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Wang Y, Liu Z, Yin X, Liu S, Wang K, Wan R, Chen H, Li X, Huang B. Variation in Bombyx mori immune response against fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana with variability in cell wall β-1,3-glucan. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:211-224. [PMID: 37350124 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are protected by a cell wall with dynamic structure for adapting to various environmental conditions. β-1,3-Glucan recognition proteins activate the innate immune system of insects by recognizing surface molecules of fungi. However, the associations between pathogenicity and the different components of entomopathogenic fungal cell walls remain unclear. Three Beauveria bassiana strains were selected that have significantly differing virulence against Bombyx mori. The molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response in B. mori were investigated using RNA sequencing, which revealed differences in the immune response to different B. bassiana strains at 12 h post-infection. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that β-1,3-glucan content had an opposite trend to that of fungal virulence. β-1,3-Glucan injection upregulated BmβGRP4 expression and significantly reduced the virulence of the high-virulence strain but not that of the medium-virulence or low-virulence strains. BmβGRP4 silencing in B. mori with RNA interference resulted in the opposite virulence pattern, indicating that the virulence of B. bassiana was affected by the cell walls' content of β-1,3-glucan, which could be recognized by BmβGRP4. Furthermore, interference with the gene CnA (calcineurin catalytic A subunit) involved in β-1,3-glucan synthesis eliminated differences in virulence between B. bassiana strains. These results indicate that strains of a single species of pathogenic fungi that have differing cell wall components are recognized differently by the innate immune system of B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuebing Yin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shihong Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongjie Wan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Zhang BX, Liu FF, Liu F, Sun YX, Rao XJ. Dual RNA Sequencing of Beauveria bassiana-Infected Spodoptera frugiperda Reveals a Fungal Protease with Entomopathogenic and Antiphytopathogenic Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12757-12774. [PMID: 37602431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Insect pests and phytopathogens significantly impact crop yield and quality. The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda and the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum cause substantial economic losses in crops like barley and wheat. However, the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana shows limited efficacy against FAW, and its antiphytopathogenic activities against F. graminearum remain unclear. Here, dual RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in B. bassiana-infected FAW larvae. We found that the BbAorsin gene was significantly upregulated at 36 and 48 h post-infection. BbAorsin encodes a serine-carboxyl protease and is mainly expressed in blastospores and hyphae. Overexpression of BbAorsin in B. bassiana ARSEF2860 enhanced virulence against Galleria mellonella and FAW larvae and inhibited F. graminearum growth. The recombinant BbAorsin protein induced apoptosis and necrosis in FAW hemocytes and inhibited F. graminearum spore germination. These findings shed light on transcriptomic mechanisms governing insect-pathogen interactions, which could aid in developing dual-functional entomopathogens and anti-phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China
- Department of Scientific Research, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan-Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China
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Guo H, Jia N, Chen H, Xie D, Chi D. Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050409. [PMID: 37233037 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Dioryctria genus contains several destructive borer pests that are found in coniferous forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Beauveria bassiana spore powder was tested as a new method of pest control. In this study, Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was used as the object. A transcriptome analysis was performed on a freshly caught group, a fasting treatment control group, and a treatment group inoculated with a wild B. bassiana strain, SBM-03. Under the conditions of 72-h fasting and a low temperature of 16 ± 1 °C, (i) in the control group, 13,135 of 16,969 genes were downregulated. However, in the treatment group, 14,558 of 16,665 genes were upregulated. (ii) In the control group, the expression of most genes in the upstream and midstream of the Toll and IMD pathways was downregulated, but 13 of the 21 antimicrobial peptides were still upregulated. In the treatment group, the gene expression of almost all antimicrobial peptides was increased. Several AMPs, including cecropin, gloverin, and gallerimycin, may have a specific inhibitory effect on B. bassiana. (iii) In the treatment group, one gene in the glutathione S-transferase system and four genes in the cytochrome P450 enzyme family were upregulated, with a sharp rise in those that were upregulated significantly. In addition, most genes of the peroxidase and catalase families, but none of the superoxide dismutase family were upregulated significantly. Through innovative fasting and lower temperature control, we have a certain understanding of the specific defense mechanism by which D. sylvestrella larvae may resist B. bassiana in the pre-wintering period. This study paves the way for improving the toxicity of B. bassiana to Dioryctria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Guo
