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Sun W, Niu X, Yin X, Duan Z, Xing L, Liu A, Ma Y, Gao P. Historical evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Chaihe Reservoir from 1863 to 2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116944. [PMID: 36525734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) spreads and changes worldwide. The pollution evolution in the regional water environment evolves in response to multiple factors, requiring considerable attention. PAH heterogeneity in the sediment core from Chaihe Reservoir was investigated to indicate dynamic changes in PAH pollution levels and sources and propose recommendations for controlling PAHs. Dynamic PAH patterns showed that the overall decline in PAH pollution was in association with local anthropogenic activities, temperature, and precipitation over the period 1863-2018. Nevertheless, coal, oil, and natural gas consumptions still played significant roles in transferring PAHs to the reservoir. Meanwhile, there were dominant local origins, including grass, wood, and coal combustion. The results highlight that the joint action of natural and anthropogenic interventions mitigated PAH pollution in the reservoir. Promoting improved fuels, new energy vehicles, and cleaner energy may further lower PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Xianwei Yin
- Zibo Eco-environmental Monitoring Centre of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Zhenhao Duan
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Liqi Xing
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Aiju Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yanfei Ma
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Peiling Gao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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Kurwadkar S, Sethi SS, Mishra P, Ambade B. Unregulated discharge of wastewater in the Mahanadi River Basin: Risk evaluation due to occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113686. [PMID: 35512520 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through contaminated water may adversely affect human health and ecology. Water and sediment samples collected from the Mahanadi River Basin (MRB) were analyzed for the presence of sixteen priority PAHs. Results showed that the concentrations of Σ16 PAHs in water and sediments ranged from 13.1 to 685.4 μg/L and 302.6 to 728.2 ng/g. In river water samples, the highest mean concentrations were recorded for Acenaphthylene (18.73 ± 11.61 μg/L) and Benzo(a)Anthracene (10.11 ± 8 μg/L). On the contrary, the maximum concentration was recorded for Phenanthrene (96.18 ± 50.66 ng/g) and Pyrene (76.69 ± 22.73 ng/g) in sediment samples. Human health risk assessment suggests low risk, with incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) being 37.44 × 10-5 for children and 21.82 × 10-5 for adults. In contrast, ecological risk assessment showed a high toxic equivalent quotient of 40.68 ng/g and mutagenic equivalent quotient of 39.74 ng/g suggesting elevated adverse risk to aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA..
| | - Shrikanta Shankar Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Phoolendra Mishra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
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Ambade B, Sethi SS, Kumar A, Sankar TK, Kurwadkar S. Health Risk Assessment, Composition, and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Drinking Water of Southern Jharkhand, East India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:120-133. [PMID: 33211120 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence, distribution, health risk, and composition in drinking water are limited in India and worldwide. The main objective of this study was to find the contaminant sources, composition, health risk, and distribution of USEPA's 16 priority pollutant PAHs in the drinking water samples collected between July 2019 to September 2019 from six districts of Southern Jharkhand. The Σ16PAHs mean ± standard deviation [SD] concentration values were ordered as East Singhbhum (ES) (21.5 ± 14.8 ng L-1) > West Singhbhum (WS) (16.57 ± 13.21 ng L-1) > Saraikela Kharsawan (SK) (11.48 ± 9.92 ng L-1) > Khunti (KH) (10.32 ± 9.09 ng L-1) > Simdega (SM) (9.96 ± 7.85 ng L-1) > Gumla (GU) (9.41 ± 8.63 ng L-1). The results show that ES and WS districts' groundwater samples were more contaminated by the PAHs, which may be attributed to the presence of many small-, medium-, and large-scale industries and high vehicular density in these districts. The concentrations of lower molecular weight ring (3-rings) and middle molecular weight ring (4-rings) PAHs were dominant throughout all drinking samples. The concentration of the 3-ring PAH Anthracene and 4-ring PAH Fluoranthene were dominant in all districts. The molecular ratios suggested that the potential sources of PAHs are fuel combustion and coal, grass, and wood burning. Risk assessment shows that the incremental lifetime cancer risk and risk index (RI) were ranged from 0.02 × 10-10 to 4.93 × 10-10 for children and 0.01 × 10-10 to 2.98 × 10-10 for adults. The RI values for seven carcinogenic PAHs were 8.83 × 10-10 for children and 7.38 × 10-10 for adults. Although the carcinogenic risks were within the permissible values, chronic exposure to PAHs through the ingestion of drinking water could still be a human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Shrikanta Shankar Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Bao K, Zaccone C, Tao Y, Wang J, Shen J, Zhang Y. Source apportionment of priority PAHs in 11 lake sediment cores from Songnen Plain, Northeast China. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115158. [PMID: 31618695 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been observed with rapid agricultural and industrial development in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, but the prospective sources have not been yet apportioned. The concentration of PAHs was measured in 31 sediment samples from 11 Songnen Plain lakes in 2015. The background flux of PAHs in these lake sediments is < 463 μg m-2 year-1. The maximal concentration of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs (599 ng g-1) recorded in this study is lower or similar to that found in most of the lake sediments across China, but higher than remote areas, such as North America Rocky Mountains. Both concentration and flux of PAHs increased after the 1950s, which correspond to the industrial development in this area and would probably mark the beginning of the Anthropocene in this region. A chemical mass balance model estimated that straw burning was a major source of Σ13PAH (3-6 rings) during the past 200 years, with an average contribution of 22.1%, followed by forest fire (21.2%), burning of gasoline (19.1%), coal (12.2%), coke (4.8%) and diesel (3.9%), whereas the contribution from crude oil and natural gas was negligible (<1%). Straw burning (20.2-25.2%) and forest fire (16.7-30.6%) were major sources of PAHs and contributed increasing flux in the past 200 years. The elevated level of PAH recorded after 1950s in this region are also from burning of gasoline (26.1-26.4%), coal (15.3-15.8%), and coke (5.1-9.0%). The contribution of petrogenic sources (e.g., direct oil spill) to the concentration of Σ13PAH seemed to be ignorable, at least in these lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunshan Bao
