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Ameur E, Sarra M, Yosra D, Mariem K, Nabil A, Ibrahim J, Alarjani KM, Lynen F, Larbi KM. Chemical compositions of Eucalyptus sp. Essential oils and the evaluation of their combinations as a promising treatment against ear bacterial infections. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:220. [PMID: 38849805 PMCID: PMC11157906 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical composition and biological activities of Eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) have been documented in numerous studies against multiple infectious diseases. The antibacterial activity of individual Eucalyptus EOs against strains that cause ear infections was investigated in our previous study. The study's antibacterial activity was promising, which prompted us to explore this activity further with EO blends. METHODS We tested 15 combinations (9 binary combinations and 6 combinations of binary combinations) of Eucalyptus EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from eight Tunisian Eucalyptus species dried leaves against six bacterial strains responsible for ear infections: three bacterial isolates (Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three reference bacteria strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATTC 9027; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538; and Escherichia coli, ATCC 8739). The EOs were analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The major compounds, as well as all values obtained from the bacterial growth inhibition assay, were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS The antibacterial activity of the EO blends exhibited significant variation within Eucalyptus species, bacterial strains, and the applied methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), based on the diameters of the inhibition zone, facilitated the identification of two major groups and ten subgroups based on the level of antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for the mixture of EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (paac) as well as E. panctata, E. wandoo, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (pwac) using the disc diffusion method. Additionally, significant activity was noted with EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. wandoo (pw) and E. panctata, E. accedens (pa) using the broth microdilution method. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that certain EO combinations (paac, pwac, pw, and pa) could be considered as potential alternative treatment for ear infections due to their demonstrated highly promising antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaissi Ameur
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Moumni Sarra
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Derbali Yosra
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khouja Mariem
- Water, and Forestry. INRGREF. Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, University of Carthage, The National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Abid Nabil
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jlasssi Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4 Bis, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Khouja Mohamed Larbi
- Water, and Forestry. INRGREF. Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, University of Carthage, The National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
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Sá GCDAS, Gadelha TS, Fragoso SP, Pacheco MTB, Lima EDEO, Rocha HADEO, Uchôa AF, Gadelha CADEA. Protein fraction from Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds exhibit antioxidant and antifungal activities. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230043. [PMID: 38808874 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds are protein sources with health and environmental benefits. In this research, proteins with lectin activity were identified in a protein fraction from S. virgata seeds (PFLA), as well its antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, in addition to cytotoxic effects. To obtain PFLA, seed flour was homogenized in Glycine-NaOH (100 mM; pH 9.0; NaCl 150 mM) and precipitated in ammonium sulfate. PFLA concentrates bioactive lectins (32 HU/mL, 480 HU/gFa, 18.862 HU/mgP) and essential amino acids (13.36 g/100g protein). PFLA exerts antioxidant activity, acting as a promising metal chelating agent (~77% of activity). Analyzes of cell culture assay results suggest that antioxidant activity of PFLA may be associated with the recruitment of essential molecules to prevent the metabolic impairment of cells exposed to oxidative stress. PFLA (256 - 512 µg/mL) also exhibits antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Penicillium citrinum. Cytotoxic analysis indicates a tendency of low interference in the proliferation of 3T3 and HepG2 cells in the range of PFLA concentrations with biological activity. These findings support the notion that PFLA is a promising adjuvant to be applied in current policies on the management of metal ion chelation and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulian César DA S Sá
- Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Folha 17, Quadra 04, Lote Especial, s/n, Nova Marabá, 68505-080 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S Gadelha
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, 58050-585 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Sinara P Fragoso
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Campus Universitário III, Rua João Pessoa, s/n, 58220-000 Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa B Pacheco
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Brasil, 2880, Vila Nova, 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes DE O Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Atividades Antibacterianas e Antifúngicas de Produtos Bioativos Naturais e/ou Sintéticos, Conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, 58051-085 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre DE O Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais, Av. Passeio dos Girassóis, 655, Capim Macio, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Uchôa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Laboratório de Proteomas e Micologia, Av. Passeio dos Girassóis, 655, Capim Macio, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto DE A Gadelha