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Niya Jia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Defu Chi
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Kang Q, Ning S, Sui L, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Shi W, Li Q, Zhang Z. Transcriptomic analysis of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana infected by a hypervirulent polymycovirus BbPmV-4. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:958-967. [PMID: 36906386 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymycoviridae is a recently established family of mycoviruses. Beauveria bassiana polymycovirus 4 (BbPmV-4) was previously reported. However, the effect of the virus on host fungus B. bassiana was not clarified. Here, a comparison between virus-free and virus-infected isogenic lines of B. bassiana revealed that BbPmV-4 infection of B. bassiana changes morphology and could lead to decreases in conidiation and increases in virulence against Ostrinia furnacalis larvae. The differential expression of genes between virus-free and virus-infected strains was compared by RNA-Seq and was consistent with the phenotype of B. bassiana. The enhanced pathogenicity may be related to the significant up-regulation of genes encoding mitogen activated protein kinase, cytochrome P450, and polyketide synthase. The results enable studies of the mechanism of interaction between BbPmV-4 and B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Kang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Siyu Ning
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Li Sui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Qiyun Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Zhengkun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, PR China.
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Ayilara MS, Adeleke BS, Akinola SA, Fayose CA, Adeyemi UT, Gbadegesin LA, Omole RK, Johnson RM, Uthman QO, Babalola OO. Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1040901. [PMID: 36876068 PMCID: PMC9978502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, synthetic pesticides like herbicides, algicides, miticides, bactericides, fumigants, termiticides, repellents, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, and pheromones have been used to improve crop yield. When pesticides are used, the over-application and excess discharge into water bodies during rainfall often lead to death of fish and other aquatic life. Even when the fishes still live, their consumption by humans may lead to the biomagnification of chemicals in the body system and can cause deadly diseases, such as cancer, kidney diseases, diabetes, liver dysfunction, eczema, neurological destruction, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. Equally, synthetic pesticides harm the soil texture, soil microbes, animals, and plants. The dangers associated with the use of synthetic pesticides have necessitated the need for alternative use of organic pesticides (biopesticides), which are cheaper, environment friendly, and sustainable. Biopesticides can be sourced from microbes (e.g., metabolites), plants (e.g., from their exudates, essential oil, and extracts from bark, root, and leaves), and nanoparticles of biological origin (e.g., silver and gold nanoparticles). Unlike synthetic pesticides, microbial pesticides are specific in action, can be easily sourced without the need for expensive chemicals, and are environmentally sustainable without residual effects. Phytopesticides have myriad of phytochemical compounds that make them exhibit various mechanisms of action, likewise, they are not associated with the release of greenhouse gases and are of lesser risks to human health compared to the available synthetic pesticides. Nanobiopesticides have higher pesticidal activity, targeted or controlled release with top-notch biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we examined the different types of pesticides, the merits, and demerits of synthetic pesticides and biopesticides, but more importantly, we x-rayed appropriate and sustainable approaches to improve the acceptability and commercial usage of microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides for plant nutrition, crop protection/yield, animal/human health promotion, and their possible incorporation into the integrated pest management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe S. Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew S. Adeleke
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, School of Science, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria
| | - Saheed A. Akinola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Chris A. Fayose
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Ekiti State Polytechnic, Isan-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Uswat T. Adeyemi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lanre A. Gbadegesin
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Richard K. Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria
| | | | - Qudus O. Uthman
