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Ma X, Li JY, Andd SG, Ao YF, Yang YP. Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan. Chin J Traumatol 2023; 26:63-67. [PMID: 36180308 PMCID: PMC10071314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results. METHODS In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test. RESULTS During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiong-Yuan Li
- School of China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shi Geru Andd
- Zhangjiakou Chongli Great Wall Ice-Snow Tourism Development and Management Co., Ltd., Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying-Fang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China.
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Yoshimura G, Kamidani R, Yasuda R, Miura T, Yamaji F, Mizuno Y, Kitagawa Y, Fukuta T, Ishihara T, Suzuki K, Miyake T, Nagaya S, Kanda N, Doi T, Okada H, Yoshida T, Yoshida S, Ogura S. Clinical characteristics of patients with snow sports trauma transported to a trauma care center: A retrospective observational study. Injury 2022; 54:1379-1385. [PMID: 36639253 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snow sports are a popular recreational activity; however, the incidence of injury of snow sports can be high for skiers and snowboarders. Our hospital receives severe trauma cases from snow resorts and hospitals throughout the region. This study aimed to determine whether the risk of snow sports-related major trauma that requires emergency surgery under general anesthesia varies by the equipment and injury mechanism. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients with snow sports trauma referred to Gifu University Hospital, Japan between November 2010 and March 2020. We analyzed the need for emergency operation under general anesthesia within 24 h using Fisher's exact test. We identified 106 patients: (1) 90 in the snowboarders' group and 16 in the skiers' group or (2) 46 in the fall after jumping group (jumping group), 27 in the collide with other people and obstacle group (collision group), and 33 in the fall during gliding group (gliding group). RESULTS Snowboarders were nearly twice as likely as skiers to require emergency surgery under general anesthesia (44% vs. 25%; p = 0.236]. No significant associations were found between emergency surgery under general anesthesia and injury mechanism, but half of the patients in the jumping group required emergency surgery. CONCLUSIONS Snowboard as equipment and falls after jumping as a mechanism of injury tended to be associated with emergency surgery under general anesthesia, with no significant differences. In order to provide adequate resources for snow sports trauma, the cause of the patient's injury is strongly related to the urgency of the condition, and transport to a trauma center should be actively considered. Further studies are warranted with respect to the effects of personal protective equipment and skill level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshimura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamidani
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan; Abuse Prevention Center, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Ryu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Miura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaji
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kitagawa
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuta
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuma Ishihara
- Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kodai Suzuki
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagaya
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norihide Kanda
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Doi
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshida
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan; Abuse Prevention Center, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
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Collisions with another person while skiing and snowboarding: A 13-year national registry analysis. Injury 2022; 53:2485-2492. [PMID: 35643559 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interindividual collisions while skiing or snowboarding occur regularly, they can be associated with severe injuries. OBJECTIVE To elucidate causes of accidents, injury patterns and potential risk factors for injury severity in interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of the Austrian Registry for Mountain Accidents within a 13-year timeframe (2005-2018) with regard to on- or off-piste collisions of skiers and snowboarders. RESULTS A total of 30,503 collisions, involving 52,430 (85.9%) skiers and 8,576 (14.1%) snowboarders were analysed. Denominators are lacking, since total numbers of skiers and snowboarders were not available. Compared to skiers, snowboarders were younger (23 vs. 42 years; p<0.001), predominantly male (77.4% vs. 61.0%; p<0.001) and less often severely injured (46.8% vs. 26.2%; p<0.001). Most accidents occurred on slopes (>95%). Collisions involving two snowboarders occurred proportionally more often in terrain parks (4.1% of 1,664 injured snowboarders; p<0.001) and while one victim was standing or sitting (9.7%; p<0.001). Contusions/strains/sprains were most prevalent (>23%), as were head injuries (>12%). In skiers, chest, shoulder, hip, thigh and knee injuries occurred more often, leading to fractures, dislocations, concussions and internal injuries more frequently. In snowboarders, spine/back, elbow, forearm, wrist and lower leg injuries were more prevalent. Female gender and standing or sitting prior to the accident was a risk factor for being more severely injured in collisions involving i) two skiers (OR: 4.02 (3.79-4.26) and 3.91 (3.26-4.68)), ii) a skier and a snowboarder (OR: 4.50 (3.95-5.14) and 11.49 (8.04-16.41)) or iii) two snowboarders (OR: 2.85 (2.12-3.84) and 12.47 (6.17-25.20)). Wearing a helmet increased the risk when two skiers collided (OR: 1.10 (1.03-1.17)). In skier vs. snowboarder collisions, the skier had a higher risk of being injured more severely (OR: 7.93 (6.98-9.01)). CONCLUSIONS In interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders, injury patterns and preceding causes differ substantially. Skiers are more likely to be severely injured. Awareness of an increased risk of injury should be raised particularly while standing or sitting on the slope.