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Proteômica Estrutural, Conjunto Presidente Castelo Branco III, 58050-585 João Pesso, PB, Brazil
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Tamir SO, Bialasiewicz S, Brennan-Jones CG, Der C, Kariv L, Macharia I, Marsh RL, Seguya A, Thornton R. ISOM 2023 research Panel 4 - Diagnostics and microbiology of otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 174:111741. [PMID: 37788516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and review key research advances from the literature published between 2019 and 2023 on the diagnosis and microbiology of otitis media (OM) including acute otitis media (AOM), recurrent AOM (rAOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and AOM complications (mastoiditis). DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS All relevant original articles published in Medline in English between July 2019 and February 2023 were identified. Studies that were reviews, case studies, relating to OM complications (other than mastoiditis), and studies focusing on guideline adherence, and consensus statements were excluded. Members of the panel drafted the report based on these search results. MAIN FINDINGS For the diagnosis section, 2294 unique records screened, 55 were eligible for inclusion. For the microbiology section 705 unique records were screened and 137 articles were eligible for inclusion. The main themes that arose in OM diagnosis were the need to incorporate multiple modalities including video-otoscopy, tympanometry, telemedicine and artificial intelligence for accurate diagnoses in all diagnostic settings. Further to this, was the use of new, cheap, readily available tools which may improve access in rural and lowmiddle income (LMIC) settings. For OM aetiology, PCR remains the most sensitive method for detecting middle ear pathogens with microbiome analysis still largely restricted to research use. The global pandemic response reduced rates of OM in children, but post-pandemic shifts should be monitored. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE AND FUTURE RESEARCH Cheap, easy to use multi-technique assessments combined with artificial intelligence and/or telemedicine should be integrated into future practice to improve diagnosis and treatment pathways in OM diagnosis. Longitudinal studies investigating the in-vivo process of OM development, timings and in-depth interactions between the triad of bacteria, viruses and the host immune response are still required. Standardized methods of collection and analysis for microbiome studies to enable inter-study comparisons are required. There is a need to target underlying biofilms if going to effectively prevent rAOM and OME and possibly enhance ventilation tube retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ovnat Tamir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sasmon Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher G Brennan-Jones
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolina Der
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Dr Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liron Kariv
- Hearing, Speech and Language Institute, Sasmon Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Israel
| | - Ian Macharia
- Kenyatta University Teaching, Referral & Research Hospital, Kenya
| | - Robyn L Marsh
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Amina Seguya
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ruth Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Bendary MM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Abousaty AI, Elmanakhly AR, Alshareef WA, Mosbah RA, Alhomrani M, Ghoneim MM, Elkelish A, Hashim N, Alamri AS, Al-Harthi HF, Safwat NA. Therapeutic Switching of Rafoxanide: a New Approach To Fighting Drug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0267922. [PMID: 37458598 PMCID: PMC10433953 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02679-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and management of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections are a global health challenge. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, treatment failures for resistant bacterial and fungal infections continue to increase. We aimed to repurpose the anthelmintic drug rafoxanide for use with existing therapeutic drugs to increase the possibility of better managing infection and decrease treatment failures. For this purpose, we evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of rafoxanide. Notably, 70% (70/100) of bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns, with higher prevalence among human isolates (73.5% [50/68]) than animal ones (62.5% [20/32]). Moreover, 22 fungal isolates (88%) were MDR and were more prevalent among animal (88.9%) than human (87.5%) sources. We observed alarming MDR patterns among bacterial isolates, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae (75% [30/40; 8 animal and 22 human]) and Escherichia coli (66% [40/60; 12 animal and 28 human]), and fungal isolates, i.e., Candida albicans (86.7% [13/15; 4 animal and 9 human]) and Aspergillus fumigatus (90% [9/10; 4 animal and 5 human]), that were resistant to at least one agent in three or more different antimicrobial classes. Rafoxanide had antibacterial and antifungal activities, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) ranging from 2 to 128 μg/mL. Rafoxanide at sub-MICs downregulated the mRNA expression of resistance genes, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV, MOX, and DHA, C. albicans ERG11, and A. fumigatus cyp51A. We noted the improvement in the activity of β-lactam and antifungal drugs upon combination with rafoxanide. This was apparent in the reduction in the MICs of cefotaxime and fluconazole when these drugs were combined with sub-MIC levels of rafoxanide. There was obvious synergism between rafoxanide and cefotaxime against all E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] values ≤ 0.5). Accordingly, there was a shift in the patterns of resistance of 16.7% of E. coli and 22.5% of K. pneumoniae isolates to cefotaxime and those of 63.2% of C. albicans and A. fumigatus isolates to fluconazole when the