the inhibition of the length of plants and their roots, as well as the yield of fresh weight of plants, clearly showed that differences in the number of substituents did not affect the toxicity of these ILs. Although, radish was more resistant to the applied ionic liquids than barley. Ionic liquids led to a decrease in the content of all assimilation pigments and induced oxidative stress in the plants, as showed by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and changes in the level of H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The best biomarkers of oxidative stress in both plants were the changes in chlorophyll content and the increase in POD activity. Both spring barley and radish exposed to [BMIM][PF6] and [BMMIM][PF6] accumulated a large amount of fluoride ions, which further increased the toxicity of these compounds for both plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ciesielski
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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