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Mitra TP, Djerboua M, Mahmood S, Staudt S, Nettel‐Aguirre A, Russell K, Caird JK, Chisholm D, Lane C, Emery CA, Hagel BE. The evaluation of a risky behavior tool in novice pediatric skiers and snowboarders. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatum Priyambada Mitra
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- MD program Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- ICES Queen's Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | | | - Sheharzad Mahmood
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Sebastiaan Staudt
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Alberto Nettel‐Aguirre
- Centre for Health and Social Analytics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Kelly Russell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Jeff K. Caird
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Psychology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Dirk Chisholm
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- WinSport Calgary AB Canada
| | | | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Brent E. Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- ICES Queen's Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Centre for Health and Social Analytics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
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Rugg CD, Malzacher T, Ausserer J, Rederlechner A, Paal P, Ströhle M. Gender differences in snowboarding accidents in Austria: a 2005-2018 registry analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053413. [PMID: 34667014 PMCID: PMC8527139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate gender differences in snowboarding accidents. DESIGN Retrospective registry analysis within the Austrian National Registry of Mountain Accidents. SETTING Snowboard-related emergencies between November 2005 and October 2018. PARTICIPANTS All injured snowboarders with documented injury severity and gender (3536 men; 2155 women). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Gender-specific analysis of emergency characteristics and injury patterns. RESULTS Over time, the number of mild, severe and fatal injuries per season decreased in men but not in women. Accidents most frequently were interindividual collisions (>80%) and occurred when heading downhill on a slope. Men more often suffered injuries to the shoulder (15.1% vs 9.2%) and chest (6.8% vs 4.4%), were involved in accidents caused by falling (12.9% vs 9.6%) or obstacle impact (4.3% vs 1.5%), while on slopes with higher difficulty levels (red: 42.6% vs 39.9%; black: 4.2% vs 2.5%), while snowboarding in a park (4.8% vs 2.1%) and under the influence of alcohol (1.6% vs 0.5%). Women more often sustained injuries to the back (10.2% vs 13.1%) and pelvis (2.9% vs 4.2%), on easier slopes (blue: 46.1% vs 52.4%) and while standing or sitting (11.0% vs 15.8%). Mild injuries were more frequent in women (48.6% vs 56.4%), severe and fatal injuries in men (36.0% vs 29.7% and 0.9% vs 0.4%). Male gender, age and the use of a helmet were risk factors for the combined outcome of severe or fatal injuries (OR (99% CI): 1.22 (1.00 to 1.48), 1.02 (1.02 to 1.03) and 1.31 (1.05 to 1.63)). When wearing a helmet, the relative risk (RR) for severe injuries increased while that for mild injuries decreased in male snowboarders only (RR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) and 0.88 (0.83 to 0.95)). CONCLUSIONS Snowboard injuries are proportionally increasing in women and the observed injury patterns and emergency characteristics differ substantially from those of men. Further gender-specific research in snowboard-related injuries should be encouraged. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03755050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Duane Rugg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Till Malzacher
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Ausserer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rederlechner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Paal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mathias Ströhle
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Managing risk in ski resorts: Environmental factors affecting actual and estimated speed on signposted groomed slopes in a cohort of adult recreational alpine skiers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256349. [PMID: 34411188 PMCID: PMC8375985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain weather conditions are clearly harmful, increasing the risk of injury of winter sports participants substantially. The objective of this study was to investigate actual speeds of skiers on signposted groomed slopes and to measure their skill to accurately estimate them with regard to environmental conditions such as visibility, sky cover, snow quality, wind and temperature. Methods The data were obtained from a sample of 421 adult recreational skiers taking ski courses. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore the relationship between actual and estimated speed for all participants. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure the effect of environmental conditions on both the skiers’ actual speeds and their errors of estimation. Values of 0.05 or less were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results The Pearson correlation coefficient between estimated and actual speed was 0.90 (P < 0.001). Skiers underestimated their actual speed on average by 13.06 km/h or 24.1%. Visibility, quality of snow and wind speed were shown to significantly affect both actual maximum speed and estimated speed. Good visibility, grippy snow and calm wind were associated with both the highest actual maximum speed and the lowest ability to estimate it. Conclusion Certain environmental conditions are associated with the actual speed at which skiers travel and with their ability to estimate it. Visibility, quality of snow and wind speed seem to influence both actual speed and the ability to estimate it while sky cover and temperature do not. A reinforced understanding of skiing speed on signposted groomed slopes is useful to gain insight into crashes and the mechanisms of resulting injuries, to evaluate means of protection and to devise successful prevention policies in ski resorts.