isolates were treated with sub-MICs of rafoxanide. These results were confirmed by in silico and mouse protection assays. Based on the in silico study, one possible explanation for how rafoxanide reduced bacterial resistance is through its inhibitory effects on bacterial and fungal histidine kinase enzymes. In short, rafoxanide exhibited promising results in overcoming bacterial and fungal drug resistance. IMPORTANCE The drug repurposing strategy is an alternative approach to reducing drug development timelines with low cost, especially during outbreaks of disease caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Rafoxanide can disrupt the abilities of bacterial and fungal cells to adapt to stress conditions. The coadministration of antibiotics with rafoxanide can prevent the failure of treatment of both resistant bacteria and fungi, as the resistant pathogens could be made sensitive upon treatment with rafoxanide. From our findings, we anticipate that pharmaceutical companies will be able to utilize new combinations against resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira I. Abousaty
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Arwa R. Elmanakhly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nada Hashim
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F. Al-Harthi
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nesreen A. Safwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamed EFE, Hafez AESE, Seadawy HG, Elrefai MFM, Abdallah K, El Bayomi RM, Mansour AT, Bendary MM, Izmirly AM, Baothman BK, Alwutayd KM, Mahmoud AFA. Irradiation as a Promising Technology to Improve Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Fish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1105. [PMID: 37317079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish is an excellent source of protein and other essential minerals and vitamins; nevertheless, several food-borne disease outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of different types of fish. Therefore, we aimed to overcome these health threats by evaluating gamma radiation as a good fish preservation method. The aerobic plate count (APC), identification of most common pathogenic bacteria, organoleptic properties, proximate composition, and other chemical evaluations were detected in both untreated and gamma-treated fish. The overall grades of organoleptic evaluations ranged from good to very good. Fortunately, the overall chemical analysis of all examined fish samples was accepted. For the untreated fish samples, the APC was within and above the permissible limit (5 × 107 CFU/g). Pathogenic bacteria were detected with a high prevalence rate, especially S. aureus, which was found in high percentages among examined untreated fish samples. Regarding the treated fish samples, APC and pathogenic bacterial counts were reduced in a dose-dependent manner, and the irradiation at dose 5 KGy resulted in complete eradication of the aerobic plate count (not detectable) with a mean reduction percentage equal to 100%. However, gamma irradiation has no significant effect on proximate composition; particularly, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids were not significantly affected by low and medium doses of radiation. Therefore, gamma irradiation is a highly effective fish preservation method without any effect on fish quality. Additionally, gamma irradiation as a cold process is an attractive technology for solving the problem arising from fish-borne pathogens, and it has been purposed in this study as a cheap and safe method for reducing microbial contamination of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F E Mohamed
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Salam E Hafez
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hanan G Seadawy
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza 3751254, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F M Elrefai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Karima Abdallah
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El Bayomi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Izmirly
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar K Baothman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah F A Mahmoud
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Treesuwan K, Jirapakkul W, Tongchitpakdee S, Chonhenchob V, Mahakarnchanakul W, Tongkhao K. Antimicrobial Mechanism of Salt/Acid Solution on Microorganisms Isolated from Trimmed Young Coconut. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040873. [PMID: 37110296 PMCID: PMC10140939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibitory activity of organic solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% (w/v) sodium chloride and citric acid solution and 15:10, 15:15, 15:20 and 15:30% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl) combined with citric acid (CA) solution (salt/acid solution) for 10 min against microorganisms isolated from trimmed young coconut: Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Candida tropicalis, Lodderromyces elongisporus, Aspergillus aculeatus and Penicillium citrinum. Commercial antimicrobial agents such as potassium metabisulfite and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used as the controls. Results showed that 30% (w/v) NaCl solution displayed antimicrobial properties against all microorganisms, with s reduction range of 0.00–1.49 log CFU/mL. Treatment of 30% (w/v) CA solution inhibited all microorganisms in the reduction range of 1.50–8.43 log CFU/mL, while 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution was the minimum concentration that showed a similar antimicrobial effect with NaOCl and strong antimicrobial effect against Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action of this solution against selected strains including B. cereus, E. aerogenes and C. tropicalis was also determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. B. cereus and E. aerogenes revealed degradation and detachment of the outer layer of the cell wall and cytoplasm membrane, while cytoplasmic inclusion in treated C. tropicalis cells changed to larger vacuoles and rough cell walls. The results suggested that a 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent to eliminate microorganisms on fresh produce.