- School of Geographic Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Claudio Zaccone
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Yuqiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Ji Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang Z, Li Y, Li J, Wu N, He J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Niu Z. Pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water of China: Composition, distribution and influencing factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 177:108-116. [PMID: 30978653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of persistent toxic substances, which have been frequently detected in environmental media. However, studies on their occurrences and distributions in drinking water are insufficient and their composition profiles in drinking water are still not clear. In this study, we investigated 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water from different administrative level cities throughout mainland China, analyzed the influences of anthropogenic activities on PAHs, and assessed the health risk of the PAHs in drinking water. On the national scale, the sum concentration of the 16 priority-controlled PAHs (∑16PAHs) designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was in a range of 3.89-231.39 (mean 56.25) ng L-1. With the decline of ∑16PAHs, the concentration of 3-ring PAHs decreased, while its proportion increased, indicating 3-ring PAHs might be more difficult to remove than other PAHs in drinking water. The geographical distribution of PAHs in drinking water of China was in a descending order of West (69.81 ng L-1) > South (61.95 ng L-1) > North (58.63 ng L-1) > East (39.21 ng L-1) > Northeast China (37.93 ng L-1). ∑16PAHs in drinking water of Prefecture-level City was the greatest (71.49 ng L-1) followed by Provincial Capital (52.12 ng L-1), County-level City (50.98 ng L-1) and Municipality (33.92 ng L-1). ∑16PAHs was significantly negatively correlated with the per capita GDP of sampling city (P < 0.01, n = 78), implying that waterworks is an effective way to control and reduce PAH pollution in drinking water. The carcinogenic risk of the 16 PAHs in drinking water of China was much greater than the non-carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Li Y, Zhou S, Jia Z, Ge L, Mei L, Sui X, Wang X, Li B, Wang J, Wu S. Influence of Industrialization and Environmental Protection on Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of Taihu Lake, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122628. [PMID: 30477150 PMCID: PMC6313624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to quantitatively study the effect of environmental protection in China since the twenty-first century and the environmental pollution projected for the next ten years (under the model of extensive economic development), this paper establishes a Bayesian regulation back propagation neural network (BRBPNN) to analyze the typical pollutants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and benzopyrene (BaP)) for Taihu Lake, a typical Chinese freshwater lake. For the periods 1950–2003 and 1950–2015, the neural network model estimated the BaP concentration for the database with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NS) = 0.99 and 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 3.1 and 9.3 for the total database and the Cd concentration for the database with NS = 0.93 and 0.98 and RMSE = 45.4 and 65.7 for the total database, respectively. In the model of extensive economic development, the concentration of pollutants in the sediments of Taihu reached the maximum value at the end of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, and there was an inflection point. After the early twenty-first century, the concentration of pollutants was controlled under various environmental policies and measures. In 2015, the environmental protection ratio of Cd and BaP reached 52% and 89%, respectively. Without environmental protection measures, the concentrations of Cd and BaP obtained from the neural network model is projected to reach 2015.5 μg kg−1 and 407.8 ng g−1, respectively, in 2030. Based on the results of this study, the Chinese government will need to invest more money and energy to clean up the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Zhenyi Jia
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liang Ge
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liping Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueyan Sui
- Jiangsu Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Jiangsu Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Li Y, Mei L, Zhou S, Jia Z, Wang J, Li B, Wang C, Wu S. Analysis of Historical Sources of Heavy Metals in Lake Taihu Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071540. [PMID: 30037034 PMCID: PMC6068659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of sediment grain sizes and heavy metal correlations in the western part of Lake Taihu shows that the grain size of the sediment is stable as a whole. With increasing depth, the grain size tends to decrease. Heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pd and Sr are strongly correlated and influence each other. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, this study classified the origin of heavy metals in the sediments of western Lake Taihu into three major categories: Agricultural, industrial and geogenic. The contributions of the three heavy metal sources in each sample were analyzed and calculated. Overall, prior to the Chinese economic reform, the study area mainly practiced agriculture. The sources of heavy metals in the sediments were mostly of agricultural and geogenic origin, and remained relatively stable with contribution rates of 44.07 ± 11.84% (n = 30) and 35.67 ± 11.70% (n = 30), respectively. After the reform and opening up of China, as the economy experienced rapid development, industry and agriculture became the main sources of heavy metals in sediments, accounting for 56.99 ± 15.73% (n = 15) and 31.22 ± 14.31% (n = 15), respectively. The PMF model is convenient and efficient, and a good method to determine the origin of heavy metals in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liping Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenyi Jia
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chunhui Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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