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Assaf S, Park J, Chowdhry N, Ganapuram M, Mattathil S, Alakeel R, Kelly OJ. Unraveling the Evolutionary Diet Mismatch and Its Contribution to the Deterioration of Body Composition. Metabolites 2024; 14:379. [PMID: 39057702 PMCID: PMC11279030 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the millennia, patterns of food consumption have changed; however, foods were always whole foods. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been a very recent development and have become the primary food source for many people. The purpose of this review is to propose the hypothesis that, forsaking the evolutionary dietary environment, and its complex milieu of compounds resulting in an extensive metabolome, contributes to chronic disease in modern humans. This evolutionary metabolome may have contributed to the success of early hominins. This hypothesis is based on the following assumptions: (1) whole foods promote health, (2) essential nutrients cannot explain all the benefits of whole foods, (3) UPFs are much lower in phytonutrients and other compounds compared to whole foods, and (4) evolutionary diets contributed to a more diverse metabolome. Evidence will be presented to support this hypothesis. Nutrition is a matter of systems biology, and investigating the evolutionary metabolome, as compared to the metabolome of modern humans, will help elucidate the hidden connections between diet and health. The effect of the diet on the metabolome may also help shape future dietary guidelines, and help define healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Owen J. Kelly
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (S.A.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (M.G.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
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2
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Stover DA, Housman G, Stone AC, Rosenberg MS, Verrelli BC. Evolutionary Genetic Signatures of Selection on Bone-Related Variation within Human and Chimpanzee Populations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020183. [PMID: 35205228 PMCID: PMC8871609 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone strength and the incidence and severity of skeletal disorders vary significantly among human populations, due in part to underlying genetic differentiation. While clinical models predict that this variation is largely deleterious, natural population variation unrelated to disease can go unnoticed, altering our perception of how natural selection has shaped bone morphologies over deep and recent time periods. Here, we conduct the first comparative population-based genetic analysis of the main bone structural protein gene, collagen type I α 1 (COL1A1), in clinical and 1000 Genomes Project datasets in humans, and in natural populations of chimpanzees. Contrary to predictions from clinical studies, we reveal abundant COL1A1 amino acid variation, predicted to have little association with disease in the natural population. We also find signatures of positive selection associated with intron haplotype structure, linkage disequilibrium, and population differentiation in regions of known gene expression regulation in humans and chimpanzees. These results recall how recent and deep evolutionary regimes can be linked, in that bone morphology differences that developed among vertebrates over 450 million years of evolution are the result of positive selection on subtle type I collagen functional variation segregating within populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryn A. Stover
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Arizona State University at Lake Havasu, Lake Havasu, AZ 86403, USA
| | - Genevieve Housman
- Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Anne C. Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Michael S. Rosenberg
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, Guise TA, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:339-355. [PMID: 30814687 PMCID: PMC6520125 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a condition of skeletal decline that undermines quality of life, is treated with pharmacological interventions that are associated with poor adherence and adverse effects. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, the incidence of obesity is increasing, predisposing the population to a range of musculoskeletal complications and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological management of obesity has yet to deliver notable reductions in weight and debilitating complications are rarely avoided. By contrast, exercise shows promise as a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of regulating both osteoporosis and obesity. The principal components of exercise - mechanical signals - promote bone and muscle anabolism while limiting formation and expansion of fat mass. Mechanical regulation of bone and marrow fat might be achieved by regulating functions of differentiated cells in the skeletal tissue while biasing lineage selection of their common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells. An inverse relationship between adipocyte versus osteoblast fate selection from stem cells is implicated in clinical conditions such as childhood obesity and increased marrow adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as contributing to skeletal frailty. Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Pagnotti
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- College of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Vihitaben S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Wright