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Elsayed ME, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Gedawy A, Bendary MM, ELTarabili RM, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alghamdi SA, Arnout M, Binjawhar DN, Al-Sanea MM, Abousaty AI. New Insights into Listeria monocytogenes Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Attributes and Their Prospective Correlation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101447. [PMID: 36290105 PMCID: PMC9598308 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). A poor prognosis has been recorded for the invasive listeriosis, especially neurolisteriosis. In several countries throughout the world, foodborne infections with L. monocytogenes exceeded the legal safety limits in animal sourced foods. Therefore, we decided to investigate the variability, virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of this pathogen. Both phenotypic and genotypic methods were used for identifying L. monocytogenes isolates and confirming their virulence profiles. The antimicrobial resistances and their correlation analysis with the existence of virulence genes were detected. Additionally, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on L. monocytogenes inlA and inlB genes were undertaken. The prevalence rate (11.9%) and the resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes were shocking. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes were common among our isolates (64.9%). Fortunately, the resistance phenotypes were always associated with low virulence arrays and the MDR strains possessed low virulence fitness. Herein, the high genotypic and phenotypic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates and their weak clonality and adaptability highlighted the difficulty in controlling and managing this pathogen. Therefore, it is important to add more restriction guidelines from national authorities on the consumption of ready to eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E. Elsayed
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Attia El-Gedawy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-12-275-50629 or +20-11-276-80279
| | - Reham M. ELTarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 26432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Arnout
- Veterinary Quarantine, Cairo Airport, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Dalal N. Binjawhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira I. Abousaty
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Ammar AM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Mohamed YH, Mohamed HM, Al-khalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Selim S, El-Neshwy WM, El-Malt RMS. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bovine Mycoplasma Species in Egypt. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071083. [PMID: 36101462 PMCID: PMC9312167 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine Mycoplasma species, particularly antimicrobial resistant Mycoplasma bovis are important causes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle, which causes major economic losses worldwide. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bovine Mycoplasma spp. isolated from cattle’s respiratory tracts, in addition to evaluating the fluoroquinolone resistance in the recovered isolates using broth microdilution and conventional PCR techniques in Egypt. Our result showed that M. bovis was the most common spp. (61%), followed by M. bovirhinis (15%). In total, mycoplasma isolates were more prevalent among all examined lung tissues (38%), followed by nasal swabs (35%), tracheal tissues (28%), and tracheal swabs (27%). All the examined mycoplasma isolates (n = 76) were 100% susceptible to spectinomycin, tulathromycin, spiramycin, and tylosin, but high doxycycline and enrofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values were observed among 43.4% and 60.5% of the tested isolates, respectively. Three and two mycoplasma isolates with high enrofloxacin MICs were confirmed to be M. bovis and M. bovirhinis, respectively, by PCR assays. All molecularly confirmed mycoplasma isolates (n = 5) were positive for the gyrA gene (100%), meanwhile, three isolates (60%) were positive for the parC gene. In conclusion, understanding antimicrobial resistance mechanisms is a significant tool for the future development of genetic-based diagnostic techniques for the rapid detection of resistant mycoplasma strains. Abstract Among many bovine Mycoplasma species (spp.), Mycoplasma bovis is recognized as a significant causative agent of respiratory diseases in cattle. In recent years, resistant M. bovis isolates, especially to fluoroquinolones, have been reported globally as a result of the extensive usage of antimicrobials in the treatment of bovine pneumonia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bovine Mycoplasma spp. isolated from the respiratory tracts of cattle in Egypt and to assess the fluoroquinolones resistance in the recovered mycoplasma isolates via broth microdilution and conventional PCR techniques. Conventional phenotypic methods identified 128 mycoplasma isolates (32%) from 400 different samples, with M. bovis being the predominant spp. (61%), followed by M. bovirhinis (15%). Of note, mycoplasma isolates were rarely isolated from total healthy lung tissues (7/55, 12.7%), but they were frequently isolated from pneumonic lungs (31/45, 68.9%). All the examined mycoplasma isolates (n = 76) were sensitive to tilmicosin, tylosin, tulathromycin, spiramycin, and spectinomycin (100% each), while 60.5% and 43.4% of the examined isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to enrofloxacin and doxycycline, respectively. Three and two mycoplasma isolates with high enrofloxacin MICs were confirmed to be M. bovis and M. bovirhinis, respectively, by PCR assays. All molecularly confirmed mycoplasma isolates (n = 5) were positive for the gyrA gene (100%); meanwhile, three isolates (60%) were positive for the parC gene. In conclusion, our findings revealed alarming resistance to enrofloxacin and doxycycline antibiotics; thus, antimicrobial usage must be restricted and molecular techniques can help in the rapid detection of the resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Yousreya H. Mohamed