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Olubukola O. Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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de Menezes TA, Aburjaile FF, Quintanilha-Peixoto G, Tomé LMR, Fonseca PLC, Mendes-Pereira T, Araújo DS, Melo TS, Kato RB, Delabie JHC, Ribeiro SP, Brenig B, Azevedo V, Drechsler-Santos ER, Andrade BS, Góes-Neto A. Unraveling the Secrets of a Double-Life Fungus by Genomics: Ophiocordyceps australis CCMB661 Displays Molecular Machinery for Both Parasitic and Endophytic Lifestyles. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010110. [PMID: 36675931 PMCID: PMC9864599 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps australis (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a classic entomopathogenic fungus that parasitizes ants (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae, Ponerini). Nonetheless, according to our results, this fungal species also exhibits a complete set of genes coding for plant cell wall degrading Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes), enabling a full endophytic stage and, consequently, its dual ability to both parasitize insects and live inside plant tissue. The main objective of our study was the sequencing and full characterization of the genome of the fungal strain of O. australis (CCMB661) and its predicted secretome. The assembled genome had a total length of 30.31 Mb, N50 of 92.624 bp, GC content of 46.36%, and 8,043 protein-coding genes, 175 of which encoded CAZymes. In addition, the primary genes encoding proteins and critical enzymes during the infection process and those responsible for the host-pathogen interaction have been identified, including proteases (Pr1, Pr4), aminopeptidases, chitinases (Cht2), adhesins, lectins, lipases, and behavioral manipulators, such as enterotoxins, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs), and Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs). Our findings indicate that the presence of genes coding for Mad2 and GHs in O. australis may facilitate the infection process in plants, suggesting interkingdom colonization. Furthermore, our study elucidated the pathogenicity mechanisms for this Ophiocordyceps species, which still is scarcely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Almeida de Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Figueira Aburjaile
- Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Quintanilha-Peixoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Thairine Mendes-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Araújo
- Program in Bioinformatics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Tarcisio Silva Melo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie
- Laboratory of Myrmecology, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau, Ilhéus 45600-000, BA, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45600-970, BA, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ecology of Diseases and Forests, Nucleus of Biological Science, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Burckhardtweg, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Sudoeste da Bahia, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n, Jequiezinho, Jequié 45205-490, BA, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3409-3050
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Zhang G, Zhang J, Yao Z, Shi Y, Xu C, Shao L, Jiang L, Li M, Tong Y, Wang Y. Time-series gene expression patterns and their characteristics of Beauveria bassiana in the process of infecting pest insects. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1274-1286. [PMID: 35781725 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana has been widely used as an important biological control fungus for agricultural and forest pests, and clarifying the interaction mechanism between B. bassiana and its host will help to better exert the efficacy of the mycoinsecticide. Here, we proposed a novel pattern analysis (PA) method for analyzing time-series data and applied it to a transcriptomic data set of B. bassiana infecting Galleria mellonella. We screened out 14 patterns including 868 genes, which had some characteristics that were not inferior to differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Compared with the previous analysis of this data set, we had three novel discoveries during B. bassiana infection, including overall downregulation of gene expression, the more critical first 24 h, and enrichment of regulatory functions of downregulated genes. Our new PA method promises to be an important complement to DEGs analysis for time-series transcriptomic data, and our findings enrich our knowledge of molecular mechanisms of fungal-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Biological Engineering/Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, China.,Shandong Tobacco Research Institute Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering/Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Huainan, China.,Anhui Shanhe Pharmaceutical Excipients Co., Ltd., Huainan, China
| | - Zhuo Yao
- Jinan Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Shi
- School of Computer Science/School of Electronic Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lvyi Shao
- School of Biological Engineering/Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Maoye Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Tong
- School of Computer Science/School of Electronic Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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8