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杨 渝, 马 骁, 陈 拿, 蒋 艳, 张 晓, 丁 中, 刘 涛, 敖 英. [Role of ski injury treatment system between the ski resort medical station of Winter Olympics and the nearby medical care hospital]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2021; 53:580-585. [PMID: 34145864 PMCID: PMC8220039 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To make a retrospective analysis of the situation and process of treating skiers' injuries in the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli and the nearest treatment hospital, and to provide a basis for the establishment and optimization of the treatment process between the medical station of the Winter Olympics ski resort and the nearest treatment hospital, and to gain experience for medical security of mass skiing. METHODS The data of all ski injuries in Chongli District were collected from the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort during the 2018-2019 snow season (November 2018 to April 2019) and the nearest treatment hospital during two periods (March 2019, and November 2019 to January 2020). The differences of injury causes, injury types, injury sites, and treatment effects of the injured skiers were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 755 cases of ski injuries were recorded in the medical station of Wanlong ski resort, the estimated incidence of injury was 2.02‰ per day. The nearest treatment hospital treated a total of 838 injured skiers from different ski resorts in Chongli District in the two periods. In the records of the ski resort medical station, the main causes of injury were technical defects and turnovers (53.6%). Knee joint injury rate was the highest (18.7%), followed by head and neck (12.9%) and lower limb (11.9%). The number of injuries on intermediate roads was the highest (40.0%), the greatest number of injuries (81.2%) occurred when the age of skiing was less than 5 years. In the records of the nearest treatment hospital, the injury types were fracture or fissure fracture, contusion and trauma, and muscle and soft tissue injury, accounting for 30.5%, 27.4%, and 21.2% respectively. 9.6% of the injured took the snow field ambulance to the hospital, and 50% of them suffered from fractures or fissure fractures. CONCLUSION The injury rate of skiing in the 2018-2019 snow season of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli was higher than that reported by foreign literature. Severe trauma (including severe fractures and concussions) could occur and patients needed to be transferred to the nearest hospital for treatment. The ski resort medical station and the nearest treatment hospital should be strengthened with adequate medical staff and equipment, and promote cooperation in the timely referral of seriously injured patients, the organization and construction of ski patrols and the medical security of large-scale competitions, thus playing an important role in forming a grassroots network of medical security and treatment system for skiing.
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Affiliation(s)
- 渝平 杨
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries; Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Chongli Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 骁 马
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries; Beijing 100191, China
| | - 拿云 陈
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries; Beijing 100191, China
| | - 艳芳 蒋
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries; Beijing 100191, China
| | - 晓伟 张
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Chongli Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 中伟 丁
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Chongli Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 涛 刘
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Chongli Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 英芳 敖
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries; Beijing 100191, China
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What Are Kinematic and Kinetic Differences between Short and Parallel Turn in Alpine Skiing? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063029. [PMID: 33809407 PMCID: PMC8000885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous programs worldwide adapted for alpine ski beginners and they all share the same primary goal-inclusion of skiing beginners in alpine ski schools. The final elements of ski school taught in the parallel skiing technique are parallel turn and short turn. Synchronized analysis of kinetic and kinematic parameters of the parallel turn (PT) and short turn (ST) was conducted to determine the main biomechanical differences from a standpoint of foot pressure and lower limb angles. Both elements were performed by nine male ski instructors (age 33.4 ± 8.62, height 179.52 ± 5.98 cm, weight 78.6 ± 8.88 kg). Kinetic and kinematic analysis was conducted on 180 turns, 90 for each element. Differences in kinetic and kinematic parameters between parallel and short turns were tested by a paired t-test. The main findings of our study are determined differences in the ratio of pressure distribution on the inside and the outside foot and differences in kinematic parameters of the outside leg between elements. The mentioned analysis can provide an objective insight into the complexity of each element and provide guidelines for teaching process of those elements. This study determined the reasons for higher complexity of ST compared to PT based on the objective evaluation of biomechanical factors.