- Department of Mycoplasma Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Heba M. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Dalal H. M. Al-khalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafaa M. El-Neshwy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Zagazig Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig 44516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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What Is behind the Correlation Analysis of Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathotypes? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071004. [PMID: 36101385 PMCID: PMC9311887 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary To date, despite the efforts made to monitor the wide spread of resistant pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) diarrheagenic E. coli, there are limitations in the correlation analysis for these pathogens worldwide. Therefore, it seems important and so timely to assess the E. coli pathotypes and their correlations with hosts, antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profiles, and serotypes. Our promising results gave a clear indication for the epidemic situation of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) in Egypt and suggested that restricted recommendations and a search for novel alternative therapies are urgently needed due to the wide spread of MDR and multi-virulent E. coli strains in addition to their heterogeneous nature. This study can be implemented in the infection control guidance with enhanced protocols to hinder the spread of MDR E. coli pathotypes in Egyptian hospitals. Abstract The treatment failure recorded among patients and animals infected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was increased due to the presence of specific virulence markers among these strains. These markers were used to classify DEC into several pathotypes. We analyzed the correlations between DEC pathotypes and antimicrobial resistances, the existence of virulence genes, serotypes, and hosts. The ETEC pathotype was detected with a high prevalence rate (25%). Moreover, the ETEC and EPEC pathotypes were highly associated with human infections in contrast to the EIEC and EAEC phenotypes, which were commonly recognized among animal isolates. Interestingly, the antimicrobial resistance was affected by E. coli pathotypes. With the exception of EIEC and STEC, imipenem represented the most effective antibiotic against the other pathotypes. There were fixed correlations between the DEC pathotypes and the presence of virulence markers and hosts; meanwhile, their correlation with serotypes was variable. Additionally, the vast majority of our isolates were highly diverse, based on both phenotypic and ERIC molecular typing techniques. Our promising results gave a clear indication for the heterogeneity and weak clonality of DEC pathotypes in Egypt, which can be utilized in the evaluation of the current therapeutic protocols and infection control guidelines.
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10
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Comparative Analysis of Human and Animal E. coli: Serotyping, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Gene Profiling. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050552. [PMID: 35625196 PMCID: PMC9137549 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread multidrug-resistant (MDR) and multi-virulent diarrheagenic E. coli create several crises among human and animal populations worldwide. For this reason, we looked forward to a breakthrough with this issue and tried to highlight these emerging threats. A total of 140 diarrheagenic E. coli isolates were recovered from animal and human sources. The O26 serotype, alongside the ampicillin/cefoxitin resistance phenotype, was predominant among both human and animal isolates. Of note, imipenem represented the most effective antibiotic against all the investigated isolates. Unfortunately, 90% and 57.9% of the tested isolates showed MDR and multi-virulent patterns, respectively. The animal isolates were more virulent and showed higher sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Both animal and human isolates could not be arranged into related clusters. A strong negative correlation between the existence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance was clearly detected. A significant correlation between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance was not detected; meanwhile, a significant positive correlation between some serotypes and the presence of certain virulence genes was announced. Finally, our results confirmed the urgent need for restricted guidelines, in addition to new alternative therapies, due to the genetic diversity and wide spreading of MDR side by side with multi-virulent E. coli isolates.