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Curtis A, Binder U, Kavanagh K. Galleria mellonella Larvae as a Model for Investigating Fungal-Host Interactions. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:893494. [PMID: 37746216 PMCID: PMC10512315 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.893494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae have become a widely accepted and utilised infection model due to the functional homology displayed between their immune response to infection and that observed in the mammalian innate immune response. Due to these similarities, comparable results to murine studies can be obtained using G. mellonella larvae in assessing the virulence of fungal pathogens and the in vivo toxicity or efficacy of anti-fungal agents. This coupled with their low cost, rapid generation of results, and lack of ethical/legal considerations make this model very attractive for analysis of host-pathogen interactions. The larvae of G. mellonella have successfully been utilised to analyse various fungal virulence factors including toxin and enzyme production in vivo providing in depth analysis of the processes involved in the establishment and progression of fungal pathogens (e.g., Candida spps, Aspergillus spp., Madurella mycetomatis, Mucormycetes, and Cryptococcus neoformans). A variety of experimental endpoints can be employed including analysis of fungal burdens, alterations in haemocyte density or sub-populations, melanisation, and characterisation of infection progression using proteomic, histological or imaging techniques. Proteomic analysis can provide insights into both sides of the host-pathogen interaction with each respective proteome being analysed independently following infection and extraction of haemolymph from the larvae. G. mellonella can also be employed for assessing the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal strategies at concentrations comparable to those used in mammals allowing for early stage investigation of novel compounds and combinations of established therapeutic agents. These numerous applications validate the model for examination of fungal infection and development of therapeutic approaches in vivo in compliance with the need to reduce animal models in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Curtis
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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9
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Analysis of the Humoral Immunal Response Transcriptome of Ectropis obliqua Infected by Beauveria bassiana. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030225. [PMID: 35323523 PMCID: PMC8955196 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ectropis obliqua is a destructive leaf-eating pest that is widely distributed in China’s tea gardens. This pest shows remarkable resistance against multiple insecticides. As an environmentally friendly entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana has been widely used to prevent agricultural pest infestations. However, the molecular mechanism of B. bassiana against E. obliqua remains unclear. We firstly isolated and identified a highly virulent B. bassiana strain. Using a transcriptome, we analyzed the differences of immune gene expression levels in fat bodies and hemocytes of E. obliqua that were infected by the B. bassiana, which provide molecular insights into the insect–pathogen interaction. Abstract Ectropis obliqua is a destructive masticatory pest in China’s tea gardens. Beauveria bassiana as microbial insecticides can effectively control E. obliqua larvae; however, the immune response of this insect infected by B. bassiana are largely unknown. Here, after isolating a highly virulent strain of B. bassiana from E. obliqua, the changes in gene expression among different tissues, including hemocytes and fat bodies, of E. obliqua larvae infected by the entomopathogen were investigated using transcriptome sequencing. A total of 5877 co-expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in hemocytes and fat bodies, of which 5826 were up-regulated in hemocytes and 5784 were up-regulated in fat bodies. We identified 249 immunity-related genes, including pattern recognition receptors, immune effectors, signal modulators, and members of immune pathways. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that several pattern recognition receptors were upregulated in hemocytes and fat bodies; however, others were downregulated. The investigated immune effectors (ATT and PPO-1) were suppressed. The results showed that there were tissue differences in the expression of immune genes. This study provides a large number of immunity-related gene sequences from E. obliqua after being infected by B. bassiana, furthering the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of E. obliqua defenses against B. bassiana.
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Tao Y, Duma L, Rossez Y. Galleria mellonella as a Good Model to Study Acinetobacter baumannii Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1483. [PMID: 34832638 PMCID: PMC8623143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella, has been widely used to study host-pathogen interactions due to its cheapness, ease of handling, and similar mammalian innate immune system. G. mellonella larvae have been proven to be useful and a reliable model for analyzing pathogenesis mechanisms of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic pathogen difficult to kill. This review describes the detailed experimental design of G. mellonella/A. baumannii models, and provides a comprehensive comparison of various virulence factors and therapy strategies using the G. mellonella host. These investigations highlight the importance of this host-pathogen model for in vivo pathogen virulence studies. On the long term, further development of the G. mellonella/A. baumannii model will offer promising insights for clinical treatments of A. baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu–CS 60 319 , 60203 Compiègne, France; (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Luminita Duma
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu–CS 60 319 , 60203 Compiègne, France; (Y.T.); (L.D.)