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Mahoney P. Histomorphometry and cortical robusticity of the adult human femur. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:90-104. [PMID: 29332195 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent quantitative analyses of human bone microanatomy, as well as theoretical models that propose bone microstructure and gross anatomical associations, have started to reveal insights into biological links that may facilitate remodeling processes. However, relationships between bone size and the underlying cortical bone histology remain largely unexplored. The goal of this study is to determine the extent to which static indicators of bone remodeling and vascularity, measured using histomorphometric techniques, relate to femoral midshaft cortical width and robusticity. Using previously published and new quantitative data from 450 adult human male (n = 233) and female (n = 217) femora, we determine if these aspects of femoral size relate to bone microanatomy. Scaling relationships are explored and interpreted within the context of tissue form and function. Analyses revealed that the area and diameter of Haversian canals and secondary osteons, and densities of secondary osteons and osteocyte lacunae from the sub-periosteal region of the posterior midshaft femur cortex were significantly, but not consistently, associated with femoral size. Cortical width and bone robusticity were correlated with osteocyte lacunae density and scaled with positive allometry. Diameter and area of osteons and Haversian canals decreased as the width of cortex and bone robusticity increased, revealing a negative allometric relationship. These results indicate that microscopic products of cortical bone remodeling and vascularity are linked to femur size. Allometric relationships between more robust human femora with thicker cortical bone and histological products of bone remodeling correspond with principles of bone functional adaptation. Future studies may benefit from exploring scaling relationships between bone histomorphometric data and measurements of bone macrostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jolanta Miszkiewicz
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Group, School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Human Osteology Research Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Research Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Mahoney P. Ancient Human Bone Microstructure in Medieval England: Comparisons between Two Socio-Economic Groups. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 299:42-59. [PMID: 26480030 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal growth and adaptation. The present study is the first to report correspondence between socio-economic status and variation in bone microstructure in ancient humans. Products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval sample (N = 450) which represented two distinct socio-economic groups. Osteonal parameters were recorded in posterior midshaft femoral sections from adult males (N = 233) and females (N = 217). Using univariate and multivariate statistics, intact, fragmentary, and osteon population densities, Haversian canal area and diameter, and osteon area were compared between the two groups, accounting for sex, age, and estimated femoral robusticity. The size of osteons and their Haversian canals, as well as osteon density, varied significantly between the socio-economic groups, although minor inconsistencies were observed in females. Variation in microstructure was consistent with historical textual evidence that describes differences in mechanical loading and nutrition between the two groups. Results demonstrate that aspects of ancient human lifestyle can be inferred from bone microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
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Crespi BJ, Go MC. Diametrical diseases reflect evolutionary-genetic tradeoffs: Evidence from psychiatry, neurology, rheumatology, oncology and immunology. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:216-53. [PMID: 26354001 PMCID: PMC4600345 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoffs centrally mediate the expression of human adaptations. We propose that tradeoffs also influence the prevalence and forms of human maladaptation manifest in disease. By this logic, increased risk for one set of diseases commonly engenders decreased risk for another, diametric, set of diseases. We describe evidence for such diametric sets of diseases from epidemiological, genetic and molecular studies in four clinical domains: (i) psychiatry (autism vs psychotic-affective conditions), (ii) rheumatology (osteoarthritis vs osteoporosis), (iii) oncology and neurology (cancer vs neurodegenerative disorders) and (iv) immunology (autoimmunity vs infectious disease). Diametric disorders are important to recognize because genotypes or environmental factors that increase risk for one set of disorders protect from opposite disorders, thereby providing novel and direct insights into disease causes, prevention and therapy. Ascertaining the mechanisms that underlie disease-related tradeoffs should also indicate means of circumventing or alleviating them, and thus reducing the incidence and impacts of human disease in a more general way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew C Go