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11
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Sewid AH, Samir M, Hegazy WAH, Bahnass MM, Mosbah RA, Ghaith DM, Khalifa E, Ramadan H, Alshareef WA, Alshareef HM, Ghoneim MM, Al-Sanea MM, Bendary MM. Clonal Diversity and Epidemiological Characteristics of ST239-MRSA Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:782045. [PMID: 35402300 PMCID: PMC8990901 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.782045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen associated with severe morbidity and mortality and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. The genetic diversity based on sequence types of MRSA strains was illustrated in previous studies; meanwhile, the diversity along with the predominant sequence type, especially in Egypt, remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the diversity of the predominant MRSA clone ST239-MRSA (n = 50) isolated from different hosts and clinical samples and to illustrate the correlation between the resistance patterns, toxin genes, and the genetic background in Port-said and El-Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. The ST239-MRSA clone was analyzed by phenotypic antibiotyping and various genotypic assays comprising SCCmec, agr, spa, coa, and coa-RFLP in addition to toxin gene profiles. Most of the analyzed strains (40/50, 80%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), belonged to SCCmec-III, agr-I, and coa genotype I, and harbored sea and pvl genes. A negative correlation between the toxin gene profiles and antimicrobial resistance was recorded. Meanwhile, the correlation between the toxin gene profiles and the genetic background was not observed in this study. Although ST239-MRSA strains belonged to a single sequence type, they exhibited a high degree of phenotypic and genotypic diversity, indicating weak clonality and adaptability. With such diversity, it is assumed that these strains may have undergone different evolutionary processes during transmission events among and/or within a single host or tissue niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Sewid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samir
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mosa M Bahnass
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Disease), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mosbah
- Fellow Pharmacist, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Ghaith
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Alshareef
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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12
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Bendary MM, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Tarabili RM, Hefny AA, Algendy RM, Elzohairy NA, Ghoneim MM, Al-Sanea MM, Nahari MH, Moustafa WH. Clostridium perfringens Associated with Foodborne Infections of Animal Origins: Insights into Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxin Genes Profiles, and Toxinotypes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:551. [PMID: 35453750 PMCID: PMC9028928 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several food-poisoning outbreaks have been attributed to Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) worldwide. Despite that, this crisis was discussed in a few studies, and additional studies are urgently needed in this field. Therefore, we sought to highlight the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles, and toxinotypes of C. perfringens isolates. In this study, 50 C. perfringens isolates obtained from 450 different animal origin samples (beef, chicken meat, and raw milk) were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility results were surprising, as most of the isolates (74%) showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns. The phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin, enrofloxacin, cefoxitin/ampicillin, and erythromycin was confirmed by the PCR detections of tet, lnu, qnr, bla, and erm(B) genes, respectively. In contrast to the toxinotypes C and E, toxinotype A prevailed (54%) among our isolates. Additionally, we found that the genes for C. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and C. perfringens beta2 toxin (cpb2) were distributed among the tested isolates with high prevalence rates (70 and 64%, respectively). Our findings confirmed that the C. perfringens foodborne crisis has been worsened by the evolution of MDR strains, which became the prominent phenotypes. Furthermore, we were not able to obtain a fixed association between the toxinotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt; or
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; or
| | - Reham M. El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; or
| | - Ahmed A. Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Reem M. Algendy
- Milk Hygiene Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | | | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Nahari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66216, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walaa H. Moustafa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 19448, Egypt;
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13
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Innovative next-generation therapies in combating multi-drug-resistant and multi-virulent Escherichia coli isolates: insights from in vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1691-1703. [PMID: 35133473 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite notable advances in vaccine and antimicrobial therapies, treatment failure has been increasingly reported worldwide. Of note, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains have a considerable share in the evolution of this crisis. So, current practice guidelines are directed towards complementary and alternative therapies. Therefore, we evaluated the antibacterial and antivirulence activities of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol essential oils (EOs) as well as EOs-EOs and EOs-antibiotics interactions on MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. Unfortunately, MDR E. coli could be isolated with a prevalence rate of 95.6% (86/90). Additionally, the majority of our isolates harbored both fimH (95.6%) and ompA (91.1%) genes, and half of them (45/90) were multi-virulent. Interestingly, all the tested EOs, especially curcumin, exhibited inhibitory activities against all MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. The addition of thymol enhanced the antibacterial activities of curcumin and eugenol. Moreover, the activities of piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were increased by adding any one of the tested EOs. Regarding the antivirulence activities of the tested EOs, the cell surfaces of treated E. coli isolates under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were uneven. The cells appeared damaged and lost their appendages. Furthermore, EOs strongly reduced the transcription of ompA and fimH genes. The antibacterial and antivirulence activities of the used EOs were confirmed by in silico and mice protection assays. Hereby, we introduced the promising uses of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol oils as complementary and alternative therapies for combating MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. KEY POINTS: • Our promising results confirmed that we were right for renewed interest of EOs. • The EOs, especially curcumin, can be used to prevent treatment failure. • We supposed a new pharmaceutical formulation of antibiotic powders dissolved in EOs.