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Yannick Rossez
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
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Wang Y, Xie X, Qin L, Yu D, Wang Z, Huang B. Integration of dsRNA against host immune response genes augments the virulence of transgenic Metarhizium robertsii strains in insect pest species. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1433-1444. [PMID: 33459518 PMCID: PMC8313288 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow lethality of fungal biopesticides to insects restrains their widespread application as a strategy of pest control. In this study, unary, binary and ternary transgenic Metarhizium robertsii were created by integrating genes that encode the scorpion neurotoxin BjαIT, the cuticle-degrading protease Pr1A, and a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that targets host gnbp3, individually or collectively under a constitutive promoter to enhance virulence. Compared with the parental wild type, all unary transgenic strains had increased virulence against four insect species, Tenebrio molitor, Locusta migratoria, Plutella xylostella and Galleria mellonella, whereas the binary transgenic strain expressing both pr1A and BjαIT had increased virulence to T. molitor and L. migratoria, with no change in virulence against P. xylostella and G. mellonella. Importantly, all ternary transgenic strains simultaneously expressing pr1A, BjαIT, and the dsRNA specific to host gnbp3 exhibited the highest increase in insect-specific virulence. This finding highlights a novel strategy for genetic engineering of dsRNAs that target genes associated with the host immune response alongside virulence genes to maximize fungal virulence and lethality against insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Xiangyun Xie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Li Qin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
- School of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest ControlAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
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Zhou Q, Yu L, Ying SH, Feng MG. Comparative roles of three adhesin genes (adh1-3) in insect-pathogenic lifecycle of Beauveria bassiana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5491-5502. [PMID: 34169325 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adherence of conidia to insect integument is crucial for initiation of fungal infection through cuticular penetration and was previously reported to rely upon the Metarhizium-type adhesin Mad1 rather than Mad2, another adhesin crucial for conidial adherence of Metarhizium anisopliae to plant root surface. Mad1 and Mad2 have since been considered to function in fungal insect pathogenesis and plant root colonization respectively. Here, three adhesins were characterized in Beauveria bassiana, including Adh1/Mad1, Adh2/Mad2, and Adh3 known as filamentous hemagglutinin/adhesin and virulence factor in animal-pathogenic bacteria. Among those, only Adh2 was found to play a substantial role in sustaining the fungal virulence and some phenotypes associated with biological control potential. Disruption of adh2 resulted in decreased conidial adherence to insect wing cuticle, attenuated virulence via normal cuticle infection or cuticle-bypassing infection (injection), reduced blastospore production in an insect hemolymph-mimicking broth, largely reduced conidiation capacity, impaired conidial quality indicative of lowered viability, hydrophobicity, and UV resistance, but no growth defects on rich and scant media under normal or stressful culture conditions. The main phenotypic changes correlated well with repressed expression of developmental activator genes required for aerial conidiation and submerged blastospore production and of key hydrophobin genes essential for hydrophobin synthesis and assembly into rodlet bundles of conidial coat crucial for conidial adherence. In contrast, either adh1 or adh3 disruption caused insignificant changes in all phenotypes examined. These findings offer novel insight into a significance of Adh2, but a dispensability of Adh1 or Adh3, for insect-pathogenic lifecycle of B. bassiana. KEY POINTS: • Three adhesins (Adh1-3) of Beauvera bassiana are functionally characterized. • Adh2 plays a role in sustaining virulence and lifecycle-related cellular events. • Either Adh1 or Adh3 is dispensable for insect-pathogenic lifecycle of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
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Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Qin L, Huang B. Immunotranscriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella reveals differences in innate immune responses to low- and high-virulence Beauveria bassiana strain challenges. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1070-1080. [PMID: 33015931 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopathogenic fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defenses of their target insects, whereas insect pests have devised various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection. However, differences in the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune defense strategies of insects upon infection with different fungal strains from the same species have not been reported. RESULTS Two Beauveria bassiana strains were obtained that significantly varied in their pathogenicity but were comparable in terms of growth, conidial yield, and cuticle penetration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of Plutella xylostella infected with these two strains, RNA-Seq was performed 48 h after infection. A total of 1027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and more than 200 DEGs were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways involved in disease response, revealing differences in the immune response of P. xylostella to different B. bassiana infections at 48 h. Twenty-eight of the DEGs were related to innate immune functions, such as pathogen recognition, immune system activation and antimicrobial reactions. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing assays showed that PxApoLIII and PxCSP played critical roles in the P. xylostella immune response. PxApoLIII was expressed at higher levels during infection with the high-virulence strain, whereas PxCSP showed the opposite expression pattern during infection with the low-virulence strain, indicating that PxApoLIII and PxCSP might participate in P. xylostella innate immune defense against high- and low-virulence B. bassiana strains. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that strains of a single species of pathogenic fungi that differ in virulence can induce the expression of different genes in P. xylostella. These results advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungi-pest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiumei Zhou
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Nanling Forestry Technology Center, Nanling Forestry Bureau, Nanling, China
| | - Li Qin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Paulson AR, O’Callaghan M, Zhang XX, Rainey PB, Hurst MRH. In vivo transcriptome analysis provides insights into host-dependent expression of virulence factors by Yersinia entomophaga MH96, during infection of Galleria mellonella. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa024. [PMID: 33561230 PMCID: PMC7849909 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The function of microbes can be inferred from knowledge of genes specifically expressed in natural environments. Here, we report the in vivo transcriptome of the entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96, captured during initial, septicemic, and pre-cadaveric stages of intrahemocoelic infection in Galleria mellonella. A total of 1285 genes were significantly upregulated by MH96 during infection; 829 genes responded to in vivo conditions during at least one stage of infection, 289 responded during two stages of infection, and 167 transcripts responded throughout all three stages of infection compared to in vitro conditions at equivalent cell densities. Genes upregulated during the earliest infection stage included components of the insecticidal toxin complex Yen-TC (chi1, chi2, and yenC1), genes for rearrangement hotspot element containing protein yenC3, cytolethal distending toxin cdtAB, and vegetative insecticidal toxin vip2. Genes more highly expressed throughout the infection cycle included the putative heat-stable enterotoxin yenT and three adhesins (usher-chaperone fimbria, filamentous hemagglutinin, and an AidA-like secreted adhesin). Clustering and functional enrichment of gene expression data also revealed expression of genes encoding type III and VI secretion system-associated effectors. Together these data provide insight into the pathobiology of MH96 and serve as an important resource supporting efforts to identify novel insecticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Paulson
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 8140, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Xue-Xian Zhang
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Laboratoire de Génétique de l’Evolution CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
- Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 8140, New Zealand
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Kim S, Kim JC, Lee SJ, Lee MR, Park SE, Li D, Baek S, Shin TY, Kim JS. Beauveria bassiana ERL836 and JEF-007 with similar virulence show different gene expression when interacting with cuticles of western flower thrips, Frankniella occidentalis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:836. [PMID: 33246406 PMCID: PMC7694944 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insect-killing fungal species, Beauveria bassiana, is as an environment-friendly pest management tool, and many isolates are on the track of industrialization. However, some of B. bassiana isolates show similar morphology and virulence against insect pests, and so it is hard to differentiate them. Herein we used two patented isolates, ERL836 and JEF-007, and investigated their virulence against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and further analyzed genome structures and transcriptional responses when interacting with cuticles of thrips to see possible differences on the initial step of fungal infection. Results The two isolates showed no significant differences in fungal growth, conidial production, and virulence against thrips, and they were structurally similar in genome. But, in transcription level, ERL836 appeared to infect thrips easily, while JEF-007 appeared to have more difficulty. In the GO analysis of ERL836 DEGs (differentially expressed genes), the number of up-regulated genes was much larger than that of down-regulated genes, when compared to JEF-007 DEGs (more genes down-regulated). Interestingly, in the enrichment analysis using shared DEGs between two infecting isolates, plasma membrane-mediated transporter activity and fatty acid degradation pathway including cytochrome P450 were more active in infecting ERL836. Conclusion The two B. bassiana isolates had similar morphology and virulence as well as genome structure, but in transcription level they differently interacted with the cuticle of western flower thrips. This comparative approach using shared DEG analysis could be easily applied to characterize the difference of the two B. bassiana isolates, JEF-007 and ERL836. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07253-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0700, USA
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Dongwei Li
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Sehyeon Baek
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea.