- Department of Biological Sciences; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 Present address: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Medina-Gómez C, Chesi A, Heppe DHM, Zemel BS, Yin JL, Kalkwarf HJ, Hofman A, Lappe JM, Kelly A, Kayser M, Oberfield SE, Gilsanz V, Uitterlinden AG, Shepherd JA, Jaddoe VWV, Grant SFA, Lao O, Rivadeneira F. BMD Loci Contribute to Ethnic and Developmental Differences in Skeletal Fragility across Populations: Assessment of Evolutionary Selection Pressures. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2961-72. [PMID: 26226985 PMCID: PMC4651235 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a highly heritable trait used both for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in adults and to assess bone health in children. Ethnic differences in BMD have been documented, with markedly higher levels in individuals of African descent, which partially explain disparity in osteoporosis risk across populations. To date, 63 independent genetic variants have been associated with BMD in adults of Northern-European ancestry. Here, we demonstrate that at least 61 of these variants are predictive of BMD early in life by studying their compound effect within two multiethnic pediatric cohorts. Furthermore, we show that within these cohorts and across populations worldwide the frequency of those alleles associated with increased BMD is systematically elevated in individuals of Sub-Saharan African ancestry. The amount of differentiation in the BMD genetic scores among Sub-Saharan and non-Sub-Saharan populations together with neutrality tests, suggest that these allelic differences are compatible with the hypothesis of selective pressures acting on the genetic determinants of BMD. These findings constitute an explorative contribution to the role of selection on ethnic BMD differences and likely a new example of polygenic adaptation acting on a human trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Denise H M Heppe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jia-Lian Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi J Kalkwarf
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Lappe
- Division of Endocrinology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
| | - Andrea Kelly
- Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Vicente Gilsanz
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Oscar Lao
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Stewart MC, Goliath JR, Stout SD, Hubbe M. Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area in Humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1635-43. [PMID: 26058578 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Histomorphometric and cross-sectional geometric studies of bone have provided valuable information about age at death, behavioral and activity patterns, and pathological conditions for past and present human populations. While a considerable amount of exploratory and applied research has been completed using histomorphometric and cross-sectional geometric properties, the effects of intraskeletal variability on interpreting observed histomorphometric data have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to quantify intraskeletal variability in the relative cortical area of long bones and ribs from modern humans. To examine intraskeletal variability, cross-sections of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and rib when present, were examined within individuals from a cadaveric collection (N = 34). Relative cortical area was compared within individuals using a repeated measurements General Linear Model, which shows significant differences between bones, particularly between the rib and the remaining long bones. Complementarily, correlations between bones' relative cortical area values suggest an important allometric component affecting this aspect of long bones, but not of the rib. This study highlights the magnitude of intraskeletal variability in relative cortical area in the human skeleton, and because the relative cortical area of any particular bone is affected by a series of confounding factors, extrapolation of relative cortical area values to infer load history for other skeletal elements can be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa C Stewart
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jesse R Goliath
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sam D Stout
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
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Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:372-7. [PMID: 25535352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418646112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. This gracility predisposes contemporary humans to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Explanations for this gracility include reduced levels of physical activity, the dissipation of load through enlarged joint surfaces, and selection for systemic physiological characteristics that differentiate modern humans from other primates. This study considered the skeletal remains of four behaviorally diverse recent human populations and a large sample of extant primates to assess variation in trabecular bone structure in the human hip joint. Proximal femur trabecular bone structure was quantified from microCT data for 229 individuals from 31 extant primate taxa and 59 individuals from four distinct archaeological human populations representing sedentary agriculturalists and mobile foragers. Analyses of mass-corrected trabecular bone variables reveal that the forager populations had significantly higher bone volume fraction, thicker trabeculae, and consequently lower relative bone surface area compared with the two agriculturalist groups. There were no significant differences between the agriculturalist and forager populations for trabecular spacing, number, or degree of anisotropy. These results reveal a correspondence between human behavior and bone structure in the proximal femur, indicating that more highly mobile human populations have trabecular bone structure similar to what would be expected for wild nonhuman primates of the same body mass. These results strongly emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for bone health and the attenuation of age-related bone loss.