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Shi H, Jiang Y, Ren S, Hu X, Huang H, Ao Y. Sex differences in the knee orthopaedic injury patterns among recreational alpine skiers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:74. [PMID: 33292435 PMCID: PMC7718676 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Although studies have reported the sex differences in injury patterns among recreational skiers, the findings are still conflicting. This study aims to analyse the sex differences of orthopaedic knee injuries that occurred during alpine skiing. Methods A total of 306 recreational alpine skiers (125 females and 181 males) who sustained knee surgeries between June 2016 and December 2018 participated in this study. Age, height, weight, and physical activity level of the patients were recorded. The orthopaedic knee injury patterns were analysed based on the diagnosis given by the physicians. Results Male skiers (17.13%) had a higher proportion of multiple knee ligament injuries than females (6.40%). The combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament injury were the most common injury types in both females and males, with ACL injury being more prevalent for females (79.20%) than that in males (56.35%). The proportion of female skiers (17.6%) with vigorous-intensity activity level was significantly lower than that of males (30.9%). Female skiers had lower body height, body weight, and body mass index than male skiers (P < 0.001). Conclusions ACL injury is the most common orthopaedic injury among both female and male knee-injured recreational skiers. The proportion of females with an ACL injury is higher than that of males, but the proportion of multiple knee ligament injuries is lower than that of males. More male recreational skiers have vigorous-intensity activity level habits in daily life than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Shi
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuang Ren
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongshi Huang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Chen N, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Ao Y. Injury patterns in a large-scale ski resort in the host city of 2022 Winter Olympic Games: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037834. [PMID: 33234619 PMCID: PMC7684805 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study are to describe the injury patterns among recreational skiers and snowboarders in China and to provide primary data to guide the reconstruction of regional healthcare facilities to deal with the increasing number of participants in snow sports. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, China. Data of all injured skiers and snowboarders treated in the resort clinic during the 2018-2019 season were collected. Patients' information, including sex, age, equipment, skill level and injured body part, was analysed. RESULTS A total of 753 sports injuries were recorded. The estimated incidence of injury was 1.98 per 1000 skier days. 453 cases (60.2%) were associated with skiing. The mean age of skiers was older than snowboarders (35.1±14.5 vs 29.0±8.9, p<0.01). Injury not involving others constituted 67.9% of all injuries. The most common injured body part among skiers was lower extremity, contrary to injury in the upper extremity among snowboarders. Head and cervical injury was identified in 13.7% of skiers and 13.6% of snowboarders. CONCLUSION The incidence of skiing/snowboarding injury in China was similar to other countries. Injury pattern differed among different sports and causes of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
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杨 渝, 马 骁, 陈 拿, 蒋 艳, 张 晓, 丁 中, 敖 英. [Analysis of the mass skiers' injury in a large ski resort in Chongli, China]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 53:273-278. [PMID: 33879897 PMCID: PMC8072424 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To make a retrospective analysis of the injuries of skiing population in a large ski resort in Chongli, China and provide a basis for predicting the rapidly increasing medical needs for ski injuries in the context of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. METHODS The basic data of all injured skiers who were treated in a medical station of a large ski resort in Chongli during the snow season from November 2017 to March 2018 and from November 2018 to March 2019 were collected. The number of skiers, the number of injuries, the causes of injuries, the types of injuries and the locations of injuries were compared. RESULTS A total of 753 skiers were injured in two snow seasons, and the estimated average incidence of injury was 4.53 and 4.46 per 1 000 skier days at the resort respectively. The average daily injury rate per 1 000 skiers in November of the two snow seasons was relatively low, with 2.20 and 1.38 cases respectively. The difference of injury rate in different months might have little to do with snowfall and more to do with passenger flow. In both the snow seasons, men accounted for more injuries than women, and injured skiers aged between 21 and 30 accounted for the largest proportion, reaching 36.8%. The main causes of injuries were falls (76.6%). The highest rate of injury was in the head and neck (17.9%), followed by the knee (17.4%) and wrist and fingers (13.3%). The most common types of injuries were contusion and trauma (29.5%) and joint and/or ligament injuries (22.2%). Children (2-12 years old) accounted for 12.7% of all the injured skiers. The rate of moderate to severe injuries (including fractures, concussions, etc.) was 34.8% among the injured patients over 50 years of age. CONCLUSION The snow resort should focus on injuries to children and elderly skiers and carry out targeted guidance and rescue work. In order to better ensure the medical safety of skiers, the ski resort medical station and nearby treatment hospitals should be equipped with a corresponding number of medical personnel and equipment, and the ski resort should further improve its safety management and rescue system.