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14
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Ghaly MF, Nasr ZM, Abousaty AI, Seadawy HG, Shaheen MAA, Albogami S, Al-Sanea MM, Bendary MM. Alternative and Complementary Therapies against Foodborne Salmonella Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121453. [PMID: 34943665 PMCID: PMC8698041 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The limitations in the therapeutic options for foodborne pathogens lead to treatments failure, especially for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella sp., worldwide. Therefore, we aimed to find alternative and complementary therapies against these resistant foodborne pathogens. Out of 100 meat products samples, the prevalence rate of salmonella was 6%, serotyped only as S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. According to the antibiotic susceptibility assays, the majority of our isolates were MDR and susceptible to cefotaxime. Out of the 13 tested plant extracts, five only showed an inhibition zone in the range of 8–50 mm against both serotypes. Based on their promising activity, the oily extract of cinnamon and aqueous extract of paprika represented the highest potency. Surprisingly, a significant synergistic effect was detected between cinnamon oil and cefotaxime. Depending on Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil was attributed to four components including linalool, camphor, (Z)-3-Phenylacrylaldehyde and its stereoisomer 2-Propenal-3-phenyl. The anti-virulence activities of these compounds were confirmed on the basis of computational molecular docking studies. Accordingly, we recommended the use of cinnamon oil as a food additive to fight the resistant foodborne pathogens. Additionally, we confirmed its therapeutic uses, especially when co-administrated with other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Ghaly
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (M.F.G.); (Z.M.N.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Zahraa M. Nasr
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (M.F.G.); (Z.M.N.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Amira I. Abousaty
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (M.F.G.); (Z.M.N.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Hanan G. Seadawy
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. A. Shaheen
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Chairo 11311, Egypt;
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Side 42511, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-12-2755-0629; Fax: +20-(55)-2283683
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15
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Ammar AM, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Malt RMS, Azab DS, Albogami S, Al-Sanea MM, Soliman WE, Ghoneim MM, Bendary MM. Molecular Detection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Multidrug-, Extensively Drug-, and Pan-Drug-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1342. [PMID: 34827280 PMCID: PMC8614916 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, resistant foodborne pathogens, especially of the Campylobacter species, have created several global crises. These crises have been compounded due to the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development of resistance and the existence of both XDR and PDR among Campylobacter isolates. Moreover, we explored the use of the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique for the detection of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Campylobacter isolates. A total of 120 Campylobacter isolates were identified depending on both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Of note, cefoxitin and imipenem were the most effective drugs against the investigated Campylobacter isolates. Interestingly, the majority of our isolates (75%) were MDR. Unfortunately, both XDR and PDR isolates were detected in our study with prevalence rates of 20.8% and 4.2%, respectively. All FQ-resistant isolates with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥4 µg/mL were confirmed by the genetic detection of gyrA chromosomal mutation via substitution of threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86-to-Ile) using the PCR-RFLP technique. Herein, PCR-RFLP was a more practical and less expensive method used for the detection of FQ resistant isolates. In conclusion, we introduced a fast genetic method for the identification of FQ-resistant isolates to avoid treatment failure through the proper description of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Animal Health Research Institute-Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Doaa S. Azab
- Zagazig Veterinary Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 11099, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafaa E. Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
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16
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Nasser A, Dallal MMS, Jahanbakhshi S, Azimi T, Nikouei L. Staphylococcus aureus: biofilm formation and strategies against it. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:664-678. [PMID: 34238148 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210708171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm causes significant infections in the human body. Biofilm forms through the aggregation of bacterial species and brings about many complications. It mediates drug resistance and persistence and facilitates the recurrence of infection at the end of antimicrobial therapy. Biofilm formation goes through a series of steps to complete, and any interference in these steps can disrupt its formation. Such interference may occur at any stage of biofilm production, including attachment, monolayer formation, and accumulation. Interfering agents can act as quorum sensing inhibitors and interfere in the functionality of quorum sensing receptors, attachment inhibitors and affect the cell hydrophobicity. Among these inhibiting strategies, attachment inhibitors could serve as the best agents against biofilm formation. If pathogens abort the attachment, the following stages of biofilm formation, e.g., accumulation and dispersion, will fail to materialize. Inhibition at this stage leads to suppression of virulence factors and invasion. One of the best-known inhibitors is a chelator that collects metal, Fe+, Zn+, and magnesium critical for biofilm formation. These influential factors in the binding and formation of biofilm are investigated, and the coping strategy is discussed. This review examines the stages of biofilm formation and determines what factors interfere in the continuity of these steps. Finally, the inhibition strategies are investigated, reviewed, and discussed. Keywords: Biofilm, Staphylococcus, Biofilm inhibitor, Dispersion, Antibiofilm agent, EPS, PIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Jahanbakhshi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nikouei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bendary MM, Ibrahim D, Mosbah RA, Mosallam F, Hegazy WAH, Awad NFS, Alshareef WA, Alomar SY, Zaitone SA, Abd El-Hamid MI. Thymol Nanoemulsion: A New Therapeutic Option for Extensively Drug Resistant Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 33396722 PMCID: PMC7823989 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have been associated with severe and complicated diseases. Therefore, these types of infections are a concern for public health officials and food and dairy industries. Regarding the wide-spread multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), new and alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, we investigated the antimicrobial, anti-virulence, and immunostimulant activities of a stable formulation of thymol as thymol nanoemulsion in an in vivo approach. Notably, treatment with 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion led to a pronounced improvement in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in addition to decreases in the severity of clinical findings and mortality percentages of challenged chickens with XDR S. Enteritidis confirming its pronounced antimicrobial activities. Moreover, thymol nanoemulsion, at this dose, had protective effects through up-regulation of the protective cytokines and down-regulation of XDR S. Enteritidis sopB virulence gene and interleukins (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokines as those hinder the host defenses. Furthermore, it enhanced the growth of gut Bifidobacteria species, which increases the strength of the immune system. For that, we suggested the therapeutic use of thymol nanoemulsion against resistant foodborne pathogens. Finally, we recommended the use of 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion as a feed additive for immunocompromised individuals as well as in the veterinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Farag Mosallam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Naglaa F. S. Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Walaa A. Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October 12566, Egypt;
| | - Suliman Y. Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismalia 41522, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Y. El-Naenaeey ES, M kandeel T, Hegazy WAH, Mosbah RA, Nassar MS, Bakhrebah MA, Abdulaal WH, Alhakamy NA, Bendary MM. Promising Antibiofilm Agents: Recent Breakthrough against Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E667. [PMID: 33022915 PMCID: PMC7600973 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a superbug pathogen that causes serious diseases. One of the main reasons for the lack of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy against infections caused by this resistant pathogen is the recalcitrant nature of MRSA biofilms, which results in an increasingly serious situation worldwide. Consequently, the development of innovative biofilm inhibitors is urgently needed to control the biofilm formation by this pathogen. In this work, we thus sought to evaluate the biofilm inhibiting ability of some promising antibiofilm agents such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zno NPs), proteinase K, and hamamelitannin (HAM) in managing the MRSA biofilms. Different phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to identify the biofilm producing MDR MRSA isolates and the antibiofilm/antimicrobial activities of the used promising agents. Our study demonstrated strong antibiofilm activities of ZnO NPs, proteinase K, and HAM against MRSA biofilms along with their transcriptional modulation of biofilm (intercellular adhesion A, icaA) and quorum sensing (QS) (agr) genes. Interestingly, only ZnO NPs showed a powerful antimicrobial activity against this pathogen. Collectively, we observed overall positive correlations between the biofilm production and the antimicrobial resistance/agr genotypes II and IV. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the toxin genes and the biofilm production. The ZnO NPs were recommended to be used alone as potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against MDR MRSA and their biofilm-associated diseases. On the other hand, proteinase-K and HAM can be co-administrated with other antimicrobial agents to manage such types of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (M.I.A.E.-H.); (E.-s.Y.E.-N.)
| | - El-sayed Y. El-Naenaeey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (M.I.A.E.-H.); (E.-s.Y.E.-N.)
| | - Toka M kandeel
- Specialist of Laboratory Medical Analysis, Almokhtabar Private Laboratories, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Fellow Pharmacist, Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.N.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.N.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
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