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10
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Wallace IJ, Nesbitt A, Mongle C, Gould ES, Grine FE. Age-related variation in limb bone diaphyseal structure among Inuit foragers from Point Hope, northern Alaska. Arch Osteoporos 2014; 9:202. [PMID: 25491658 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-014-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Age-related deterioration of limb bone diaphyseal structure is documented among precontact Inuit foragers from northern Alaska. These findings challenge the concept that bone loss and fracture susceptibility among modern Inuit stem from their transition away from a physically demanding traditional lifestyle toward a more sedentary Western lifestyle. INTRODUCTION Skeletal fragility is rare among foragers and other traditional-living societies, likely due to their high physical activity levels. Among modern Inuit, however, severe bone loss and fractures are apparently common. This is possibly because of recent Western influences and increasing sedentism. To determine whether compromised bone structure and strength among the Inuit are indeed aberrant for a traditional-living group, data were collected on age-related variation in limb bone diaphyseal structure from a group predating Western influences. METHODS Skeletons of 184 adults were analyzed from the Point Hope archaeological site. Mid-diaphyseal structure was measured in the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia using CT. Structural differences were assessed between young, middle-aged, and old individuals. RESULTS In all bones examined, both females and males exhibited significant age-related reductions in bone quantity. With few exceptions, total bone (periosteal) area did not significantly increase between young and old age in either sex, nor did geometric components of bending rigidity (second moments of area). CONCLUSIONS While the physically demanding lifestyles of certain traditional-living groups may protect against bone loss and fracture susceptibility, this is not the case among the Inuit. It remains possible, however, that Western characteristics of the modern Inuit lifestyle exacerbate age-related skeletal deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364, USA,
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11
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Khayyeri H, Isaksson H, Prendergast PJ. Corroboration of computational models for mechanoregulated stem cell differentiation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 18:15-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.774381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Khayyeri H, Prendergast PJ. The emergence of mechanoregulated endochondral ossification in evolution. J Biomech 2012; 46:731-7. [PMID: 23261239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of skeletal tissue phenotypes is partly regulated by mechanical forces. This mechanoregulatory aspect of tissue differentiation has been the subject of many experimental and computational investigations. However, little is known about what factors promoted the emergence of mechanoregulated tissue differentiation in evolution, even though mechanoregulated tissue differentiation, for example during development or healing of adult bone, is crucial for vertebrate phylogeny. In this paper, we use a computational framework to test the hypothesis that the emergence of mechanosensitive genes that trigger endochondral ossification in evolution will stabilise in the population and create a variable mechanoregulated response, if the endochondral ossification process enhances fitness for survival. The model combines an evolutionary algorithm that considers genetic change with a mechanoregulated fracture healing model in which the fitness of animals in a population is determined by their ability to heal their bones. The simulations show that, with the emergence of mechanosensitive genes through evolution enabling skeletal cells to modulate their synthetic activities, novel differentiation pathways such as endochondral ossification could have emerged, which when favoured by natural selection is maintained in a population. Furthermore, the model predicts that evolutionary forces do not lead to a single optimal mechanoregulated response but that the capacity of endochondral ossification exists with variability in a population. The simulations correspond with many existing findings about the mechanosensitivity of skeletal tissues in current animal populations, therefore indicating that this kind of multi-level models could be used in future population based simulations of tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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13
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Jepsen KJ, Centi A, Duarte GF, Galloway K, Goldman H, Hampson N, Lappe JM, Cullen DM, Greeves J, Izard R, Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Negus CH, Evans RK. Biological constraints that limit compensation of a common skeletal trait variant lead to inequivalence of tibial function among healthy young adults. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2872-85. [PMID: 21898595 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Having a better understanding of how complex systems like bone compensate for the natural variation in bone width to establish mechanical function will benefit efforts to identify traits contributing to fracture risk. Using a collection of pQCT images of the tibial diaphysis from 696 young adult women and men, we tested the hypothesis that bone cells cannot surmount the nonlinear relationship between bone width and whole bone stiffness to establish functional equivalence across a healthy population. Intrinsic cellular constraints limited the degree of compensation, leading to functional inequivalence relative to robustness, with slender tibias being as much as two to three times less stiff relative to body size compared with robust tibias. Using Path Analysis, we identified a network of compensatory trait interactions that explained 79% of the variation in whole-bone bending stiffness. Although slender tibias had significantly less cortical area relative to body size compared with robust tibias, it was the limited range in tissue modulus that was largely responsible for the functional inequivalence. Bone cells coordinately modulated mineralization as well as the cortical porosity associated with internal bone multicellular units (BMU)-based remodeling to adjust tissue modulus to compensate for robustness. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that functional inequivalence is tolerated under normal loading conditions, our concern is that the functional deficit of slender tibias may contribute to fracture susceptibility under extreme loading conditions, such as intense exercise during military training or falls in the elderly. Thus, we show the natural variation in bone robustness was associated with predictable functional deficits that were attributable to cellular constraints limiting the amount of compensation permissible in human long bone. Whether these cellular constraints can be circumvented prophylactically to better equilibrate function among individuals remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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