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Affiliation(s)
- 渝平 杨
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 骁 马
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 拿云 陈
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 艳芳 蒋
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 晓伟 张
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 中伟 丁
- 北京大学第三医院崇礼院区运动医学科,河北张家口 076350Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou 076350, Hebei, China
| | - 英芳 敖
- 北京大学第三医院运动医学科,北京大学运动医学研究所,运动医学关节伤病北京市重点实验室,北京 100191Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China
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Carus L, Castillo I. Snowboarders' Knowledge of the FIS Rules for Conduct on Ski Slopes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010316. [PMID: 31906438 PMCID: PMC6982236 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to assess snowboarders’ general perceptions of safety and knowledge of existing rules and both active and passive knowledge of the International Ski Federation (FIS) regulations in order to contribute to defining target groups for specific educational interventions in the field of injury prevention. Data were drawn from random interviews conducted with 918 snowboarders during the 2017–2018 winter season at five ski resorts located in the Spanish Pyrenees. To collect the data, a questionnaire assessing personal characteristics (gender, age, origin, and self-reported skill), general perception of safety, general request for rules, and knowledge of existing rules was used. Pearson’s Chi-squared tests were performed to compare characteristics between groups. The study revealed, for accident prevention purposes, a concerning lack of general knowledge of existing rules. Risk-inducing situations that could result in severe injuries were largely assessed incorrectly. The appropriate intuitive behavior increases with age and experience: youths and beginners are less able to implement the FIS rules than older and more experienced snowboarders. Stakeholders, such as parents, ski resorts, clubs or schools, should direct educational efforts at high-risk groups. Further research is needed to determine the causal relation between snowboard-related injuries and disregard of FIS rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carus
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-609-335327
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Faculty of Business and Public Management, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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Carus L, Castillo I. Injury Prevention: Freestylers' Awareness of FIS Code of Conduct for Snow Parks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010308. [PMID: 31906403 PMCID: PMC6982171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess general perceptions of safety in snow parks (SPs), general knowledge of rules existence, and both active and passive awareness of the International Ski Federation (FIS) rules contained in its Code of Conduct for SPs in order to define target groups for injury prevention-specific education interventions. Data were drawn from 436 freestylers randomly interviewed. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. A questionnaire assessing personal data (gender, age, gear used, self-reported skill, and frequency of use), general perceptions on safety, general request for rules, and awareness of existing rules in SPs was developed. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used to compare characteristics between groups. It was revealed, for accident prevention purposes, a concerning general lack of knowledge of existing rules in SPs (63% of participants ignored them). Risk-inducing situations that could result in severe injuries, such as familiarity with the right progression in choosing features and/or stunts or with safety equipment, were largely assessed incorrectly (94% and 70% of participants, respectively). Appropriate intuitive behavior increases with experience: youths and beginners are less able to implement FIS rules than more experienced freestylers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carus
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-609-335327
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Faculty of Business and Public Management, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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Pierpoint LA, Kerr ZY, Grunwald G, Khodaee M, Crume T, Comstock RD. Effect of environmental conditions on injury rates at a Colorado ski resort. Inj Prev 2019; 26:324-329. [PMID: 31324655 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of daily environmental conditions on skiing and snowboarding-related injury rates. METHODS Injury information was collected from a mountainside clinic at a large Colorado ski resort for the 2012/2013 through 2016/2017 seasons. Daily environmental conditions including snowfall, snow base depth, temperature, open terrain and participant visits were obtained from historical resort records. Snowpack and visibility information were obtained for the 2013/2014 through 2014/2015 seasons and included in a subanalysis. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate injury rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS The overall injury rate among skiers and snowboarders was 1.37 per 1000 participant visits during 2012/2013 through 2016/2017. After adjustment for other environmental covariates, injury rates were 22% higher (IRR=1.22, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.29) on days with <2.5 compared with ≥2.5 cm of snowfall, and 14% higher on days with average temperature in the highest quartile (≥-3.1°C) compared with the lowest (<-10.6°C; IRR=1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26). Rates decreased by 8% for every 25 cm increase in snow base depth (IRR=0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95). In a subanalysis of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons including the same covariates plus snowpack and visibility, only snowpack remained significantly associated with injury rates. Rates were 71% higher on hardpack compared with powder days (IRR=1.71, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.49) and 36% higher on packed powder compared with powder days (IRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.64). CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions, particularly snowfall and snowpack, have a significant impact on injury rates. Injury prevention efforts should consider environmental factors to decrease injury rates in skiers and snowboarders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary Grunwald
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Morteza Khodaee
- Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tessa Crume