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Vertyporokh L, Hułas‐Stasiak M, Wojda I. Host-pathogen interaction after infection of Galleria mellonella with the filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1079-1089. [PMID: 31245909 PMCID: PMC7497211 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana is a natural pathogen of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Infection with this fungus triggered systemic immune response in G. mellonella; nevertheless, the infection was lethal if spores entered the insect hemocel. We observed melanin deposition in the insect cuticle and walls of air bags, while the invading fungus interrupted tissue continuity. We have shown colonization of muscles, air bags, and finally colonization and complete destruction of the fat body-the main organ responsible for the synthesis of defense molecules in response to infection. This destruction was probably not caused by simple fungal growth, because the fat body was not destroyed during colonization with a human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. This may mean that the infecting fungus is able to destroy actively the insect's fat body as part of its virulence mechanism. Finally, we were unable to reduce the extremely high virulence of B. bassiana against G. mellonella by priming of larvae with thermally inactivated fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Vertyporokh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
| | - Monika Hułas‐Stasiak
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
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Genome sequence of Isaria javanica and comparative genome analysis insights into family S53 peptidase evolution in fungal entomopathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7111-7128. [PMID: 31273397 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Isaria javanica is an important entomopathogen that parasitizes various insects and is effective for pest control. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the genomes (IJ1G and IJ2G) of two I. javanica strains isolated from different insects. The genomes were approximately 35 Mb in size with 11,441 and 11,143 protein-coding genes, respectively. Using a phylogenomic approach, we evaluated genome evolution across five entomopathogenic fungi in Cordycipitaceae. By comparative genome analysis, it was found that family S53 serine peptidases were expanded in Cordycipitaceae entomopathogens, particularly in I. javanica. Gene duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic relationships inferred from 82 S53 peptidases within six entomopathogenic fungal genomes. Moreover, we found that carbohydrate-active enzymes and proteinases were the largest secretory protein groups encoded in the I. javanica genome, especially chitinases (GH18), serine and aspartic peptidases (S53, S08, S10, A01). Pathogenesis-related genes and genes for bacterial-like toxins and secondary metabolites were also identified. By comparative transcriptome analysis, differentially expressed genes in response to insect nutrients (in vitro) were identified. Moreover, most S53 peptidases were detected to be significantly upregulated during the initial fungal infection process in insects (in vivo) by RT-qPCR. Our results provide new clues about understanding evolution of pathogenic proteases and may suggest that abundant S53 peptidases in the I. javanica genome may contribute to its effective parasitism on various insects.
