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Tripathi M, Pathak S, Singh R, Singh P, Singh PK, Shukla AK, Maurya S, Kaur S, Thakur B. A Comprehensive Review of Lab-Scale Studies on Removing Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions by Using Unmodified and Modified Waste Biomass as Adsorbents. TOXICS 2024; 12:657. [PMID: 39330585 PMCID: PMC11435892 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and increasing human population has led to one of the major global problems of heavy metal contamination in ecosystems and to the generation of a huge amount of waste material biomass. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is the major contaminant introduced by various industrial effluents and activities into the ecosystem. Cr(VI) is a known mutagen and carcinogen with numerous detrimental effects on the health of humans, plants, and animals, jeopardizing the balance of ecosystems. Therefore, the remediation of such a hazardous toxic metal pollutant from the environment is necessary. Various physical and chemical methods are available for the sequestration of toxic metals. However, adsorption is recognized as a more efficient technology for Cr(VI) remediation. Adsorption by utilizing waste material biomass as adsorbents is a sustainable approach in remediating hazardous pollutants, thus serving the dual purpose of remediating Cr(VI) and exploiting waste material biomass in an eco- friendly manner. Agricultural biomass, industrial residues, forest residues, and food waste are the primary waste material biomass that could be employed, with different strategies, for the efficient sequestration of toxic Cr(VI). This review focuses on the use of diverse waste biomass, such as industrial and agricultural by-products, for the effective remediation of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The review also focuses on the operational conditions that improve Cr(VI) remediation, describes the efficacy of various biomass materials and modifications, and assesses the general sustainability of these approaches to reducing Cr(VI) pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikant Tripathi
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Sukriti Pathak
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Awadhesh Kumar Shukla
- Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.K.S.)
| | - Sadanand Maurya
- Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya 224001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.K.S.)
| | - Sukhminderjit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India (B.T.)
| | - Babita Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India (B.T.)
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Chekidhenkuzhiyil J, Chandran S, Kaliyath DR, Sukumaran V, Raju GKT, Abdulaziz A. Influence of cadmium and zinc contamination on the sediment microbiome of estuarine and coastal ecosystems in the Southwest Coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:54684-54694. [PMID: 39212821 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Metals and their nanoparticles can induce toxicities that influence the survival of both microorganisms and macroorganisms. The current study reports on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the microbiome of estuarine and coastal sediments, where the settling and final remineralization of organic matter occur. Sediment samples collected from the Cochin estuary along the southwest coast of India and its adjacent coast showed high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). The contamination factor (CF), calculated by comparing the concentration of metals in each station with that of shale value for Cd and Zn, ranged from 5.2 to 8.7 and 1.5 to 2.0 respectively, in the estuarine and coastal stations. Microbiome analysis revealed that bacteria were common across all stations but varied in relative abundance. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Desulfobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the major bacterial phylum found in all stations. More than 70% of the bacteria were tolerant to 1 mM concentration of Cd. The findings of our study suggest that metal pollution can influence the microbiome of sediments in the estuaries and coasts. Bacteria with metal tolerance may dominate in polluted areas, but their participation in remineralization may be impaired, as evident in our previous reports. This impairment could ultimately influence the dynamics of the food web and the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, necessitating further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Chekidhenkuzhiyil
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
- Enfys Life Sciences, Ernakulam 683578, India
| | - Silpa Chandran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cochin-16, India
| | - Devika Raj Kaliyath
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Vrinda Sukumaran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - Anas Abdulaziz
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India.