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Menz V, Philippe M, Pocecco E, Ruedl G, Woldrich T, Sommersacher R, Burtscher M. The use of medication and alcohol in recreational downhill skiers: Results of a survey including 816 subjects in Tyrol. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22 Suppl 1:S22-S26. [PMID: 31126794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to collect data on the medication and alcohol use in recreational downhill skiers. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The study was conducted during the 2014 winter season in different ski resorts in Tyrol, Austria. Participants were asked to complete a brief survey including questions about basic anthropometric data (age, stature, weight) the use of medication (yes/no) and alcohol intake on the skiing day or the day before (yes/no). RESULTS In total, 816 persons with an age between 6-87 years were surveyed. In general, 22% of the male and 20% of the female recreational downhill skiers reported the use of medication. In the age group >40 years, half of the respondents were taking medication on a regular basis. 30% of males and 16% of females reported to consume alcohol on the skiing day whereas more than 50% drank alcohol on the evening before skiing the next day. 63% of those under medication concomitantly consumed alcohol. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm a high prevalence of medication use and alcohol consumption in recreational downhill skiers. Even more importantly, 63% of skiers under medication concomitantly consumed alcohol. Considering the fact that only a small amount of alcohol can already affect motor and cognitive skills, it may be strongly assumed that the risk for skiing injuries is increased with alcohol consumption. Side effects of simultaneous intake of drugs and alcohol may include hypotension, vertigo and collapse which are thought to be associated with increased risks of skiing falls and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marc Philippe
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Pocecco
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Dickson TJ, Waddington G, Terwiel FA. Snowsport experience, expertise, lower limb injury and somatosensory ability. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22 Suppl 1:S17-S21. [PMID: 30150101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research demonstrates that a history of ankle injuries increases the risk of overall future injuries, and that somatosensory scores are correlated to sport performance. This research explores the relationship between lower limb somatosensory scores in snowsport participants and ankle injury history; and the relationship between lower limb somatosensory scores and Instructor qualification. DESIGN AND METHODS Experienced snowsport participants who were recruited through a western Canadian snowsport school completed a questionnaire that included their ankle injury history, the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (idFAI), the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and their current instructor qualification level, as a proxy for sport performance. Lower limb somatosensory was assessed using the active movement extent discrimination assessment (AMEDA) method. RESULTS Of the 75 participants, 55% reported at least one previous ankle injury. An independent sample t-test did not show any significant difference in somatosensory scores of those with an ankle injury history (x¯=.66, SD=.05) or not (x¯=.66, SD=.05). Nor was there any difference between those with a functionally unstable ankle (i.e. CAIT<24 and idFAI>11) and all others [x¯=.66, SD=.04 cf. x¯=.66, SD=.05; t(67)=.54, p=.78]. An ANOVA exploring the relationship between Instructor Qualification and somatosensory scores was significant at p<.05 [F(4, 68)=4.0, p=.006]. CONCLUSIONS The results did not reveal any significant difference in perceived functional instability and somatosensory scores, which contrasts with previous research. The sport performance finding is consistent with previous work examining the relationship between somatosensory scores and sport performances. Further research is needed to explore if the dynamic snowsport working environment impacts ankle instability and somatosensory scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Dickson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - F Anne Terwiel
- Faculty of Culinary, Adventure and Tourism, Thompson Rivers University, Canada
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Siesmaa EJ, Clapperton AJ, Twomey D. Hospital-Treated Snow Sport Injury in Victoria, Australia: A Summary of 2003-2012. Wilderness Environ Med 2018; 29:194-202. [PMID: 29602608 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine the incidence rate and changes over time for ice and snow sports injury in Victoria, Australia, from 2003 to 2012 and describe the most common types and causes of these injuries. METHODS Retrospective data from the Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit describing hospital admissions and emergency department presentations were extracted for the 10-year period of 2003 to 2012 for all ice- and snow-related injury. Descriptive injury data and participation-adjusted trend analyses using log-linear regression modelling of data (statistical significance, P<0.05) from the Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey 2003 to 2010 are presented. RESULTS Overall, there were 7387 ice- and snow-related injuries, with a significant increase in hospital-treated snowboard injuries and a (nonsignificant) decline in hospital-treated ski injuries over the 10 years. Skiing (39%) and snowboarding (37%) had the highest incidence of hospital-treated injury, with males aged 15 to 24 years injured most frequently in both sports. Falls were the most common cause of injury in both skiing (68%) and snowboarding (78%). CONCLUSIONS Patterns of snow sports injury in Australia during 2003 to 2012 remain similar to findings of national studies conducted decades earlier. More importantly, however, Australian injury patterns are comparable to international statistics and thus may be generalizable internationally. Head injuries, although infrequent, are associated with great injury severity due to a high frequency of hospitalization. Furthermore, research into the use of personal protective equipment and other injury prevention measures among Australian participants, particularly by young, male snowboarders, is required. Given the similar injury patterns, injury prevention measures implemented internationally could reasonably translate to an Australian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Siesmaa
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia (Drs Siesmaa and Twomey).