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Zhou Q, Shao Y, Chen A, Li W, Wang J, Wang Y. In vivo transcriptomic analysis of Beauveria bassiana reveals differences in infection strategies in Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1443-1452. [PMID: 30443979 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect pests have evolved various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection, and fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defense responses of insects. However, transcriptomic analysis of fungal strategies for infecting different pests has not been reported. RESULTS Transcriptomic profiling of Beauveria bassiana was performed at 12, 24 and 48 h after infecting Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella, and 540, 847 and 932 differentially expressed genes were detected, respectively. Functional categorization showed that most of these genes are involved in the ribosome, nitrogen metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Thirty-one differentially expressed virulence genes (including genes involved in adhesion, degradation, host colonization and killing, and secondary metabolism) were found, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms were used by the fungus during the infection of different pests, which was further confirmed by disrupting creA and fkh2. Virulence assay results showed that ΔcreA and Δfkh2 strains of B. bassiana had distinct fold changes in their 50% lethal time (LT50 ) values (compared with the control stains) during infection of G. mellonella (ΔcreA: 1.38-fold > Δfkh2: 1.18-fold) and P. xylostella (ΔcreA: 1.44-fold < Δfkh2: 2.25-fold). creA was expressed at higher levels during the infection of G. mellonella compared with P. xylostella, whereas fkh2 showed the opposite expression pattern, demonstrating that creA and Fkh2 have different roles in B. bassiana during the infection of G. mellonella and P. xylostella. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that B. bassiana regulates different genes to infect different insects, advancing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of Beauveria-pest interactions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Zhou
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Anhui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Microbial Fermentation Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiuxiang Wang
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement of Anhui Province/Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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Rahman F, Hassan M, Hanano A, Fitzpatrick DA, McCarthy CGP, Murphy DJ. Evolutionary, structural and functional analysis of the caleosin/peroxygenase gene family in the Fungi. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:976. [PMID: 30593269 PMCID: PMC6309107 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caleosin/peroxygenases, CLO/PXG, (designated PF05042 in Pfam) are a group of genes/proteins with anomalous distributions in eukaryotic taxa. We have previously characterised CLO/PXGs in the Viridiplantae. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution and functions of the CLO/PXGs in the Fungi and other non-plant clades and to elucidate the overall origin of this gene family. RESULTS CLO/PXG-like genes are distributed across the full range of fungal groups from the basal clades, Cryptomycota and Microsporidia, to the largest and most complex Dikarya species. However, the genes were only present in 243 out of 844 analysed fungal genomes. CLO/PXG-like genes have been retained in many pathogenic or parasitic fungi that have undergone considerable genomic and structural simplification, indicating that they have important functions in these species. Structural and functional analyses demonstrate that CLO/PXGs are multifunctional proteins closely related to similar proteins found in all major taxa of the Chlorophyte Division of the Viridiplantae. Transcriptome and physiological data show that fungal CLO/PXG-like genes have complex patterns of developmental and tissue-specific expression and are upregulated in response to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses as well as participating in key metabolic and developmental processes such as lipid metabolism, signalling, reproduction and pathogenesis. Biochemical data also reveal that the Aspergillus flavus CLO/PXG has specific functions in sporulation and aflatoxin production as well as playing roles in lipid droplet function. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to plants, CLO/PXGs only occur in about 30% of sequenced fungal genomes but are present in all major taxa. Fungal CLO/PXGs have similar but not identical roles to those in plants, including stress-related oxylipin signalling, lipid metabolism, reproduction and pathogenesis. While the presence of CLO/PXG orthologs in all plant genomes sequenced to date would suggest that they have core housekeeping functions in plants, the selective loss of CLO/PXGs in many fungal genomes suggests more restricted functions in fungi as accessory genes useful in particular environments or niches. We suggest an ancient origin of CLO/PXG-like genes in the 'last eukaryotic common ancestor' (LECA) and their subsequent loss in ancestors of the Metazoa, after the latter had diverged from the ancestral fungal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Rahman
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL UK
| | - Mehedi Hassan
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL UK
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | | | | | - Denis J. Murphy
- Genomics and Computational Biology Research Group, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL UK
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