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Fulke AB, Ratanpal S, Sonker S. Understanding heavy metal toxicity: Implications on human health, marine ecosystems and bioremediation strategies. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116707. [PMID: 39018825 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals are constituents of the natural environment and are of great importance to both natural and artificial processes. But in recent times the indiscriminate use of heavy metals especially for human purposes has caused an imbalance in natural geochemical cycles. This imbalance has caused contamination of heavy metals into natural resources and such as soil and a marine ecosystem. Long exposure and higher accumulation of given heavy metals are known to impose detrimental and even lethal effects on humans. Conventional remediation techniques of heavy metals provide good results but have negative side effects on surrounding environment. The role played by microbes in bioremediation of heavy metals is well reported in the literature and understanding the role of molecules in the process of metal accumulation its reduction and transformation into less hazardous state, has myriads of biotechnological implications for bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. The current review presents the implications of heavy metals on human health and marine ecosystems, conventional methods of heavy metal removal and their side effects on the environment. Bioremediation approaches have been discussed as well in this review, proving to be a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach towards remediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay B Fulke
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400053, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Siddant Ratanpal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, India
| | - Swati Sonker
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Regional Centre, Lokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400053, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Sun J, Zhou H, Cheng H, Chen Z, Wang Y. Bacterial abundant taxa exhibit stronger environmental adaption than rare taxa in the Arctic Ocean sediments. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 199:106624. [PMID: 38943698 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Marine bacteria influence Earth's environmental dynamics in fundamental ways by controlling the biogeochemistry and productivity of the oceans. However, little is known about the survival strategies of their abundant and rare taxa, especially in polar marine environments. Here, bacterial environmental adaptation, community assembly processes, and co-occurrence patterns between abundant and rare taxa were compared in the Arctic Ocean sediments. Results indicated that the diversity of rare taxa is significantly higher than that of abundant taxa, whereas the distance-decay rate of rare taxa community similarity is over 1.5 times higher than that of abundant taxa. Furthermore, abundant taxa exhibited broader environmental breadth and stronger phylogenetic signals compared to rare taxa. Additionally, the community assembly processes of the abundant taxa were predominantly governed by 81% dispersal limitation, while rare taxa were primarily influenced by 48% heterogeneous selection. The co-occurrence network further revealed the abundant taxa formed a more complex network to enhance their environmental adaptability. This study revealed the differences in environmental responses and community assembly processes between bacterial abundant and rare taxa in polar ocean sediments, providing some valuable insights for understanding their environmental adaptation strategies in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Haina Cheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhu Chen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China.
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Bitencourt JAP, Chequer LPT, Waite CC, Oliveira G, Oliveira AMS, Pereira DC, Crapez MAC. Biomass and enzymatic activities of marine bacteria in the presence of multiple metals. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1523-1532. [PMID: 37212983 PMCID: PMC10485232 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine environments are a repository for metals, and humans have enhanced this phenomenon over the years. Heavy metals are notoriously toxic due to their ability to biomagnify in the food chain and interact with cellular components. Nevertheless, some bacteria have physiological mechanisms that enable them to survive in impacted environments. This characteristic makes them important as biotechnological tools for environmental remediation. Thus, we isolated a bacterial consortium in Guanabara Bay (Brazil), a place with a long metal pollution history. To test the growth efficiency of this consortium in Cu-Zn-Pb-Ni-Cd medium, we measured the activity of key enzymes of microbial activity (esterases and dehydrogenase) under acidic (4.0) and neutral pH conditions, as well as the number of living cells, biopolymer production, and changes in microbial composition during metal exposure. Additionally, we calculated the predicted physiology based on microbial taxonomy. During the assay, a slight modification in bacterial composition was observed, with low abundance changes and little production of carbohydrates. Oceanobacillus chironomi, Halolactibacillus miurensis, and Alkaliphilus oremlandii were predominant in pH 7, despite O. chironomi and Tissierella creatinophila in pH 4, and T. creatinophila in Cu-Zn-Pb-Ni-Cd treatment. The metabolism represented by esterases and dehydrogenase enzymes suggested bacterial investment in esterases to capture nutrients and meet the energy demand in an environment with metal stress. Their metabolism potentially shifted to chemoheterotrophy and recycling nitrogenous compounds. Moreover, concomitantly, bacteria produced more lipids and proteins, suggesting extracellular polymeric substance production and growth in a metal-stressed environment. The isolated consortium showed promise for bioremediation of multimetal contamination and could be a valuable tool in future bioremediation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L P T Chequer
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Marinha E Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24020-150, Brazil
| | - C C Waite
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Marinha E Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24020-150, Brazil
| | - G Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Marinha E Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24020-150, Brazil
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - A M S Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, CEP 66055-090, Brazil
| | - D C Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Marinha E Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24020-150, Brazil
| | - M A C Crapez
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Marinha E Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24020-150, Brazil