| | - Angela J Clapperton
- Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (Ms Clapperton)
| | - Dara Twomey
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia (Drs Siesmaa and Twomey)
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Derman W, Blauwet C, Webborn N, Schwellnus M, Vliet PVD, Lazarovski D. Mitigating risk of injury in alpine skiing in the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games: the time is now! Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:419-420. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Paillard T. Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:129-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Characteristics and Risk Factors of Spinal Fractures in Recreational Snowboarders Attending an Emergency Department in Japan. Clin J Sport Med 2016; 26:405-10. [PMID: 26540597 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of spinal fractures during recreational snowboarding and to determine the risk factors for these fractures. DESIGN Case series study. SETTING The Oku-mino ski area during the 7-year period between the 2005 to 2006 and 2011 to 2012 skiing seasons. PARTICIPANTS Eight thousand seven hundred twenty-three snowboarders with injures. INTERVENTIONS Cases involved snowboarders with spinal fractures; controls were snowboarders without spinal fractures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The characteristics of spinal fractures were assessed using a standard form and patient records, including radiographs. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to investigate risk factors for spinal fractures, including age, type of slope, snow condition, accident cause, self-reported skill level, experience level, and the use of protective equipment. RESULTS Of 8723 snowboarders with injuries, 431 snowboarders presented with spinal fractures (4.9%). The most common spinal fracture was isolated transverse process fracture in the lumbar spine (33.2%, n = 143), followed by compression type fracture in the lumbar spine (25.1%, n = 108). Age (20-39 years), terrain slopes (half-pipe/box/kicker/rail), and jump-landing failure were associated with a significantly high risk of spinal fracture. CONCLUSIONS Among the recreational snowboarders, isolated transverse process fracture in the lumbar spine was the most frequent spinal fracture. Age (20-39 year old), terrain slopes, and jump-landing failure were found to be risk factors for spinal fracture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Identification of characteristics and risk factors for spinal fractures during snowboarding is useful information to create a preventive strategy for the fractures and make snowboarding a safer sport.
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Abstract
Background Mass tourism during winter in mountain areas may cause significant clustering of body injuries leading to increasing emergency admissions at hospital. We aimed at assessing if surgical safety and efficiency was maintained in this particular context. Methods We selected all emergency admissions of open surgery performed in French hospitals between 2010 and 2012. After identifying mountain areas with increasing volume of surgical stays during winter, we considered seasonal variations in surgical outcomes using a difference-in-differences study design. We computed multilevel regressions to evaluate whether significant increase in emergency cases had an effect on surgical mortality, complications and length of stay. Clustering effect of patients within hospitals was integrated in analysis and surgical outcomes were adjusted for both patient and hospital characteristics. Results A total of 381 hospitals had 559,052 inpatient stays related to emergency open surgery over 3 years. Compared to other geographical areas, a significant peak of activity was noted during winter in mountainous hospitals (Alps, Pyrenees, Vosges), ranging 6-77% volume increase. Peak was mainly explained by tourists’ influx (+124.5%, 4,351/3,496) and increased need for orthopaedic procedures (+36.8%, 4,731/12,873). After controlling for potential confounders, patients did not experience increased risk for postoperative death (ratio of OR 1.01, 95%CI 0.89-1.14, p = 0.891), thromboembolism (0.95, 0.77-1.17, p = 0.621) or sepsis (0.98, 0.85-1.12, p = 0.748). Length of stay was unaltered (1.00, 0.99-1.02, p = 0.716). Conclusion Surgical outcomes are not compromised during winter in French mountain areas despite a substantial influx of major emergencies.