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Huang J, Liu C, Price GW, Wang Y. Zinc and cadmium change the metabolic activities and vegetable cellulose degradation of Bacillus cellulasensis in vegetable soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27597-8. [PMID: 37247150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B isolated from vegetable soil was highly adaptable to Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd). Cd, but not Zn, adversely affected the total protein spectrum and functional groups of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B. Up to 31 metabolic pathways and 216 metabolites of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B were significantly changed by Zn and Cd (Zn&Cd). Some metabolic pathways and metabolites related to functional groups of sulfhydryl (-SH) and amine (-NH-) metabolism were enhanced by Zn&Cd addition. The cellulase activity of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B was up to 8.58 U mL-1, increased to 10.77 U mL-1 in Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B + 300 mg L-1 Zn, and maintained at 6.13 U mL-1 in Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B + 50 mg L-1 Cd. The vegetables' cellulose content was decreased by 25.05-52.37% and 40.28-70.70% under the action of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B and Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B + 300 mg L-1 Zn. Those results demonstrated that Zn could significantly enhance cellulase activity and biodegradability of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B to vegetable cellulose. Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B can survive in vegetable soil accumulated with Zn&Cd. The tolerance concentration and adsorption capacity of Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B to Zn were up to 300 mg L-1 and 56.85%, indicating that Bacillus cellulasensis Zn-B acting as a thermostability biological agent had an essential advantage in accelerating the degradation of discarded vegetables by Zn and were beneficial to maintain organic matter content of vegetable soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Huang
- Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Cenwei Liu
- Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Gordon W Price
- Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Process of Red Soil Mountain, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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Pavón A, Riquelme D, Jaña V, Iribarren C, Manzano C, Lopez-Joven C, Reyes-Cerpa S, Navarrete P, Pavez L, García K. The High Risk of Bivalve Farming in Coastal Areas With Heavy Metal Pollution and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Chilean Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:867446. [PMID: 35463633 PMCID: PMC9021898 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.867446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution has a huge impact on the water quality of marine ecosystems. Heavy metals and antibiotics are anthropogenic stressors that have a major effect on the health of the marine organisms. Although heavy metals are also associate with volcanic eruptions, wind erosion or evaporation, most of them come from industrial and urban waste. Such contamination, coupled to the use and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials in aquatic environments, is an important stress factor capable of affecting the marine communities in the ecosystem. Bivalves are important ecological components of the oceanic environments and can bioaccumulate pollutants during their feeding through water filtration, acting as environmental sentinels. However, heavy metals and antibiotics pollution can affect several of their physiologic and immunological processes, including their microbiome. In fact, heavy metals and antibiotics have the potential to select resistance genes in bacteria, including those that are part of the microbiota of bivalves, such as Vibrio spp. Worryingly, antibiotic-resistant phenotypes have been shown to be more tolerant to heavy metals, and vice versa, which probably occurs through co- and cross-resistance pathways. In this regard, a crucial role of heavy metal resistance genes in the spread of mobile element-mediated antibiotic resistance has been suggested. Thus, it might be expected that antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. associated with bivalves would be higher in contaminated environments. In this review, we focused on co-occurrence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Vibrio spp. In addition, we explore the Chilean situation with respect to the contaminants described above, focusing on the main bivalves-producing region for human consumption, considering bivalves as potential vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes to humans through the ingestion of contaminated seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alequis Pavón
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Riquelme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Jaña
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (NIAVA), Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Iribarren
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Manzano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Lopez-Joven
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (NIAVA), Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Pavez, ; Katherine García,
| | - Katherine García
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Pavez, ; Katherine García,
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Farooqi A, Din G, Hayat R, Badshah M, Khan S, Shah AA. Characterization of Bacillus nealsonii strain KBH10 capable of reducing aqueous mercury in laboratory-scale reactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2287-2295. [PMID: 33989193 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental release of mercury is continuously increasing with high degree of mobility, transformation and amplified toxicity. Improving remediation strategies is becoming increasingly important to achieve more stringent environmental safety standards. This study develops a laboratory-scale reactor for bioremediation of aqueous mercury using a biofilm-producing bacterial strain, KBH10, isolated from mercury-polluted soil. The strain was found resistant to 80 mg/L of HgCl2 and identified as Bacillus nealsonii via 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The strain KBH10 was characterized for optimum growth parameters and its mercury biotransformation potential was validated through mercuric reductase assay. A packed-bed column bioreactor was designed for biofilm-mediated mercury removal from artificially contaminated water and residual mercury was estimated. Strain KBH10 could grow at a range of temperature (20-50 °C) and pH (6.0-9.0) with optimum temperature established at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The optimum mercuric reductase activity (77.8 ± 1.7 U/mg) was reported at 30 °C and was stable at a temperature range of 20-50 °C. The residual mercury analysis of artificially contaminated water indicated 60.6 ± 1.5% reduction in mercury content within 5 h of exposure. This regenerative process of biofilm-mediated mercury removal in a packed-bed column bioreactor can provide new insight into its potential use in mercury bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Farooqi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail: ; † First and second author have equal contribution in this manuscript
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail: ; † First and second author have equal contribution in this manuscript
| | - Rameesha Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Malik Badshah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan E-mail:
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