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Recreational Snow-Sports Injury Risk Factors and Countermeasures: A Meta-Analysis Review and Haddon Matrix Evaluation. Sports Med 2015; 45:1175-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wijdicks CA, Rosenbach BS, Flanagan TR, Bower GE, Newman KE, Clanton TO, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF, Hackett TR. Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:11-7. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ruedl G, Burtscher M, Wolf M, Ledochowski L, Bauer R, Benedetto KP, Kopp M. Are self-reported risk-taking behavior and helmet use associated with injury causes among skiers and snowboarders? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 25:125-30. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - M. Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - M. Wolf
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - L. Ledochowski
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - R. Bauer
- KFV (Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit); Wien Austria
| | - K.-P. Benedetto
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Traumatology; Academic Hospital Feldkirch; Feldkirch Austria
| | - M. Kopp
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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Stathokostas L, Theou O, Little RMD, Vandervoort AA, Raina P. Physical Activity-Related Injuries in Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2013; 43:955-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hébert-Losier K, Holmberg HC. What are the Exercise-Based Injury Prevention Recommendations for Recreational Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding? Sports Med 2013; 43:355-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Skiing and snowboarding are popular recreational and competitive sport activities for children and youth. Injuries associated with both activities are frequent and can be serious. There is new evidence documenting the benefit of wearing helmets while skiing and snowboarding, as well as data refuting suggestions that helmet use may increase the risk of neck injury. There is also evidence to support using wrist guards while snowboarding. There is poor uptake of effective preventive measures such as protective equipment use and related policy. Physicians should have the information required to counsel children, youth and families regarding safer snow sport participation, including helmet use, wearing wrist guards for snowboarding, training and supervision, the importance of proper equipment fitting and binding adjustment, sun safety and avoiding substance use while on the slopes.
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Les traumatisés graves en montagne : une étude observationnelle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:730-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hildebrandt C, Mildner E, Hotter B, Kirschner W, Höbenreich C, Raschner C. Accident prevention on ski slopes - Perceptions of safety and knowledge of existing rules. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2011; 43:1421-1426. [PMID: 21545875 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the numbers of people participating in snow sports raise safety concerns. Despite declining numbers of skiing injuries among recreational skiers, collisions resulting in severe injuries appear to be on the rise. Skiers' risk of injury depends on a considerable number of different factors but only a few studies have investigated risk-taking behaviour and knowledge of proper skiing behaviour. To promote safe skiing the International Ski Federation (FIS) introduced regulations in 1967. We investigated participants' familiarity with the FIS regulations on the ski slopes in relation to age, skiing ability and country of origin. Random interviews were conducted with 1450 recreational skiers at 17 ski resorts in Tyrol, an Austrian province. A questionnaire assessing skiers' knowledge of existing rules, their intuitive behaviour in given situations and perceptions of safety was developed. The study revealed that beginners, young skiers and those who were not local residents displayed insufficient knowledge. Risk-inducing situations that could result in collisions, such as moving upwards during carving, were largely assessed incorrectly. Appropriate intuitive behaviour increases with experience, and beginners are less able to implement FIS regulations than more experienced skiers. Ski resorts, the media and schools should direct educational efforts toward these high-risk groups. More research is needed to determine the causal connection between skiing injuries and disregard of the FIS Rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hildebrandt
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria.
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Moroder P, Runer A, Hoffelner T, Frick N, Resch H, Tauber M. A prospective study of snowkiting injuries. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:1534-40. [PMID: 21389185 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511398214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snowkiting is becoming an increasingly popular extreme sport; however, its injury rates and patterns are unknown to date. PURPOSE The authors surveyed the injuries in a group of snowkiters over 1 season. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS The study was conducted over the course of 1 winter season ranging from November 2009 until March 2010; 80 snowkiters were surveyed prospectively. All participants were recruited through contacts with snowkite schools, snowkiting-related web portals, or Internet-based social networks. RESULTS During 3929 hours of snowkiting recorded, 33 injuries occurred, of which 60.6% were mild; 21.2%, moderate; and 18.2%, severe. The calculated injury rate was 8.4 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure. Most frequently injured body sites were the back (30.3%), knee (24.2%), shoulder (21.2%), and head (21.2%). Upper extremity injuries included 2 shoulder dislocations, a clavicle fracture, and a dislocation fracture of the radial head. Injuries to the lower extremity included 3 knee sprains and 1 anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The most common injury causes were riding errors (75.8%), wind gusts (36.4%), and poor snow conditions (27.3%). When compared with experts (5.1 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure), beginners (20.8 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure) had a significantly increased risk of getting injured (odds ratio [OR] 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-12.64; P = .008). Athletes who used snowboards for snowkiting purposes were injured almost 3 times more frequently than their colleagues using skis (11.7 vs 4.1 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure; OR 2.85; 95% CI, 1.23-6.57; P = .010). The quick-release system (97.5%), helmet (92.5%), kite leash (83.8%), spine protector (51.3%), and shoulder protectors (20.0%) were the most commonly used protective/safety equipment. CONCLUSION Snowkiting can be considered a sport carrying a high risk of injury. More caution in assessing local snow conditions and wind gust occurrences is recommended as well as considering using the help and advice of a professional instructor when beginning this action-packed sport. Injury prevention strategies should also include the further improvement of currently available safety equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Moroder
- Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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